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Hamsa S, Rajarammohan S, Aswal M, Kumar M, Kaur J. Transcriptome responses of Arabidopsis to necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicae reveal pathways and candidate genes associated with resistance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:68. [PMID: 38842571 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf blight (ALB), caused by a necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicae is a serious disease of oleiferous Brassicas resulting in significant yield losses worldwide. No robust resistance against A. brassicae has been identified in the Brassicas. Natural accessions of Arabidopsis show a spectrum of responses to A. brassicae ranging from high susceptibility to complete resistance. To understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance/ susceptibility, we analysed the comparative changes in the transcriptome profile of Arabidopsis accessions with contrasting responses- at different time points post-infection. Differential gene expression, GO enrichment, pathway enrichment, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed reprogramming of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway involving lignin, hydroxycinnamic acids, scopoletin, anthocyanin genes to be highly associated with resistance against A. brassicae. T-DNA insertion mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of coumarin scopoletin exhibited enhanced susceptibility to A. brassicae. The supplementation of scopoletin to medium or exogenous application resulted in a significant reduction in the A. brassicae growth. Our study provides new insights into the transcriptome dynamics in A. brassicae-challenged Arabidopsis and demonstrates the involvement of coumarins in plant immunity against the Brassica pathogen A. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Rajarammohan
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manisha Aswal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jagreet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Song N, Wu J. Synergistic induction of phytoalexins in Nicotiana attenuata by jasmonate and ethylene signaling mediated by NaWRKY70. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1063-1080. [PMID: 37870145 PMCID: PMC10837013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Production of the phytoalexins scopoletin and scopolin is regulated by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene signaling in Nicotiana species in response to Alternaria alternata, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes brown spot disease. However, how these two signaling pathways are coordinated to control this process remains unclear. In this study, we found that the levels of these two phytoalexins and transcripts of their key enzyme gene, feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (NaF6'H1), were synergistically induced in Nicotiana attenuata by co-treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon. By combination of RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, NaWRKY70, which had a similar expression pattern to NaF6'H1 and was responsible for A. alternata-induced NaF6'H1 expression. Further evidence from stable transformed plants with RNA interference, knock out and overexpression of NaWRKY70 demonstrated that it is a key player in the synergistic induction of phytoalexins and plant resistance to A. alternata. Electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, and dual-luciferase assays revealed that NaWRKY70 can bind directly to the NaF6'H1 promoter and activate its expression. Furthermore, the key regulator of the ethylene pathway, NaEIN3-like1, can directly bind to the NaWRKY70 promoter and activate its expression. Meanwhile, NaMYC2s, important JA pathway transcription factors, also indirectly regulate the expression of NaWRKY70 and NaF6'H1 to control scopoletin and scopolin production. Our data reveal that these phytoalexins are synergistically induced by JA and ethylene signaling during A. alternata infection, which is largely mediated by NaWRKY70, thus providing new insights into the defense responses against A. alternata in Nicotiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Beesley A, Beyer SF, Wanders V, Levecque S, Bredenbruch S, Habash SS, Schleker ASS, Gätgens J, Oldiges M, Schultheiss H, Conrath U, Langenbach CJG. Engineered coumarin accumulation reduces mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress and disease susceptibility. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2490-2506. [PMID: 37578146 PMCID: PMC10651151 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins can fight pathogens and are thus promising for crop protection. Their biosynthesis, however, has not yet been engineered in crops. We tailored the constitutive accumulation of coumarins in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana, Glycine max and Arabidopsis thaliana plants, as well as in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 suspension cells. We did so by overexpressing A. thaliana feruloyl-CoA 6-hydroxylase 1 (AtF6'H1), encoding the key enzyme of scopoletin biosynthesis. Besides scopoletin and its glucoside scopolin, esculin at low level was the only other coumarin detected in transgenic cells. Mechanical damage of scopolin-accumulating tissue led to a swift release of scopoletin, presumably from the scopolin pool. High scopolin levels in A. thaliana roots coincided with reduced susceptibility to the root-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. In addition, transgenic soybean plants were more tolerant to the soil-borne pathogenic fungus Fusarium virguliforme. Because mycotoxin-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell death were reduced in the AtF6'H1-overexpressors, the weaker sensitivity to F. virguliforme may be caused by attenuated oxidative damage of coumarin-hyperaccumulating cells. Together, engineered coumarin accumulation is promising for enhanced disease resilience of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian F. Beyer
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Present address:
BASF SE, Agricultural CenterLimburgerhofGermany
| | - Verena Wanders
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Sophie Levecque
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | | | - Samer S. Habash
- Department of Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Present address:
BASF Vegetable SeedsNunhemNetherlands
| | | | - Jochem Gätgens
- Department of Bioprocesses and BioanalyticsResearch Center Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Department of Bioprocesses and BioanalyticsResearch Center Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | | | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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Emmanuel CJ, Schoonbeek H, Shaw MW. Microscope studies of symptomless growth of Botrytis cinerea in Lactuca sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 72:564-581. [PMID: 38516180 PMCID: PMC10952648 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea forms systemic associations in some hosts, spreading into plant organs produced a considerable time after initial infection. These infections may have no macroscopic symptoms during much of the hosts' lifetime and are at least partially within the host tissue. The aim of the studies reported here was to locate and visualize these infections at a cellular level in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Symptomless but infected plants were produced by dry spore inoculation of plants growing in conditions previously shown to result in fungal spread from the initial inoculation site to newly developing plant organs. Tissue taken from inoculated plants was examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two B. cinerea isolates were used: B05.10 and its GFP-labelled derivative Bcgfp1-3. Spore germination on leaf surfaces was followed by development of subcuticular inclusions and plant cell damage in single infected epidermal cells and sometimes a few nearby cells. Sparsely branched long hyphae arose and spread from the inclusions, mostly on the outer surface of the epidermal layer but occasionally below the cuticle or epidermal cells, where further inclusions formed. This was consistent with the pattern in time of recovery of B. cinerea from surface-sterilized leaf tissue. In the late symptomless phase, mycelium arising from internal fungal inclusions formed mycelial networks on the surface of leaves. Symptomless exterior mycelium grew on the roots in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael W. Shaw
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Yang Y, Xu J, Li Y, He Y, Yang Y, Liu D, Wu C. Effects of Coumarin on Rhizosphere Microbiome and Metabolome of Lolium multiflorum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1096. [PMID: 36903956 PMCID: PMC10005730 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms can help plants absorb nutrients, coordinate their growth, and improve their environmental adaptability. Coumarin can act as a signaling molecule that regulates the interaction between commensals, pathogens, and plants. In this study, we elucidate the effect of coumarin on plant root microorganisms. To provide a theoretical basis for the development of coumarin-derived compounds as biological pesticides, we determined the effect of coumarin on the root secondary metabolism and rhizosphere microbial community of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). We observed that a 200 mg/kg coumarin treatment had a negligible effect on the rhizosphere soil bacterial species of the annual ryegrass rhizosphere, though it exhibited a significant effect on the abundance of bacteria in the rhizospheric microbial community. Under coumarin-induced allelopathic stress, annual ryegrass can stimulate the colonization of beneficial flora in the root rhizosphere; however, certain pathogenic bacteria, such as Aquicella species, also multiply in large numbers in such conditions, which may be one of the main reasons for a sharp decline in the annual ryegrass biomass production. Further, metabolomics analysis revealed that the 200 mg/kg coumarin treatment triggered the accumulation of a total of 351 metabolites, of which 284 were found to be significantly upregulated, while 67 metabolites were significantly downregulated in the T200 group (treated with 200 mg/kg coumarin) compared to the CK group (control group) (p < 0.05). Further, the differentially expressed metabolites were primarily associated with 20 metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, etc. We found significant alterations in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and purine metabolism pathways (p < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences between the rhizosphere soil bacterial community and root metabolites. Furthermore, changes in the bacterial abundance disrupted the balance of the rhizosphere micro-ecosystem and indirectly regulated the level of root metabolites. The current study paves the way towards comprehensively understanding the specific relationship between the root metabolite levels and the abundance of the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caixia Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(13)-665293134
