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Wu D, Cao Y, Yin T, Huang Q. Inhibitive effect of trehalose and sodium pyrophosphate on oxidation and structural changes of myofibrillar proteins in silver carp surimi during frozen storage. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114361. [PMID: 38763645 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This work investigated the cryoprotective effect of trehalose (TH) and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) alone and in combination on myofibrillar protein (MP) oxidation and structural changes in silver carp surimi during 90 days of frozen storage (-20 °C). TH combined with SPP was significantly more effective than single TH or SPP in preventing MP oxidation (P < 0.05), showing a higher SH content (6.05 nmol/mg protein), and a lower carbonyl (4.24 nmol/mg protein) and dityrosine content (1280 A.U.). SDS-PAGE results indicated that TH combined with SPP did not differ significantly from TH and SPP in inhibiting protein degradation but was more effective in inhibiting protein crosslinking. Moreover, all cryoprotectants could stabilise the secondary and tertiary structures and inhibit unfolded and aggregation of MP, with the combination of TH and SPP being the best. It's worth noting that TH combined with SPP had a synergistic effect on inhibiting the decrease in α-helix content and gel-forming ability, and the increase in surface hydrophobicity. Overall, TH combined with SPP could significantly inhibited MP oxidation and structural changes in surimi during frozen storage and improve the gel-forming ability, which was significantly better than single TH or SPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing, Wuhan 430070, China.
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2
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Goh KGK, Desai D, Thapa R, Prince D, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. An opportunistic pathogen under stress: how Group B Streptococcus responds to cytotoxic reactive species and conditions of metal ion imbalance to survive. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae009. [PMID: 38678005 PMCID: PMC11098048 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS; also known as Streptococcus agalactiae) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections in neonates and healthy or immunocompromised adults. GBS is well-adapted to survive in humans due to a plethora of virulence mechanisms that afford responses to support bacterial survival in dynamic host environments. These mechanisms and responses include counteraction of cell death from exposure to excess metal ions that can cause mismetallation and cytotoxicity, and strategies to combat molecules such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated as part of innate host defence. Cytotoxicity from reactive molecules can stem from damage to proteins, DNA, and membrane lipids, potentially leading to bacterial cell death inside phagocytic cells or within extracellular spaces within the host. Deciphering the ways in which GBS responds to the stress of cytotoxic reactive molecules within the host will benefit the development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to manage the burden of GBS disease. This review summarizes knowledge of GBS carriage in humans and the mechanisms used by the bacteria to circumvent killing by these important elements of host immune defence: oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and stress from metal ion intoxication/mismetallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Darren Prince
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
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3
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De-Leon-Lopez YS, Thompson ME, Kean JJ, Flaherty RA. The PI3K-Akt pathway is a multifaceted regulator of the macrophage response to diverse group B Streptococcus isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1258275. [PMID: 37928185 PMCID: PMC10622663 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1258275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is a common member of the microbial flora in healthy individuals. However, problems may arise when GBS-colonized mothers become pregnant. GBS may be transferred from a colonized mother to her newborn or developing fetus, which may result in complications such as miscarriage, pre-term birth, meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis. Macrophages play an especially important role in the fetal and newborn response to GBS due to the limited development of the adaptive immune system early in life. The goal of this study was to expand what is currently known about how GBS manipulates macrophage cell signaling to evade the immune system and cause disease. To