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Tang S, Zhang M, Cai J, Wen Q, Mo J, Long M, Lu Y, Gan Z. Identification and functional characterization of a long-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-L in amphibian Xenopus laevis. Gene 2024; 928:148770. [PMID: 39032703 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of multifunctional proteins playing vital roles in PGN metabolism and antibacterial defense, and their functions have been well-characterized in mammals, bony fishes, and insects. However, the information about the functions of amphibian long-type PGRP is rather limited. Here, we identified and cloned a long-type PGRP gene (named Xl-PGRP-L) from African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Xl-PGRP-L gene was detected in all orangs/tissues examined, and was rapidly induced in intestine, liver, and lung following the stimulation of PGN. Sequence analysis showed that Xl-PGRP-L possesses four Zn2+-binding residues (His358, Tyr395, His470, and Cys478) required for amidase activity of catalytic PGRPs, and assays for amidase activity revealed that recombinant Xl-PGRP-L cloud degrade PGN in a Zn2+-dependent manner, indicating that Xl-PGRP-L is belonging to catalytic PGRPs. In addition, Xl-PGRP-L have antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Edwardsiella tarda and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae. The present investigation represents the first characterization regarding the biological activities of amphibian long-type PGRPs, thus contributes to a better understanding of the functions of tetrapod PGRPs and the molecular mechanisms of amphibian antibacterial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiaqiao Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qingqing Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jingyi Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meng Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Zhen Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, and Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, and Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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Bhusal A, Kim JH, Kim SC, Hwang EM, Ryu H, Ali MS, Park SC, Lee WH, Suk K. The microglial innate immune protein PGLYRP1 mediates neuroinflammation and consequent behavioral changes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113813. [PMID: 38393947 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is a pattern-recognition protein that mediates antibacterial actions and innate immune responses. Its expression and role in neuroinflammatory conditions remain unclear. We observed the upregulation of PGLYRP1 in inflamed human and mouse spinal cord and brain, with microglia being the primary cellular source. Experiments using a recombinant PGLYRP1 protein show that PGLYRP1 potentiates reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, and consequent behavioral changes in multiple animal models of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Pglyrp1 gene expression attenuates this inflammatory response. In addition, we identify triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM1) as an interaction partner of PGLYRP1 and demonstrate that PGLYRP1 promotes neuroinflammation through the TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 axis in cultured glial cells. Taken together, our results reveal a role for microglial PGLYRP1 as a neuroinflammation mediator. Finally, we propose that PGLYRP1 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sekendar Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Yurkina DM, Sharapova TN, Romanova EA, Yashin DV, Sashchenko LP. Short Peptides of Innate Immunity Protein Tag7 (PGLYRP1) Selectively Induce Inhibition or Activation of Tumor Cell Death via TNF Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11363. [PMID: 37511122 PMCID: PMC10379010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have found two peptides of Tag7 (PGLYRP1) protein-17.1A (HRDVQRT) and 17.1B (RSNYVLKG), that have different affinities to the TNFR1 receptor and the Hsp70 protein. Peptide 17.1A is able to inhibit signal transduction through the TNFR1 receptor, and peptide 17.1B can activate this receptor in a complex with Hsp70. Thus, it is possible to modulate the activity of the TNFR1 receptor and further perform its specific inhibition or activation in the treatment of various autoimmune or oncological diseases.
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Maurya A, Sharma P, Singh PK, Viswanathan V, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structure of the complex of camel peptidoglycan recognition protein-S with hexanoic acid reveals novel features of the versatile ligand-binding site at the dimeric interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140887. [PMID: 36596432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The short peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-S) of the innate immune system recognizes the invading microbes through binding to their cell wall molecules. In order to understand the mode of binding of PGRP-S to bacterial cell wall molecules, the structure of the complex of camel PGRP-S (CPGRP-S) with hexanoic acid has been determined at 2.07 Å resolution. Previously, we had reported the structures of CPGRP-S in the native unbound state as well as in the complexed forms with the components of various bacterial cell wall molecules such as peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), mycolic acid (MA) and other fatty acids. These structures revealed that CPGRP-S formed two homodimers which were designated as A-B and CD dimers. It also showed that the fatty acids bind to CPGRP-S in the binding site at the A-B dimer while the non-fatty acids were shown to bind at the interfaces of both A-B and CD dimers. The present structure of the complex of CPGRP-S with hexanoic acid (HA) showed that HA binds to CPGRP-S at the interface of CD dimer. HA was located in the same groove at the CD interface which was occupied by non-fatty acids such as PGN, LPS and LTA and interacts with residues from both C and D molecules. HA is firmly held in the groove with several hydrogen bonds and a number of van der Waals contacts. This is the first structure which reports the binding of a fatty acid in the cleft at the interface of CD dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V Viswanathan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Hou J, Hao W, Chang Li M, Gan Z, Chen SN, Lu YS, Xia LQ. Identification and characterization of two long-type peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGRP-L1 and PGRP-L2, in the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108580. [PMID: 36796596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) play an important role in innate immunity by recognizing components of pathogenic bacteria (such as peptidoglycan, PGN) and are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In the present study, two long-type PGRPs (designed as Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2) were identified in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), which is a major economic species cultured in Asia. The predicted protein sequences of both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 contain a typical PGRP domain. Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 exhibited organ/tissue-specific expression patterns. An abundant expression of Eco-PGRP-L1 was observed in pyloric caecum, stomach and gill, whereas a highest expression level of Eco-PGRP-L2 was found in head kidney, spleen, skin and heart. In addition, Eco-PGRP-L1 is distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while Eco-PGRP-L2 is mainly localized in cytoplasm. Both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 were induced following the stimulation of PGN and have PGN binding activity. In addition, functional analysis revealed that Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 possess antibacterial activity against Edwardsiella tarda. These results may contribute to understand the innate immune system of orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Min Chang Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Shan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Qun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
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Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Short-Type Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, Ct-PGRP-S1 in the Giant Triton Snail Charonia tritonis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911062. [PMID: 36232364 PMCID: PMC9570181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in host antibacterial responses, and their functions have been characterized in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. However, little information is available regarding the potential function of PGRPs in the giant triton snail Charonia tritonis. In this study, a short-type PGRP gene (termed Ct-PGRP-S1) was identified in C. tritonis. Ct-PGRP-S1 was predicted to contain several structural features known in PGRPs, including a typical PGRP domain (Amidase_2) and Src homology-3 (SH3) domain. The Ct-PGRP-S1 gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined except in proboscis, with the highest expression level observed in the liver. As a typical PRR, Ct-PGRP-S1 has an ability to degrade peptidoglycan (PGN) and was proven to have non-Zn2+-dependent amidase activity and antibacterial activity against Vibrioalginolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. It is the first report to reveal the peptidoglycan recognition protein in C. tritonis, and these results suggest that peptidoglycan recognition protein Ct-PGRP-S1 is an important effector of C. tritonis that modulates bacterial infection resistance of V. alginolyticus and S. aureus, and this study may provide crucial basic data for the understanding of an innate immunity system of C. tritonis.