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Riley-Saldaña CA, de-la-Cruz-Chacón I, Cruz-Ortega MDR, Castro-Moreno M, González-Esquinca AR. Do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer induce alkaloidal and antifungal responses in Annona muricata seedlings? Z NATURFORSCH C 2023; 78:57-63. [PMID: 35942979 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of Annona muricata have been isolated, but their physiological or ecological role is unknown. The objective was to explore whether these secondary metabolites are involved in defense against phytopathogenic fungi. To do this, the alkaloidal response of 6-leaf seedlings of A. muricata was analyzed, previously inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer. Before and after inoculation, alkaloidal extracts of roots, stems, and leaves were obtained, and the antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro. The alkaloids anonaine, reticuline, nornuciferine, assimilobine, and coreximine were identified. C. gloeosporioides caused variable increases in the production of anonaine, reticuline and nornuciferine (10-1200%), while R. stolonifer only stimulated the increase of nornuciferin and anonaine (10%) in the stems and leaves. The alkaloidal extracts of inoculated seedlings increased the antifungal activity, both against the pathogen elicitor and against the second target pathogen. These findings suggest that the alkaloids participate in the antifungal defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Anabi Riley-Saldaña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Química Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150. Col. Lajas Maciel, CP. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ivan de-la-Cruz-Chacón
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Química Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150. Col. Lajas Maciel, CP. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Cruz-Ortega
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Delegación Coyoacán. CP. 04360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol Castro-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Química Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150. Col. Lajas Maciel, CP. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alma Rosa González-Esquinca
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Química Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150. Col. Lajas Maciel, CP. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Tuccio L, Degano I, Tegli S. Retrieving the in vivo Scopoletin Fluorescence Excitation Band Allows the Non-invasive Investigation of the Plant-Pathogen Early Events in Tobacco Leaves. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889878. [PMID: 35572685 PMCID: PMC9100583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed and applied a new spectroscopic fluorescence method for the in vivo detection of the early events in the interaction between tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants and pathogenic bacteria. The leaf disks were infiltrated with a bacterial suspension in sterile physiological solution (SPS), or with SPS alone as control. The virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci strain ATCC 11528, its non-pathogenic ΔhrpA mutant, and the avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 were used. At different post-infiltration time-points, the in vivo fluorescence spectra on leaf disks were acquired by a fiber bundle-spectrofluorimeter. The excitation spectra of the leaf blue emission at 460 nm, which is mainly due to the accumulation of coumarins following a bacterial infiltration, were processed by using a two-bands Gaussian fitting that enabled us to isolate the scopoletin (SCT) contribution. The pH-dependent fluorescence of SCT and scopolin (SCL), as determined by in vitro data and their intracellular localization, as determined by confocal microscopy, suggested the use of the longer wavelength excitation band at 385 nm of 460 nm emission (F385_460) to follow the metabolic evolution of SCT during the plant-bacteria interaction. It was found to be directly correlated (R 2 = 0.84) to the leaf SCT content, but not to that of SCL, determined by HPLC analysis. The technique applied to the time-course monitoring of the bacteria-plant interaction clearly showed that the amount and the timing of SCT accumulation, estimated by F385_460, was correlated with the resistance to the pathogen. As expected, this host defense response was delayed after P. syringae pv. tabaci ATCC 11528 infiltration, in comparison to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Furthermore, no significant increase of F385_460 (SCT) was observed when using the non-pathogenic ΔhrpA mutant of P. syringae pv. tabaci ATCC 11528, which lacks a functional Type Three Secretion System (TTSS). Our study showed the reliability of the developed fluorimetric method for a rapid and non-invasive monitoring of bacteria-induced first events related to the metabolite-based defense response in tobacco leaves. This technique could allow a fast selection of pathogen-resistant cultivars, as well as the on-site early diagnosis of tobacco plant diseases by using suitable fluorescence sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consortium INSTM-Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Tuccio
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consortium INSTM-Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Tegli
- Consortium INSTM-Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Yang L, Guan D, Valls M, Ding W. Sustainable natural bioresources in crop protection: antimicrobial hydroxycoumarins induce membrane depolarization-associated changes in the transcriptome of Ralstonia solanacearum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5170-5185. [PMID: 34255407 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating pathogens affecting crop production worldwide. The hydroxycoumarins (umbelliferone, esculetin and daphnetin) represent sustainable natural bioresources on controlling plant bacterial wilt. However, the antibacterial mechanism of hydroxycoumarins against plant pathogens still remains poorly understood. RESULTS Here we characterized the effect of three hydroxycoumarins on the transcriptome of R. solanacearum. All three hydroxycoumarins were able to kill R. solanacearum, but their antibacterial activity impacted differently the bacterial transcriptome, indicating that their modes of action might be different. Treatment of R. solanacearum cultures with hydroxycoumarins resulted in a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), involved in basic cellular functions and metabolic process, such as down-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis, RNA modification, ribosomal submits, oxidative phosphorylation and electrontransport, as well as up-regulation of genes involved in transcriptional regulators, drug efflux, and oxidative stress responses. Future studies based on in vitro experiments are proposed to investigate lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis pathway leading to R. solanacearum cell death caused by hydroxycoumarins. Deletion of lpxB substantially inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum, and reduced virulence of pathogen on tobacco plants. CONCULSION Our transcriptomic analyses show that specific hydroxycoumarins suppressed gene expression involved in fatty acid synthesis, RNA modification, ribosomal submits, oxidative phosphorylation and electrontransport. These findings provide evidence that hydroxycoumarins inhibit R. solanacearum growth through multi-target effect. Hydroxycoumarins could serve as sustainable natural bioresources against plant bacterial wilt through membrane destruction targeting the lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dailu Guan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Section, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Yang L, Wang Y, He X, Xiao Q, Han S, Jia Z, Li S, Ding W. Discovery of a novel plant-derived agent against Ralstonia solanacearum by targeting the bacterial division protein FtsZ. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 177:104892. [PMID: 34301354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) is one of the most devastating bacterial pathogens and leads to serious economic losses in crops worldwide. In this study, the antibacterial activities of novel plant-derived coumarins against R. solanacearum and their underlying mechanisms were initially investigated. The bioactivity assay results showed that certain coumarins had significant in vitro inhibitory effects against R. solanacearum. Notably, 6-methylcoumarin showed the best in vitro antibacterial activity with 76.79%. Interestingly, 6-methylcoumarin was found to cause cell elongation, disrupt cell division, and suppress the expression of the bacterial division protein coding genes ftsZ. Compared with the control treatment, the ∆ftsZ mutant inhibited bacterial growth and caused the bacteria to be more sensitive to 6-methylcoumarin. The application of 6-methylcoumarin effectively suppressed the development of tobacco bacterial wilt in pot and field experiments, and significantly reduced the bacterial population in tobacco stems. The control efficiency of 6-methylcoumarin treatment was 35.76%, 40.51%, 38.99% at 10, 11, and 12 weeks after tobacco transplantation in field condition. All of these results demonstrate that 6-methylcoumarin has potential as an eco-friendly and target specificity agent for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaobin He
- Chongqing Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Chongqing Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Songting Han
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhou Jia
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shili Li