this end, we investigated whether the PI3K-Akt pathway was involved in several key aspects of the macrophage response to GBS. We explored whether certain GBS strains, such as sequence type (ST)-17 strains, rely on this pathway for the more rapid macrophage uptake they induce compared to other GBS strains. Our findings suggest that this pathway is, indeed, important for macrophage uptake of GBS. Consistent with these findings, we used immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that more virulent strains of GBS induce more actin projections in macrophages than less virulent strains. Additionally, we explored whether PI3K-Akt signaling impacted the ability of GBS to survive within macrophages after phagocytosis and whether this pathway influenced the survival rate of macrophages themselves following GBS infection. The PI3K-Akt pathway was found to promote the survival of both macrophages and intracellular GBS following infection. We also observed that inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway significantly reduced GBS-mediated activation of NFκB, which is a key regulator of cell survival and inflammatory responses. Overall, these insights into strain-dependent GBS-mediated manipulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and its downstream targets in infected macrophages may provide new insights for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools to combat severe GBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rebecca A. Flaherty
- Department of Biology and Health Science, Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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Liu X, Jiang L, Zhang W, Zhang J, Luan X, Zhan Y, Wang T, Da J, Liu L, Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhang K, Wang Z, Miao N, Xie X, Liu P, Li Y, Jin H, Zhang B. Fam20c regulates the calpain proteolysis system through phosphorylating Calpasatatin to maintain cell homeostasis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:417. [PMID: 37370126 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family with sequence similarity 20-member C (FAM20C) kinase, a Golgi casein kinase, which is responsible for phosphorylating the majority of the extracellular phosphoproteins within S-x-E/pS motifs, and is fundamentally associated with multiple biological processes to maintain cell proliferation, biomineralization, migration, adhesion, and phosphate homeostasis. In dissecting how FAM20C regulates downstream molecules and potential mechanisms, however, there are multiple target molecules of FAM20C, particularly many phenomena remain elusive, such as changes in cell-autonomous behaviors, incompatibility in genotypes and phenotypes, and others. METHODS Here, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), proteomics, and phosphoproteomics were performed in Fam20c-dificient osteoblasts and to facilitate an integrated analysis and determine the impact of chromatin accessibility, genomic expression, protein alterations, signaling pathway, and post translational modifcations. RESULTS By combining ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, we identified TCF4 and Wnt signaling pathway as the key regulators in Fam20c-dificient cells. Further, we showed Calpastatin/Calpain proteolysis system as a novel target axis for FAM20C to regulate cell migration and F-actin cytoskeleton by integrated analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Furthermore, Calpastatin/Calpain proteolysis system could negatively regulate the Wnt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These observations implied that Fam20c knockout osteoblasts would cause cell homeostatic imbalance, involving changes in multiple signaling pathways in the conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Stomatology and Dental Hygiene, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinrui Luan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junlong Da
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixue Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shujian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuyao Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Nan Miao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peihong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Han Jin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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5