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Luo S, Wang LC, Shuai ZH, Yang GJ, Lu JF, Chen J. A short peptidoglycan recognition protein protects Boleophthalmus pectinirostris against bacterial infection via inhibiting bacterial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:119-128. [PMID: 35716967 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) belong to a member of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which proposed as antibacterial protein. The present study investigated the antibacterial effect of BpPGRP5 in great blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris). BpPGRP5 transcript was detected in all tested tissues with the highest expression level in spleen, and its expression was significantly upregulated in spleen, intestine, and kidney following Aeromonas veronii infection. rBpPGRP5 was found to interact with several polysaccharides and bacteria, including Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and A. veronii) and Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus). rBpPGRP5 inhibited the proliferation of E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and A. veronii in a Zn2+-dependent manner. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that intraperitoneal injection of rBpPGRP5 improved the survival rate of A. veronii-infected B. pectinirostris, accompanied by decreased bacterial load in the blood, kidney, intestine, and spleen. Taken together, our results indicated that BpPGRP5 is an antimicrobial protein that protects B. pectinirostris against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Li-Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhi-Han Shuai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Jin Y, Huang H, Shu X, Liu Z, Lu L, Dai Y, Wu Z. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Suppressing Endothelial Cell Adhesion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:615-621. [PMID: 34269701 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) has long been believed to play an important role in infectious and immune diseases. We hypothesized that it might be involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic diseases, which are regarded as chronic inflammatory diseases. Serum PGLYRP1 concentrations were measured in 240 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 209 age-matched and gender-matched individuals with normal coronary arteries using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of PGLYRP1 in atherosclerotic plaques was quantified using western blotting and immunostaining. ApoE-/- mice, fed a high-fat diet, were randomly given intraperitoneal injections of saline or recombinant PGLYRP1 protein for 12 weeks. The effects of PGLYRP1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated by western blotting. Higher concentrations of PGLYRP1 were significantly associated with a higher risk of CAD. The odd ratio for upper quartile versus lower quartile was 2.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.21-4.13) after adjustment for sex, age, smoking, body mass index, lipid profile, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. PGLYRP1 was highly expressed in murine atherosclerotic plaques. Recombinant PGLYRP1 protein alleviated the progress of atherosclerosis in vivo and reduced the expression of endothelial cells' adhesion molecules in vitro. In conclusion, our study suggested that PGLYRP1 is upregulated in patients with CAD and atherosclerotic plaques. PGLYRP1 may participate in the pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Xinyi Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Zhuhui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Y. Jin and H. Huang contributed equally to the work
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Bobrovsky PA, Moroz VD, Lavrenova VN, Manuvera VA, Lazarev VN. Inhibition of Chlamydial Infection by CRISPR/Cas9-SAM Mediated Enhancement of Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Gene Expression in HeLa Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1310-1318. [PMID: 33280575 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The global problem of emerging resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics makes the search for new natural substances with antibacterial properties relevant. Such substances include peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGLYRP), which are the components of the innate immunity of many organisms, including humans. These proteins have a unique mechanism of action that allows them to evade the resistance of bacteria to them, as well as to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the use of antimicrobial recombinant proteins is not always advisable due to the complexity of local delivery of the proteins and their stability; in this regard it seems appropriate to activate the components of the innate immunity. The aim of this study was to increase the expression level of native peptidoglycan recognition protein genes in HeLa cells using genome-editing technology with synergistic activation mediators (CRISPR/Cas9-SAM) and evaluate antichlamydial effect of PGLYRP. We demonstrated activation of the chlamydial two-component gene system (ctcB-ctcC), which played a key role in the mechanism of action of the peptidoglycan recognition proteins. We generated the HeLa cell line transduced with lentiviruses encoding CRISPR/Cas9-SAM activation system with increased PGLYRP gene expression. It was shown that activation of the own peptidoglycan recognition proteins gene expression in the cell line caused inhibition of the chlamydial infection development. The proposed approach makes it possible to use the capabilities of innate immunity to combat infectious diseases caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bobrovsky
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - V D Moroz
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - V N Lavrenova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Manuvera
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - V N Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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11
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Aevarsson A, Kaczorowska AK, Adalsteinsson BT, Ahlqvist J, Al-Karadaghi S, Altenbuchner J, Arsin H, Átlasson ÚÁ, Brandt D, Cichowicz-Cieślak M, Cornish KAS, Courtin J, Dabrowski S, Dahle H, Djeffane S, Dorawa S, Dusaucy J, Enault F, Fedøy AE, Freitag-Pohl S, Fridjonsson OH, Galiez C, Glomsaker E, Guérin M, Gundesø SE, Gudmundsdóttir EE, Gudmundsson H, Håkansson M, Henke C, Helleux A, Henriksen JR, Hjörleifdóttir S, Hreggvidsson GO, Jasilionis A, Jochheim A, Jónsdóttir I, Jónsdóttir LB, Jurczak-Kurek A, Kaczorowski T, Kalinowski J, Kozlowski LP, Krupovic M, Kwiatkowska-Semrau K, Lanes O, Lange J, Lebrat J, Linares-Pastén J, Liu Y, Lorentsen SA, Lutterman T, Mas T, Merré W, Mirdita M, Morzywołek A, Ndela EO, Karlsson EN, Olgudóttir E, Pedersen C, Perler F, Pétursdóttir SK, Plotka M, Pohl E, Prangishvili D, Ray JL, Reynisson B, Róbertsdóttir T, Sandaa RA, Sczyrba A, Skírnisdóttir S, Söding J, Solstad T, Steen IH, Stefánsson SK, Steinegger M, Overå KS, Striberny B, Svensson A, Szadkowska M, Tarrant EJ, Terzian P, Tourigny M, Bergh TVD, Vanhalst J, Vincent J, Vroling B, Walse B, Wang L, Watzlawick H, Welin M, Werbowy O, Wons E, Zhang R. Going to extremes - a metagenomic journey into the dark matter of life. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6296640. [PMID: 34114607 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Virus-X-Viral Metagenomics for Innovation Value-project was a scientific expedition to explore and exploit uncharted territory of genetic diversity in extreme natural environments such as geothermal hot springs and deep-sea ocean ecosystems. Specifically, the project was set to analyse and exploit viral metagenomes with the ultimate goal of developing new gene products with high innovation value for applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical, and the life science sectors. Viral gene pool analysis is also essential to obtain fundamental insight into ecosystem dynamics and to investigate how viruses influence the evolution of microbes and multicellular organisms. The Virus-X Consortium, established in 2016, included experts from eight European countries. The unique approach based on high throughput bioinformatics technologies combined with structural and functional studies resulted in the development of a biodiscovery pipeline of significant capacity and scale. The activities within the Virus-X consortium cover the entire range from bioprospecting and methods development in bioinformatics to protein production and characterisation, with the final goal of translating our results into new products for the bioeconomy. The significant impact the consortium made in all of these areas was possible due to the successful cooperation between expert teams that worked together to solve a complex scientific problem using state-of-the-art technologies as well as developing novel tools to explore the virosphere, widely considered as the last great frontier of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Karina Kaczorowska
- Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | | | - Josefin Ahlqvist
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joseph Altenbuchner
- Institute for Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hasan Arsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - David Brandt
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Magdalena Cichowicz-Cieślak
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Katy A S Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Håkon Dahle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 53 A/B, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sebastian Dorawa
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | | | - Francois Enault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 49 Boulevard François-Mitterrand - CS 60032, UMR 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anita-Elin Fedøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefanie Freitag-Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clovis Galiez
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eirin Glomsaker
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sigurd E Gundesø
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Henke
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.,Computational Metagenomics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 30501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gudmundur O Hreggvidsson
- Matis ohf, Vinlandsleid 12, Reykjavik 113, Iceland.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja-Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrius Jasilionis
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Jochheim
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Agata Jurczak-Kurek
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Lukasz P Kozlowski
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institute Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karolina Kwiatkowska-Semrau
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Olav Lanes
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joanna Lange
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E 6511AA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Javier Linares-Pastén
