1
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Cai J, Nielsen MW, Kalogeropoulos K, auf dem Keller U, van der Plas MJ. Peptidomic analysis of endogenous and bacterial protease activity in human plasma and wound fluids. iScience 2024; 27:109005. [PMID: 38333691 PMCID: PMC10850760 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and bacterial proteases play important roles in wound healing and infection. Analysis of alterations in the low-molecular-weight peptidome by individual enzymes could therefore provide insight into proteolytic events occurring in wounds and may aid in the discovery of biomarkers. Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, we characterized the peptidome of plasma and acute wound fluids digested ex vivo with human (neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G) and bacterial proteases (Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB and Staphyloccocus aureus V8). We identified over 100 protein targets for each enzyme and characterized enzyme specific peptides and cleavage patterns. Moreover, we found unique peptide regions in V8 digested samples that were also present in dressing extracts from S. aureus infected wounds. Finally, the work indicates that peptidomic analysis of qualitative differences of proteolytic activity of individual enzymes may aid in the discovery of potential diagnostic biomarkers for wound healing status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maike W. Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrich auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mariena J.A. van der Plas
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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2
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Wang Y, Chi Y, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Li K, Chen J, Jiang X, Chen K, Li S. A novel anoikis-related gene signature predicts prognosis in patients with sepsis and reveals immune infiltration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2313. [PMID: 38281996 PMCID: PMC10822872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common acute and severe medical condition with a high mortality rate. Anoikis, an emerging form of cell death, plays a significant role in various diseases. However, the role of anoikis in sepsis remains poorly understood. Based on the datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus and anoikis-related genes from GeneCards, the differentially expressed anoikis-related genes (DEARGs) were identified. Based on hub genes of DEARGs, a novel prognostic risk model was constructed, and the pattern of immune infiltration was investigated by CIBERSORT algorithm. And small molecule compounds targeting anoikis in sepsis were analyzed using Autodock. Of 23 DEARGs, CXCL8, CFLAR, FASLG and TP53 were significantly associated with the prognosis of sepsis (P < 0.05). Based on the prognostic risk model constructed with these four genes, high-risk population of septic patients had significant lower survival probability than low-risk population (HR = 3.30, P < 0.001). And the level of CFLAR was significantly correlated with the number of neutrophils in septic patients (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). Moreover, tozasertib had low binding energy with CXCL8, CFLAR, FASLG and TP53, and would be a potential compound for sepsis. Conclusively, our results identified a new prognostic model and potential therapeutic molecular for sepsis, providing new insights on mechanism and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Chi
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejie Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuping Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Godbold GD, Hewitt FC, Kappell AD, Scholz MB, Agar SL, Treangen TJ, Ternus KL, Sandbrink JB, Koblentz GD. Improved understanding of biorisk for research involving microbial modification using annotated sequences of concern. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1124100. [PMID: 37180048 PMCID: PMC10167326 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1124100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of research on microbes that cause disease in humans has historically been focused on taxonomic lists of 'bad bugs'. However, given our increased knowledge of these pathogens through inexpensive genome sequencing, 5 decades of research in microbial pathogenesis, and the burgeoning capacity of synthetic biologists, the limitations of this approach are apparent. With heightened scientific and public attention focused on biosafety and biosecurity, and an ongoing review by US authorities of dual-use research oversight, this article proposes the incorporation of sequences of concern (SoCs) into the biorisk management regime governing genetic engineering of pathogens. SoCs enable pathogenesis in all microbes infecting hosts that are 'of concern' to human civilization. Here we review the functions of SoCs (FunSoCs) and discuss how they might bring clarity to potentially problematic research outcomes involving infectious agents. We believe that annotation of SoCs with FunSoCs has the potential to improve the likelihood that dual use research of concern is recognized by both scientists and regulators before it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stacy L. Agar
- Signature Science, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Todd J. Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Jonas B. Sandbrink
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Koblentz
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, United States
