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Qu C, Yang S, Mortimer M, Zhang M, Chen J, Wu Y, Chen W, Cai P, Huang Q. Functional group diversity for the adsorption of lead(Pb) to bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118651. [PMID: 34883144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and their secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are widely distributed in ecosystems and have high capacity for heavy metal immobilization. The knowledge about the molecular-level interactions with heavy metal ions is essential for predicting the behavior of heavy metals in natural and engineering systems. This comprehensive study using potentiometric titration, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) was able to reveal the functional diversity and adsorption mechanisms for Pb onto bacteira and the EPS in greater detail than ever before. We identified mono-carboxylic, multi-carboxylic, phosphodiester, phosphonic and sulfhydryl sites and found the partitioning of Pb to these functional groups varied between gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, the soluble and cell-bound EPS and Pb concentrations. The sulfhydryl and phosphodiester groups preferentially complexed with Pb in P. putida cells, while multifunctional carboxylic groups promoted Pb adsorption in B. subtilis cells and the protein fractions in EPS. Though the functional site diversity, the adsorption of Pb to organic ligands occurred spontaneously through a universal entropy increase and inner-sphere complexation mechanism. The functional group scale knowledge have implications for the modeling of heavy metal behavior in the environment and application of these biological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinzhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Hameed M, Bhat RA, Pandit BA, Ramzan S, Dijoo ZK, Wani MA. Qualitative assessment of compost engendered from municipal solid waste and green waste by indexing method. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:210-219. [PMID: 34292860 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1959466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at quantification of the quality of three varieties of composts made from municipal solid waste, green waste and combined waste by critically evaluating their physicochemical attributes, effect on soil fertility and metal pollution risk. Each waste type was treated with effective micro-organisms to compare the compost quality using Quality Control Indices. The effect of microbial consortia on the wastes was prominent resulting in decreased pH levels and increased electrical conductivity. C/N ratio ranged between 14-24 for waste composts without microbial treatment, and 8-11 for microbial treated wastes. The fertility parameter was observed to be more in microbial treated waste composts. Also, heavy metals concentration in waste compost without effective microbial treatment was higher than the types given EM. Based on the fertility and clean indices, the treated and untreated municipal solid waste and combined waste compost belonged to class RU-1 and class D, respectively. Moreover, compost prepared from treated and untreated green waste belonged to classes B and C respectively. In general, the prepared CW and GW composts have medium to high fertilizing potential and are fit for domestic as well as commercial use. However, MSW compost is not fit for agricultural purposes as it didn't improve soil fertility to a greater extent but can be used as a soil conditioner in limited quantity as it can cause metal toxicity. For this reason, proper segregation of inputs at the start of a composting process is necessary to improve its quality before being put to agricultural use as any unbalanced or unchecked content of mixed waste will affect the overall compost quality.Implications: Significance of the work: The research dealt with different combinations of segregated wastes to analyze the best fit solid waste compost. Experiments were conducted on the actual landfill site area to simulate the conditions for the process. The manuscript provides evidence and other facts advocating the use of composting for waste management and ultimately reducing pollution caused by landfilling. It ought to cause a multiplier effect if the same is to be followed in other parts of the world, and thus working our way toward getting the Smart city project to fruition. The results of the study exhibit the differences in physiochemical nature of various types of composts. A treatment of microbial consortium with restrictions enabled a conducive atmosphere in the colonies to thrive faster and initiate the process of decomposition. We observed that treated samples converted faster into compost as compared to non-treated samples. We also observed the effect of treatment on fertility parameters of prepared compost samples. In general, it was found that the organic carbon and C/N ratio declined while the total nitrogen and total potassium was observed to