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Wang A, Tang H, Sun J, Wang L, Rasmann S, Ruan W, Wei X. Entomopathogenic Nematodes-Killed Insect Cadavers in the Rhizosphere Activate Plant Direct and Indirect Defences Aboveground. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39370758 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants can perceive and respond to external stimuli by activating both direct and indirect defences against herbivores. Soil-dwelling entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), natural enemies of root-feeding herbivores, carry symbiotic bacteria that grow and reproduce once inside arthropod hosts. We hypothesized that the metabolites produced by EPN-infected insect cadavers could be perceived by plants, thereby activating plant defences systemically. We tested this hypothesis by adding three EPN-infected Galleria mellonella cadavers to maize plants and testing plant responses against a major maize pest (Spodoptera frugiperda) and one of its parasitoids (Trichogramma dendrolimi). We found that S. frugiperda females deposited fewer, and caterpillars fed less on maize plants growing near EPN-infected cadavers than on control plants. Accordingly, EPN-infected cadavers triggered the systemic accumulation of defence hormones (SA), genes (PR1), and enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) in maize leaves. Furthermore, four volatile organic compounds produced by plants exposed to EPN-infected cadavers deterred S. frugiperda caterpillars and female adults. However, these compounds were more attractive to T. dendrolimi parasitoids. Our study enhances the understanding of the intricate relationships within the above- and belowground ecosystems and provides crucial insights for advancing sustainable pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Li Y, Song W, Wang S, Miao W, Liu Z, Wu F, Wang J, Sheng S. Binding characteristics and structural dynamics of two general odorant-binding proteins with plant volatiles in the olfactory recognition of Glyphodes pyloalis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 173:104177. [PMID: 39173848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most destructive pest, causing severe damage to mulberry production in China's sericulture industry. The insecticide application in mulberry orchards poses a significant risk of poisoning to Bombyx mori. Shifting from insecticides to odor attractants is a beneficial alternative, but not much data is available on the olfactory system of G. pyloalis. We identified 114 chemosensory genes from the antennal transcriptome database of G. pyloalis, with 18 odorant-binding protein (OBP) and 17 chemosensory protein (CSP) genes significantly expressed in the antennae. Ligand-binding assays for two antennae-biased expressed general odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs) showed high binding affinities of GOBP1 to hexadecanal, β-ionone, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, while GOBP2 exhibited binding to 4-tert-octylphenol, benzyl benzoate, β-ionone, and farnesol. Computational simulations indicated that van der Waal forces predominantly contributed to the binding free energy in the binding processes of complexes. Among them, Phe12 of GOBP1 and Phe19 of GOBP2 were demonstrated to play crucial roles in their bindings to plant volatiles using site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Moreover, hexadecanal and β-ionone attracted G. pyloalis male moths in the behavioral assays, while none of the candidate plant volatiles significantly affected female moths. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory recognition in G. pyloalis, setting the groundwork for novel mulberry pests control strategies based on insect olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Wenmiao Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Wanglong Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Fuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, China.
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and animal biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, China.
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Yue J, Yan Z, Liu W, Liu J, Yang D. A visual pollination mechanism of a new specialized pollinating weevil-plant reciprocity system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1432263. [PMID: 39220015 PMCID: PMC11362035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1432263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Pollinating flower-consuming mutualisms are considered exemplary models for studying coevolution due to their rarity. Visual cues are considered to have a major role in facilitating the evolution of floral patterns in these systems. We present a new specialized pollinating flower-consuming mutualism from the plant Wurfbainia villosa, which is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, by a pollinating weevil, Xenysmoderes sp. Methods In this study, We utilized monochrome plates for binary-choice tests to determine weevil color preferences, conducted behavioral choice experiments, using trackballs, photographed flowers and weevils, and employed blue sticky boards to attract weevils in the field. Results Tests were conducted using colorpreferring weevils in both indoor and outdoor field systems, and validation experiments were performed. Behavioral tests were conducted to investigate the role of the visual cues in the pollinator attraction of W. villosa, which is a selfcompatible insect-pollinated plant that relies primarily on the Xenysmoderes sp. weevil for pollination due to its specialized gynandrium-like structure. Behavioral tests demonstrated that a blue color wavelength of 480 nm and the blue color system, as along with the UV-style pattern of the flowers, particularly the parts with specialized gynandrium-like structures in the labellum, were significantly attractive to both male and female weevils. These results were further confirmed through the field blue sticky board trap method. Discussion These findings indicated that the interaction between W. villosa and Xenysmoderes sp. weevil was a novel symbiotic relationship involving pollinator flower consumption. Additionally, Wurfbainia villosa flowers developed specific visual cues of UV patterns and specialized structures that played a crucial role in attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Dai-Thai Medicine, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Jinghong, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Yunnan Branch, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Traditional Dai-Thai Medicine, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Jinghong, China
| | - Ju Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Depo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Niu D, Xu L, Lin K. Multitrophic and Multilevel Interactions Mediated by Volatile Organic Compounds. INSECTS 2024; 15:572. [PMID: 39194777 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants communicate with insects and other organisms through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Using Boolean operators, we retrieved 1093 articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, selecting 406 for detailed analysis, with approximately 50% focusing on herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). This review examines the roles of VOCs in direct and indirect plant defense mechanisms and their influence on complex communication networks within ecosystems. Our research reveals significant functions of VOCs in four principal areas: activating insect antennae, attracting adult insects, attracting female insects, and attracting natural enemies. Terpenoids like α-pinene and β-myrcene significantly alter pest behavior by attracting natural enemies. β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene are crucial in regulating aboveground and belowground interactions. We emphasize the potential applications of VOCs in agriculture for developing novel pest control strategies and enhancing crop resilience. Additionally, we identify research gaps and propose new directions, stressing the importance of comparative studies across ecosystems and long-term observational research to better understand VOCs dynamics. In conclusion, we provide insights into the multifunctionality of VOCs in natural ecosystems, their potential for future research and applications, and their role in advancing sustainable agricultural and ecological practices, contributing to a deeper understanding of their mechanisms and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Niu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia-CABI Joint Laboratory for Grassland Protection and Sustainable Utilization, Hohhot 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biohazard Monitoring, Green Prevention and Control for Artificial Grassland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Protection Ecology, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Linbo Xu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia-CABI Joint Laboratory for Grassland Protection and Sustainable Utilization, Hohhot 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biohazard Monitoring, Green Prevention and Control for Artificial Grassland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Protection Ecology, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Kejian Lin
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia-CABI Joint Laboratory for Grassland Protection and Sustainable Utilization, Hohhot 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biohazard Monitoring, Green Prevention and Control for Artificial Grassland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Protection Ecology, Hohhot 010000, China
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Hajdu C, Molnár BP, Waterman JM, Machado RAR, Radványi D, Fónagy A, Khan SA, Vassor T, Biet B, Erb M, Kárpáti Z, Robert CAM. Volatile-mediated oviposition preference for healthy over root-infested plants by the European corn borer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2228-2239. [PMID: 38483021 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
The selection of oviposition sites by female moths is crucial in shaping their progeny performance and survival, and consequently in determining insect fitness. Selecting suitable plants that promote the performance of the progeny is referred to as the Preference-Performance hypothesis (or 'mother-knows-best'). While root infestation generally reduces the performance of leaf herbivores, little is known about its impact on female oviposition. We investigated whether maize root infestation by the Western corn rootworm (WCR) affects the oviposition preference and larval performance of the European corn borer (ECB). ECB females used leaf volatiles to select healthy plants over WCR-infested plants. Undecane, a compound absent from the volatile bouquet of healthy plants, was the sole compound to be upregulated upon root infestation and acted as a repellent for first oviposition. ECB larvae yet performed better on plants infested below-ground than on healthy plants, suggesting an example of 'bad motherhood'. The increased ECB performance on WCR-infested plants was mirrored by an increased leaf consumption, and no changes in the plant primary or secondary metabolism were detected. Understanding plant-mediated interactions between above- and below-ground herbivores may help to predict oviposition decisions, and ultimately, to manage pest outbreaks in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csengele Hajdu
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Péter Molnár
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamie M Waterman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Alberto Ruiz Machado
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dalma Radványi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Hospitality, Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, Budapest Business University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrien Fónagy
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Thibault Vassor
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Biet
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Kárpáti