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Tobias Lutterman
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Thibaud Mas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 49 Boulevard François-Mitterrand - CS 60032, UMR 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Milot Mirdita
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Morzywołek
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Eric Olo Ndela
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 49 Boulevard François-Mitterrand - CS 60032, UMR 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Cathrine Pedersen
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Francine Perler
- Perls of Wisdom Biotech Consulting, 74 Fuller Street, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Plotka
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Prangishvili
- Institute Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jessica L Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,NORCE Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Ruth-Anne Sandaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander Sczyrba
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.,Computational Metagenomics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 30501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Söding
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Terese Solstad
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ida H Steen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Thormøhlens gate 55, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Martin Steinegger
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Striberny
- ArcticZymes Technologies PO Box 6463, Sykehusveien 23, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Svensson
- SARomics Biostructures, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Szadkowska
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Emma J Tarrant
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Terzian
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 49 Boulevard François-Mitterrand - CS 60032, UMR 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Vincent
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 49 Boulevard François-Mitterrand - CS 60032, UMR 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bas Vroling
- Bio-Prodict, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E 6511AA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Björn Walse
- SARomics Biostructures, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute for Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hildegard Watzlawick
- Institute for Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olesia Werbowy
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Ewa Wons
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Ruoshi Zhang
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Huang L, Chen SN, Gan Z, Nie P. Molecular and functional identification of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S, in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:103965. [PMID: 33310083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are discovered in invertebrates and vertebrates, play an important role in antibacterial immunity. However, the function of PGRPs is largely uninvestigated in reptiles. In the present study, a short-type PGRP gene, designed as C-turtle-PGRP-S, was identified in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. The C-turtle-PGRP-S contains a highly conserved PGRP domain and has close relationship with PGRP-S orthologues in other species according to sequence and phylogenetic analyses. C-turtle-PGRP-S gene was constitutively expressed in all detected tissues and was induced by Edwardsiella tarda. Additionally, recombinant C-turtle-PGRP-S showed PGN binding activity and antibacterial function against E. tarda. Therefore, it is suggested that the function of PGRP-S is likely to be conserved in reptile vertebrates, as observed in other vertebrates, shedding light on the evolutionary conservation of PGRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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13
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Miccoli A, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G. Evolution of immune defence responses as incremental layers among Metazoa. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1849435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S. Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A. M. Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G. Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
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14
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Li X, Yuan S, Sun Z, Lei L, Wan S, Wang J, Zou J, Gao Q. Gene identification and functional analysis of peptidoglycan recognition protein from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1014-1024. [PMID: 32866609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are structurally conserved innate immune molecules in invertebrate and vertebrate animals, play the important roles in regulation of innate immune responses. In this paper, three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, were cloned, designated as Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequences of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 proteins contained respectively 468, 482 and 167 amino acid residues, and had the typical structural features of PGRPs, i.e. conserved PGRP domain and Zn2+ binding domain including four specific amino acid residues which were required for amidase activity. q-PCR analysis of total mRNA showed that the mRNA expression of three PGRP genes were detected in all the examined tissues and the expression patterns of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 were different. After injected with LPS, Poly (I:C) and Edwardsiella tarda, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern for each of the three PGRP genes in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gill of the spotted sea bass. In our study, three recombinant proteins corresponding to the three members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family were expressed and purified. Moreover, all of the three recombinant PGRP proteins significantly inhibited bacterial survival and growth, and expressed bactericidal effects on Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda. In particular, it was firstly verified that their antimicrobial activity presented the superimposed effect. Overall, these findings indicated that three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass were at least involved in host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Keshavarz M, Jo YH, Edosa TT, Han YS. Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE Plays a Critical Role in Gut Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Response to Escherichia coli. Front Physiol 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32372972 PMCID: PMC7179671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens are recognized by peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) that induce translocation of NF-κB transcription proteins and expression of robust antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE (TmPGRP-LE) has been previously identified as a key sensor of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Here, we present that TmPGRP-LE is highly expressed in the gut of T. molitor larvae and 5-day-old adults in the absence of microbial infection. In response to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans infections, TmPGRP-LE mRNA levels are significantly upregulated in both the fat body and gut. Silencing of TmPGRP-LE by RNAi rendered T. molitor significantly more susceptible to challenge by E. coli infection and, to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans infections. Reduction of TmPGRP-LE levels in the larval gut resulted in downregulation of eight AMP genes following exposure to E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. However, the transcriptional levels of AMPs more rapidly reached a higher level in the dsEGFP-treated larval gut after challenge with E. coli, which may suggest that AMPs induction were more sensitive to E. coli than S. aureus and C. albicans. In addition, TmPGRP-LE RNAi following E. coli and C. albicans challenges had notable effects on TmRelish, TmDorsal X1 isoform (TmDorX1), and TmDorX2 expression level in the fat body and gut. Taken together, TmPGRP-LE acts as an important gut microbial sensor that induces AMPs via Imd activation in response to E. coli, whereas involvement of TmPGRP-LE in AMPs synthesize is barely perceptible in the hemocytes and fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Edosa
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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16
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Pyclik M, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Górska S. Bifidobacteria cell wall-derived exo-polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, polar lipids and proteins - their chemical structure and biological attributes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:333-349. [PMID: 31899242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A variety of health benefits has been documented to be associated with the consumption of probiotic bacteria, namely bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Thanks to the scientific advances in recent years we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria in general and probiotic bacteria in particular act as host physiology and immune system modulators. More recently, the focus has shifted from live bacteria towards bacteria-derived defined molecules, so called postbiotics. These molecules may represent safer alternative compared to the live bacteria while retaining the desired effects on the host. The excellent source of effector macromolecules is the bacterial envelope. It contains compounds that are pivotal in the adhesion phenomenon, provide direct bacteria-to-host signaling capacity and the associated physiological impact and immunomodulatory properties of bacteria. Here we comprehensively review the structure and biological role of Bifidobacterium surface and cell wall molecules: exopolysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, polar lipids, peptidoglycans and proteins. We discuss their involvement in direct signaling to the host cells and their described immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Pyclik