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4
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Guizhen Z, Weiwei Z, Yun W, Guangying C, Yize Z, Zujiang Y. An anoikis-based signature for predicting prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma with machine learning. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1096472. [PMID: 36686684 PMCID: PMC9846167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1096472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with high mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment in recent years, there is still an urgent unmet need to explore the underlying mechanisms and novel prognostic markers. Anoikis has received considerable attention because of its involvement in the progression of human malignancies. However, the potential mechanism of anoikis-related genes (ANRGs) involvement in HCC progression remains unclear. Methods: We use comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to determine the expression profile of ANRGs and their prognostic implications in HCC. Next, a risk score model was established by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) Cox regression analysis. Then, the prognostic value of the risk score in HCC and its correlation with clinical characteristics of HCC patients were further explored. Additionally, machine learning was utilized to identify the outstanding ANRGs to the risk score. Finally, the protein expression of DAP3 was examined on a tissue microarray (TMA), and the potential mechanisms of DAP3 in HCC was explored. Results: ANRGs were dysregulated in HCC, with a low frequency of somatic mutations and associated with prognosis of HCC patients. Then, nine ANRGs were selected to construct a risk score signature based on the LASSO model. The signature presented a strong ability of risk stratification and prediction for overall survival in HCC patients.Additionally, high risk scores were closely correlated with unfavorable clinical features such as advanced pathological stage, poor histological differentiation and vascular invasion. Moreover, The XGBoost algorithm verified that DAP3 was an important risk score contributor. Further immunohistochemistry determined the elevated expression of DAP3 in HCC tissues compared with nontumor tissues. Finally, functional analyses showed that DAP3 may promote HCC progression through multiple cancer-related pathways and suppress immune infiltration. Conclusion: In conclusion, the anoikis-based signature can be utilized as a novel prognostic biomarker for HCC, and DAP3 may play an important role in the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Guizhen
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhu Weiwei
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Yun
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Zhang Yize
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yu Zujiang, ; Zhang Yize,
| | - Yu Zujiang
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yu Zujiang, ; Zhang Yize,
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5
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Mulenga A, Radulovic Z, Porter L, Britten TH, Kim TK, Tirloni L, Gaithuma AK, Adeniyi-Ipadeola GO, Dietrich JK, Moresco JJ, Yates JR. Identification and characterization of proteins that form the inner core Ixodes scapularis tick attachment cement layer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21300. [PMID: 36494396 PMCID: PMC9734129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis long-term blood feeding behavior is facilitated by a tick secreted bio adhesive (tick cement) that attaches tick mouthparts to skin tissue and prevents the host from dislodging the attached tick. Understanding tick cement formation is highly sought after as its disruption will prevent tick feeding. This study describes proteins that form the inner core layer of I. scapularis tick cement as disrupting these proteins will likely stop formation of the outer cortical layer. The inner core cement layer completes formation by 24 h of tick attachment. Thus, we used laser-capture microdissection to isolate cement from cryosections of 6 h and 24 h tick attachment sites and to distinguish between early and late inner core cement proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 138 tick cement proteins (TCPs) of which 37 and 35 were unique in cement of 6 and 24 h attached ticks respectively. We grouped TCPs in 14 functional categories: cuticular protein (16%), tick specific proteins of unknown function, cytoskeletal proteins, and enzymes (13% each), enzymes (10%), antioxidant, glycine rich, scaffolding, heat shock, histone, histamine binding, proteases and protease inhibitors, and miscellaneous (3-6% each). Gene ontology analysis confirm that TCPs are enriched for bio adhesive properties. Our data offer insights into tick cement bonding patterns and set the foundation for understanding the molecular basis of I. scapularis tick cement formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Zeljko Radulovic
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Hollman Britten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Alex Kiarie Gaithuma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Grace O Adeniyi-Ipadeola
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jolene K Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB) as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2108-2123. [PMID: 33676022 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Why is P. aeruginosa LasB elastase an attractive target for antivirulence therapy and what is the state-of-the art in LasB inhibitor design and development?