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Bingjun Y, Cao D, Su Z, Wei J. The attractive host volatiles can enhance oviposition of Anoplophora glabripennis on a non-host tree. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3538-3547. [PMID: 37160852 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis, is a serious wood borer of hardwood trees. Populus deltoides 'Shalinyang' (PdS) is attractive to ALB adults for oviposition but highly resistant to their offspring. Investigation of the chemicals regulating ALB oviposition is scarce in previous studies until now. To determine which chemicals emitted by PdS were attractive and induced oviposition behavior by ALB on non-host poplar tree species, we first: collected and identified the bio-active volatiles produced by PdS using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD); then evaluated which chemicals were attractive in a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay; and finally screened key compounds affecting ALB oviposition using a 'chemical-stimulated oviposition on non-host tree' bioassay. RESULTS (E)-2-Hexenal, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, β-caryophyllene, and salicylaldehyde emitted from PdS were attractive to ALB. When (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate, and (Z)-3-hexenol were applied to the non-host tree Populus tomentosa, oviposition by ALB females was significantly increased. Furthermore, the mean number of oviposition pits increased as the (Z)-3-hexenol concentrations increased. Further tests on synergy between pairs of chemicals showed that (Z)-3-hexenol stimulated production of the most oviposition pits, but that the percentage of effective oviposition pits (those containing an egg and larva and not empty) decreased. CONCLUSION (Z)-3-Hexenol is the main chemical component inducing ALB oviposition. These results increase understanding about the oviposition behavior of ALB and could help improve management strategies that regulate ALB behavior by planting mixed-species forests resistant to ALB. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bingjun
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Dandan Cao
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhi Su
- Experimental Center of Desert Forest, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, China
| | - Jianrong Wei
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Ali MY, Naseem T, Holopainen JK, Liu T, Zhang J, Zhang F. Tritrophic Interactions among Arthropod Natural Enemies, Herbivores and Plants Considering Volatile Blends at Different Scale Levels. Cells 2023; 12:251. [PMID: 36672186 PMCID: PMC9856403 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are released by plants upon damaged or disturbance by phytophagous insects. Plants emit HIPV signals not merely in reaction to tissue damage, but also in response to herbivore salivary secretions, oviposition, and excrement. Although certain volatile chemicals are retained in plant tissues and released rapidly upon damaged, others are synthesized de novo in response to herbivore feeding and emitted not only from damaged tissue but also from nearby by undamaged leaves. HIPVs can be used by predators and parasitoids to locate herbivores at different spatial scales. The HIPV-emitting spatial pattern is dynamic and heterogeneous in nature and influenced by the concentration, chemical makeup, breakdown of the emitted mixes and environmental elements (e.g., turbulence, wind and vegetation) which affect the foraging of biocontrol agents. In addition, sensory capability to detect volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source were also different between natural enemy individuals. The impacts of HIPVs on arthropod natural enemies have been partially studied at spatial scales, that is why the functions of HIPVs is still subject under much debate. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge and loopholes regarding the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions at multiple scale levels. Therefore, we contend that closing these loopholes will make it much easier to use HIPVs for sustainable pest management in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Ali
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- CABI East & South-East Asia, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tayyaba Naseem
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, 77100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- CABI East & South-East Asia, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- CABI East & South-East Asia, Beijing 100081, China
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Qin H, Hong W, Qi Z, Hu Y, Shi R, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Mu D, Fu J, Sun T. A Temperature-Dependent Model for Tritrophic Interactions Involving Tea Plants, Tea Green Leafhoppers and Natural Enemies. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080686. [PMID: 36005311 PMCID: PMC9409375 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tea green leaf hopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda, is a severe pest of tea plants. Volatile emissions from tea shoots infested by the tea green leafhopper may directly repel insect feeding or attract natural enemies. Many studies have been conducted on various aspects of the tritrophic relationship involving tea plants, tea green leafhoppers and natural enemies. However, mathematic models which could explain the dynamic mechanisms of this tritrophic interaction are still lacking. In the current work, we constructed a realistic and stochastic model with temperature-dependent features to characterize the tritrophic interactions in the tea agroecosystem. Model outputs showed that two leafhopper outbreaks occur in a year, with their features being consistent with field observations. Simulations showed that daily average effective accumulated temperature (EAT) might be an important metric for outbreak prediction. We also showed that application of slow-releasing semiochemicals, as either repellents or attractants, may be highly efficacious for pest biocontrol and can significantly increase tea yields. Furthermore, the start date of applying semiochemicals can be optimized to effectively increase tea yields. The current model qualitatively characterizes key features of the tritrophic interactions and provides critical insight into pest control in tea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguang Qin
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Wuxuan Hong
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Zehua Qi
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Yinghong Hu
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Rui Shi
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Yuxi Wang
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Wanxinan Products Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Anqing 246052, China;
| | - Dan Mu
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Tingzhe Sun
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui, School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.); (R.S.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (T.S.)
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Shi JH, Liu H, Pham TC, Hu XJ, Liu L, Wang C, Foba CN, Wang SB, Wang MQ. Volatiles and hormones mediated root-knot nematode induced wheat defense response to foliar herbivore aphid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152840. [PMID: 34995605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-leaf communication signals are critical for plant defense. Numerous studies show that belowground organisms can alter systemically resistance traits in aboveground parts against herbivores. However, there are limited studies on root-knot nematode-aphid interaction. Moreover, the impact of nematode's initial density and infection time on plant defense is poorly understood. Here we aim to examine the induced defense responses by root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita against aboveground feeding aphid Sitobion avenae in wheat. Further, we investigated the influence of the nematode infection density as well as the length of infection in these interactions. We tested the direct and indirect defense responses triggered by M. incognita against S. avenae as well as how the responses affect the preference of Harmonia axyridis. Plant volatiles and hormones were determined to explore plant defense mechanisms that mediate aboveground-belowground defense. The photosynthetic rate was tested to examine plant tolerance strategy. We found that, both low and high densities M. incognita root infection at 7 days post inoculation (dpi) reduced the feeding of the aphid S. avenae. Behavioral assay showed that H. axyridis preferred plants co-damaged by both M. incognita and S. avenae at 7 dpi. M. incognita infection induced the changes of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and volatile content, which mediated plant response to S. avenae. Furthermore, photosynthetic rate in wheat increased at 5 dpi under 300 M. incognita or 1000 M. incognita infection. These results suggest that plant roots induced multiple defense strategies against foliar herbivores as damages increased. Our study provides evidence of a complex dynamic response of wheat aboveground defense against aphids in response to belowground nematode damage on a temporal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - The Cuong Pham
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu-Bo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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10
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Karssemeijer PN, Winzen L, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Leaf-chewing herbivores affect preference and performance of a specialist root herbivore. Oecologia 2022; 199:243-255. [PMID: 35192063 PMCID: PMC9226102 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with a diversity of phytophagous insects above- and belowground. By inducing plant defence, one insect herbivore species can antagonize or facilitate other herbivore species feeding on the same plant, even when they are separated in space and time. Through systemic plant-mediated interactions, leaf-chewing herbivores may affect the preference and performance of root-feeding herbivores. We studied how six different leaf-chewing herbivore species of Brassica oleracea plants affected oviposition preference and larval performance of the root-feeding specialist Delia radicum. We expected that female D. radicum flies would oviposit where larval performance was highest, in accordance with the preference–performance hypothesis. We also assessed how the different leaf-chewing herbivore species affected defence-related gene expression in leaves and primary roots of B. oleracea, both before and after infestation with the root herbivore. Our results show that leaf-chewing herbivores can negatively affect the performance of root-feeding D. radicum larvae, although the effects were relatively weak. Surprisingly, we found that adult D. radicum females show a strong preference to oviposit on plants infested with a leaf-chewing herbivore. Defence-related genes in primary roots of B. oleracea plants were affected by the leaf-chewing herbivores, but these changes were largely overridden upon local induction by D. radicum. Infestation by leaf herbivores makes plants more attractive for oviposition by D. radicum females, while decreasing larval performance. Therefore, our findings challenge the preference–performance hypothesis in situations where other herbivore species are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Winzen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Mondal R, Saha S, Kesh D, Mukherjee D. Basin Transition and Alternative States: Role of Multi-species Herbivores-Induced Volatile in Plant-Insect Interactions. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:100. [PMID: 34448068 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple model on volatile organic compound (VOC)-mediated plant-insect interactions is proposed and examined here, when two different classes of herbivorous insects competing for a common resource (plant) in the presence of a specialist carnivorous enemy, which only predates one of the herbivore species. We, particularly, emphasize the impact of VOCs on plant's growth fitness. The system experiences several local and global bifurcations with emergent alternative states for variations in recruitment factors and predation rate. Basin transitions and basin of attractions have provided detail descriptions on the selectivity of the alternative states, when only one of the herbivore species can survive depending on the choice of initial population densities of the interacting species and how it provides a steady growth in plant. Additionally, our results support the concept of competitive exclusion principle in an indirect interspecific competition between the two herbivore types for the common resource, plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwika Mondal
- Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical Biology and Ecology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Suman Saha
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Dipak Kesh
- Department of Mathematics, Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur, Kolkata, 700063, India.