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Raivisto T, Heikkinen AM, Silbereisen A, Kovanen L, Ruokonen H, Tervahartiala T, Haukka J, Sorsa T, Bostanci N. Regulation of Salivary Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in Adolescents. JDR Clin Trans Res 2019; 5:332-341. [PMID: 31860804 DOI: 10.1177/2380084419894287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is known to be involved in the proinflammatory response toward bacterial infections. Recently, PGLYRP1 was identified as a ligand for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Although PGLYRP1 is involved in immune and inflammatory responses, its levels in initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents are currently unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and its correlation with TREM-1, polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN elastase), and an active matrix metalloproteinase 8 (aMMP-8) in adolescents. METHODS Whole saliva samples (n = 537) were collected from 15- to 16-y-old adolescents at Kotka Health Center, Finland, prior to periodontal examination, including measurement of periodontal pocket depth (PPD), visible plaque index (VPI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Adolescents, clustered as periodontally healthy, gingivitis, or subclinical periodontitis, were tested for salivary levels of TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and PMN elastase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and aMMP-8 by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA). RESULTS Salivary levels of PGLYRP1 and aMMP-8 were significantly higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis and gingivitis compared to individuals with healthy periodontium. TREM-1 and PMN elastase levels were higher in adolescents with subclinical periodontitis compared to healthy individuals but did not reach significance. PGLYRP1 correlated positively with BOP, PPD, VPI, aMMP-8, and TREM-1. CONCLUSIONS Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. Sex and poor oral hygiene but not smoking are also associated with higher levels of PGLYRP1. However, PGLYRP1 has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of initial stages of periodontal disease in adolescents. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT PGLYRP1, a member of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, is a ligand for TREM-1. Elevated PGLYRP1 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and subclinical periodontitis and its positive correlation with TREM-1 and aMMP-8 may indicate an association of PGLYRP1 with initial stages of periodontal disease. However, it has a lower discriminating capacity and is therefore a less reliable marker alone in the diagnosis of periodontal disease in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raivisto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A M Heikkinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Silbereisen
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kovanen
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Ruokonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Haukka
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere
| | - T Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Karsiyaka Hendek M, Kisa U, Olgun E. The effect of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 level following initial periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2019; 26:166-172. [PMID: 31587460 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of smoking on peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP) following initial periodontal therapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 40 patients with CP (20 smokers (S + CP) and 20 non-smokers (S-CP)) and 40 subjects with healthy periodontium (20 smokers (S + PH) and 20 non-smokers (S-PH)), comprising 80 subjects, were included in this study. Baseline GCF samples were obtained from all subjects, and clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. In patients who had received initial periodontal therapy, GCF samples were obtained and all clinical periodontal measurements were recorded again during the 6th-8th weeks. GCF PGRP-1 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS At baseline, GCF PGRP-1 levels were significantly higher in both groups with CP than in both groups with healthy periodontium, whereas these levels were significantly lower in S + CP than in S-CP. GCF PGRP-1 levels decreased significantly in both CP groups after periodontal therapy, and this reduction was significantly greater in non-smokers than in smokers. CONCLUSION Smoking might have a suppressive effect on GCF PGRP-1 levels in CP. Initial periodontal therapy is effective in decreasing GCF PGRP-1 levels in both smokers and non-smokers with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ucler Kisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ebru Olgun
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Zhang Z, Kong J, De Mandal S, Li S, Zheng Z, Jin F, Xu X. An immune-responsive PGRP-S1 regulates the expression of antibacterial peptide genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:114-124. [PMID: 31593730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and triggers the innate immune system (IIS) against the microbial infection. Although PGRPs have been intensively studied in model insects, they remain uncharacterized in most of the non-model insects. Here, we cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA of PGRP, from P. xylostella (PxPGRP-S1), which encodes a protein of 239 amino acids with PGRP domain, Ami2 domain and transmembrane region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PxPGRP-S1 was closely related to the unigene of Plutella xylostella. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that PxPGRP-S1 is mainly expressed in the fat body of the healthy larva. The expression of PxPGRP-S1 was significantly upregulated in the midgut at 24 h postinfection by Bacillus thuringiensis. Silencing of the PxPGRP-S1 expression by RNAi, significantly decrease the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella. Similarly injection of an anti-PxPGRP-S1 serum caused the low expression of the AMPs in P. xylostella. Additionally, PxPGRP-S1 depleted P. xylostella by oral administration of bacterial expressed dsRNA decreased the resistance against B. thuringiensis challenge, leads to high mortality. Together, our result indicates that PxPGRP-S1, served as a bacterial pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and triggers the expression of AMPs in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Surajit De Mandal
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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20
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Hou J, Gan Z, Chen SN, Nie P. Molecular and functional characterization of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:13-19. [PMID: 30980872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in host antibacterial responses, and their functions have been characterized in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. However, little information is available regarding the function of frog PGRPs. In this study, a short-type PGRP (termed Xl-PGRP-S) gene was identified in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. The predicted protein of Xl-PGRP-S contains several structural features known in PGRPs, including a typical PGRP domain and two closely spaced conserved cysteines. Xl-PGRP-S gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression level observed in muscle. As a typical PRR, Xl-PGRP-S is inducible after peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation, and has an ability to bind PGN. In addition, Xl-PGRP-S has been proven to have Zn2+-dependent amidase activity and antibacterial activity against Edwardsiella tarda. The present study represents the first discovery on the function of frog PGRPs, thus contributing to a better understanding of the functional evolution of PGRPs in early tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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21
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Irazoki O, Hernandez SB, Cava F. Peptidoglycan Muropeptides: Release, Perception, and Functions as Signaling Molecules. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 30984120 PMCID: PMC6448482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential molecule for the survival of bacteria, and thus, its biosynthesis and remodeling have always been in the spotlight when it comes to the development of antibiotics. The peptidoglycan polymer provides a protective function in bacteria, but at the same time is continuously subjected to editing activities that in some cases lead to the release of peptidoglycan fragments (i.e., muropeptides) to the environment. Several soluble muropeptides have been reported to work as signaling molecules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms involved in muropeptide release (PG breakdown and PG recycling) and describe the known PG-receptor proteins responsible for PG sensing. Furthermore, we overview the role of muropeptides as signaling molecules, focusing on the microbial responses and their functions in the host beyond their immunostimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Molecular characterization and expression analysis of two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (CcPGRP5, CcPGRP6) in larvae ontogeny of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and upon immune stimulation by bacteria. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:10. [PMID: 30612570 PMCID: PMC6322232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although teleost fish developed acquired immunity firstly in evolution, innate immunity is still very important for them. Innate immunity depends on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to distinguish “self” and “non-self”, Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition protein (PGRP) is one of the receptors and it can bind to multiple components of bacterial envelope. Results We report the cloning and expression analysis of two PGRPs (Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6) from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). The Ccpgrp5 gene encodes a protein of 199 amino acid (aa) with PGRP domain, Ami_2 domain and four Zn2+ binding sites required for amidase activity, but without signal peptide and transmembrane domain. The Ccpgrp6 gene encodes a protein of 446 aa with PGRP domain, Ami_2 domain, signal peptide, five Zn2+ binding sites required for amidase activity and two sites for N-glycosylation. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcPGRP5 and CcPGRP6 are closely related to Ctenopharyngodon idella and Danio rerio. Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6 were expressed in all tissues examined including liver, spleen, muscle, oral epithelium, head kidney, gill, skin, gonad, brain, foregut and hindgut and showed different distribution characteristics. During the embryonic and early larval developmental stages of common carp, Ccpgrp6 was detected to be highly expressed at 10 days post fertilization(dpf) and 36 dpf, while Ccpgrp5 were hardly detected using Real-time quantitative PCR. After being challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, Ccpgrp5 in adult common carp was induced and up-regulated in all the tissues, especially in gill and spleen, but not in head kidney, while Ccpgrp6 was up-regulated in all the tissues, especially in liver, head kidney and gill. The varied expression profiling of Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6 indicated they had different roles in the host immune response. Conclusions These results indicated the two PGRPs, especially Ccpgrp6, played an important role in the immune defense of common carp during larva development and against Aeromonas hydrophila, providing insight to further exploration of protecting fish against bacteria infectious disease.