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Bergmann R, Gulotta G, Andreoni F, Sumitomo T, Kawabata S, Zinkernagel AS, Chhatwal GS, Nizet V, Rohde M, Uchiyama S. The group A Streptococcus interleukin-8 protease SpyCEP promotes bacterial intracellular survival by evasion of autophagy. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2022; 4:116-123. [PMID: 37333426 PMCID: PMC10275413 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy serves an innate immune function in defending the host against invading bacteria, including group A Streptococcus (GAS). Autophagy is regulated by numerous host proteins, including the endogenous negative regulator calpain, a cytosolic protease. Globally disseminated serotype M1T1 GAS strains associated with high invasive disease potential express numerous virulence factors and resist autophagic clearance. Upon in vitro infection of human epithelial cell lines with representative wild-type GAS M1T1 strain 5448 (M1.5448), we observed increased calpain activation linked to a specific GAS virulence factor, the IL-8 protease SpyCEP. Calpain activation inhibited autophagy and decreased capture of cytosolic GAS in autophagosomes. In contrast, the serotype M6 GAS strain JRS4 (M6.JRS4), which is highly susceptible to host autophagy-mediated killing, expresses low levels of SpyCEP and does not activate calpain. Overexpression of SpyCEP in M6.JRS4 stimulated calpain activation, inhibited autophagy and significantly decreased bacterial capture in autophagosomes. These paired loss- and gain-of-function studies reveal a novel role for the bacterial protease SpyCEP in enabling GAS M1 evasion of autophagy and host innate immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bergmann
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gulotta
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Federica Andreoni
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gursharan S. Chhatwal
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Clostridioides difficile toxin B alone and with pro-inflammatory cytokines induces apoptosis in enteric glial cells by activating three different signalling pathways mediated by caspases, calpains and cathepsin B. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:442. [PMID: 35864342 PMCID: PMC9304068 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes nosocomial/antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases with dramatically increasing global incidence and mortality rates. The main C. difficile virulence factors, toxins A and B (TcdA/TcdB), cause cytopathic/cytotoxic effects and inflammation. We demonstrated that TcdB induces caspase-dependent, mitochondria-independent enteric glial cell (EGC) apoptosis that is enhanced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (CKs) by increasing caspase-3/7/9 and PARP activation. Because this cytotoxic synergism is important for CDI pathogenesis, we investigated the apoptotic pathways involved in TcdB- and TcdB + CK-induced apoptosis indepth. EGCs were pre-treated with the inhibitors BAF or Q-VD-OPh (pan-caspase), Z-DEVD-fmk (caspase-3/7), Z-IETD-fmk (caspase-8), PD150606 (calpains), and CA-074Me (cathepsin B) 1 h before TcdB exposure, while CKs were given 1.5 h after TcdB exposure, and assays were performed at 24 h. TcdB and TcdB + CKs induced apoptosis through three signalling pathways activated by calpains, caspases and cathepsins, which all are involved both in induction and execution apoptotic signalling under both conditions but to different degrees in TcdB and TcdB + CKs especially as regards to signal transduction mediated by these proteases towards downstream effects (apoptosis). Calpain activation by Ca2+ influx is the first pro-apoptotic event in TcdB- and TcdB + CK-induced EGC apoptosis and causes caspase-3, caspase-7 and PARP activation. PARP is also directly activated by calpains which are responsible of about 75% of apoptosis in TcdB and 62% in TcdB + CK which is both effector caspase-dependent and -independent. Initiator caspase-8 activation mediated by TcdB contributes to caspase-3/caspase-7 and PARP activation and is responsible of about 28% of apoptosis in both conditions. Caspase-3/caspase-7 activation is weakly responsible of apoptosis, indeed we found that it mediates 27% of apoptosis only in TcdB. Cathepsin B contributes to triggering pro-apoptotic signal and is responsible in both conditions of about 35% of apoptosis by a caspase-independent manner, and seems to regulate the caspase-3 and caspase-7 cleaved fragment levels, highlighting the complex interaction between these cysteine protease families activated during TcdB-induced apoptosis. Further a relevant difference between TcdB- and TcdB + CK-induced apoptosis is that TcdB-induced apoptosis increased slowly reaching at 72 h the value of 18.7%, while TcdB + CK-induced apoptosis increased strongly reaching at 72 h the value of 60.6%. Apoptotic signalling activation by TcdB + CKs is enriched by TNF-α-induced NF-κB signalling, inhibition of JNK activation and activation of AKT. In conclusion, the ability of C. difficile to activate three apoptotic pathways represents an important strategy to overcome resistance against its cytotoxic activity.