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7
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Che P, Wagener BM, Zhao X, Brandon AP, Evans CA, Cai GQ, Zhao R, Xu ZX, Han X, Pittet JF, Ding Q. Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung vascular permeability through the modulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. FASEB J 2020; 34:3305-3317. [PMID: 31916311 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary edema associated with increased vascular permeability is a severe complication of Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury. The mechanisms underlying P aeruginosa-induced vascular permeability are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of neuronal Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) in modulating P aeruginosa-induced vascular permeability. Using lung microvascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells, we demonstrated that N-WASP downregulation attenuated P aeruginosa-induced actin stress fiber formation and prevented paracellular permeability. P aeruginosa-induced dissociation between VE-cadherin and β-catenin, but increased association between N-WASP and VE-cadherin, suggesting a role for N-WASP in promoting P aeruginosa-induced adherens junction rupture. P aeruginosa increased N-WASP-Y256 phosphorylation, which required the activation of Rho GTPase and focal adhesion kinase. Increased N-WASP-Y256 phosphorylation promotes N-WASP and integrin αVβ6 association as well as TGF-β-mediated permeability across alveolar epithelial cells. Inhibition of N-WASP-Y256 phosphorylation by N-WASP-Y256F overexpression blocked N-WASP effects in P aeruginosa-induced actin stress fiber formation and increased paracellular permeability. In vivo, N-WASP knockdown attenuated the development of pulmonary edema and improved survival in a mouse model of P aeruginosa pneumonia. Together, our data demonstrate that N-WASP plays an essential role in P aeruginosa-induced vascular permeability and pulmonary edema through the modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Che
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Divisions of Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xueke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Angela P Brandon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cilina A Evans
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Divisions of Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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9
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Galdino ACM, de Oliveira MP, Ramalho TC, de Castro AA, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Anti-Virulence Strategy against the Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pseudolysin (Elastase B) as a Potential Druggable Target. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:471-487. [PMID: 30727891 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190207100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-fermentative, gram-negative bacterium that is one of the most common pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired infections worldwide. The management of the infections caused by P. aeruginosa represents a huge challenge in the healthcare settings due to the increased emergence of resistant isolates, some of them resistant to all the currently available antimicrobials, which results in elevated morbimortality rates. Consequently, the development of new therapeutic strategies against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa is urgent and needful. P. aeruginosa is wellrecognized for its extreme genetic versatility and its ability to produce a lush variety of virulence factors. In this context, pseudolysin (or elastase B) outstands as a pivotal virulence attribute during the infectious process, playing multifunctional roles in different aspects of the pathogen-host interaction. This protein is a 33-kDa neutral zinc-dependent metallopeptidase that is the most abundant peptidase found in pseudomonal secretions, which contributes to the invasiveness of P. aeruginosa due to its ability to cleave several extracellular matrix proteins and to disrupt the basolateral intercellular junctions present in the host tissues. Moreover, pseudolysin makes P. aeruginosa able to overcome host defenses by the hydrolysis of many immunologically relevant molecules, including antibodies and complement components. The attenuation of this striking peptidase therefore emerges as an alternative and promising antivirulence strategy to combat antibiotic-refractory infections caused by P. aeruginosa. The anti-virulence approach aims to disarm the P. aeruginosa infective arsenal by inhibiting the expression/activity of bacterial virulence factors in order to reduce the invasiveness of P. aeruginosa, avoiding the emergence of resistance since the proliferation is not affected. This review summarizes the most relevant features of pseudolysin and highlights this enzyme as a promising target for the development of new anti-virulence compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clara M Galdino
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus P de Oliveira
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marta H Branquinha
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Li Y, Zhao J, Quan C, Jin L, Xu Y, Chen M. Production, characterization, and powder preparation of quorum quenching acylase AiiO for pathogen control. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:151-157. [PMID: 30712466 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1550657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acylase AiiO is a novel quorum quenching enzyme with a broad substrate spectrum of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) and has promising prospects in pathogen control. In this work, acylase AiiO production by a recombinant E. coli strain and its characterization were investigated; the acylase powder was further prepared and evaluated for effectiveness. A strategy of auto-induction combined with temperature regulation was developed to improve AiiO production. For the soluble AiiO protein in the cells, maximum production of 214.3 ± 9.4 mg/L was obtained in the fermenter. The purified acylase displayed an obvious AHL-degrading specific activity of 19.2 ± 0.56 U/mg. Sucrose, as the protective agent, maintained good stability of the acylase powder, in which the acylase remained 89.6 and 71.9% of its initial specific activity after storage at 4 °C for 3 and 6 months, respectively. The acylase powder could prominently decrease the expression levels of virulence-related factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on the high-yield production and effective powder preparation, the quorum quenching acylase AiiO has the potential to be used in the clinical treatments of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- a School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian , China