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Kong X, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang H. Two Novel Short Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) From the Deep Sea Vesicomyidae Clam Archivesica packardana: Identification, Recombinant Expression and Bioactivity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30405434 PMCID: PMC6206172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicomyidae clams are common species living in cold seeps, which incorporates symbiotic bacteria into their body maintaining endosymbiosis relationship. As members of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and play an important role in innate immunity. In present study, two short PGRPs (ApPGRP-1 and -2) were first identified from Vesicomyidae clam Archivesica packardana. Sequences analysis showed that they have both conserved Zn2+ binding sites (H-H-C) and amidase catalytic sites (H-Y-H-T-C), and phylogenetic tree indicated that they clustered with short PGRPs of other molluscs. PGN assay showed that ApPGRPs could bind Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and Dap-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis, and revealed amidase activity with selective zinc ion dependence. rApPGRP-1 and -2 (recombinant ApPGRP-1 and -2) could bind six bacteria with a broad spectrum and had both zinc-dependent and -independent bactericidal activity. ApPGRPs had the complete functions of effectors and partial functions of receptors from PGRPs. Further analyses showed that ApPGRPs from A. packardana might be involved in the endosymbiosis relationship between the host clam and endosymbiotic bacteria as a regulator. The results of these experiments suggested that ApPGRPs were involved in cold seep clams’ immune response. This study provides basic information for further research on the immune mechanisms of deep sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Kong
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helu Liu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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24
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Antibacterial Activity of Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Plasma: An In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9471723. [PMID: 30050949 PMCID: PMC6040244 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9471723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) antimicrobial activity. The studied sample comprised 20 healthy males. The L-PRP gel, liquid L-PRP, and thrombin samples were tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties against selected bacterial strains using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Two types of thrombin were used (autologous and bovine). Zones of inhibition produced by L-PRP ranged between 6 and 18 mm in diameter. L-PRP inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA strains) and was also active against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was no activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The statistically significant increase of L-PRP antimicrobial effect was noted with the use of major volume of thrombin as an activator. Additionally, in groups where a bovine thrombin mixture was added to L-PRP the zones of inhibition concerning MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were larger than in the groups with autologous thrombin. Based on the conducted studies, it can be determined that L-PRP can evoke in vitro antimicrobial effects and might be used to treat selected infections in the clinical field. The major volume of thrombin as an activator increases the strength of the L-PRP antimicrobial effect.
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25
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Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mammals and Teleost Fish: A Effective Strategy for the Regulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071530. [PMID: 28714877 PMCID: PMC5536018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important source of transcriptome and proteome complexity through selectively joining different coding elements to form mRNAs, which encode proteins with similar or distinct functions. In mammals, previous studies have shown the role of alternative splicing in regulating the function of the immune system, especially in the regulation of T-cell activation and function. As lower vertebrates, teleost fish mainly rely on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of alternative splicing of piscine PRRs including peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules, compared to splicing in mammals. We also discuss what is known and unknown about the function of splicing isoforms in the innate immune responses against pathogens infection in mammals and teleost fish. Finally, we highlight the consequences of alternative splicing in the innate immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
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26
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Abstract
The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against pathogens and comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Fluid-phase pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), which include collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins, are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity and are expressed by a variety of cells, including myeloid, epithelial, and endothelial cells, mainly in response to infectious and inflammatory conditions. Soluble PRMs share basic multifunctional properties including activation and regulation of the complement cascade, opsonization of pathogens and apoptotic cells, regulation of leukocyte extravasation, and fine-tuning of inflammation. Therefore, soluble PRMs are part of the immune response and retain antibody-like effector functions. Here, we will review the expression and general function of soluble PRMs, focusing our attention on the long pentraxin PTX3.
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27
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Abstract
Over 3 billion years ago, cellular life began anaerobically. A new study now establishes a key link between oxidative stress and proliferation of wall-less bacteria known as L-forms. The finding provides insights into both the origin of life and the potential threat posed by pathogenic L-forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Jutras
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christine Jacobs-Wagner
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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28
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Gan Z, Chen S, Hou J, Huo H, Zhang X, Ruan B, Laghari ZA, Li L, Lu Y, Nie P. Molecular and functional characterization of peptidoglycan-recognition protein SC2 (PGRP-SC2) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) involved in the immune response to Streptococcus agalactiae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:1-10. [PMID: 27033804 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PGRP-SC2, the member of PGRP family, plays an important role in regulation of innate immune response. In this paper, a PGRP-SC2 gene of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (designated as On-PGRP-SC2) was cloned and its expression pattern under the infection of Streptococcus agalactiae was investigated. Sequence analysis showed main structural features required for amidase activity were detected in the deduced amino acid sequence of On-PGRP-SC2. In healthy tilapia, the On-PGRP-SC2 transcripts could be detected in all the examined tissues, with the most abundant expression in the muscle. When infected with S. agalactiae, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern of On-PGRP-SC2 in the spleen, head kidney and brain. The assays for the amidase activity suggested that recombinant On-PGRP-SC2 protein had a Zn(2+)-dependent PGN-degrading activity. Moreover, our works showed that recombinant On-PGRP-SC2 protein could significantly reduce bacterial load in target organs attacked by S. agalactiae. These findings indicated that On-PGRP-SC2 may play important roles in the immune response to S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baiye Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China.
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jaillon S, Ponzetta A, Magrini E, Barajon I, Barbagallo M, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Fluid phase recognition molecules in neutrophil-dependent immune responses. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:109-18. [PMID: 27021644 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Neutrophils are key effector cells of the immune and inflammatory responses and have emerged as a major source of humoral pattern recognition molecules (PRMs). These molecules, which include collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins, are specialised in the discrimination of self versus non-self and modified-self and share basic multifunctional properties including recognition and opsonisation of pathogens and apoptotic cells, activation and regulation of the complement cascade and tuning of inflammation. Neutrophils act as a reservoir of ready-made soluble PRMs, such as the long pentraxin PTX3, the peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-S, properdin and M-ficolin, which are stored in neutrophil granules and are involved in neutrophil effector functions. In addition, other soluble PRMs, such as members of the collectin family, are not expressed in neutrophils but can modulate neutrophil-dependent immune responses. Therefore, soluble PRMs are an essential part of the innate immune response and retain antibody-like effector functions. Here, we will review the expression and general function of soluble PRMs, focusing our attention on molecules involved in neutrophil effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jaillon
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Magrini
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Barajon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Barbagallo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Bam R, Khan S, Ling W, Randal SS, Li X, Barlogie B, Edmondson R, Yaccoby S. Primary myeloma interaction and growth in coculture with healthy donor hematopoietic bone marrow. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:864. [PMID: 26545722 PMCID: PMC4636897 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human primary myeloma (MM) cells do not survive in culture; current in vitro and in vivo systems for growing these cells are limited to coculture with a specific bone marrow (BM) cell type or growth in an immunodeficient animal model. The purpose of the study is to establish an interactive healthy donor whole BM based culture system capable of maintaining prolonged survival of primary MM cells. This normal BM (NBM) coculture system is different from using autologous BM that is already affected by the disease. Methods Whole BM from healthy donors was cultured in medium supplemented with BM serum from MM patients for 7 days, followed by 7 days of coculture with CD138-selected primary MM cells or MM cell lines. MM cells in the coculture were quantified using flow cytometry or bioluminescence of luciferase-expressing MM cells. T-cell cytokine array and proteomics were performed to identify secreted factors. Results NBM is composed of adherent and nonadherent compartments containing typical hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells. MM cells, or a subset of MM cells, from all examined cases survived and grew in this system, regardless of the MM cells’ molecular risk or subtype, and growth was comparable to coculture with individual stromal cell types. Adherent and nonadherent compartments supported MM growth, and this support required patient serum for optimal growth. Increased levels of MM growth factors IL-6 and IL-10 along with MM clinical markers B2M and LDHA were detected in supernatants from the NBM coculture than from the BM cultured alone. Levels of extracellular matrix factors (e.g., MMP1, HMCN1, COL3A1, ACAN) and immunomodulatory factors (e.g., IFI16, LILRB4, PTPN6, AZGP1) were changed in the coculture system. The NBM system protected MM cells from dexamethasone but not bortezomib, and effects of lenalidomide varied. Conclusions The NBM system demonstrates the ability of primary MM plasma cells to interact with and to survive in coculture with healthy adult BM. This model is suitable for studying MM-microenvironment interactions, particularly at the early stage of engagement in new BM niches, and for characterizing MM cell subpopulations capable of long-term survival through secretion of extracellular matrix and immune-related factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1892-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bam