increase with very little to no change in phosphorous content, with the inoculation of beneficial micro-organisms throughout the composting course. A reduction in the heavy metal levels was observed in samples treated with active micro-organisms. The compost classification into A, B, C, and D classes represents the quality of compost and further use in agricultural land on commercial levels. The quality index values were determined highest for green waste compost (GWC). The municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) exhibited lowest index values. Therefore, based on the quality index values, the utilization of GWC will aid in reutilizing the green waste and in boosting soil fertility and reduce the waste quantity generation rates. It's also necessary to make compost making widespread among the farmers for a sustainable environment. The GWC has been considered as a sustainable option of waste management, being economically and ecologically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Hameed
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rouf Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Environmental Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Pandit
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shazia Ramzan
- Division of Soil Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Zulaykha Khurshid Dijoo
- Department of Environmental Science/ Center of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Division of Soil Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Qu C, Du H, Ma M, Chen W, Cai P, Huang Q. Pb sorption on montmorillonite-bacteria composites: A combination study by XAFS, ITC and SCM. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:427-436. [PMID: 29501033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Though abundant studies have targeted the characterization of heavy metal adsorption by either clay minerals or bacteria, to date, minimal literature exists which specifically assesses bacteria-clay mineral interactions in the context of metal immobilization. The adsorption of Pb onto montmorillonite, Pseudomonas putida, and their 1:1, 2:1, 6:1 and 12:1 mass ratio composites were investigated by using a combination of atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface complexation modeling (SCM), Pb-LIII edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The SCM and EXAFS demonstrated that Pb ions coordinate with phosphoryl and carboxyl functional groups on bacteria at low and high concentrations, respectively. The ITC analysis found adverse enthalpy values for Pb adsorption to permanent (-2.91 kJ/mol) and variable charge sites (6.93 kJ/mol) on montmorillonite. The ternary bridging model, EXAFS and ITC provide molecular and thermodynamic evidences for the formation of enthalpy driven (-4.74 kJ/mol) ternary complex (>AlO-Pb-PO4) in the composites. The proportion for the bridging structures increased at pH > 5 and high bacterial mass ratios. The formation of ternary complex did not result in the enhanced adsorption of Pb on the composites, but promoted the allocation of Pb on the mineral fraction. The results obtained from SCM, EXAFS and ITC may provide an essential assumption for predicting the speciation and fate of Pb in soils and associated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huihui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingkai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Investigating the Role of Gold Nanoparticle Shape and Size in Their Toxicities to Fungi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050998. [PMID: 29772665 PMCID: PMC5982037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are increasingly being used in a wide range of applications, and such they are being released in greater quantities into the environment. Consequently, the environmental effects of GNPs, especially toxicities to living organisms, have drawn great attention. However, their toxicological characteristics still remain unclear. Fungi, as the decomposers of the ecosystem, interact directly with the environment and critically control the overall health of the biosphere. Thus, their sensitivity to GNP toxicity is particularly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of GNP shape and size in their toxicities to fungi, which could help reveal the ecotoxicity of GNPs. Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis, and Penicillium chrysogenum were chosen for toxicity assessment, and spherical and star/flower-shaped GNPs ranging in size from 0.7 nm to large aggregates of 400 nm were synthesised. After exposure to GNPs and their corresponding reaction agents and incubation for 48 h, the survival rates of each kind of fungus were calculated and compared. The results indicated that fungal species was the major determinant of the variation of survival rates, whereby A. niger was the most sensitive and M. himalis was the least sensitive to GNP exposure. Additionally, larger and non-spherical GNPs had relatively stronger toxicities.