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7
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Cajulao JM, Chen L. Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces the cytotoxic effects of group B streptococcus on HeLa cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105271. [PMID: 34728370 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen found in the vaginal tract and is a leading cause of preterm birth and neonatal illness. Aside from GBS, the vaginal tract is predominantly colonized by commensal Lactobacillus species that are thought to protect the vaginal tract from pathogens, including GBS. Studies that examined if, and how Lactobacilli modulate GBS pathogenicity remain limited. This study sought to investigate the potential protective role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus against GBS, using an in vitro model system. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) captured images of infected HeLa cells and were analyzed using the image analysis program ImageJ. Results indicate that GBS causes HeLa cell detachment unless L. rhamnosus is present. SEM images show that GBS reduces length and number of microvilli on HeLa cell surface, as well as size of secreted vesicles. L. rhamnosus partially inhibits GBS-dependent microvilli and vesicle disruption. GBS also disrupts HeLa cell F-actin fibers unless L. rhamnosus is present. These results reveal effects of GBS infection on the host cell cytoskeleton and implies a protective role of L. rhamnosus against GBS colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mikhale Cajulao
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Lily Chen
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
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8
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Characterisation of Aspergillus fumigatus Endocytic Trafficking within Airway Epithelial Cells Using High-Resolution Automated Quantitative Confocal Microscopy. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060454. [PMID: 34200399 PMCID: PMC8229978 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise characterization of the mechanisms modulating Aspergillus fumigatus survival within airway epithelial cells has been impaired by the lack of live-cell imaging technologies and user-friendly quantification approaches. Here we described the use of an automated image analysis pipeline to estimate the proportion of A. fumigatus spores taken up by airway epithelial cells, those contained within phagolysosomes or acidified phagosomes, along with the fungal factors contributing to these processes. Coupling the use of fluorescent A. fumigatus strains and fluorescent epithelial probes targeting lysosomes, acidified compartments and cell membrane, we found that both the efficacy of lysosome recruitment to phagosomes and phagosome acidification determines the capacity of airway epithelial cells to contain A. fumigatus growth. Overall, the capability of the airway epithelium to prevent A. fumigatus survival was higher in bronchial epithelial than alveolar epithelial cells. Certain A. fumigatus cell wall mutants influenced phagosome maturation in airway epithelial cells. Taken together, this live-cell 4D imaging approach allows observation and measurement of the very early processes of A. fumigatus interaction within live airway epithelial monolayers.
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9
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Itoh R, Soejima T, Hiromatsu K. Anti-chlamydial activities of cell-permeable hydrophobic dipeptide-containing derivatives. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:987-994. [PMID: 31230920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacteria chlamydia is major human pathogen that causes millions of trachoma, sexually transmitted infections and pneumonia worldwide. We serendipitously found that both calpain inhibitors z-Val-Phe-CHO and z-Leu-Nle-CHO showed marked inhibitory activity against chlamydial growth in human epithelial HeLa cells, whereas other calpain inhibitors not. These peptidomimetic inhibitors consist of N-benzyloxycarbonyl group and hydrophobic dipeptide derivatives. Both compounds strongly restrict the chlamydial growth even addition at the 12 h post infection. Notably, inhibitors-mediated growth inhibition of chlamydia was independent on host calpain activity. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that z-Val-Phe-CHO inhibited chlamydial growth by arresting bacterial cell division and RB-EB re-transition, but not by changing into persistent state. We searched and found that z-Leu-Leu-CHO and z-Phe-Ala-FMK also inhibited chlamydial growth. Neither biotin-hydrophobic dipeptide nor morpholinoureidyl-hydrophobic dipeptide shows inhibitory effects on chlamydial intracellular growth. Our results suggested the possibility of some chemical derivatives based on z-hydrophobic dipeptide group for future therapeutic usage to the chlamydial infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Itoh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Soejima
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenji Hiromatsu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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10