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Perkowska I, Potrykus M, Siwinska J, Siudem D, Lojkowska E, Ihnatowicz A. Interplay between Coumarin Accumulation, Iron Deficiency and Plant Resistance to Dickeya spp. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126449. [PMID: 34208600 PMCID: PMC8235353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins belong to a group of secondary metabolites well known for their high biological activities including antibacterial and antifungal properties. Recently, an important role of coumarins in plant resistance to pathogens and their release into the rhizosphere upon pathogen infection was discovered. It is also well documented that coumarins play a crucial role in the Arabidopsis thaliana growth under Fe-limited conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying interplay between plant resistance, accumulation of coumarins and Fe status, remain largely unknown. In this work, we investigated the effect of both mentioned factors on the disease severity using the model system of Arabidopsis/Dickeya spp. molecular interactions. We evaluated the disease symptoms in Arabidopsis plants, wild-type Col-0 and its mutants defective in coumarin accumulation, grown in hydroponic cultures with contrasting Fe regimes and in soil mixes. Under all tested conditions, Arabidopsis plants inoculated with Dickeya solani IFB0099 strain developed more severe disease symptoms compared to lines inoculated with Dickeya dadantii 3937. We also showed that the expression of genes encoding plant stress markers were strongly affected by D. solani IFB0099 infection. Interestingly, the response of plants to D. dadantii 3937 infection was genotype-dependent in Fe-deficient hydroponic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Perkowska
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Marta Potrykus
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Siwinska
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Dominika Siudem
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Ewa Lojkowska
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Anna Ihnatowicz
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (D.S.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-5236330
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11
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Czajlik A, Holzknecht J, Galgóczy L, Tóth L, Poór P, Ördög A, Váradi G, Kühbacher A, Borics A, Tóth GK, Marx F, Batta G. Solution Structure, Dynamics, and New Antifungal Aspects of the Cysteine-Rich Miniprotein PAFC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1183. [PMID: 33504082 PMCID: PMC7865535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Penicillium chrysogenum Q176 contains a gene coding for the 88-amino-acid (aa)-long glycine- and cysteine-rich P. chrysogenum antifungal protein C (PAFC). After maturation, the secreted antifungal miniprotein (MP) comprises 64 aa and shares 80% aa identity with the bubble protein (BP) from Penicillium brevicompactum, which has a published X-ray structure. Our team expressed isotope (15N, 13C)-labeled, recombinant PAFC in high yields, which allowed us to determine the solution structure and molecular dynamics by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The primary structure of PAFC is dominated by 14 glycines, and therefore, whether the four disulfide bonds can stabilize the fold is challenging. Indeed, unlike the few published solution structures of other antifungal MPs from filamentous ascomycetes, the NMR data indicate that PAFC has shorter secondary structure elements and lacks the typical β-barrel structure, though it has a positively charged cavity and a hydrophobic core around the disulfide bonds. Some parts within the two putative γ-core motifs exhibited enhanced dynamics according to a new disorder index presentation of 15N-NMR relaxation data. Furthermore, we also provided a more detailed insight into the antifungal spectrum of PAFC, with specific emphasis on fungal plant pathogens. Our results suggest that PAFC could be an effective candidate for the development of new antifungal strategies in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Czajlik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Jeanett Holzknecht
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (J.H.); (A.K.)
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.G.); (L.T.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liliána Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.G.); (L.T.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.P.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.P.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.V.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Alexander Kühbacher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (J.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.V.); (G.K.T.)
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (J.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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12
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Batista-García RA, Ponce De León I. Botrytis cinerea Transcriptome during the Infection Process of the Bryophyte Physcomitrium patens and Angiosperms. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 33379257 PMCID: PMC7824268 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes grey mold in many plant species, including crops and model plants of angiosperms. B. cinerea also infects and colonizes the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens (previously Physcomitrella patens), which perceives the pathogen and activates defense mechanisms. However, these defenses are not sufficient to stop fungal invasion, leading finally to plant decay. To gain more insights into B. cinerea infection and virulence strategies displayed during moss colonization, we performed genome wide transcriptional profiling of B. cinerea during different infection stages. We show that, in total, 1015 B. cinerea genes were differentially expressed in moss tissues. Expression patterns of upregulated genes and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that infection of P. patens tissues by B. cinerea depends on reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification, transporter activities, plant cell wall degradation and modification, toxin production and probable plant defense evasion by effector proteins. Moreover, a comparison with available RNAseq data during angiosperm infection, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum and Lactuca sativa, suggests that B. cinerea has virulence and infection functions used in all hosts, while others are more specific to P. patens or angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
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13
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Tóth L, Boros É, Poór P, Ördög A, Kele Z, Váradi G, Holzknecht J, Bratschun‐Khan D, Nagy I, Tóth GK, Rákhely G, Marx F, Galgóczy L. The potential use of the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF, the designed variant PAF opt and its γ-core peptide Pγ opt in plant protection. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1403-1414. [PMID: 32207883 PMCID: PMC7415367 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of enormous crop losses caused by pesticide-resistant fungi is a serious challenge in agriculture. Application of alternative fungicides, such as antifungal proteins and peptides, provides a promising basis to overcome this problem; however, their direct use in fields suffers limitations, such as high cost of production, low stability, narrow antifungal spectrum and toxicity on plant or mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that a Penicillium chrysogenum-based expression system provides a feasible tool for economic production of P. chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) and a rational designed variant (PAFopt ), in which the evolutionary conserved γ-core motif was modified to increase antifungal activity. In the present study, we report for the first time that γ-core modulation influences the antifungal spectrum and efficacy of PAF against important plant pathogenic ascomycetes, and the synthetic γ-core peptide Pγopt , a derivative of PAFopt , is antifungal active against these pathogens in vitro. Finally, we proved the protective potential of PAF against Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato plant leaves. The lack of any toxic effects on mammalian cells and plant seedlings, as well as the high tolerance to harsh environmental conditions and proteolytic degradation further strengthen our concept for applicability of these proteins and peptide in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliána Tóth
- Institute of Plant BiologyBiological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Éva Boros
- Institute of BiochemistryBiological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant BiologyFaculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedKözép fasor 52H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant BiologyFaculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedKözép fasor 52H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medical ChemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SzegedDóm tér 8H‐6720SzegedHungary
| | - Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical ChemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SzegedDóm tér 8H‐6720SzegedHungary
| | - Jeanett Holzknecht
- Institute of Molecular BiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnrain 80‐82A‐6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Doris Bratschun‐Khan
- Institute of Molecular BiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnrain 80‐82A‐6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - István Nagy
- Institute of BiochemistryBiological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical ChemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SzegedDóm tér 8H‐6720SzegedHungary
- MTA‐SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research GroupUniversity of SzegedDóm tér 8H‐6720SzegedHungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedKözép fasor 52H‐6726SzegedHungary
- Institute of BiophysicsBiological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62H‐6726SzegedHungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular BiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnrain 80‐82A‐6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Plant BiologyBiological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62H‐6726SzegedHungary
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedKözép fasor 52H‐6726SzegedHungary
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14