| | - Debasis Mukherjee
- Department of Mathematics, Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur, Kolkata, 700063, India
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12
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Gupta S, Kumble ALK, Dey K, Bessière JM, Borges RM. The Scent of Life: Phoretic Nematodes Use Wasp Volatiles and Carbon Dioxide to Choose Functional Vehicles for Dispersal. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:139-152. [PMID: 33475939 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hitchhikers (phoretic organisms) need vehicles to disperse out of unsuitable habitats. Therefore, finding vehicles with the right functional attributes is essential for phoretic organisms. To locate these vehicles, phoretic organisms employ cues within modalities, ranging from visual to chemical senses. However, how hitchhikers discriminate between individual vehicles has rarely been investigated. Using a phoretic nematode community associated with an obligate fig-fig wasp pollination mutualism, we had earlier established that hitchhiking nematodes make decisions based on vehicle species identity and number of conspecific hitchhikers already present on the vehicle. Here we investigate if hitchhikers can differentiate between physiological states of vehicles. We asked whether phoretic nematodes choose between live or dead vehicles present in a chemically crowded environment and we investigated the basis for any discrimination. We conducted two-choice and single-choice behavioral assays using single nematodes and found that plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes preferred live over dead vehicles and used volatiles as a sensory cue to make this decision. However, in single-choice assays, animal-parasitic nematodes were also attracted towards naturally dead or freeze-killed wasps. The volatile profile of the wasps was dominated by terpenes and spiroketals. We examined the volatile blend emitted by the different wasp physiological states and determined a set of volatiles that the phoretic nematodes might use to discriminate between these states which is likely coupled with respired CO2. We determined that CO2 levels emitted by single wasps are sufficient to attract nematodes, demonstrating the high sensitivity of nematodes to this metabolic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Gupta
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Anusha L K Kumble
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kaveri Dey
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Renee M Borges
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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13
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Bell K, Naranjo-Guevara N, dos Santos RC, Meadow R, Bento JMS. Predatory Earwigs are Attracted by Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Linked with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria. INSECTS 2020; 11:E271. [PMID: 32365691 PMCID: PMC7290886 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes may induce plant defenses against herbivores. Plants, in turn, can attract natural enemies, such as predators, using herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Intricate communication occurs between microorganisms, plants, and insects. Given that many aspects related to mechanisms involved in this symbiotic system remain unknown, we evaluated how beneficial soil-borne microorganisms can affect the interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. For this study, we established a multitrophic system composed of the predatory earwig Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), arugula (Eruca sativa, Brassicaceae) as the host plant, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae as a specialist herbivore, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae as a generalist herbivore, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), in a series of nocturnal olfactometry experiments. By assessing earwig preference towards herbivore-induced and PGPR-inoculated plants in different combinations, we showed that the interaction between rhizobacteria, plants, and herbivores can affect the predatory earwig's behavior. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic effect in which earwigs were attracted by plants that presented as PGPR inoculated and herbivore damaged, for both specialist and generalist herbivores. Our findings help fill the important knowledge gap regarding multitrophic interactions and should provide useful guidelines for their application to agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Bell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Natalia Naranjo-Guevara
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
- Fontys International Business School Venlo, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5912 Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Rafaela C. dos Santos
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
| | - Richard Meadow
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.B.); (R.M.)
| | - José M. S. Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
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14
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Karssemeijer PN, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon J, Dicke M. Foliar herbivory by caterpillars and aphids differentially affects phytohormonal signalling in roots and plant defence to a root herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:775-786. [PMID: 31873957 PMCID: PMC7065167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-mediated interactions are an important force in insect ecology. Through such interactions, herbivores feeding on leaves can affect root feeders. However, the mechanisms regulating the effects of above-ground herbivory on below-ground herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the performance of cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum) on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) previously exposed to above ground herbivores belonging to two feeding guilds: leaf chewing diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) or phloem-feeding cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). Our study focusses on root-herbivore performance and defence signalling in primary roots by quantifying phytohormones and gene expression. We show that leaf herbivory by caterpillars, but not by aphids, strongly attenuates root herbivore performance. Above-ground herbivory causes changes in primary roots in terms of gene transcripts and metabolites involved in plant defence. Feeding by below-ground herbivores strongly induces the jasmonate pathway in primary roots. Caterpillars feeding on leaves cause a slight induction of the primary root jasmonate pathway and interact with plant defence signalling in response to root herbivores. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a phloem feeder differentially affects root-herbivore performance, root-herbivore-induced phytohormonal signalling, and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Joop van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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15
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Lackner S, Lackus ND, Paetz C, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Aboveground phytochemical responses to belowground herbivory in poplar trees and the consequence for leaf herbivore preference. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3293-3307. [PMID: 31350910 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Belowground (BG) herbivory can influence aboveground (AG) herbivore performance and food preference via changes in plant chemistry. Most evidence for this phenomenon derives from studies in herbaceous plants but studies in woody plants are scarce. Here we investigated whether and how BG herbivory on black poplar (Populus nigra) trees by Melolontha melolontha larvae influences the feeding preference of Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) caterpillars. In a food choice assay, caterpillars preferred to feed on leaves from trees that had experienced attack by BG herbivores. Therefore, we investigated the effect of BG herbivory on the phytochemical composition of P. nigra trees alone and in combination with AG feeding by L. dispar caterpillars. BG herbivory did not increase systemic AG tree defences like volatile organic compounds, protease inhibitors and salicinoids. Jasmonates and salicylic acid were also not induced by BG herbivory in leaves but abscisic acid concentrations drastically increased together with proline and few other amino acids. Leaf coating experiments with amino acids suggest that proline might be responsible for the caterpillar feeding preference via presumptive phagostimulatory properties. This study shows that BG herbivory in poplar can modify the feeding preference of AG herbivores via phytochemical changes as a consequence of root-to-shoot signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lackner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
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16