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Perez OA, Yeung ST, Vera-Licona P, Romagnoli PA, Samji T, Ural BB, Maher L, Tanaka M, Khanna KM. CD169 + macrophages orchestrate innate immune responses by regulating bacterial localization in the spleen. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaah5520. [PMID: 28986418 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah5520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is an important site for generating protective immune responses against pathogens. After infection, immune cells undergo rapid reorganization to initiate and maintain localized inflammatory responses; however, the mechanisms governing this spatial and temporal cellular reorganization remain unclear. We show that the strategic position of splenic marginal zone CD169+ macrophages is vital for rapid initiation of antibacterial responses. In addition to controlling initial bacterial growth, CD169+ macrophages orchestrate a second phase of innate protection by mediating the transport of bacteria to splenic T cell zones. This compartmentalization of bacteria within the spleen was essential for driving the reorganization of innate immune cells into hierarchical clusters and for local interferon-γ production near sites of bacterial replication foci. Our results show that both phases of the antimicrobial innate immune response were dependent on CD169+ macrophages, and, in their absence, the series of events needed for pathogen clearance and subsequent survival of the host was disrupted. Our study provides insight into how lymphoid organ structure and function are related at a fundamental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana A Perez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Paola Vera-Licona
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Pablo A Romagnoli
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tasleem Samji
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Basak B Ural
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Leigh Maher
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Masato Tanaka
- School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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11
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Intrinsic Maturational Neonatal Immune Deficiencies and Susceptibility to Group B Streptococcus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:973-989. [PMID: 28814408 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a normal member of the gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiota, group B Streptococcus (GBS) can also occasionally be the cause of highly invasive neonatal disease and is an emerging pathogen in both elderly and immunocompromised adults. Neonatal GBS infections are typically transmitted from mother to baby either in utero or during passage through the birth canal and can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis within the first few months of life. Compared to the adult immune system, the neonatal immune system has a number of deficiencies, making neonates more susceptible to infection. Recognition of GBS by the host immune system triggers an inflammatory response to clear the pathogen. However, GBS has developed several mechanisms to evade the host immune response. A comprehensive understanding of this interplay between GBS and the host immune system will aid in the development of new preventative measures and therapeutics.
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Ryu JH, Sung J, Xie C, Shin MK, Kim CW, Kim NG, Choi YJ, Choi BD, Kang SS, Kang D. Aplysia kurodai -derived glycosaminoglycans increase the phagocytic ability of macrophages via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and cytoskeletal reorganization in RAW264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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13
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Ji J, Su L, Liu Z. Critical role of calpain in inflammation. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:647-652. [PMID: 28101338 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of cysteine proteases, implicated in a wide range of cellular calcium-regulated functions. Evidence from previous studies using an inhibitor of calpain indicates that calpain activation is involved in the process of numerous inflammation-associated diseases. As a result of in-depth studies, calpains have been proposed to influence the process of inflammation via a variety of mechanisms. The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of recent reports regarding the role of calpain in the process of inflammation, including regulation of immune cell migration, modulation of the activation of inflammatory mediators, degradation of certain associated proteins and induction of cell apoptosis. Understanding these mechanisms may contribute to the investigation of novel therapeutic targets for inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China; Graduate School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
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Booth JL, Duggan ES, Patel VI, Langer M, Wu W, Braun A, Coggeshall KM, Metcalf JP. Bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:615-626. [PMID: 27320392 PMCID: PMC5534360 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The lung is the entry site for Bacillus anthracis in inhalation anthrax, the most deadly form of the disease. Spores escape from the alveolus to regional lymph nodes, germinate and enter the circulatory system to cause disease. The roles of carrier cells and the effects of B. anthracis toxins in this process are unclear. We used a human lung organ culture model to measure spore uptake by antigen presenting cells (APC) and alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), spore partitioning between these cells, and the effects of B. anthracis lethal toxin and protective antigen. We repeated the study in a human A549 alveolar epithelial cell model. Most spores remained unassociated with cells, but the majority of cell-associated spores were in AEC, not in APC. Spore movement was not dependent on internalization, although the location of internalized spores changed in both cell types. Spores also internalized in a non-uniform pattern. Toxins affected neither transit of the spores nor the partitioning of spores into AEC and APC. Our results support a model of spore escape from the alveolus that involves spore clustering with transient passage through intact AEC. However, subsequent transport of spores by APC from the lung to the lymph nodes may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Duggan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Vineet I Patel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Marybeth Langer