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Massana-Codina J, Schnee S, Allard PM, Rutz A, Boccard J, Michellod E, Cléroux M, Schürch S, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Insights on the Structural and Metabolic Resistance of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) Cultivars to Tuber Black Dot ( Colletotrichum coccodes). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1287. [PMID: 32973846 PMCID: PMC7468465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Black dot is a blemish disease of potato tubers caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. Qualitative resistance (monogenic) that leads to the hypersensitive response has not been reported against black dot, but commercial potato cultivars show different susceptibility levels to the disease, indicating that quantitative resistance (polygenic) mechanisms against this pathogen exist. Cytological studies are essential to decipher pathogen colonization of the plant tissue, and untargeted metabolomics has been shown effective in highlighting resistance-related metabolites in quantitative resistance. In this study, we used five commercial potato cultivars with different susceptibility levels to black dot, and studied the structural and biochemical aspects that correlate with resistance to black dot using cytological and untargeted metabolomics methods. The cytological approach using semithin sections of potato tuber periderm revealed that C. coccodes colonizes the tuber periderm, but does not penetrate in cortical cells. Furthermore, skin thickness did not correlate with disease susceptibility, indicating that other factors influence quantitative resistance to black dot. Furthermore, suberin amounts did not correlate with black dot severity, and suberin composition was similar between the five potato cultivars studied. On the other hand, the untargeted metabolomics approach allowed highlighting biomarkers of infection, as well as constitutive and induced resistance-related metabolites. Hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid amides and steroidal saponins were found to be biomarkers of resistance under control conditions, while hydroxycoumarins were found to be specifically induced in the resistant cultivars. Notably, some of these biomarkers showed antifungal activity in vitro against C. coccodes. Altogether, our results show that quantitative resistance of potatoes to black dot involves structural and biochemical mechanisms, including the production of specialized metabolites with antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Massana-Codina
- Plant Protection Research Division, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Plant Protection Research Division, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Rutz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Michellod
- Plant Protection Research Division, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Cléroux
- Changins College for Viticulture and Enology, University Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | | | - Katia Gindro
- Plant Protection Research Division, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Wei C, Amo A, Ahmed B, Yang X, Zhang X. Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040312. [PMID: 32340374 PMCID: PMC7238016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of an enormous array of compounds based on the few intermediates of the shikimate pathway in response to cell wall breaches by pathogens. The whole metabolomic pathway is a complex network regulated by multiple gene families and it exhibits refined regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The pathway genes are involved in the production of anti-microbial compounds as well as signaling molecules. The engineering in the metabolic pathway has led to a new plant defense system of which various mechanisms have been proposed including salicylic acid and antimicrobial mediated compounds. In recent years, some key players like phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from the phenylpropanoid pathway are proposed to have broad spectrum disease resistance (BSR) without yield penalties. Now we have more evidence than ever, yet little understanding about the pathway-based genes that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction of phenylpropanoid defenses in response to microbial attack. It is not astonishing that mutants of pathway regulator genes can show conflicting results. Therefore, precise engineering of the pathway is an interesting strategy to aim at profitably tailored plants. Here, this review portrays the current progress and challenges for phenylpropanoid pathway-based resistance from the current prospective to provide a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8708-2613
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16
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Balthazar C, Cantin G, Novinscak A, Joly DL, Filion M. Expression of Putative Defense Responses in Cannabis Primed by Pseudomonas and/or Bacillus Strains and Infected by Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572112. [PMID: 33324431 PMCID: PMC7723895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) offers many industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications, but is commonly threatened by the gray mold disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. With few effective control measures currently available, the use of beneficial rhizobacteria represents a promising biocontrol avenue for cannabis. To counter disease development, plants rely on a complex network of inducible defense pathways, allowing them to respond locally and systemically to pathogens attacks. In this study, we present the first attempt to control gray mold in cannabis using beneficial rhizobacteria, and the first investigation of cannabis defense responses at the molecular level. Four promising Pseudomonas (LBUM223 and WCS417r) and Bacillus strains (LBUM279 and LBUM979) were applied as single or combined root treatments to cannabis seedlings, which were subsequently infected by B. cinerea. Symptoms were recorded and the expression of eight putative defense genes was monitored in leaves by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The rhizobacteria did not significantly control gray mold and all infected leaves were necrotic after a week, regardless of the treatment. Similarly, no systemic activation of putative cannabis defense genes was reported, neither triggered by the pathogen nor by the rhizobacteria. However, this work identified five putative defense genes (ERF1, HEL, PAL, PR1, and PR2) that were strongly and sustainably induced locally at B. cinerea's infection sites, as well as two stably expressed reference genes (TIP41 and APT1) in cannabis. These markers will be useful in future researches exploring cannabis defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Balthazar
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Cantin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Collège La Cité, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Novinscak
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - David L. Joly
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Martin Filion
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Martin Filion,
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17
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Song N, Ma L, Wang W, Sun H, Wang L, Baldwin IT, Wu J. An ERF2-like transcription factor regulates production of the defense sesquiterpene capsidiol upon Alternaria alternata infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5895-5908. [PMID: 31294452 PMCID: PMC6812721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Capsidiol is a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum species in response to pathogen attack. Whether capsidiol plays a defensive role and how its biosynthesis is regulated in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata when the plant is attacked by Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype), a notorious necrotrophic fungus causing brown spot disease, are unknown. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a metabolic switch to sesquiterpene biosynthesis occurred in young leaves of N. attenuata after A. alternata inoculation: many genes leading to sesquiterpene production were strongly up-regulated, including the capsidiol biosynthetic genes 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) and 5-epi-aristolochene hydroxylase (EAH). Consistently, the level of capsidiol was increased dramatically in young leaves after fungal inoculation, from not detectable in mock control to 50.68±3.10 µg g-1 fresh leaf at 3 d post-inoculation. Capsidiol-reduced or capsidiol-depleted plants, which were generated by silencing EAHs or EASs by virus-induced gene silencing, were more susceptible to the fungus. In addition, this sesquiterpene when purified from infected plants exhibited strong anti-fungal activities against A. alternata in vitro. Furthermore, an ERF2-like transcription factor was found to positively regulate capsidiol production and plant resistance through the direct transactivation of a capsidiol biosynthetic gene, EAS12. Taken together, our results demonstrate that capsidiol, a phytoalexin highly accumulated in N. attenuata plants in response to A. alternata infection, plays an important role in pathogen resistance independent of jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways, and its biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by an ERF2-like transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources of State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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18
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Duan C, Mao T, Sun S, Guo X, Guo L, Huang L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li M, Sheng Y, Yi Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Constitutive expression of GmF6'H1 from soybean improves salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:446-455. [PMID: 31247427 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin plays a pivotal role in plant response to biotic stress, as well as in the mediation of nutrient acquisition. However, its functions in response to abiotic stresses are largely unknown. In this work, a homologous gene, GmF6'H1, of AtF6'H1, which encodes the enzyme catalyzing the final rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis pathway of coumarin, was isolated from soybean. GmF6'H1 protein shares very high amino acid identity with AtF6'H1, and expression of GmF6'H1 in atf6'h1 can successfully restore the decreased coumarin production in the T-DNA insertion mutant. Further study revealed that the expression of GmF6'H1 in soybean was remarkably induced by salt stress. Constitutive expression of GmF6'H1 in Arabidopsis, driven by 35S promoter, significantly enhanced the resistance to salt of transgenic Arabidopsis. All these results suggest that GmF6'H1 can be used as a potential candidate gene for the engineering of plants with improved resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Duan