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Beneš V, Leonhardt T, Sácký J, Kotrba P. Two P 1B-1-ATPases of Amanita strobiliformis With Distinct Properties in Cu/Ag Transport. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:747. [PMID: 29740406 PMCID: PMC5924815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As we have shown previously, the Cu and Ag concentrations in the sporocarps of Ag-hyperaccumulating Amanita strobiliformis are correlated, and both metals share the same uptake system and are sequestered by the same metallothioneins intracellularly. To further improve our knowledge of the Cu and Ag handling in A. strobiliformis cells, we searched its transcriptome for the P1B-1-ATPases, recognizing Cu+ and Ag+ for transport. We identified transcripts encoding 1097-amino acid (AA) AsCRD1 and 978-AA AsCCC2, which were further subjected to functional studies in metal sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of AsCRD1 conferred highly increased Cu and Ag tolerance to metal sensitive yeasts in which the functional AsCRD1:GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion localized exclusively to the tonoplast, indicating that the AsCRD1-mediated Cu and Ag tolerance was a result of vacuolar sequestration of the metals. Increased accumulation of AsCRD1 transcripts observed in A. strobiliformis mycelium upon the treatments with Cu and Ag (8.7- and 4.5-fold in the presence of 5 μM metal, respectively) supported the notion that AsCRD1 can be involved in protection of the A. strobiliformis cells against the toxicity of both metals. Neither Cu nor Ag affected the levels of AsCCC2 transcripts. Heterologous expression of AsCCC2 in mutant yeasts did not contribute to Cu tolerance, but complemented the mutant genotype of the S. cerevisiae ccc2Δ strain. Consistent with the role of the yeast Ccc2 in the trafficking of Cu from cytoplasm to nascent proteins via post-Golgi, the GFP fluorescence in AsCCC2-expressing ccc2Δ yeasts localized among Golgi-like punctate foci within the cells. The AsCRD1- and AsCCC2-associated phenotypes were lost in yeasts expressing mutant transporter variants in which a conserved phosphorylation/dephosphorylation site was altered. Altogether, the data support the roles of AsCRD1 and AsCCC2 as genuine P1B-1-ATPases, and indicate their important functions in the removal of toxic excess of Cu and Ag from the cytoplasm and charging the endomembrane system with Cu, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Beneš
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Ogo S, Yamanaka T, Akama K, Ota Y, Tahara K, Nagakura J, Kinoshita A, Yamaji K. Growth and uptake of caesium, rubidium, and potassium by ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi grown on either ammonium or nitrate as the N source. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Robson GD. Fungi: geoactive agents of metal and mineral transformations. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2533-2536. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoff. D. Robson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Geomicrobiology addresses the roles of microorganisms in geological and geochemical processes, and geomycology is a part of this topic focusing on the fungi. Geoactive roles of fungi include organic and inorganic transformations important in nutrient and element cycling, rock and mineral bioweathering, mycogenic biomineral formation, and metal-fungal interactions. Lichens and mycorrhizas are significant geoactive agents. Organic matter decomposition is important for cycling of major biomass-associated elements, e.g., C, H, N, O, P, and S, as well as all other elements found in lower concentrations. Transformations of metals and minerals are central to geomicrobiology, and fungi affect changes in metal speciation, as well as mediate mineral formation or dissolution. Such mechanisms are components of biogeochemical cycles for metals as well as associated elements in biomass, soil, rocks, and minerals, e.g., S, P, and metalloids. Fungi may have the greatest geochemical influence within the terrestrial environment. However, they are also important in the aquatic environment and are significant components of the deep subsurface, extreme environments, and habitats polluted by xenobiotics, metals, and radionuclides. Applications of geomycology include metal and radionuclide bioleaching, biorecovery, detoxification, bioremediation, and the production of biominerals or metal(loid) elements with catalytic or other properties. Adverse effects include biodeterioration of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g., concrete), cultural heritage, metals, alloys, and related substances and adverse effects on radionuclide mobility and containment. The ubiquity and importance of fungi in the biosphere underline the importance of geomycology as a conceptual framework encompassing the environmental activities of fungi.