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Sanou A, Traoré F, Ba MN, Dabiré-Binso CL, Pittendrigh BR, Sanon A. Effects of Volatiles from Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) Adults on the Host Location Behavior of the Egg Parasitoid Gryon fulviventre (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 11:1179543318825250. [PMID: 30728729 PMCID: PMC6351711 DOI: 10.1177/1179543318825250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The egg parasitoid Gryon fulviventre is a potential biological control agent of Clavigralla tomentosicollis, a coreid pod-sucking pest of Vigna unguiculata. The host location behavior of naive parasitoid females was studied using a four-armed olfactometer. Two strains of G. fulviventre parasitoids from Burkina Faso and Benin were exposed to odors provided by healthy and infested pods as well as C. tomentosicollis females and males. The time spent in each odor zone was recorded to determine the preference of parasitoid females. Results show that odors from healthy pods, infested pods, and pest females did not attract the parasitoid. However, a significantly attractive response of both strains of G. fulviventre was recorded in the presence of volatiles from males of C. tomentosicollis. Moreover, experiments testing G. fulviventre females' behavior when simultaneously exposed to volatiles from cowpea pods (healthy and infested) and increasing numbers of C. tomentosicollis males revealed a significantly higher attraction of parasitoid females of both strains by volatiles from ten males of C. tomentosicollis. The results suggest that the males of the insect pest emit a pheromone used as kairomone by parasitoids to locate their host. The conditions determining this attractiveness at field level and its impact on host-searching efficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Sanou
- Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UFR/SVT, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Fousséni Traoré
- Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Malick Niango Ba
- Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- West and Central Africa Research Program.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger
| | - Clémentine L Dabiré-Binso
- Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Antoine Sanon
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UFR/SVT, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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17
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Muchlinski A, Chen X, Lovell JT, Köllner TG, Pelot KA, Zerbe P, Ruggiero M, Callaway L, Laliberte S, Chen F, Tholl D. Biosynthesis and Emission of Stress-Induced Volatile Terpenes in Roots and Leaves of Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31608090 PMCID: PMC6761604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 grass, represents an important species in natural and anthropogenic grasslands of North America. Its resilience to abiotic and biotic stress has made switchgrass a preferred bioenergy crop. However, little is known about the mechanisms of resistance of switchgrass against pathogens and herbivores. Volatile compounds such as terpenes have important activities in plant direct and indirect defense. Here, we show that switchgrass leaves emit blends of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes upon feeding by the generalist insect herbivore Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) and in a systemic response to the treatment of roots with defense hormones. Belowground application of methyl jasmonate also induced the release of volatile terpenes from roots. To correlate the emission of terpenes with the expression and activity of their corresponding biosynthetic genes, we identified a gene family of 44 monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases (mono- and sesqui-TPSs) of the type-a, type-b, type-g, and type-e subfamilies, of which 32 TPSs were found to be functionally active in vitro. The TPS genes are distributed over the K and N subgenomes with clusters occurring on several chromosomes. Synteny analysis revealed syntenic networks for approximately 30-40% of the switchgrass TPS genes in the genomes of Panicum hallii, Setaria italica, and Sorghum bicolor, suggesting shared TPS ancestry in the common progenitor of these grass lineages. Eighteen switchgrass TPS genes were substantially induced upon insect and hormone treatment and the enzymatic products of nine of these genes correlated with compounds of the induced volatile blends. In accordance with the emission of volatiles, TPS gene expression was induced systemically in response to belowground treatment, whereas this response was not observed upon aboveground feeding of S. frugiperda. Our results demonstrate complex above and belowground responses of induced volatile terpene metabolism in switchgrass and provide a framework for more detailed investigations of the function of terpenes in stress resistance in this monocot crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - John T. Lovell
- Genome Sequencing Center, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kyle A. Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Meredith Ruggiero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - LeMar Callaway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Suzanne Laliberte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Feng Chen, ; Dorothea Tholl,
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Feng Chen, ; Dorothea Tholl,
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18
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Tsunoda T, Grosser K, Dam NM. Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tsunoda
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Nicole M. Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
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19
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Silva DB, Bueno VHP, Van Loon JJA, Peñaflor MFGV, Bento JMS, Van Lenteren JC. Attraction of Three Mirid Predators to Tomato Infested by Both the Tomato Leaf Mining Moth Tuta absoluta and the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Chem Ecol 2017; 44:29-39. [PMID: 29177897 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants emit volatile compounds in response to insect herbivory, which may play multiple roles as defensive compounds and mediators of interactions with other plants, microorganisms and animals. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) may act as indirect plant defenses by attracting natural enemies of the attacking herbivore. We report here the first evidence of the attraction of three Neotropical mirid predators (Macrolophus basicornis, Engytatus varians and Campyloneuropsis infumatus) toward plants emitting volatiles induced upon feeding by two tomato pests, the leaf miner Tuta absoluta and the phloem feeder Bemisia tabaci, in olfactometer bioassays. Subsequently, we compared the composition of volatile blends emitted by insect-infested tomato plants by collecting headspace samples and analyzing them with GC-FID and GC-MS. Egg deposition by T. absoluta did not make tomato plants more attractive to the mirid predators than uninfested tomato plants. Macrolophus basicornis is attracted to tomato plants infested with either T. absoluta larvae or by a mixture of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults. Engytatus varians and C. infumatus responded to volatile blends released by tomato plants infested with T. absoluta larvae over uninfested plants. Also, multiple herbivory by T. absoluta and B. tabaci did not increase the attraction of the mirids compared to infestation with T. absoluta alone. Terpenoids represented the most important class of compounds in the volatile blends and there were significant differences between the volatile blends emitted by tomato plants in response to attack by T. absoluta, B. tabaci, or by both insects. We, therefore, conclude that all three mirids use tomato plant volatiles to find T. absoluta larvae. Multiple herbivory did neither increase, nor decrease attraction of C. infumatus, E. varians and M. basicornis. By breeding for higher rates of emission of selected terpenes, increased attractiveness of tomato plants to natural enemies may improve the effectiveness of biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Silva
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O.Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vanda H P Bueno
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O.Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Fernanda G V Peñaflor
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O.Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - José Maurício S Bento
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Joop C Van Lenteren
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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A Maize Inbred Exhibits Resistance Against Western Corn Rootwoorm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1109-1123. [PMID: 29151152 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance against root herbivores like the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is not well understood in non-transgenic maize. We studied the responses of two American maize inbreds, Mp708 and Tx601, to WCR infestation using biomechanical, molecular, biochemical analyses, and laser ablation tomography. Previous studies performed on several inbreds indicated that these two maize genotypes differed in resistance to pests including fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and WCR. Our data confirmed that Mp708 shows resistance against WCR, and demonstrates that the resistance mechanism is based in a multi-trait phenotype that includes increased resistance to cutting in nodal roots, stable root growth during insect infestation, constitutive and induced expression of known herbivore-defense genes, including ribosomal inhibitor protein 2 (rip2), terpene synthase 23 (tps23) and maize insect resistance cysteine protease-1 (mir1), as well high constitutive levels of jasmonic acid and production of (E)-β-caryophyllene. In contrast, Tx601 is susceptible to WCR. These findings will facilitate the use of Mp708 as a model to explore the wide variety of mechanisms and traits involved in plant defense responses and resistance to herbivory by insects with several different feeding habits.