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Mao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shenqing Sun
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xianjun Guo
- College of Environment and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Laixian Guo
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lilong Huang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Miao Li
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuting Sheng
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanjun Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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19
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Beyer SF, Beesley A, Rohmann PF, Schultheiss H, Conrath U, Langenbach CJ. The Arabidopsis non-host defence-associated coumarin scopoletin protects soybean from Asian soybean rust. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:397-413. [PMID: 31148306 PMCID: PMC6852345 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Pp) causes Asian soybean rust (SBR) disease which provokes tremendous losses in global soybean production. Pp is mainly controlled with synthetic fungicides to which the fungus swiftly develops fungicide resistance. To substitute or complement synthetic fungicides in Asian soybean rust control, we aimed to identify antifungal metabolites in Arabidopsis which is not a host for Pp. Comparative transcriptional and metabolic profiling of the Pp-inoculated Arabidopsis non-host and the soybean host revealed induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism-associated genes in both species but activation of scopoletin biosynthesis only in the resistant non-host. Scopoletin is a coumarin and an antioxidant. In vitro experiments disclosed fungistatic activity of scopoletin against Pp, associated with reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fungal pre-infection structures. Non-antioxidant and antioxidant molecules including coumarins with a similar structure to scopoletin were inactive or much less effective at inhibiting fungal accumulation of ROS and germination of Pp spores. When sprayed onto Arabidopsis leaves, scopoletin also suppressed the formation of Pp pre-infection structures and penetration of the plant. However, scopoletin neither directly activated defence nor did it prime Arabidopsis for enhanced defence, therefore emphasizing fungistatic activity as the exclusive mode of action of scopoletin against Pp. Because scopletin also protected soybean from Pp infection, the coumarin may serve as a natural fungicide or as a lead for the development of near-to-nature fungicides against Asian soybean rust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Beesley
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachen52074Germany
| | | | - Holger Schultheiss
- Agricultural CenterBASF Plant Science Company GmbHLimburgerhof67117Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant PhysiologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachen52074Germany
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Stringlis IA, de Jonge R, Pieterse CMJ. The Age of Coumarins in Plant-Microbe Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1405-1419. [PMID: 31076771 PMCID: PMC6915228 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins are a family of plant-derived secondary metabolites that are produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In the past decade, coumarins have emerged as iron-mobilizing compounds that are secreted by plant roots and aid in iron uptake from iron-deprived soils. Members of the coumarin family are found in many plant species. Besides their role in iron uptake, coumarins have been extensively studied for their potential to fight infections in both plants and animals. Coumarin activities range from antimicrobial and antiviral to anticoagulant and anticancer. In recent years, studies in the model plant species tobacco and Arabidopsis have significantly increased our understanding of coumarin biosynthesis, accumulation, secretion, chemical modification and their modes of action against plant pathogens. Here, we review current knowledge on coumarins in different plant species. We focus on simple coumarins and provide an overview on their biosynthesis and role in environmental stress responses, with special attention for the recently discovered semiochemical role of coumarins in aboveground and belowground plant-microbe interactions and the assembly of the root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax,+31 30 253 2837
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Corn� M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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Michel V, Julio E, Candresse T, Cotucheau J, Decorps C, Volpatti R, Moury B, Glais L, Dorlhac de Borne F, Decroocq V, German-Retana S. NtTPN1: a RPP8-like R gene required for Potato virus Y-induced veinal necrosis in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:700-714. [PMID: 29863810 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most damaging viruses of tobacco. In particular, aggressive necrotic strains (PVYN ) lead to considerable losses in yield. The main source of resistance against PVY is linked to the va locus. However, va-overcoming PVY isolates inducing necrotic symptoms were observed in several countries. In this context, it is important to find va-independent protection strategies. In a previous study, the phenotyping of 162 tobacco varieties revealed 10 accessions that do not carry the va allele and do not exhibit typical PVYN -induced veinal necrosis. Despite the absence of necrotic symptoms, normal viral accumulation in these plants suggests a va-independent mechanism of tolerance to PVYN -induced systemic veinal necrosis. Fine mapping of the genetic determinant(s) was performed in a segregating F2 population. The tolerance trait is inherited as a single recessive gene, and allelism tests demonstrated that eight of the 10 tolerant varieties carry the same determinant. Anchoring the linkage map to the tobacco genome physical map allowed the identification of a RPP8-like R gene, called NtTPN1 (for Nicotiana tabacum Tolerance to PVY-induced Necrosis1), with the same single-nucleotide polymorphism in the eight tolerant accessions. Functional assays using homozygous NtTPN1 EMS mutants confirmed the role of NtTPN1 in the tolerance phenotype. PVYN -induced systemic veinal necrosis in tobacco likely represents an inefficient defense response with hypersensitive response-like characteristics. The identification of NtTPN1 opens breeding options to minimize the impact of emerging and so far uncontrolled va-breaking necrotic PVY isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Michel
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Julio
- Imperial Tobacco, La Tour, 24100, Bergerac, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Benoît Moury
- Pathologie Végétale, INRA, 84140, Montfavet, France
| | - Laurent Glais
- FN3PT/RD3PT, 75008, Paris, France
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Véronique Decroocq
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie German-Retana
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5213-E5222. [PMID: 29686086 PMCID: PMC5984513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722335115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots nurture a large diversity of soil microbes via exudation of chemical compounds into the rhizosphere. In turn, beneficial root microbiota promote plant growth and immunity. The root-specific transcription factor MYB72 has emerged as a central regulator in this process. Here, we show that MYB72 regulates the excretion of the coumarin scopoletin, an iron-mobilizing phenolic compound with selective antimicrobial activity that shapes the root-associated microbial community. Selected soil-borne fungal pathogens appeared to be highly sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of scopoletin, while two MYB72-inducing beneficial rhizobacteria were tolerant. Our results suggest that probiotic root-associated microbes that activate the iron-deficiency response during colonization stimulate MYB72-dependent excretion of scopoletin, thereby potentially improving their niche establishment and enhancing plant growth and protection. Plant roots nurture a tremendous diversity of microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources. In turn, probiotic members of the root microbiome promote plant growth and protect the host plant against pathogens and pests. In the Arabidopsis thaliana–Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 model system the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 and the MYB72-controlled β-glucosidase BGLU42 emerged as important regulators of beneficial rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) and iron-uptake responses. MYB72 regulates the biosynthesis of iron-mobilizing fluorescent phenolic compounds, after which BGLU42 activity is required for their excretion into the rhizosphere. Metabolite fingerprinting revealed the antimicrobial coumarin scopoletin as a dominant metabolite that is produced in the roots and excreted into the rhizosphere in a MYB72- and BGLU42-dependent manner. Shotgun-metagenome sequencing of root-associated microbiota of Col-0, myb72, and the scopoletin biosynthesis mutant f6′h1 showed that scopoletin selectively impacts the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. We show that scopoletin selectively inhibits the soil-borne fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, while the growth-promoting and ISR-inducing rhizobacteria P. simiae WCS417 and Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 are highly tolerant of the antimicrobial effect of scopoletin. Collectively, our results demonstrate a role for coumarins in microbiome assembly and point to a scenario in which plants and probiotic rhizobacteria join forces to trigger MYB72/BGLU42-dependent scopolin production and scopoletin excretion, resulting in improved niche establishment for the microbial partner and growth and immunity benefits for the host plant.