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Fomina M, Bowen AD, Charnock JM, Podgorsky VS, Gadd GM. Biogeochemical spatio-temporal transformation of copper in A
spergillus niger
colonies grown on malachite with different inorganic nitrogen sources. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1310-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fomina
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee DD1 5EH UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology; NASU; Zabolotnogo st. 154 Kiev 03680 Ukraine
| | - Andrew D. Bowen
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee DD1 5EH UK
| | - John M. Charnock
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences; University of Manchester; Williamson Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Valentin S. Podgorsky
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology; NASU; Zabolotnogo st. 154 Kiev 03680 Ukraine
| | - Geoffrey M. Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee DD1 5EH UK
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography', Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
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Álvarez SP, Tapia MAM, Duarte BND, Vega MEG. Fungal Bioremediation as a Tool for Polluted Agricultural Soils. Fungal Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68957-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wufuer R, Wei Y, Lin Q, Wang H, Song W, Liu W, Zhang D, Pan X, Gadd GM. Uranium Bioreduction and Biomineralization. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 101:137-168. [PMID: 29050665 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Following the development of nuclear science and technology, uranium contamination has been an ever increasing concern worldwide because of its potential for migration from the waste repositories and long-term contaminated environments. Physical and chemical techniques for uranium pollution are expensive and challenging. An alternative to these technologies is microbially mediated uranium bioremediation in contaminated water and soil environments due to its reduced cost and environmental friendliness. To date, four basic mechanisms of uranium bioremediation-uranium bioreduction, biosorption, biomineralization, and bioaccumulation-have been established, of which uranium bioreduction and biomineralization have been studied extensively. The objective of this review is to provide an understanding of recent developments in these two fields in relation to relevant microorganisms, mechanisms, influential factors, and obstacles.
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Rodak BW, Freitas DS, Bamberg SM, Carneiro MAC, Guilherme LRG. X-ray microanalytical studies of mineral elements in the tripartite symbiosis between lima bean, N 2-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 132:14-20. [PMID: 27838542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The symbiosis between legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and N2-fixing bacteria (NFB) provides mutual nutritional gains. However, assessing the nutritional status of the microorganisms is a difficult task. A methodology that could assess this status, in situ, could assist managing these organisms in agriculture. This study used X-ray microanalyses to quantify and locate mineral elements in structures formed in a tripartite symbiosis. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L. Walp) was cultivated in pots under greenhouse conditions, to which we have added AM fungal isolates (Glomus macrocarpum and Acaulospora colombiana) and NFB (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) inocula. Uninoculated control plants were also included. Symbionts were evaluated at the onset of flowering. Quantification of the mineral elements in the symbiotic components was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify structures. EDX analysis detected 13 elements with the most abundant being N, Ca, and Se, occurring in all tissues, Fe in roots, Ni and Al in epidermis and P and Mo in nodules. Elemental quantification in fungal structures was not possible. The distribution of elements was related to their symbiotic function. X-ray microanalysis can be efficiently applied for nutritional diagnosis in tripartite symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Wurr Rodak
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University Campus, 372000-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas Siqueira Freitas
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University Campus, 372000-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Soraya Marx Bamberg