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Silva R, Walter GH, Wilson LJ, Furlong MJ. Effects of single and dual species herbivory on the behavioral responses of three thrips species to cotton seedlings. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:684-698. [PMID: 27029603 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the olfactory responses of 3 thrips species [Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, F. occidentalis Pergrande and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] to cotton seedlings [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae)] simultaneously damaged by different combinations of herbivores. Cotton seedlings were damaged by foliar feeding Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiforms: Tetranychidae), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or root feeding Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Thrips responses to plants simultaneously damaged by 2 species of herbivore were additive and equivalent to the sum of the responses of thrips to plants damaged by single herbivore species feeding alone. For example, F. occidentalis was attracted to T. urticae damaged plants but more attracted to undamaged plants than to plants damaged by H. armigera. Plants simultaneously damaged by low densities of T. urticae and H. armigera repelled F. occidentalis but as T. urticae density increased relative to H. armigera density, F. occidentalis attraction to coinfested plants increased proportionally. Thrips tabaci did not discriminate between undamaged plants and plants damaged by H. armigera but were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae alone or simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera. Olfactometer assays showed that simultaneous feeding by 2 herbivores on a plant can affect predator-prey interactions. Attraction of F. occidentalis to plants damaged by its T. urticae prey was reduced when the plant was simultaneously damaged by H. armigera, T. molitor, or A. gossypii and F. schultzei was more attracted to plants simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera than to plants damaged by T. urticae alone. We conclude that plant responses to feeding by 1 species of herbivore are affected by responses to feeding by other herbivores. These plant-mediated interactions between herbivore complexes affect the behavioral responses of thrips which vary between species and are highly context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Desurmont GA, Guiguet A, Turlings TCJ. Invasive insect herbivores as disrupters of chemically-mediated tritrophic interactions: effects of herbivore density and parasitoid learning. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lima DB, Oliveira HKV, Melo JWS, Gondim MGC, Sabelis M, Pallini A, Janssen A. Predator performance is impaired by the presence of a second prey species. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:313-321. [PMID: 27819202 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous infestation of a plant by several species of herbivores may affect the attractiveness of plants to the natural enemies of one of the herbivores. We studied the effect of coconut fruits infested by the pests Aceria guerreronis and Steneotarsonemus concavuscutum, which are generally found together under the coconut perianth. The predatory mite Neoseiulus baraki produced lower numbers of offspring on fruits infested with S. concavuscutum and on fruits infested with both prey than on fruits with A. guerreronis only. The predators were attracted by odours emanating from coconuts with A. guerreronis, but not by odours from coconuts with S. concavuscutum, even when A. guerreronis were present on the same fruit. Fewer N. baraki were recaptured on fruits with both prey or with S. concavuscutum than on fruits with only A. guerreronis. Furthermore, the quality of A. guerreronis from singly and multiply infested coconuts as food for N. baraki did not differ. Concluding, our results suggest that N. baraki does not perform well when S. concavuscutum is present on the coconuts, and the control of A. guerreronis by N. baraki may be negatively affected by the presence of S. concavuscutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Lima
- Department of Agronomy - Entomology,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco,Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n,Dois Irmãos,52171-900 Recife, PE,Brazil
| | - H K V Oliveira
- Department of Agronomy - Entomology,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco,Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n,Dois Irmãos,52171-900 Recife, PE,Brazil
| | - J W S Melo
- Department of Fitotecnia,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - M G C Gondim
- Department of Agronomy - Entomology,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco,Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n,Dois Irmãos,52171-900 Recife, PE,Brazil
| | - M Sabelis
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,University of Amsterdam,Science Park 904,1098 XH Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A Pallini
- Department of Entomology,Federal University of Viçosa,Campus Universitário, 36570-000,Viçosa, MG,Brazil
| | - A Janssen
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,University of Amsterdam,Science Park 904,1098 XH Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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Martorana L, Foti MC, Rondoni G, Conti E, Colazza S, Peri E. An invasive insect herbivore disrupts plant volatile-mediated tritrophic signalling. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2017; 90:1079-1085. [PMID: 28824353 PMCID: PMC5544816 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to insect attack by emission of volatile organic compounds, which recruit natural enemies of the attacking herbivore, constituting an indirect plant defence strategy. In this context, the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis is attracted by oviposition-induced plant volatiles emitted by Vicia faba plants as a consequence of feeding and oviposition by the pentatomid host Nezara viridula. However, this local tritrophic web could be affected by the recent invasion by the alien pentatomid bug Halyomorpha halys, an herbivore that shares the same environments as native pentatomid pests. Therefore, we investigated in laboratory conditions the possible impact of H. halys on the plant volatile-mediated signalling in the local tritrophic web V. faba-N. viridula-T. basalis. We found that T. basalis wasps were not attracted by volatiles induced in the plants by feeding and oviposition activities of H. halys, indicating specificity in the wasps' response. However, the parasitoid attraction towards plant volatiles emitted as a consequence of feeding and oviposition by the associated host was disrupted when host, N. viridula, and non-associated host, H. halys, were concurrently present on the same plant, indicating that invasion by the alien herbivore interferes with established semiochemical webs. These outcomes are discussed in a context of multiple herbivory by evaluating the possible influences of alien insects on local parasitoid foraging behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Martorana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Foti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rondoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ezio Peri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Sharma E, Anand G, Kapoor R. Terpenoids in plant and arbuscular mycorrhiza-reinforced defence against herbivorous insects. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:791-801. [PMID: 28087662 PMCID: PMC5378189 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants, though sessile, employ various strategies to defend themselves against herbivorous insects and convey signals of an impending herbivore attack to other plant(s). Strategies include the production of volatiles that include terpenoids and the formation of symbiotic associations with fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). This constitutes a two-pronged above-ground/below-ground attack-defence strategy against insect herbivores. SCOPE Terpenoids represent an important constituent of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that deter herbivores and/or attract their predators. Terpenoids serve as airborne signals that can induce defence responses in systemic undamaged parts of the plant and also prime defence responses in neighbouring plants. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is known to influence secondary metabolism in plants; this includes alteration of the concentration and composition of terpenoids, which can boost both direct and indirect plant defence against herbivorous insects. Enhanced nutrient uptake facilitated by AM, changes in plant morphology and physiology and increased transcription levels of certain genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway result in alterations in plant terpenoid profiles. The common mycorrhizal networks of external hyphae have added a dimension to the two-pronged plant defence strategy. These act as conduits to transfer defence signals and terpenoids. CONCLUSION Improved understanding of the roles of terpenoids in plant and AM defences against herbivory and of interplant signalling in natural communities has significant implications for sustainable management of pests in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Nematode Root Herbivory in Tomato Increases Leaf Defenses and Reduces Leaf Miner Oviposition and Performance. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:120-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Clavijo McCormick A. Can plant-natural enemy communication withstand disruption by biotic and abiotic factors? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8569-8582. [PMID: 28031808 PMCID: PMC5167045 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The attraction of natural enemies towards herbivore-induced plant volatiles is a well-documented phenomenon. However, the majority of published studies are carried under optimal water and nutrient regimes and with just one herbivore. But what happens when additional levels of ecological complexity are added? Does the presence of a second herbivore, microorganisms, and abiotic stress interfere with plant-natural enemy communication? or is communication stable enough to withstand disruption by additional biotic and abiotic factors?Investigating the effects of these additional levels of ecological complexity is key to understanding the stability of tritrophic interactions in natural ecosystems and may aid to forecast the impact of environmental disturbances on these, especially in climate change scenarios, which are often associated with modifications in plant and arthropod species distribution and increased levels of abiotic stress.This review explores the literature on natural enemy attraction to herbivore-induced volatiles when, besides herbivory, plants are challenged by additional biotic and abiotic factors.The aim of this review was to establish the impact of different biotic and abiotic factors on plant-natural enemy communication and to highlight critical aspects to guide future research efforts.