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Rossi FR, Krapp AR, Bisaro F, Maiale SJ, Pieckenstain FL, Carrillo N. Reactive oxygen species generated in chloroplasts contribute to tobacco leaf infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:761-773. [PMID: 28906064 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play fundamental roles in plant responses to pathogen infection, including modulation of cell death processes and defense-related gene expression. Cell death triggered as part of the hypersensitive response enhances resistance to biotrophic pathogens, but favors the virulence of necrotrophs. Even though the involvement of ROS in the orchestration of defense responses is well established, the relative contribution of specific subcellular ROS sources to plant resistance against microorganisms with different pathogenesis strategies is not completely known. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of chloroplastic ROS in plant defense against a typical necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. For this purpose, we used transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) lines expressing a plastid-targeted cyanobacterial flavodoxin (pfld lines), which accumulate lower chloroplastic ROS in response to different stresses. Tissue damage and fungal growth were significantly reduced in infected leaves of pfld plants, as compared with infected wild-type (WT) counterparts. ROS build-up triggered by Botrytis infection and associated with chloroplasts was significantly decreased (70-80%) in pfld leaves relative to the wild type. Phytoalexin accumulation and expression of pathogenesis-related genes were induced to a lower degree in pfld plants than in WT siblings. The impact of fungal infection on photosynthetic activity was also lower in pfld leaves. The results indicate that chloroplast-generated ROS play a major role in lesion development during Botrytis infection. This work demonstrates that the modulation of chloroplastic ROS levels by the expression of a heterologous antioxidant protein can provide a significant degree of protection against a canonical necrotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco R Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Bisaro
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Santiago J Maiale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Fernando L Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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Verbon EH, Trapet PL, Stringlis IA, Kruijs S, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ. Iron and Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:355-375. [PMID: 28598721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for most life on Earth because it functions as a crucial redox catalyst in many cellular processes. However, when present in excess iron can lead to the formation of harmful hydroxyl radicals. Hence, the cellular iron balance must be tightly controlled. Perturbation of iron homeostasis is a major strategy in host-pathogen interactions. Plants use iron-withholding strategies to reduce pathogen virulence or to locally increase iron levels to activate a toxic oxidative burst. Some plant pathogens counteract such defenses by secreting iron-scavenging siderophores that promote iron uptake and alleviate iron-regulated host immune responses. Mutualistic root microbiota can also influence plant disease via iron. They compete for iron with soil-borne pathogens or induce a systemic resistance that shares early signaling components with the root iron-uptake machinery. This review describes the progress in our understanding of the role of iron homeostasis in both pathogenic and beneficial plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline H Verbon
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pauline L Trapet
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Sophie Kruijs
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Li X, Ahammed GJ, Li Z, Tang M, Yan P, Han W. Decreased Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid via Lipoxygenase Pathway Compromised Caffeine-Induced Resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Under Elevated CO 2 in Tea Seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1270-1277. [PMID: 27392179 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0336-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, the major purine alkaloid in tea has long been known for its role in plant defense. However, its effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes brown blight disease in tea is largely unknown especially under elevated CO2. Here we show that elevated CO2 reduced endogenous caffeine content in tea leaves, but sharply increased susceptibility of tea to C. gloeosporioides. The expression of C. gloeosporioides actin gene was gradually increased during the postinoculation period. In contrast, foliar application of caffeine decreased the C. gloeosporioides-induced necrotic lesions and the expression of C. gloeosporioides actin. Analysis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) content revealed that exogenous caffeine could induce JA content under both CO2 conditions in absence of fungal infection; however, in presence of fungal infection, caffeine increased JA content only under elevated CO2. Furthermore, exogenous caffeine enhanced lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and its biosynthetic gene expression under both CO2 conditions, indicating that increased JA biosynthesis via LOX pathway by caffeine might strengthen plant defense only under elevated CO2, while caffeine-induced defense under ambient CO2 might be associated with JA-independent LOX pathway in tea. These results provide novel insights into caffeine-induced plant defense mechanisms that might help to develop an eco-friendly approach for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhixin Li
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Meijun Tang
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wenyan Han
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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26
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Zhang S, Li X, Sun Z, Shao S, Hu L, Ye M, Zhou Y, Xia X, Yu J, Shi K. Antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated CO2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1951-63. [PMID: 25657213 PMCID: PMC4378629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) have the potential to disrupt plant-pathogen interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, but the research in this area has often produced conflicting results. Variations in phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling could be associated with variations in the responses of pathogens to plants grown under elevated [CO2]. In this study, interactions between tomato plants and three pathogens with different infection strategies were compared. Elevated [CO2] generally favoured SA biosynthesis and signalling but repressed the JA pathway. The exposure of plants to elevated [CO2] revealed a lower incidence and severity of disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and by Pseudomonas syringae, whereas plant susceptibility to necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea increased. The elevated [CO2]-induced and basal resistance to TMV and P. syringae were completely abolished in plants in which the SA signalling pathway nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) had been silenced or in transgenic plants defective in SA biosynthesis. In contrast, under both ambient and elevated [CO2], the susceptibility to B. cinerea highly increased in plants in which the JA signalling pathway proteinase inhibitors (PI) gene had been silenced or in a mutant affected in JA biosynthesis. However, plants affected in SA signalling remained less susceptible to this disease. These findings highlight the modulated antagonistic relationship between SA and JA that contributes to the variation in disease susceptibility under elevated [CO2]. This information will be critical for investigating how elevated CO2 may affect plant defence and the dynamics between plants and pathogens in both agricultural and natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Tea Research Insititute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Zenghui Sun
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Shao