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - K Mark Coggeshall
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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15
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Alan E, Liman N. Involution dependent changes in distribution and localization of bax, survivin, caspase-3, and calpain-1 in the rat endometrium. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:285-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
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16
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Wan F, Letavernier E, Le Saux CJ, Houssaini A, Abid S, Czibik G, Sawaki D, Marcos E, Dubois-Rande JL, Baud L, Adnot S, Derumeaux G, Gellen B. Calpastatin overexpression impairs postinfarct scar healing in mice by compromising reparative immune cell recruitment and activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1883-93. [PMID: 26453333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00594.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the calpain system is involved in the repair process following myocardial infarction (MI). However, the impact of the inhibition of calpain by calpastatin, its natural inhibitor, on scar healing and left ventricular (LV) remodeling is elusive. Male mice ubiquitously overexpressing calpastatin (TG) and wild-type (WT) controls were subjected to an anterior coronary artery ligation. Mortality at 6 wk was higher in TG mice (24% in WT vs. 44% in TG, P < 0.05) driven by a significantly higher incidence of cardiac rupture during the first week post-MI, despite comparable infarct size and LV dysfunction and dilatation. Calpain activation post-MI was blunted in TG myocardium. In TG mice, inflammatory cell infiltration and activation were reduced in the infarct zone (IZ), particularly affecting M2 macrophages and CD4(+) T cells, which are crucial for scar healing. To elucidate the role of calpastatin overexpression in macrophages, we stimulated peritoneal macrophages obtained from TG and WT mice in vitro with IL-4, yielding an abrogated M2 polarization in TG but not in WT cells. Lymphopenic Rag1(-/-) mice receiving TG splenocytes before MI demonstrated decreased T-cell recruitment and M2 macrophage activation in the IZ day 5 after MI compared with those receiving WT splenocytes. Calpastatin overexpression prevented the activation of the calpain system after MI. It also impaired scar healing, promoted LV rupture, and increased mortality. Defective scar formation was associated with blunted CD4(+) T-cell and M2-macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Department of Physiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Tenon Hospital, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), F-75020, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Scientifique 1155, Paris, France; and
| | - Claude Jourdan Le Saux
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Amal Houssaini
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Shariq Abid
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Gabor Czibik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Daigo Sawaki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Elisabeth Marcos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Rande
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitairé Ageing Thorax-Vessels Blood (DHU A-TVB), Department of Physiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France; DHU A-TVB, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Baud
- Department of Physiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Tenon Hospital, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), F-75020, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Scientifique 1155, Paris, France; and
| | - Serge Adnot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitairé Ageing Thorax-Vessels Blood (DHU A-TVB), Department of Physiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Geneviève Derumeaux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitairé Ageing Thorax-Vessels Blood (DHU A-TVB), Department of Physiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Barnabas Gellen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France; DHU A-TVB, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France; Department of Cardiology, Poitiers University Hospital, F-86000, Poitiers, France
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17
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Fettucciari K, Ponsini P, Palumbo C, Rosati E, Mannucci R, Bianchini R, Modesti A, Marconi P. Macrophage induced gelsolin in response to Group BStreptococcus(GBS) infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:79-104. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Pamela Ponsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Camilla Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Roberta Mannucci
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Image Analysis; Perugia University; Perugia Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise Therapep; Salzburg University Clinic; Salzburg Austria
- Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Muellner Hauptstrasse Salzburg Austria
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