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Sharmin Khan
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Wen Ling
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Shelton S Randal
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Xin Li
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Ricky Edmondson
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Shmuel Yaccoby
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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De Marzi MC, Todone M, Ganem MB, Wang Q, Mariuzza RA, Fernández MM, Malchiodi EL. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-peptidoglycan complexes increase monocyte/macrophage activation and enhance the inflammatory response. Immunology 2015; 145:429-42. [PMID: 25752767 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP) are pattern recognition receptors that can bind or hydrolyse peptidoglycan (PGN). Four human PGRP have been described: PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα and PGRP-Iβ. Mammalian PGRP-S has been implicated in intracellular destruction of bacteria by polymorphonuclear cells, PGRP-Iα and PGRP-Iβ have been found in keratinocytes and epithelial cells, and PGRP-L is a serum protein that hydrolyses PGN. We have expressed recombinant human PGRP and observed that PGRP-S and PGRP-Iα exist as monomer and disulphide dimer proteins. The PGRP dimers maintain their biological functions. We detected the PGRP-S dimer in human serum and polymorphonuclear cells, from where it is secreted after degranulation; these cells being a possible source of serum PGRP-S. Recombinant PGRP do not act as bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents in the assayed conditions; however, PGRP-S and PGRP-Iα cause slight damage in the bacterial membrane. Monocytes/macrophages increase Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis in the presence of PGRP-S, PGRP-Iα and PGRP-Iβ. All PGRP bind to monocyte/macrophage membranes and are endocytosed by them. In addition, all PGRP protect cells from PGN-induced apoptosis. PGRP increase THP-1 cell proliferation and enhance activation by PGN. PGRP-S-PGN complexes increase the membrane expression of CD14, CD80 and CD86, and enhance secretion of interleukin-8, interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor-α, but reduce interleukin-10, clearly inducing an inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio C De Marzi
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Todone
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B Ganem
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Qian Wang
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marisa M Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio L Malchiodi
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jearaphunt M, Amparyup P, Sangsuriya P, Charoensapsri W, Senapin S, Tassanakajon A. Shrimp serine proteinase homologues PmMasSPH-1 and -2 play a role in the activation of the prophenoloxidase system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121073. [PMID: 25803442 PMCID: PMC4372372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanization mediated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system is a rapid immune response used by invertebrates against intruding pathogens. Several masquerade-like and serine proteinase homologues (SPHs) have been demonstrated to play an essential role in proPO activation in insects and crustaceans. In a previous study, we characterized the masquerade-like SPH, PmMasSPH1, in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon as a multifunctional immune protein based on its recognition and antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio harveyi. In the present study, we identify a novel SPH, known as PmMasSPH2, composed of an N-terminal clip domain and a C-terminal SP-like domain that share high similarity to those of other insect and crustacean SPHs. We demonstrate that gene silencing of PmMasSPH1 and PmMasSPH2 significantly reduces PO activity, resulting in a high number of V. harveyi in the hemolymph. Interestingly, knockdown of PmMasSPH1 suppressed not only its gene transcript but also other immune-related genes in the proPO system (e.g., PmPPAE2) and antimicrobial peptides (e.g., PenmonPEN3, PenmonPEN5, crustinPm1 and Crus-likePm). The PmMasSPH1 and PmMasSPH2 also show binding activity to peptidoglycan (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria. Using a yeast two-hybrid analysis and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that PmMasSPH1 specifically interacted with the final proteinase of the proPO cascade, PmPPAE2. Furthermore, the presence of both PmMasSPH1 and PmPPAE2 enhances PGN-induced PO activity in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest the importance of PmMasSPHs in the activation of the shrimp proPO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miti Jearaphunt
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Sun L, Liu S, Wang R, Li C, Zhang J, Liu Z. Pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: IV. Identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of peptidoglycan recognition proteins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:291-299. [PMID: 24814805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) can recognize bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) and activate innate immune system. In addition to its function as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), PGRPs are also involved in directly killing bacteria, and regulating multiple signaling pathways. Recently, we have reported catfish PRRs including nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we identified and characterized the PGRP gene family in channel catfish which included two members, PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6. Phylogenetic analysis, syntenic analysis and protein structural analysis were conducted to determine their identities and evolutionary relationships. In order to gain insight into the roles of PGRPs in catfish innate immune responses, quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate the expression profiles in catfish healthy tissues and after bacterial infection. Both PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6 were ubiquitously expressed in all 12 healthy tissues, and most highly expressed in gill and spleen, respectively. Distinct expression patterns were observed for PGRPs after infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare, both Gram-negative bacteria. After infection with E. ictaluri, both PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6 were significantly down-regulated at a certain time-point, while both genes were generally up-regulated in the gill after infection with F. columnare. Collectively, these findings suggested that PGRPs may play complex roles in the host immune response to bacterial pathogens in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruijia Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jiaren Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Atilano ML, Pereira PM, Vaz F, Catalão MJ, Reed P, Grilo IR, Sobral RG, Ligoxygakis P, Pinho MG, Filipe SR. Bacterial autolysins trim cell surface peptidoglycan to prevent detection by the Drosophila innate immune system. eLife 2014; 3:e02277. [PMID: 24692449 PMCID: PMC3971415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have to avoid recognition by the host immune system in order to establish a successful infection. Peptidoglycan, the principal constituent of virtually all bacterial surfaces, is a specific molecular signature recognized by dedicated host receptors, present in animals and plants, which trigger an immune response. Here we report that autolysins from Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, enzymes capable of hydrolyzing peptidoglycan, have a major role in concealing this inflammatory molecule from Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). We show that autolysins trim the outermost peptidoglycan fragments and that in their absence bacterial virulence is impaired, as PGRPs can directly recognize leftover peptidoglycan extending beyond the external layers of bacterial proteins and polysaccharides. The activity of autolysins is not restricted to the producer cells but can also alter the surface of neighboring bacteria, facilitating the survival of the entire population in the infected host. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02277.001 While most bacteria are harmless, some can cause diseases as varied as food poisoning and meningitis, so our immune system has developed various ways of detecting and eliminating bacteria and other pathogens. Receptor proteins belonging to the immune system detect molecules that give away the presence of the bacteria and trigger an immune response targeted at the invading pathogen. Peptidoglycan is one telltale molecule that betrays the presence of bacteria. Peptidoglycan is found in the bacterial cell wall, and for many years it was assumed that the immune system detected stray fragments of peptidoglycan that were accidentally shed by the bacteria. However, it was later shown that the immune system could, under certain conditions, detect peptidoglycan when it is still part of the cell wall. This raised an interesting question: do bacteria use other methods to stop peptidoglycan being detected by the immune system? Now, Atilano, Pereira et al. have found that enzymes called autolysins can conceal bacteria from the receptor proteins that detect peptidoglycan. These enzymes are needed to break the bonds within the peptidoglycan present in the rigid bacterial cell wall to allow the bacteria to grow and divide. ‘Knocking out’ the genes for autolysins allowed the receptor proteins from the fruit fly, Drosophila, to bind to the bacteria; however, the mutant bacteria were able to evade the immune system after they had been treated with the purified enzymes. Atilano, Pereira et al. suggest that the autolysins trim the exposed ends of the peptidoglycan molecules on the surface of the cell wall, which could otherwise be detected by the host. The experiments also show that bacterial pathogens—including a strain of MRSA—with mutations that knock out autolysin activity trigger a stronger immune response in fruit flies, and are therefore less able to infect this host. Autolysins also help to conceal Streptococcus pneumoniae—a bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of pneumonia and infant deaths in developing countries—from detection by fruit flies. The findings of Atilano, Pereira et al. highlight how bacteria employ a number of ways to evade detection. If similar behavior is observed when bacteria infect humans, autolysins could represent a new drug target for the treatment of bacterial diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02277.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Luciana Atilano