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Sun H, Wang L, Zhang B, Ma J, Hettenhausen C, Cao G, Sun G, Wu J, Wu J. Scopoletin is a phytoalexin against Alternaria alternata in wild tobacco dependent on jasmonate signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4305-15. [PMID: 24821958 PMCID: PMC4112635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype) is a necrotrophic fungus causing severe losses in Nicotiana species by infection of mature leaves. Similar to what has been observed in cultivated tobacco, N. tabacum, young leaves of wild tobacco, N. attenuata, were more resistant to A. alternata than mature leaves, and this was correlated with stronger blue fluorescence induced after infection. However, the nature of the fluorescence-emitting compound, its role in defence, and its regulation were not clear. Silencing feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (F6'H1), the gene encoding the key enzyme for scopoletin biosynthesis, by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that the blue fluorescence was mainly emitted by scopoletin and its β-glycoside form, scopolin. Further analysis showed that scopoletin exhibited strong antifungal activity against A. alternata in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, jasmonic acid (JA) levels were highly elicited in young leaves but much less in mature leaves after infection; and fungus-elicited scopoletin was absent in JA-deficient plants, but was largely restored with methyl jasmonate treatments. Consistent with this, plants strongly impaired in JA biosynthesis and perception were highly susceptible to A. alternata in the same way scopoletin/scopolin-depleted VIGS F6'H1 plants. Furthermore, silencing MYC2, a master regulator of most JA responses, reduced A. alternata-induced NaF6'H1 transcripts and scopoletin. Thus, it is concluded that JA signalling is activated in N. attenuata leaves after infection, which subsequently regulates scopoletin biosynthesis for the defence against A. alternata partly through MYC2, and higher levels of scopoletin accumulated in young leaves account for their strong resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Baoqin Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junhong Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Yuantong Street 33, 650031, Kunming, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Guoyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
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Oh SK, Jang HA, Lee SS, Cho HS, Lee DH, Choi D, Kwon SY. Cucumber Pti1-L is a cytoplasmic protein kinase involved in defense responses and salt tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:817-22. [PMID: 24877673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Homologs of the cytoplasmic protein kinase Pti1 are found in diverse plant species. A clear role of Pti1 in plant defense response has not been established. We identified a Pti1 homolog in cucumber (CsPti1-L). CsPti1-L expression was induced when cucumber plants were challenged with the fungal pathogen Sphaerotheca fuliginea or with salt treatment. CsPti1-L expression in cucumber leaves also was induced by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. CsPti1-L exhibited autophosphorylation activity and was targeted to the cytoplasm. Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing CsPti1-L exhibited greater cell death and increased ion leakage in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection, and higher tolerance to salt stress. RT-PCR analysis of transgenic N. benthamiana overexpressing CsPti1-L revealed constitutive upregulation of multiple genes involved in plant-defense and osmotic-stress responses. Our results suggest a functional role for CsPti1-L as a positive regulator of pathogen-defense and salt-stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Oh
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Jang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sook Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea.
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Rahman TAE, Oirdi ME, Gonzalez-Lamothe R, Bouarab K. Necrotrophic pathogens use the salicylic acid signaling pathway to promote disease development in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1584-93. [PMID: 22950753 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants use different immune pathways to combat pathogens. The activation of the jasmonic acid (JA)-signaling pathway is required for resistance against necrotrophic pathogens; however, to combat biotrophic pathogens, the plants activate mainly the salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway. SA can antagonize JA signaling and vice versa. NPR1 (noninducible pathogenesis-related 1) is considered a master regulator of SA signaling. NPR1 interacts with TGA transcription factors, ultimately leading to the activation of SA-dependent responses. SA has been shown to promote disease development caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea through NPR1, by suppressing the expression of two JA-dependent defense genes, proteinase inhibitors I and II. We show here that the transcription factor TGA1.a contributes to disease development caused by B. cinerea in tomato by suppressing the expression of proteinase inhibitors I and II. Finally, we present evidence that the SA-signaling pathway contributes to disease development caused by another necrotrophic pathogen, Alternaria solani, in tomato. Disease development promoted by SA through NPR1 requires the TGA1.a transcription factor. These data highlight how necrotrophs manipulate the SAsignaling pathway to promote their disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Abd El Rahman
- Departement de Biologie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Sanchez L, Courteaux B, Hubert J, Kauffmann S, Renault JH, Clément C, Baillieul F, Dorey S. Rhamnolipids elicit defense responses and induce disease resistance against biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens that require different signaling pathways in Arabidopsis and highlight a central role for salicylic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1630-41. [PMID: 22968829 PMCID: PMC3490604 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to phytopathogenic microorganisms mainly relies on the activation of an innate immune response usually launched after recognition by the plant cells of microbe-associated molecular patterns. The plant hormones, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and ethylene have emerged as key players in the signaling networks involved in plant immunity. Rhamnolipids (RLs) are glycolipids produced by bacteria and are involved in surface motility and biofilm development. Here we report that RLs trigger an immune response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) characterized by signaling molecules accumulation and defense gene activation. This immune response participates to resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We show that RL-mediated resistance involves different signaling pathways that depend on the type of pathogen. Ethylene is involved in RL-induced resistance to H. arabidopsidis and to P. syringae pv tomato whereas jasmonic acid is essential for the resistance to B. cinerea. SA participates to the restriction of all pathogens. We also show evidence that SA-dependent plant defenses are potentiated by RLs following challenge by B. cinerea or P. syringae pv tomato. These results highlight a central role for SA in RL-mediated resistance. In addition to the activation of plant defense responses, antimicrobial properties of RLs are thought to participate in the protection against the fungus and the oomycete. Our data highlight the intricate mechanisms involved in plant protection triggered by a new type of molecule that can be perceived by plant cells and that can also act directly onto pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | - Jane Hubert
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | | | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses, et Reproduction des Plantes, L'Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, Equipe d'Accueil 4707 (L.S., B.C., C.C., F.B., S.D.) and Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6229, Institut Fédératif Recherche 53 (J.H., J.-H.R.), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51687 Reims cedex 2, France; and Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France (S.K.)