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28
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Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant-mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Liu XF, Chen HH, Li JK, Zhang R, Turlings TC, Chen L. Volatiles released by Chinese liquorice roots mediate host location behaviour by neonate Porphyrophora sophorae (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1959-1964. [PMID: 26818885 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cochineal scale, Porphyrophora sophorae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Margarodidae), is one of the most serious arthropod pests of Chinese liquorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Fabaceae), an important medicinal herb. The adult females tend to deposit the ovisacs in soil relatively far away from liquorice plants. After hatching, neonates move out of the soil and may use chemical cues to search for new hosts. RESULTS We collected and analysed the volatiles from soils with and without liquorice roots, and chromatographic profiles revealed hexanal, β-pinene and hexanol as potential host-finding cues for P. sphorae. The attractiveness of these compounds to neonates was studied in the laboratory using four-arm olfactometer bioassays. The larvae showed a clear preference for β-pinene over hexanal and hexanol, as well as all possible combinations of the three compounds. In addition, a field experiment confirmed that β-pinene was significantly more attractive than hexanal and hexanol. CONCLUSION Newly eclosed larvae of P. sphorae exploit root volatiles as chemical cues to locate their host plant. β-Pinene proved to be the major chemical cue used by P. sphorae neonates searching for roots of their host plant. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hao Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun-Kai Li
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ted Cj Turlings
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Michereff MFF, Borges M, Aquino MFS, Laumann RA, Mendes Gomes ACM, Blassioli-Moraes MC. The influence of volatile semiochemicals from stink bug eggs and oviposition-damaged plants on the foraging behaviour of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:663-71. [PMID: 27296010 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During host selection, physical and chemical stimuli provide important cues that modify search behaviours of natural enemies. We evaluated the influence of volatiles released by eggs and egg extracts of the stink bug Euschistus heros and by soybean plants treated with the eggs and egg extracts on Telenomus podisi foraging behaviour. Responses to volatiles were evaluated in Y-tube olfactometers after exposure to (1) one egg cluster for 24 h; (2) plants with eggs laid by the stink bug, tested at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment; (3) plants with eggs laid artificially, tested at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment; and (4) plants treated with acetone or hexane extracts of eggs. Telenomus podisi was attracted to volatiles emitted by one egg cluster and to acetone extracts of one egg cluster, but not to air or acetone controls. There were no responses to odours of plants treated with eggs or egg extracts. Analysis of acetone extracts of egg clusters by gas chromatography revealed the major components were saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid. Our results suggest that one egg cluster and the acetone extract of one egg cluster contain volatile compounds that can modify T. podisi foraging behaviour, and that the amounts of these compounds, probably together with some minor compounds, are important for host recognition by T. podisi. Also, the oviposition damage or egg extracts on the plant did not elicit indirect defences that attracted Telenomus podisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F Michereff
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - M Borges
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - M F S Aquino
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - R A Laumann
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
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Li X, Guo W, Siemann E, Wen Y, Huang W, Ding J. Plant genotypes affect aboveground and belowground herbivore interactions by changing chemical defense. Oecologia 2016; 182:1107-1115. [PMID: 27623939 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spatially separated aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) herbivores are closely linked through shared host plants, and both patterns of AG-BG interactions and plant responses may vary among plant genotypes. We subjected invasive (USA) and native (China) genotypes of tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) to herbivory by the AG specialist leaf-rolling weevil Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis and/or the root-feeding larvae of flea beetle Bikasha collaris. We measured leaf damage and leaves rolled by weevils, quantified beetle survival, and analyzed flavonoid and tannin concentrations in leaves and roots. AG and BG herbivores formed negative feedbacks on both native and invasive genotypes. Leaf damage by weevils and the number of beetle larvae emerging as adults were higher on invasive genotypes. Beetles reduced weevil damage and weevils reduced beetle larval emergence more strongly for invasive genotypes. Invasive genotypes had lower leaf and root tannins than native genotypes. BG beetles decreased leaf tannins of native genotypes but increased root tannins of invasive genotypes. AG herbivory increased root flavonoids of invasive genotypes while BG herbivory decreased leaf flavonoids. Invasive genotypes had lower AG and BG herbivore resistance, and negative AG-BG herbivore feedbacks were much stronger for invasive genotypes. Lower tannin concentrations explained overall better AG and BG herbivore performances on invasive genotypes. However, changes in tannins and flavonoids affected AG and BG herbivores differently. These results suggest that divergent selection on chemical production in invasive plants may be critical in regulating herbivore performances and novel AG and BG herbivore communities in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuanguang Wen
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Mundim FM, Bruna EM. Is There a Temperate Bias in Our Understanding of How Climate Change Will Alter Plant-Herbivore Interactions? A Meta-analysis of Experimental Studies. Am Nat 2016; 188 Suppl 1:S74-89. [DOI: 10.1086/687530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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The response of an egg parasitoid to substrate-borne semiochemicals is affected by previous experience. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27098. [PMID: 27250870 PMCID: PMC4890048 DOI: 10.1038/srep27098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can adjust their behaviour according to previous experience gained during foraging. In parasitoids, experience plays a key role in host location, a hierarchical process in which air-borne and substrate-borne semiochemicals are used to find hosts. In nature, chemical traces deposited by herbivore hosts when walking on the plant are adsorbed by leaf surfaces and perceived as substrate-borne semiochemicals by parasitoids. Chemical traces left on cabbage leaves by adults of the harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica) induce an innate arrestment response in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus brochymenae characterized by an intense searching behaviour on host-contaminated areas. Here we investigated whether the T. brochymenae response to host walking traces left on leaf surfaces is affected by previous experience in the context of parasitoid foraging behaviour. We found that: 1) an unrewarded experience (successive encounters with host-contaminated areas without successful oviposition) decreased the intensity of the parasitoid response; 2) a rewarded experience (successful oviposition) acted as a reinforcing stimulus; 3) the elapsed time between two consecutive unrewarded events affected the parasitoid response in a host-gender specific manner. The ecological role of these results to the host location process of egg parasitoids is discussed.
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Potato tuber herbivory increases resistance to aboveground lepidopteran herbivores. Oecologia 2016; 182:177-87. [PMID: 27147449 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants mediate interactions between aboveground and belowground herbivores. Although effects of root herbivory on foliar herbivores have been documented in several plant species, interactions between tuber-feeding herbivores and foliar herbivores are rarely investigated. We report that localized tuber damage by Tecia solanivora (Guatemalan tuber moth) larvae reduced aboveground Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) performance on Solanum tuberosum (potato). Conversely, S. exigua leaf damage had no noticeable effect on belowground T. solanivora performance. Tuber infestation by T. solanivora induced systemic plant defenses and elevated resistance to aboveground herbivores. Lipoxygenase 3 (Lox3), which contributes to the synthesis of plant defense signaling molecules, had higher transcript abundance in T. solanivora-infested leaves and tubers than in equivalent control samples. Foliar expression of the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase I (HMGR1) genes, which are involved in chlorogenic acid and steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, respectively, also increased in response to tuber herbivory. Leaf metabolite profiling demonstrated the accumulation of unknown metabolites as well as the known potato defense compounds chlorogenic acid, α-solanine, and α-chaconine. When added to insect diet at concentrations similar to those found in potato leaves, chlorogenic acid, α-solanine, and α-chaconine all reduced S. exigua larval growth. Thus, despite the fact that tubers are a metabolic sink tissue, T. solanivora feeding elicits a systemic signal that induces aboveground resistance against S. exigua and S. frugiperda by increasing foliar abundance of defensive metabolites.