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal.,Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Matos Pereira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Vaz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patricia Reed
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Ramos Grilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Gonçalves Sobral
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Centro de Recursos Microbiologicos (CREM), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Gomes Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Raposo Filipe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Center of South China Sea for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; , , , ,
| | - Xin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Center of South China Sea for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; , , , ,
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Center of South China Sea for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; , , , ,
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Center of South China Sea for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; , , , ,
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Center of South China Sea for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; , , , ,
- Center of Scientific Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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Li JH, Yu ZL, Xue NN, Zou PF, Hu JY, Nie P, Chang MX. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:244-255. [PMID: 24099967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of innate immunity. In this study, a long-form PGRP, designated as gcPGRP6, was identified from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The deduced amino acid sequence of gcPGRP6 is composed of 464 residues with a conserved PGRP domain at the C-terminus. The gcPGRP6 gene consists of four exons and three introns, spacing approximately 2.7 kb of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that gcPGRP6 is clustered closely with zebrafish PGLYRP6, and formed a long-type PGRP subfamily together with PGLYRP2 members identified in teleosts and mammals. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that gcPGRP6 is constitutively expressed in organs/tissues examined, and its expression was significantly induced in liver and intestine of grass carp in response to PGN stimulation and in CIK cells treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analyses revealed that gcPGRP6 is effectively secreted to the exterior of CIK cells. The over-expression of gcPGRP6 in CIK cells leads to the activation of NF-κB and the inhibition of intracellular bacterial growth. Moreover, cell lysates from CIK cells transfected with pTurbo-gcPGRP6-GFP plasmid display the binding activity towards Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and DAP-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine IL-2 and intracellular PGN receptor NOD2 had a significantly increased expression in CIK cells overexpressed with gcPGRP6. It is demonstrated that the PGRP6 in grass carp has a role in binding PGN, in inhibiting the growth of intracellular bacteria, and in activating NF-κB, as well as in regulating innate immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein (HcPGRPS1) from the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingi. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:729-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tindwa H, Patnaik BB, Kim DH, Mun S, Jo YH, Lee BL, Lee YS, Kim NJ, Han YS. Cloning, characterization and effect of TmPGRP-LE gene silencing on survival of Tenebrio molitor against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22462-82. [PMID: 24240808 PMCID: PMC3856074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. PGRP-LE, a member of the PGRP family, selectively binds to diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan to activate both the immune deficiency (Imd) and proPhenoloxidase (proPO) pathways in insects. A PGRP-LE-dependent induction of autophagy to control Listeria monocytogenes has also been reported. We identified and partially characterized a novel PGRP-LE homologue, from Tenebrio molitor and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection by a DAP-type PGN containing intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF) of 990 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 329 residues. TmPGRP-LE contains one PGRP domain, but lacks critical residues for amidase activity. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a broad constitutive expression of the transcript at various stages of development spanning from larva to adult. RNAi mediated knockdown of the transcripts, followed by a challenge with L. monocytogenes, showed a significant reduction in survival rate of the larvae, suggesting a putative role of TmPGRP-LE in sensing and control of L. monocytogenes infection in T. molitor. These results implicate PGRP-LE as a defense protein necessary for survival of T. molitor against infection by L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamisi Tindwa
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Kumjeong Ku, Busan 609-735, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City 336-745, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Nam Jung Kim
- Division of Applied Entomology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 61th, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-853, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (H.T.); (B.B.P.); (D.H.K.); (S.M.); (Y.H.J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2072; Fax: +82-62-530-2069
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Segawa T, Saeki A, Hasebe A, Arimoto T, Kataoka H, Yokoyama A, Kawanami M, Shibata KI. Differences in recognition of wild-type and lipoprotein-deficient strains of oralStreptococci in vitroandin vivo. Pathog Dis 2013; 68:65-77. [DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayumi Saeki
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology; Department of Oral Pathobiological Science; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Kita-ku; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology; Department of Oral Pathobiological Science; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Kita-ku; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Takafumi Arimoto
- Department of Oral Microbiology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Shinagawa-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Hideo Kataoka
- Department of Oral Microbiology; Showa University School of Dentistry; Shinagawa-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Division of Oral Functional Science; Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Kita-ku; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kawanami
- Division of Oral Health Science; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Kita-ku; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Shibata
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology; Department of Oral Pathobiological Science; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Kita-ku; Sapporo; Japan
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Bosco-Drayon V, Poidevin M, Boneca IG, Narbonne-Reveau K, Royet J, Charroux B. Peptidoglycan sensing by the receptor PGRP-LE in the Drosophila gut induces immune responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:153-65. [PMID: 22901536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut epithelial cells contact both commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and proper responses to these bacteria require a balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. In the Drosophila intestine, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs), including PGRP-LE, play central roles in bacterial recognition and activation of immune responses, including induction of the IMD-NF-κB pathway. We show that bacteria recognition is regionalized in the Drosophila gut with various functional regions requiring different PGRPs. Specifically, peptidoglycan recognition by PGRP-LE in the gut induces NF-κB-dependent responses to infectious bacteria but also immune tolerance to microbiota through upregulation of pirk and PGRP-LB, which negatively regulate IMD pathway activation. Loss of PGRP-LE-mediated detection of bacteria in the gut results in systemic immune activation, which can be rescued by overexpressing PGRP-LB in the gut. Together these data indicate that PGRP-LE functions as a master gut bacterial sensor that induces balanced responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bosco-Drayon
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR, Aix-Marseille Université, France
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Altered immunity in crowded locust reduced fungal (Metarhizium anisopliae) pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003102. [PMID: 23326229 PMCID: PMC3542111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress of living conditions, similar to infections, alters animal immunity. High population density is empirically considered to induce prophylactic immunity to reduce the infection risk, which was challenged by a model of low connectivity between infectious and susceptible individuals in crowded animals. The migratory locust, which exhibits polyphenism through gregarious and solitary phases in response to population density and displays different resistance to fungal biopesticide (Metarhizium anisopliae), was used to observe the prophylactic immunity of crowded animals. We applied an RNA-sequencing assay to investigate differential expression in fat body samples of gregarious and solitary locusts before and after infection. Solitary locusts devoted at least twice the number of genes for combating M. anisopliae infection than gregarious locusts. The transcription of immune molecules such as pattern recognition proteins, protease inhibitors, and anti-oxidation proteins, was increased in prophylactic immunity of gregarious locusts. The differentially expressed transcripts reducing gregarious locust susceptibility to M. anisopliae were confirmed at the transcriptional and translational level. Further investigation revealed that locust GNBP3 was susceptible to proteolysis while GNBP1, induced by M. anisopliae infection, resisted proteolysis. Silencing of gnbp3 by RNAi significantly shortened the life span of gregarious locusts but not solitary locusts. By contrast, gnbp1 silencing did not affect the life span of both gregarious and solitary locusts after M. anisopliae infection. Thus, the GNBP3-dependent immune responses were involved in the phenotypic resistance of gregarious locusts to fungal infection, but were redundant in solitary locusts. Our results indicated that gregarious locusts prophylactically activated upstream modulators of immune cascades rather than downstream effectors, preferring to quarantine rather than eliminate pathogens to conserve energy meanwhile increasing the "distance" of infectious and target individuals. Our study has obvious implications for bio-pesticides management of crowded pests, and for understanding disease epidemics and adaptiveness of pathogens.