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Rosa-Fraile M, Dramsi S, Spellerberg B. Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:932-46. [PMID: 24617549 PMCID: PMC4315905 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus [(GBS or Streptococcus agalactiae)] is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis and septicaemia. Most clinical isolates express simultaneously a β-haemolysin/cytolysin and a red polyenic pigment, two phenotypic traits important for GBS identification in medical microbiology. The genetic determinants encoding the GBS haemolysin and pigment have been elucidated and the molecular structure of the pigment has been determined. The cyl operon involved in haemolysin and pigment production is regulated by the major two-component system CovS/R, which coordinates the expression of multiple virulence factors of GBS. Genetic analyses indicated strongly that the haemolysin activity was due to a cytolytic toxin encoded by cylE. However, the biochemical nature of the GBS haemolysin has remained elusive for almost a century because of its instability during purification procedures. Recently, it has been suggested that the haemolytic and cytolytic activity of GBS is due to the ornithine rhamnopolyenic pigment and not to the CylE protein. Here we review and summarize our current knowledge of the genetics, regulation and biochemistry of these twin GBS phenotypic traits, including their functions as GBS virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaynoor Dramsi
- Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Institut PasteurParis, France
- CNRS ERL 3526Paris, France
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital UlmUlm, Germany
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Kumar V, Everingham S, Hall C, Greer PA, Craig AWB. Calpains promote neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in an acute bacterial peritonitis model. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:831-41. [PMID: 24375267 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system is critical for clearance of bacterial pathogens to limit systemic infections and host tissue damage. Here, we report a key role for calpain proteases in bacterial clearance in mice with acute peritonitis. Using transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase primarily in innate immune cells (fes-Cre), we generated conditional capns1 knockout mice. Consistent with capns1 being essential for stability and function of the ubiquitous calpains (calpain-1, calpain-2), peritoneal cells from these mice had reduced levels of calpain-2/capns1, and reduced proteolysis of their substrate selenoprotein K. Using an acute bacterial peritonitis model, we observed impaired bacterial killing within the peritoneum and development of bacteremia in calpain knockout mice. These defects correlated with significant reductions in IL-1α release, neutrophil recruitment, and generation of reactive oxygen species in calpain knockout mice with acute bacterial peritonitis. Peritoneal macrophages from calpain knockout mice infected with enterobacteria ex vivo, were competent in phagocytosis of bacteria, but showed impaired clearance of intracellular bacteria compared with control macrophages. Together, these results implicate calpains as key mediators of effective innate immune responses to acute bacterial infections, to prevent systemic dissemination of bacteria that can lead to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Macchioni L, Fettucciari K, Davidescu M, Vitale R, Ponsini P, Rosati E, Corcelli A, Marconi P, Corazzi L. Impairment of brain mitochondrial functions by β-hemolytic Group B Streptococcus. Effect of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:519-29. [PMID: 23979483 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes severe infection in the central nervous system. In this study, brain mitochondrial function was investigated by simulating infection of isolated mitochondria with GBS, which resulted in loss of mitochondrial activity. The β-hemolysin expressing strains GBS-III-NEM316 and GBS-III-COH31, but not the gGBS-III-COH31 that does not express β-hemolysin, caused dissipation of preformed mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). This indicates that β-hemolysin is responsible for decreasing of the reducing power of mitochondria. GBS-III-COH31 interacted with mitochondria causing increase of oxygen consumption, due to uncoupling of respiration, blocking of ATP synthesis, and cytochrome c release outside mitochondria. Moreover, the mitochondrial systems contributing to the control of cellular Ca(2+) uptake were lost. In spite of these alterations, mitochondrial phospholipid content and composition did not change significantly, as evaluated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. However, exogenous cardiolipin (CL) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) attenuated the uncoupling effect of GBS-III-COH31, although with different mechanisms. CL was effective only when fused to the inner mitochondrial membrane, probably reducing the extent of GBS-induced proton leakage. DPPC, which is not able to fuse with mitochondrial membranes, exerted its effect outside mitochondria, likely by shielding mitochondria against GBS β-hemolysin attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Macchioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli, 1, 06156, Perugia, Italy