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University Campus, 372000-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University Campus, 372000-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sácký J, Leonhardt T, Kotrba P. Functional analysis of two genes coding for distinct cation diffusion facilitators of the ectomycorrhizal Zn-accumulating fungus Russula atropurpurea. Biometals 2016; 29:349-63. [PMID: 26906559 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Russula atropurpurea can accumulate remarkably high concentrations of Zn in its sporocarps. We have previously demonstrated that 40 % of the intracellular Zn in this species is sequestered by MT-like RaZBP peptides. To see what other mechanisms for the handling of the accumulated Zn are available to R. atropurpurea, we searched its transcriptome for cDNAs coding for transporters of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family. The transcriptome search enabled us to identify RaCDF1 and RaCDF2, which were further subjected to functional studies in metal sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of RaCDF1 and its translational fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP) protected the yeasts against Zn and Co, but not Cd or Mn, toxicity and led to increased Zn accumulation in the cells. The GFP fluorescence, observed in the RaCDF1::GFP-expressing yeasts on tonoplasts, indicated that the RaCDF1-mediated Zn and Co tolerance was a result of vacuolar sequestration of the metals. The expression of RaCDF2 supported Zn, but not Mn, tolerance in the yeasts and reduced the cellular uptake of Zn, which is congruent with the proposed idea of the Zn-efflux function of RaCDF2, supported by the localization of GFP-derived fluorescence on the plasma membrane of the yeasts expressing functional RaCDF2::GFP. Contrarily, RaCDF2 increased the sensitivity to Co and Cd in the yeasts and significantly promoted Cd uptake, which suggested that it can act as a bidirectional metal transporter. The notion that RaCDF1 and RaCDF2 are genuine CDF transporters in R. atropurputrea was further reinforced by the fact that the RaCDF-associated metal tolerance and uptake phenotypes were lost upon the replacement of histidyl (in RaCDF1) and aspartyl (in RaCDF2), which are highly conserved in the second transmembrane domain and known to be essential for the function of CDF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Zhao Y, Tang Y, Tong T, Sun Z, Yu Z, Zhu Y, Tong H. Red lead degradation: monitoring of color change over time. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time and color functions indicated the mechanism and process of red lead discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Yun Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Tong Tong
- Centre of Cultural Material Conservation
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Zhijun Sun
- Dunhuang Research Academy
- Dunhuang 736200
- China
| | - Zongren Yu
- Dunhuang Research Academy
- Dunhuang 736200
- China
| | - Yixuan Zhu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Hua Tong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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Das D, Chakraborty A, Santra SC. Effect of Gamma Radiation on Zinc Tolerance Efficiency of Aspergillus terreus Thorn. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:248-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Oxalate production by fungi: significance in geomycology, biodeterioration and bioremediation. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Evaluation of the effect of indigenous mycogenic silver nanoparticles on soil exo-enzymes in barite mine contaminated soils. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Interaction of U(VI) with Schizophyllum commune studied by microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Biometals 2014; 27:775-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Gräfe M, Donner E, Collins RN, Lombi E. Speciation of metal(loid)s in environmental samples by X-ray absorption spectroscopy: a critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 822:1-22. [PMID: 24725743 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Element specificity is one of the key factors underlying the widespread use and acceptance of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) as a research tool in the environmental and geo-sciences. Independent of physical state (solid, liquid, gas), XAS analyses of metal(loid)s in complex environmental matrices over the past two decades have provided important information about speciation at environmentally relevant interfaces (e.g. solid-liquid) as well as in different media: plant tissues, rhizosphere, soils, sediments, ores, mineral process tailings, etc. Limited sample preparation requirements, the concomitant ability to preserve original physical and chemical states, and independence from crystallinity add to the advantages of using XAS in environmental investigations. Interpretations of XAS data are founded on sound physical and statistical models that can be applied to spectra of reference materials and mixed phases, respectively. For spectra collected directly from environmental matrices, abstract factor analysis and linear combination fitting provide the means to ascertain chemical, bonding, and crystalline states, and to extract quantitative information about their distribution within the data set. Through advances in optics, detectors, and data processing, X-ray fluorescence microprobes capable of focusing X-rays to micro- and nano-meter size have become competitive research venues for resolving the complexity of environmental samples at their inherent scale. The application of μ-XANES imaging, a new combinatorial approach of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and XANES spectroscopy at the micron scale, is one of the latest technological advances allowing for lateral resolution of chemical states over wide areas due to vastly improved data processing and detector technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gräfe
- Division of Process Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Minerals Research Centre, 7 Conlon Street, Waterford, WA 6152, Australia.