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Bielecki T, Cieslik-Bielecka A, Żelawski M, Mikusek W. A side-effect induced by the combination of a demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft and leucocyte and platelet-rich plasma during treatment for large bone cysts: A 4-year follow-up clinical study. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Callewaert L, Van Herreweghe JM, Vanderkelen L, Leysen S, Voet A, Michiels CW. Guards of the great wall: bacterial lysozyme inhibitors. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:501-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Onoyama S, Ihara K, Yamaguchi Y, Ikeda K, Yamaguchi K, Yamamura K, Hoshina T, Mizuno Y, Hara T. Genetic susceptibility to Kawasaki disease: analysis of pattern recognition receptor genes. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:654-60. [PMID: 22507623 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology occurring in infants and children. Several lines of evidence suggested the importance of genetic factors and infectious triggers for the pathogenesis of KD. We have reported that oral administration of a pure NOD1 ligand induces coronary arteritis in mice without fail. Since NOD1 is one of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which play important roles in the innate immunity for the detection of microbial substances and induce inflammatory responses, we have investigated the association of PRR genes with the development of KD. Forty-six tagging-SNPs in 19 PRR genes were genotyped in Japanese KD patients (n=356, consisting of two groups) and controls (n=215). The genotypes and allele frequencies of each SNP or haplotype were compared between KD patients and controls. As a result, we did not find any genes with strongly contributed to the development of KD. A haplotype, G-T-C-C, in the NOD1 gene, was associated with lower risk for KD development (KD 1st group versus controls: 23.2% versus 35.3%, Pc=0.0385). The second-round case-control study in KD group 2 demonstrated that a haplotype, T-T-C-G-A-C, in the NLRP1 gene was associated with a higher risk for KD development (4.9% versus 1.2%, Pc=0.035). From the association analysis of SNPs and haplotypes of 19 PRR genes, NOD1 and NLRP1 seemed to partly contribute to the development of KD. Further analysis with larger samples of another independent set would be needed to find confirmative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagano Onoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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45
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Dziarski R, Kashyap DR, Gupta D. Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating two-component systems and modulate microbiome and inflammation. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:280-5. [PMID: 22432705 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are conserved from insects to mammals and function in antibacterial immunity. We have revealed a novel mechanism of bacterial killing by innate immune system, in which mammalian PGRPs bind to bacterial cell wall or outer membrane and exploit bacterial stress defense response to kill bacteria. PGRPs enter Gram-positive cell wall at the site of daughter cell separation during cell division. In Bacillus subtilis PGRPs activate the CssR-CssS two-component system that detects and disposes of misfolded proteins exported out of bacterial cells. This activation results in membrane depolarization, production of hydroxyl radicals, and cessation of intracellular peptidoglycan, protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are responsible for bacterial death. PGRPs also bind to the outer membrane in Escherichia coli and activate functionally homologous CpxA-CpxR two-component system, which also results in bacterial death. We excluded other potential bactericidal mechanisms, such as inhibition of extracellular peptidoglycan synthesis, hydrolysis of peptidoglycan, and membrane permeabilization. In vivo, mammalian PGRPs are expressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, skin, salivary glands, oral cavity, intestinal tract, eyes, and liver. They control acquisition and maintenance of beneficial normal gut microflora, which protects the host from enhanced inflammation, tissue damage, and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dziarski
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Gary, Indiana 46408, USA.
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Fujimoto Y, Pradipta AR, Inohara N, Fukase K. Peptidoglycan as Nod1 ligand; fragment structures in the environment, chemical synthesis, and their innate immunostimulation. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:568-79. [PMID: 22370813 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2011. This review focuses on the recent revealing of the immunostimulatory bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) fragments as Nod1 ligands, especially a newly developed chemical synthesis of the partial structures, fragment structures in the environment and bacterial supernatant, and the immunostimulatory activities of the Nod1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Screening of Antimicrobials from Caribbean Sea Animals and Isolation of Bactericidal Proteins from the Littoral Mollusk Cenchritis muricatus. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:501-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Li MF, Zhang M, Wang CL, Sun L. A peptidoglycan recognition protein from Sciaenops ocellatus is a zinc amidase and a bactericide with a substrate range limited to Gram-positive bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:322-330. [PMID: 22146700 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. PGRPs are highly conserved in invertebrates and vertebrates including fish. However, the biological function of teleost PGRP remains largely uninvestigated. In this study, we identified a PGRP homologue, SoPGLYRP-2, from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and analyzed its activity and potential function. The deduced amino acid sequence of SoPGLYRP-2 is composed of 482 residues and shares 46-94% overall identities with known fish PGRPs. SoPGLYRP-2 contains at the C-terminus a single zinc amidase domain with conserved residues that form the catalytic site. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis detected SoPGLYRP-2 expression in multiple tissues, with the highest expression occurring in liver and the lowest expression occurring in brain. Experimental bacterial infection upregulated SoPGLYRP-2 expression in kidney, spleen, and liver in time-dependent manners. To examine the biological activity of SoPGLYRP-2, purified recombinant proteins representing the intact SoPGLYRP-2 (rSoPGLYRP-2) and the amidase domain (rSoPGLYRP-AD) were prepared from Escherichia coli. Subsequent analysis showed that rSoPGLYRP-2 and rSoPGLYRP-AD (i) exhibited comparable Zn(2+)-dependent peptidoglycan-lytic activity and were able to recognize and bind to live bacterial cells, (ii) possessed bactericidal effect against Gram-positive bacteria and slight bacteriostatic effect against Gram-negative bacteria, (iii) were able to block bacterial infection into host cells. These results indicate that SoPGLYRP-2 is a zinc-dependent amidase and a bactericide that targets preferentially at Gram-positive bacteria, and that SoPGLYRP-2 is likely to play a role in host innate immune defense during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Fei Li
- Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR China
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Jia X, Zou Z, Wang G, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Gene expression profiling in respond to TBT exposure in small abalone Haliotis diversicolor. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:557-563. [PMID: 21767652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the gene expression profiling of small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor by tributyltin (TBT) exposure using a cDNA microarray containing 2473 unique transcripts. Totally, 107 up-regulated genes and 41 down-regulated genes were found. For further investigation of candidate genes from microarray data and EST analysis, quantitative real-time PCR was performed at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 192 h TBT exposure. 26 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed in different time course, 3 of them were unknown. Some gene homologues like cellulose, endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, ferritin subunit 1 and thiolester containing protein II CG7052-PB might be the good biomarker candidate for TBT monitor. The identification of stress response genes and their expression profiles will permit detailed investigation of the defense responses of small abalone genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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50
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Guez-Martínez SR, Sánchez-Zauco NA, González-Ramírez I, Cancino-Diaz JC, Cancino-Diaz ME. Peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus induces the overexpression of TRLs 1-8 mRNA in corneal fibroblasts, but its lipoteichoic acid and muramyl dipeptide only induced the overexpression of TLR5 or TRL9. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1056-60. [PMID: 24031722 PMCID: PMC3768798 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110003000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide induces TLR-1-8 mRNAs over-expression in corneal fibroblast. Analyzing if other TLR-ligands can do the same, we found that peptidoglycan does, but not muramyldipeptide, lipoteichoic acid and polyI:C. This suggests that the recognition of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan is enough to alert these cells against microorganisms through the over-expression of the majority TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodrí Guez-Martínez
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico
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