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Lu J, Robert CAM, Lou Y, Erb M. A conserved pattern in plant-mediated interactions between herbivores. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1032-40. [PMID: 26811746 PMCID: PMC4720690 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores are important determinants of community structure and plant performance in natural and agricultural systems. Current research suggests that the outcome of the interactions is determined by herbivore and plant identity, which may result in stochastic patterns that impede adaptive evolution and agricultural exploitation. However, few studies have systemically investigated specificity versus general patterns in a given plant system by varying the identity of all involved players. We investigated the influence of herbivore identity and plant genotype on the interaction between leaf‐chewing and root‐feeding herbivores in maize using a partial factorial design. We assessed the influence of leaf induction by oral secretions of six different chewing herbivores on the response of nine different maize genotypes and three different root feeders. Contrary to our expectations, we found a highly conserved pattern across all three dimensions of specificity: The majority of leaf herbivores elicited a negative behavioral response from the different root feeders in the large majority of tested plant genotypes. No facilitation was observed in any of the treatment combinations. However, the oral secretions of one leaf feeder and the responses of two maize genotypes did not elicit a response from a root‐feeding herbivore. Together, these results suggest that plant‐mediated interactions in the investigated system follow a general pattern, but that a degree of specificity is nevertheless present. Our study shows that within a given plant species, plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores of the same feeding guild can be stable. This stability opens up the possibility of adaptations by associated organisms and suggests that plant‐mediated interactions may contribute more strongly to evolutionary dynamics in terrestrial (agro)ecosystems than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Str. 2107745 Jena Germany; Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang University Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Str. 2107745 Jena Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 213013 Bern Switzerland
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang University Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Str. 2107745 Jena Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 213013 Bern Switzerland
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Impacts of Induction of Plant Volatiles by Individual and Multiple Stresses Across Trophic Levels. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Khaitov B, Patiño-Ruiz JD, Pina T, Schausberger P. Interrelated effects of mycorrhiza and free-living nitrogen fixers cascade up to aboveground herbivores. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3756-68. [PMID: 26380703 PMCID: PMC4567878 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aboveground plant performance is strongly influenced by belowground microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and have negative effects, while others, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, usually have positive effects. Recent research revealed that belowground interactions between plants and functionally distinct groups of microorganisms cascade up to aboveground plant associates such as herbivores and their natural enemies. However, while functionally distinct belowground microorganisms commonly co-occur in the rhizosphere, their combined effects, and relative contributions, respectively, on performance of aboveground plant-associated organisms are virtually unexplored. Here, we scrutinized and disentangled the effects of free-living nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum (DB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae (AMF) on host plant choice and reproduction of the herbivorous two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris. Additionally, we assessed plant growth, and AMF and DB occurrence and density as affected by each other. Both AMF alone and DB alone increased spider mite reproduction to similar levels, as compared to the control, and exerted additive effects under co-occurrence. These effects were similarly apparent in host plant choice, that is, the mites preferred leaves from plants with both AMF and DB to plants with AMF or DB to plants grown without AMF and DB. DB, which also act as AMF helper bacteria, enhanced root colonization by AMF, whereas AMF did not affect DB abundance. AMF but not DB increased growth of reproductive plant tissue and seed production, respectively. Both AMF and DB increased the biomass of vegetative aboveground plant tissue. Our study breaks new ground in multitrophic belowground-aboveground research by providing first insights into the fitness implications of plant-mediated interactions between interrelated belowground fungi-bacteria and aboveground herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botir Khaitov
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria ; Division of Legume Crops, Department of Plant Sciences, Tashkent State Agrarian University Universitetskaya street 2a, 370, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - José David Patiño-Ruiz
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana Pina
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria ; Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Unitat Associada d'Entomologia UJI/IVIA, Universitat Jaume I Campus del Riu Sec, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015. [PMID: 25783487 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Hernández-Cumplido J, Cuny MAC, Glauser G, Benrey B. Specificity of induced defenses, growth, and reproduction in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) in response to multispecies herbivory. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1300-1308. [PMID: 26290553 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Following herbivore attack, plants can either reduce damage by inducing defenses or mitigate herbivory effects through compensatory growth and reproduction. It is increasingly recognized that such induced defenses in plants are herbivore-specific, but less is known about the specificity of compensatory responses. Damage by multiple herbivores may also lead to synergistic effects on induction and plant fitness that differ from those caused by a single herbivore species. Although largely unstudied, the order of arrival and damage by different herbivore species might also play an important role in the impacts of herbivory on plants.• METHODS We investigated the specificity of defense induction (phenolics) and effects on growth (number of stems and leaves) and reproduction (number of seeds, seed mass, and germination rate) from feeding by two generalist leaf-chewing herbivores (Spodoptera eridania and Diabrotica balteata) on Phaseolus lunatus plants and evaluated whether simultaneous attack by both herbivores and their order of arrival influenced such dynamics.• KEY RESULTS Herbivory increased levels of leaf phenolics, but such effects were not herbivore-specific. In contrast, herbivory enhanced seed germination in an herbivore-specific manner. For all variables measured, the combined effects of both herbivore species did not differ from their individual effects. Finally, the order of herbivore arrival did not influence defense induction, plant growth, or seed number but did influence seed mass and germination.• CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study highlights novel aspects of the specificity of plant responses induced by damage from multiple species of herbivores and uniquely associates such effects with plant lifetime fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015; 178:1169-80. [PMID: 25783487 PMCID: PMC4506461 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Langendorf
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Aboveground and Belowground Herbivores Synergistically Induce Volatile Organic Sulfur Compound Emissions from Shoots but Not from Roots. J Chem Ecol 2015. [PMID: 26195194 PMCID: PMC4525197 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies on aboveground (AG) plant organs have shown that volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions differ between simultaneous attack by herbivores and single herbivore attack. There is growing evidence that interactive effects of simultaneous herbivory also occur across the root-shoot interface. In our study, Brassica rapa roots were infested with root fly larvae (Delia radicum) and the shoots infested with Pieris brassicae, either singly or simultaneously, to study these root-shoot interactions. As an analytical platform, we used Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) to investigate VOCs over a 3 day time period. Our set-up allowed us to monitor root and shoot emissions concurrently on the same plant. Focus was placed on the sulfur-containing compounds; methanethiol, dimethylsulfide (DMS), and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), because these compounds previously have been shown to be biologically active in the interactions of Brassica plants, herbivores, parasitoids, and predators, yet have received relatively little attention. The shoots of plants simultaneously infested with AG and belowground (BG) herbivores emitted higher levels of sulfur-containing compounds than plants with a single herbivore species present. In contrast, the emission of sulfur VOCs from the plant roots increased as a consequence of root herbivory, independent of the presence of an AG herbivore. The onset of root emissions was more rapid after damage than the onset of shoot emissions. The shoots of double infested plants also emitted higher levels of methanol. Thus, interactive effects of root and shoot herbivores exhibit more strongly in the VOC emissions from the shoots than from the roots, implying the involvement of specific signaling interactions.
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Pashalidou FG, Frago E, Griese E, Poelman EH, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Fatouros NE. Early herbivore alert matters: plant-mediated effects of egg deposition on higher trophic levels benefit plant fitness. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:927-36. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini G. Pashalidou
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Biocommunication & Entomology; ETH Zürich; 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Eddie Griese
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nina E. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
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Wurst S, Ohgushi T. Do plant‐ and soil‐mediated legacy effects impact future biotic interactions? Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wurst
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) Functional Biodiversity Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 1‐3 14195 Berlin Germany
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45
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Attraction of egg-killing parasitoids toward induced plant volatiles in a multi-herbivore context. Oecologia 2015; 179:163-74. [PMID: 25953114 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, plants emit volatile organic compounds which may act as indirect plant defenses by attracting natural enemies of the attacking herbivore. In nature, plants are often attacked by multiple herbivores, but the majority of studies which have investigated indirect plant defenses to date have focused on the recruitment of different parasitoid species in a single-herbivore context. Here, we report our investigation on the attraction of egg parasitoids of lepidopteran hosts (Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens) toward plant volatiles induced by different insect herbivores in olfactometer bioassays. We used a system consisting of a native crucifer, Brassica nigra, two naturally associated herbivores [the butterfly Pieris brassicae (eggs and caterpillars) and the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae] and an alien invasive herbivore (eggs and caterpillars of the moth Spodoptera exigua). We found that Trichogramma wasps were attracted by volatiles induced in the plants by P. brassicae eggs, but not by those induced in the plants by S. exigua eggs, indicating the specificity of the plant responses toward lepidopteran herbivores. The results of the chemical analysis revealed significant differences between the volatile blends emitted by plants in response to attack by P. brassicae and S. exigua eggs which were in agreement with the behavioural observations. We investigated the attraction of Trichogramma wasps toward P. brassicae egg-induced volatiles in plants simultaneously attacked by larvae and nymphs of different non-hosts. The two chewing caterpillars P. brassicae and S. exigua, but not the phloem-feeding aphid B. brassicae, can disrupt the attraction of Trichogramma species toward P. brassicae egg-induced volatiles. Indirect plant defenses are discussed in the context of multiple herbivory by evaluating the importance of origin, dietary specialization and feeding guild of different attackers on the recruitment of egg-killing parasitoids.