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Großkinsky DK, van der Graaff E, Roitsch T. Phytoalexin transgenics in crop protection--fairy tale with a happy end? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 195:54-70. [PMID: 22920999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are pathogen induced low molecular weight compounds with antimicrobial activities derived from secondary metabolism. Following their identification, phytoalexins were directly incorporated into the network of plant defense responses. Due to their heterogeneity, the metabolic pathways involved in phytoalexin formation and in particular the regulatory mechanisms remained elusive. Consequently, research focus shifted to the characterization of other components of plant immunity such as defense signaling and resistance mechanisms, including components of systemic acquired and induced systemic resistance, effector and pathogen-associated molecular pattern triggered immunity as well as R-gene resistance. Despite the obtained knowledge on these immunity mechanisms, genetic engineering employing these mechanisms and classical breeding reached too low improvements in crop protection, probably because classical breeding focused on yield performance and taste, rather than pathogen resistance. The increasing demand for disease resistant crop species and the aim to reduce pesticide application therefore requires alternative approaches. Recent advances in the understanding of phytoalexin function, biosynthesis and regulation, in combination with novel methods of molecular engineering and advances in instrumental analysis, returned attention to phytoalexins as a potent target for improving crop protection. Based on this, the advantages as well as potential bottlenecks for molecular approaches of modulating inducible phytoalexins to improve crop protection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K Großkinsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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32
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Bones AM. Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:73-90. [PMID: 22209038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use an intricate defense system against pests and pathogens, including the production of low molecular mass secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, which are synthesized de novo after stress and are collectively known as phytoalexins. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of camalexin, and its role in plant defense. In addition, we detail some of the phytoalexins produced by a range of crop plants from Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Vitaceae and Poaceae. This includes the very recently identified kauralexins and zealexins produced by maize, and the biosynthesis and regulation of phytoalexins produced by rice. Molecular approaches are helping to unravel some of the mechanisms and reveal the complexity of these bioactive compounds, including phytoalexin action and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Großkinsky DK, Naseem M, Abdelmohsen UR, Plickert N, Engelke T, Griebel T, Zeier J, Novák O, Strnad M, Pfeifhofer H, van der Graaff E, Simon U, Roitsch T. Cytokinins mediate resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tobacco through increased antimicrobial phytoalexin synthesis independent of salicylic acid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:815-30. [PMID: 21813654 PMCID: PMC3192561 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.182931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are phytohormones that are involved in various regulatory processes throughout plant development, but they are also produced by pathogens and known to modulate plant immunity. A novel transgenic approach enabling autoregulated cytokinin synthesis in response to pathogen infection showed that cytokinins mediate enhanced resistance against the virulent hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci. This was confirmed by two additional independent transgenic approaches to increase endogenous cytokinin production and by exogenous supply of adenine- and phenylurea-derived cytokinins. The cytokinin-mediated resistance strongly correlated with an increased level of bactericidal activities and up-regulated synthesis of the two major antimicrobial phytoalexins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), scopoletin and capsidiol. The key role of these phytoalexins in the underlying mechanism was functionally proven by the finding that scopoletin and capsidiol substitute in planta for the cytokinin signal: phytoalexin pretreatment increased resistance against P. syringae. In contrast to a cytokinin defense mechanism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) based on salicylic acid-dependent transcriptional control, the cytokinin-mediated resistance in tobacco is essentially independent from salicylic acid and differs in pathogen specificity. It is also independent of jasmonate levels, reactive oxygen species, and high sugar resistance. The novel function of cytokinins in the primary defense response of solanaceous plant species is rather mediated through a high phytoalexin-pathogen ratio in the early phase of infection, which efficiently restricts pathogen growth. The implications of this mechanism for the coevolution of host plants and cytokinin-producing pathogens and the practical application in agriculture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Roitsch
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria (D.K.G., H.P., E.v.d.G., U.S., T.R.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.N., U.R.A., N.P., T.E.); Department of Biology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (T.G., J.Z.); Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N., M.S.)
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El Oirdi M, El Rahman TA, Rigano L, El Hadrami A, Rodriguez MC, Daayf F, Vojnov A, Bouarab K. Botrytis cinerea manipulates the antagonistic effects between immune pathways to promote disease development in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2405-21. [PMID: 21665999 PMCID: PMC3160041 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense and respond to pathogen attacks. Resistance against necrotrophic pathogens generally requires the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, whereas the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway is mainly activated against biotrophic pathogens. SA can antagonize JA signaling and vice versa. Here, we report that the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea exploits this antagonism as a strategy to cause disease development. We show that B. cinerea produces an exopolysaccharide, which acts as an elicitor of the SA pathway. In turn, the SA pathway antagonizes the JA signaling pathway, thereby allowing the fungus to develop its disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SA-promoted disease development occurs through Nonexpressed Pathogen Related1. We also show that the JA signaling pathway required for tomato resistance against B. cinerea is mediated by the systemin elicitor. These data highlight a new strategy used by B. cinerea to overcome the plant's defense system and to spread within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Oirdi
- Centre de Recherche en Amélioration Végétale, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Taha Abd El Rahman
- Centre de Recherche en Amélioration Végétale, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Luciano Rigano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468-C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Cecilia Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental and Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Adrian Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468-C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kamal Bouarab
- Centre de Recherche en Amélioration Végétale, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
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El-kereamy A, El-sharkawy I, Ramamoorthy R, Taheri A, Errampalli D, Kumar P, Jayasankar S. Prunus domestica pathogenesis-related protein-5 activates the defense response pathway and enhances the resistance to fungal infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17973. [PMID: 21448276 PMCID: PMC3063165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related protein-5 (PR-5) has been implicated in plant disease resistance and its antifungal activity has been demonstrated in some fruit species. However, their roles, especially their interactions with the other defense responses in plant cells, are still not fully understood. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a new PR-5 cDNA named PdPR5-1 from the European plum (Prunus domestica). Expression of PdPR5-1 was studied in different cultivars varying in resistance to the brown rot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Monilinia fructicola. In addition transgenic Arabidopsis, ectopically expressing PdPR5-1 was used to study its role in other plant defense responses after fungal infection. We show that the resistant cultivars exhibited much higher levels of transcripts than the susceptible cultivars during fruit ripening. However, significant rise in the transcript levels after infection with M. fructicola was observed in the susceptible cultivars too. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited more resistance to Alternaria brassicicola. Further, there was a significant increase in the transcripts of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and phytoalexin (camalexin) pathway leading to an increase in camalexin content after fungal infection. Our results show that PdPR5-1 gene, in addition to its anti-fungal properties, has a possible role in activating other defense pathways, including phytoalexin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf El-kereamy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland, Ontario, Canada
| | - Islam El-sharkawy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rengasamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ali Taheri
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deena Errampalli
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Pedras MSC, Hossain S, Snitynsky RB. Detoxification of cruciferous phytoalexins in Botrytis cinerea: spontaneous dimerization of a camalexin metabolite. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:199-206. [PMID: 21176925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi are able to overcome plant chemical defenses through detoxification reactions that are enzyme mediated. As a result of such detoxifications, the plant is quickly depleted of its most important antifungal metabolites and can succumb to pathogen attack. Understanding and predicting such detoxification pathways utilized by phytopathogenic fungi could lead to approaches to control plant pathogens. Towards this end, the inhibitory activities and metabolism of the cruciferous phytoalexins camalexin, brassinin, cyclobrassinin, and brassilexin by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) was investigated. Brassilexin was the most antifungal of the phytoalexins, followed by camalexin, cyclobrassinin and brassinin. Although B. cinerea is a species phylogenetically related to the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, contrary to S. sclerotiorum, detoxification of strongly antifungal phytoalexins occurred via either oxidative degradation or hydrolysis but not through glucosylation, suggesting that glucosyl transferases are not involved. A strongly antifungal bisindolylthiadiazole that B. cinerea could not detoxify was discovered, which resulted from spontaneous oxidative dimerization of 3-indolethiocarboxamide, a camalexin detoxification product.
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