| | - Erica Donner
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC-CARE, P.O. Box 486, Salisbury, SA 5106, Australia
| | - Richard N Collins
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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21
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Bergamino M, Relini A, Rispoli P, Giachini L, d'Acapito F, Rolandi R. An EXAFS study of the binding of Cd and Pb ions to lipid films. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2013; 36:102. [PMID: 24045982 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2013-13102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements performed on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films containing cadmium and lead ions reveal the different coordination structures of the two cations in lipid membranes. We describe the local atomic environment of cadmium and lead in LB films prepared with stearic and 1,2 distearoyl-Lα-phosphatidic acids. The measurements have been performed on films of two different thicknesses, one and seven molecular layers, and at two different values of relative humidity. The local atomic environment of Cd ions in stearate films is consistent with unidentate coordination in which a Cd ion binds two stearate molecules, while that of Pb ions is consistent with a bidentate coordination in which a Pb ion binds one stearate molecule. Furthermore, in lead stearate films, there is Pb-Pb coordination as already observed in Langmuir films. In films of Pb-phosphatidic acid, oxygen atoms of the organic phosphate and oxygen atoms of bound water form two distinct shells.
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Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on zinc biogeochemistry in the rhizosphere of Lindenbergia philippensis growing in zinc-contaminated sediment. Biometals 2013; 26:489-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Vargas-García MDC, López MJ, Suárez-Estrella F, Moreno J. Compost as a source of microbial isolates for the bioremediation of heavy metals: in vitro selection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:62-67. [PMID: 22664539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has become a major environmental concern nowadays and the bioremediation of polluted habitats is an increasingly popular strategy due to both its efficiency and safety. A screening and selection protocol based on different composting processes was designed in order to isolate heavy metal-resistant microorganisms. A collection of 51 microorganisms was obtained and most of them showed the capability to tolerate heavy metals in multi-polluted aqueous systems (Cd(II), Cr(VI), Ni, Pb, Zn(II)), as well as to remove them. The highest detoxification ratios were observed for Pb. Some of the isolates detoxifying more than a 90% of this metal, while the other metals were removed in a range between 20% and 60%. The best isolates (Graphium putredinis, Fusarium solani, Fusarium sp. and Penicillium chrysogenum) were further assayed in order to determine the predominant removal mechanism and the potential use of their dead biomass as a biosorbent. Intracellular accumulation was the prevalent mechanism for most isolates and metals, with the exception of Ni. In this case, the proportion removed by extracellular adsorption was similar or even higher than that removed by intracellular accumulation. Thus, the efficiency of living cells was higher than that of dead biomass except in the case of Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Vargas-García
- Department of Applied Biology, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería-International Excellence Campus in Agri-Food, CeiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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24
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Gadd GM, Rhee YJ, Stephenson K, Wei Z. Geomycology: metals, actinides and biominerals. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:270-96. [PMID: 23760792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Geomycology can be simply defined as 'the scientific study of the roles of fungi in processes of fundamental importance to geology' and the biogeochemical importance of fungi is significant in several key areas. These include nutrient and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic biomineral formation and interactions of fungi with clay minerals and metals. Such processes can occur in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, but it is in the terrestrial environment where fungi probably have the greatest geochemical influence. Of special significance are the mutualistic relationships with phototrophic organisms, lichens (algae, cyanobacteria) and mycorrhizas (plants). Central to many geomycological processes are transformations of metals and minerals, and fungi possess a variety of properties that can effect changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility, as well as mineral formation or mineral dissolution or deterioration. Some fungal transformations have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal and radionuclide leaching, recovery, detoxification and bioremediation, and in the production or deposition of biominerals or metallic elements with catalytic or other properties. Metal and mineral transformations may also result in adverse effects when these processes result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g. concrete), acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility and containment. The ubiquity and importance of fungi in biosphere processes underlines the importance of geomycology as an interdisciplinary subject area within microbiology and mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Swarbrick JC, Skyllberg U, Karlsson T, Glatzel P. High energy resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy of environmentally relevant lead(II) compounds. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:10748-56. [PMID: 19839575 DOI: 10.1021/ic9015299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the chemical environment of Pb in natural samples is a challenge of great importance in environmental and health physics. We report a high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) study at the Pb L(3) and L(1) absorption edges to determine the chemical environment of Pb in a series of model and environmentally relevant compounds. HERFD spectroscopy can reveal increased spectral detail due to an apparent reduction in the core hole lifetime broadening. HERFD spectra of model Pb(II) compounds were compared to FEFF 8.4 multiple scattering calculations with reduced peak broadening parameters, and density of state (DOS) simulations, to determine the origins of the spectral features. A pre-edge in the L(3) XANES is revealed which is shown to arise from hybridization between the Pb p and d states. HERFD spectra of Pb(II)-containing environmentally relevant solutions were compared to model spectra and calculations. The results presented in this paper show that the chemical environment of Pb can be identified from spectral features resolved in HERFD spectroscopy at the Pb L(3) edge. The technique provides information that is complementary to conventional extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine C Swarbrick
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), BP 220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
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28
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Kelly SD. Uranium Chemistry in Soils and Sediments. SYNCHROTRON-BASED TECHNIQUES IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2481(10)34014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Gadd GM. Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:609-643. [PMID: 20019082 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.037143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes play key geoactive roles in the biosphere, particularly in the areas of element biotransformations and biogeochemical cycling, metal and mineral transformations, decomposition, bioweathering, and soil and sediment formation. All kinds of microbes, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their symbiotic associations with each other and 'higher organisms', can contribute actively to geological phenomena, and central to many such geomicrobial processes are transformations of metals and minerals. Microbes have a variety of properties that can effect changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility, as well as mineral formation or mineral dissolution or deterioration. Such mechanisms are important components of natural biogeochemical cycles for metals as well as associated elements in biomass, soil, rocks and minerals, e.g. sulfur and phosphorus, and metalloids, actinides and metal radionuclides. Apart from being important in natural biosphere processes, metal and mineral transformations can have beneficial or detrimental consequences in a human context. Bioremediation is the application of biological systems to the clean-up of organic and inorganic pollution, with bacteria and fungi being the most important organisms for reclamation, immobilization or detoxification of metallic and radionuclide pollutants. Some biominerals or metallic elements deposited by microbes have catalytic and other properties in nanoparticle, crystalline or colloidal forms, and these are relevant to the development of novel biomaterials for technological and antimicrobial purposes. On the negative side, metal and mineral transformations by microbes may result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g. concrete), acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility and containment, all with immense social and economic consequences. The ubiquity and importance of microbes in biosphere processes make geomicrobiology one of the most important concepts within microbiology, and one requiring an interdisciplinary approach to define environmental and applied significance and underpin exploitation in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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30
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Leitão AL. Potential of Penicillium species in the bioremediation field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:1393-417. [PMID: 19440525 PMCID: PMC2681198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6041393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects on the environment of pollution, particularly that caused by various industrial activities, have been responsible for the accelerated fluxes of organic and inorganic matter in the ecosphere. Xenobiotics such as phenol, phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals, even at low concentrations, can be toxic to humans and other forms of life. Many of the remediation technologies currently being used for contaminated soil and water involve not only physical and chemical treatment, but also biological processes, where microbial activity is the responsible for pollutant removal and/or recovery. Fungi are present in aquatic sediments, terrestrial habitats and water surfaces and play a significant part in natural remediation of metal and aromatic compounds. Fungi also have advantages over bacteria since fungal hyphae can penetrate contaminated soil, reaching not only heavy metals but also xenobiotic compounds. Despite of the abundance of such fungi in wastes, penicillia in particular have received little attention in bioremediation and biodegradation studies. Additionally, several studies conducted with different strains of imperfecti fungi, Penicillium spp. have demonstrated their ability to degrade different xenobiotic compounds with low co-substrate requirements, and could be potentially interesting for the development of economically feasible processes for pollutant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Leitão
- Grupo de Ecologia da Hidrosfera, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal.