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Qu G, Liu S, Zhang S, Wang L, Wang X, Sun B, Yin N, Gao X, Xia T, Chen JJ, Jiang GB. Graphene oxide induces toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent necrosis in macrophages. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5732-45. [PMID: 23734789 DOI: 10.1021/nn402330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials display novel and beneficial chemical, electrical, mechanical, and optical characteristics, which endow these nanomaterials with promising applications in a wide spectrum of areas such as electronics and biomedicine. However, its toxicity on health remains unknown and is of great concern. In the present study, we demonstrated that graphene oxide (GO) induced necrotic cell death to macrophages. This toxicity is mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and subsequently in part via autocrine TNF-α production. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling with a selective inhibitor prevented cell death nearly completely. Furthermore, TLR4-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages were resistant to GO-triggered necrosis. Similarly, GO did not induce necrosis of HEK293T/TLR4-null cells. Macrophagic cell death upon GO treatment was partially attributed to RIP1-RIP3 complex-mediated programmed necrosis downstream of TNF-α induction. Additionally, upon uptake into macrophages, GO accumulated primarily in cytoplasm causing dramatic morphologic alterations and a significant reduction of the macrophagic ability in phagocytosis. However, macrophagic uptake of GO may not be required for induction of necrosis. GO exposure also caused a large increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributed to the cause of cell death. The combined data reveal that interaction of GO with TLR4 is the predominant molecular mechanism underlying GO-induced macrophagic necrosis; also, cytoskeletal damage and oxidative stress contribute to decreased viability and function of macrophages upon GO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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The β-hemolysin and intracellular survival of Streptococcus agalactiae in human macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60160. [PMID: 23593170 PMCID: PMC3617175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S. agalactiae (group B streptococci, GBS) is a major microbial pathogen in human neonates and causes invasive infections in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. The S. agalactiae β-hemolysin is regarded as an important virulence factor for the development of invasive disease. To examine the role of β-hemolysin in the interaction with professional phagocytes, the THP-1 monocytic cell line and human granulocytes were infected with a serotype Ia S. agalactiae wild type strain and its isogenic nonhemolytic mutant. We could show that the nonhemolytic mutants were able to survive in significantly higher numbers than the hemolytic wild type strain, in THP-1 macrophage-like cells and in assays with human granulocytes. Intracellular bacterial multiplication, however, could not be observed. The hemolytic wild type strain stimulated a significantly higher release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α than the nonhemolytic mutant in THP-1 cells, while similar levels of the chemokine Interleukin-8 were induced. In order to investigate bacterial mediators of IL-8 release in this setting, purified cell wall preparations from both strains were tested and found to exert a potent proinflammatory stimulus on THP-1 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that the β-hemolysin has a strong influence on the intracellular survival of S. agalactiae and that a tightly controlled regulation of β-hemolysin expression is required for the successful establishment of S. agalactiae in different host niches.
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Huang Z, Hoffmann FW, Norton RL, Hashimoto AC, Hoffmann PR. Selenoprotein K is a novel target of m-calpain, and cleavage is regulated by Toll-like receptor-induced calpastatin in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34830-8. [PMID: 21849499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are proteolytic enzymes that modulate cellular function through cleavage of targets, thereby modifying their actions. An important role is emerging for calpains in regulating inflammation and immune responses, although specific mechanisms by which this occurs have not been clearly defined. In this study, we identify a novel target of calpain, selenoprotein K (SelK), which is an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein important for Ca(2+) flux in immune cells. Calpain-mediated cleavage of SelK was detected in myeloid cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) but not in lymphoid cells (B and T cells). Both m- and μ-calpain were capable of cleaving immunoprecipitated SelK, but m-calpain was the predominant isoform expressed in mouse immune cells. Consistent with these results, specific inhibitors were used to show that only m-calpain cleaved SelK in macrophages. The cleavage site in SelK was identified between Arg(81) and Gly(82) and the resulting truncated SelK was shown to lack selenocysteine, the amino acid that defines selenoproteins. Resting macrophages predominantly expressed cleaved SelK and, when activated through different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), SelK cleavage was inhibited. We found that decreased calpain cleavage was due to TLR-induced up-regulation of the endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin. TLR-induced calpastatin expression not only inhibited SelK cleavage, but cleavage of another calpain target, talin. Moreover, the expression of the calpain isoforms and calpastatin in macrophages were different from T and B cells. Overall, our findings identify SelK as a novel calpain target and reveal dynamic changes in the calpain/calpastatin system during TLR-induced activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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