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Huang W, Siemann E, Carrillo J, Ding J. Below-ground herbivory limits induction of extrafloral nectar by above-ground herbivores. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:841-6. [PMID: 25681822 PMCID: PMC4373292 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many plants produce extrafloral nectar (EFN), and increase production following above-ground herbivory, presumably to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Below-ground herbivores, alone or in combination with those above ground, may also alter EFN production depending on the specificity of this defence response and the interactions among herbivores mediated through plant defences. To date, however, a lack of manipulative experiments investigating EFN production induced by above- and below-ground herbivory has limited our understanding of how below-ground herbivory mediates indirect plant defences to affect above-ground herbivores and their natural enemies. METHODS In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings of tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) were subjected to herbivory by a specialist flea beetle (Bikasha collaris) that naturally co-occurs as foliage-feeding adults and root-feeding larvae. Seedlings were subjected to above-ground adults and/or below-ground larvae herbivory, and EFN production was monitored. KEY RESULTS Above- and/or below-ground herbivory significantly increased the percentage of leaves with active nectaries, the volume of EFN and the mass of soluble solids within the nectar. Simultaneous above- and below-ground herbivory induced a higher volume of EFN and mass of soluble solids than below-ground herbivory alone, but highest EFN production was induced by above-ground herbivory when below-ground herbivores were absent. CONCLUSIONS The induction of EFN production by below-ground damage suggests that systemic induction underlies some of the EFN response. The strong induction by above-ground herbivory in the absence of below-ground herbivory points to specific induction based on above- and below-ground signals that may be adaptive for this above-ground indirect defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Evan Siemann
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Novel Set-Up for Low-Disturbance Sampling of Volatile and Non-volatile Compounds from Plant Roots. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:253-66. [PMID: 25795090 PMCID: PMC4408369 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on rhizosphere chemicals are carried out in substrate-free set-ups or in artificial substrates using sampling methods that require an air flow and may thus cause disturbance to the rhizosphere. Our study aimed to develop a simplified and inexpensive system that allows analysis of rhizosphere chemicals at experimentally less disturbed conditions. We designed a mesocosm in which volatile rhizosphere chemicals were sampled passively (by diffusion) without air- and water flow on polydimethylsiloxane-(PDMS) tubes. Dandelion (Taraxacum sect. ruderalia) was used as model plant; roots were left undamaged. Fifteen volatiles were retrieved from the sorptive material by thermal desorption for analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Furthermore, three sugars were collected from the rhizosphere substrate by aqueous extraction and derivatized prior to GC/MS analysis. In order to study how the quantity of detected rhizosphere compounds depends on the type of soil or substrate, we determined the matrix-dependent recovery of synthetic rhizosphere chemicals. Furthermore, we compared sorption of volatiles on PDMS tubes with and without direct contact to the substrate. The results show that the newly designed mesocosm is suitable for low-invasive extraction of volatile and non-volatile compounds from rhizospheres. We further highlight how strongly the type of substrate and contact of PDMS tubes to the substrate affect the detectability of compounds from rhizospheres.
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Huang W, Siemann E, Xiao L, Yang X, Ding J. Species-specific defence responses facilitate conspecifics and inhibit heterospecifics in above-belowground herbivore interactions. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4851. [PMID: 25241651 PMCID: PMC4199110 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conspecific and heterospecific aboveground and belowground herbivores often occur together in nature and their interactions may determine community structure. Here we show how aboveground adults and belowground larvae of the tallow tree specialist beetle Bikasha collaris and multiple heterospecific aboveground species interact to determine herbivore performance. Conspecific aboveground adults facilitate belowground larvae, but other aboveground damage inhibits larvae or has no effect. Belowground larvae increase conspecific adult feeding, but decrease heterospecific aboveground insect feeding and abundance. Chemical analyses and experiments with plant populations varying in phenolics show that all these positive and negative effects on insects are closely related to root and shoot tannin concentrations. Our results show that specific plant herbivore responses allow herbivore facilitation and inhibition to co-occur, likely shaping diverse aboveground and belowground communities. Considering species-specific responses of plants is critical for teasing apart inter- and intraspecific interactions in aboveground and belowground compartments. It is unclear how herbivores determine community structure. Here the authors show how interactions between aboveground adults and belowground larvae of a tree flea beetle and multiple heterospecific aboveground species interact via plant defence responses to determine herbivore performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefang Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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49
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Peñuelas J, Asensio D, Tholl D, Wenke K, Rosenkranz M, Piechulla B, Schnitzler JP. Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1866-91. [PMID: 24689847 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds are usually associated with an appearance/presence in the atmosphere. Recent advances, however, indicated that the soil is a huge reservoir and source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), which are formed from decomposing litter and dead organic material or are synthesized by underground living organism or organs and tissues of plants. This review summarizes the scarce available data on the exchange of VOCs between soil and atmosphere and the features of the soil and particle structure allowing diffusion of volatiles in the soil, which is the prerequisite for biological VOC-based interactions. In fact, soil may function either as a sink or as a source of bVOCs. Soil VOC emissions to the atmosphere are often 1-2 (0-3) orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation. Microorganisms and the plant root system are the major sources for bVOCs. The current methodology to detect belowground volatiles is described as well as the metabolic capabilities resulting in the wealth of microbial and root VOC emissions. Furthermore, VOC profiles are discussed as non-destructive fingerprints for the detection of organisms. In the last chapter, belowground volatile-based bi- and multi-trophic interactions between microorganisms, plants and invertebrates in the soil are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
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50
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Ponzio C, Gols R, Weldegergis BT, Dicke M. Caterpillar-induced plant volatiles remain a reliable signal for foraging wasps during dual attack with a plant pathogen or non-host insect herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1924-35. [PMID: 24697624 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory with the emission of plant volatiles, which can be used by the herbivores' natural enemies to locate their hosts or prey. In nature, plants are often simultaneously confronted with insect herbivores and phytopathogens, potentially interfering with the attraction of the herbivores' enemies as a result of modifications of the induced volatile blend. Here, we investigated parasitoid (Cotesia glomerata) attraction to volatiles of plants challenged by different attackers, either alone or in combination with Pieris brassicae caterpillars, hosts of C. glomerata. We used a natural system consisting of Brassica nigra plants, eggs and larvae of P. brassicae, Brevicoryne brassicae aphids and the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. In all cases, parasitoids successfully located host-infested plants, and wasp foraging behaviour was unaffected by the simultaneous presence of a non-host attacker or host eggs. Analysis of the volatile emissions show that the volatile blends of caterpillar-infested treatments were different from those without caterpillars. Furthermore, dually attacked plants could not be separated from those with only caterpillars, regardless of non-host identity, supporting the behavioural data. Our results suggest that, in this system, indirect plant defences may be more resistant to interference than is generally assumed, with volatiles induced during dual attack remaining reliable indicators of host presence for parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ponzio
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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