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Investigating the interaction mechanism between zinc and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using combined SEM-EDX and XAFS. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:293-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The biogeochemical activities of free-living and symbiotic fungi must be acknowledged in attempts to understand uranium cycling and dispersal in the environment. Although the near-surface geochemistry of uranium is very complex and a wide variety of mineral phases is known, uranium trioxide (UO3) and triuranium octaoxide (U(3)O(8)) can be used as well characterized models in the study of biotransformations. We have used a complex methodological approach involving advanced solid state speciation and scanning electron microscopy to study the ability of saprotrophic, ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi to transform these model oxides. This study has revealed that fungi exhibit a high uranium oxide tolerance, and possess the ability to solubilize UO3 and U(3)O(8) and to accumulate uranium within the mycelium to over 80 mg (g dry weight)(-1) biomass. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of uranium speciation within the biomass showed that in most of the fungi the uranyl ion was coordinated to phosphate ligands, but in ectomycorrhizal fungi mixed phosphate/carboxylate coordination was observed. Abundant uranium precipitates associated with phosphorus were found in the mycelium and encrusted the hyphae. Some of the fungi caused the biomineralization of well-crystallized uranyl phosphate minerals of the meta-autunite group. This is the first experimental evidence for fungal transformations of uranium solids and the production of secondary mycogenic uranium minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fomina
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD14HN, UK
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Simm C, Lahner B, Salt D, LeFurgey A, Ingram P, Yandell B, Eide DJ. Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuole in zinc storage and intracellular zinc distribution. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1166-77. [PMID: 17526722 PMCID: PMC1951117 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00077-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated that the vacuole is a major site of zinc storage in the cell. However, these studies did not address the absolute level of zinc that was stored in the vacuole nor did they examine the abundances of stored zinc in other compartments of the cell. In this report, we describe an analysis of the cellular distribution of zinc by use of both an organellar fractionation method and an electron probe X-ray microanalysis. With these methods, we determined that zinc levels in the vacuole vary with zinc status and can rise to almost 100 mM zinc (i.e., 7 x 10(8) atoms of vacuolar zinc per cell). Moreover, this zinc can be mobilized effectively to supply the needs of as many as eight generations of progeny cells under zinc starvation conditions. While the Zrc1 and Cot1 zinc transporters are essential for zinc uptake into the vacuole under steady-state growth conditions, additional transporters help mediate zinc uptake into the vacuole during "zinc shock," when zinc-limited cells are resupplied with zinc. In addition, we found that other compartments of the cell do not provide significant stores of zinc. In particular, zinc accumulation in mitochondria is low and is homeostatically regulated independently of vacuolar zinc storage. Finally, we observed a strong correlation between zinc status and the levels of magnesium and phosphorus accumulated in cells. Our results implicate zinc as a major determinant of the ability of the cell to store these other important nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Simm
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Gadd GM. Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:3-49. [PMID: 17307120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes can be termed 'geomycology' and this article seeks to emphasize the fundamental importance of fungi in several key areas. These include organic and inorganic transformations and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic mineral formation, fungal-clay interactions, metal-fungal interactions, and the significance of such processes in the environment and their relevance to areas of environmental biotechnology such as bioremediation. Fungi are intimately involved in biogeochemical transformations at local and global scales, and although such transformations occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is the latter environment where fungi probably have the greatest influence. Within terrestrial aerobic ecosystems, fungi may exert an especially profound influence on biogeochemical processes, particularly when considering soil, rock and mineral surfaces, and the plant root-soil interface. The geochemical transformations that take place can influence plant productivity and the mobility of toxic elements and substances, and are therefore of considerable socio-economic relevance, including human health. Of special significance are the mutualistic symbioses, lichens and mycorrhizas. Some of the fungal transformations discussed have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal leaching, recovery and detoxification, and xenobiotic and organic pollutant degradation. They may also result in adverse effects when these processes are associated with the degradation of foodstuffs, natural products, and building materials, including wood, stone and concrete. It is clear that a multidisciplinary approach is essential to understand fully all the phenomena encompassed within geomycology, and it is hoped that this review will serve to catalyse further research, as well as stimulate interest in an area of mycology of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gadd
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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