| | - Jing Zhao
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University) , Ministry of Education , Dalian , China.,c College of Life Science , Dalian Minzu University , Dalian , China
| | - Chunshan Quan
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University) , Ministry of Education , Dalian , China.,c College of Life Science , Dalian Minzu University , Dalian , China
| | - Liming Jin
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University) , Ministry of Education , Dalian , China.,c College of Life Science , Dalian Minzu University , Dalian , China
| | - Yongbin Xu
- b Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University) , Ministry of Education , Dalian , China.,c College of Life Science , Dalian Minzu University , Dalian , China
| | - Ming Chen
- a School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian , China
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11
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Ma L, Zhou L, Lin J, Ji J, Wang Y, Jiang H, Shen X, Lu Z. Manipulation of the silkworm immune system by a metalloprotease from the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:176-185. [PMID: 30261235 PMCID: PMC6204220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production and melanization are two key humoral immune responses in insects. Induced synthesis of AMPs results from Toll and IMD signal transduction whereas melanization depends on prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation system. During invasion, pathogens produce toxins and other virulent factors to counteract host immune responses. Here we show that the pathways leading to PPO activation and AMP synthesis in the silkworm Bombyx mori are affected by a metalloprotease, named elastase B, secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). The metalloprotease gene (lasB) was expressed shortly after PAO1 cells had been injected into the larval silkworm hemocoel, leading to an increase of elastase activity. Injection of the purified PAO1 elastase B into silkworm hemolymph compromised PPO activation. In contrast, the protease caused a level increase of gloverin, an AMP in the hemolymph. To verify our results obtained using the purified elastase B, we infected B. mori with PAO1 ΔlasB mutant and found that PO activity in hemolymph of the PAO1 ΔlasB-infected larvae was significantly higher than that in the wild type-infected. The mutant-inhabited hemolymph had lower levels of gloverin and antimicrobial activity. PAO1 ΔlasB showed a decreased viability in the silkworm hemolymph whereas the host had a lower mortality. In addition, the effects caused by the ΔlasB mutant were restored by a complementary strain. These data collectively indicated that the elastase B produced by PAO1 is an important virulent factor that manipulates the silkworm immune system during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinshui Lin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiuyuan Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xihui Shen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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12
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Eisenhardt M, Schlupp P, Höfer F, Schmidts T, Hoffmann D, Czermak P, Pöppel AK, Vilcinskas A, Runkel F. The therapeutic potential of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor against infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:316-328. [PMID: 30408181 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) from Galleria mellonella, the only known specific inhibitor of M4 metalloproteinases. METHODS The fusion protein IMPI-GST (glutathione-S-transferase) was produced by fermentation in Escherichia coli and was tested for its ability to inhibit the proteolytic activity of the M4 metalloproteinases thermolysin and Pseudomonas elastase (PE), the latter a key virulence factor of the wound-associated and antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also tested the ability of IMPI to inhibit the secretome (Sec) of a P. aeruginosa strain obtained from a wound. KEY FINDINGS We found that IMPI-GST inhibited thermolysin and PE in vitro and increased the viability of human keratinocytes exposed to Sec by inhibiting detachment caused by changes in cytoskeletal morphology. IMPI-GST also improved the cell migration rate in an in vitro wound assay and reduced the severity of necrosis caused by Sec in an ex vivo porcine wound model. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of virulence factors is a novel therapeutic approach against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Our results indicate that IMPI is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eisenhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Höfer
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Pöppel
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Gonçalves MC, Horewicz VV, Lückemeyer DD, Prudente AS, Assreuy J. Experimental Sepsis Severity Score Associated to Mortality and Bacterial Spreading is Related to Bacterial Load and Inflammatory Profile of Different Tissues. Inflammation 2018; 40:1553-1565. [PMID: 28567497 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia-induced sepsis is responsible for about 50% of cases in the world. Patients who develop severe sepsis and septic shock present organ dysfunction and elevated plasma cytokine levels, which may lead to death. Clinical scores are important to evaluate the framework of septic patients and are used to predict the syndrome progress, prognostics, and mortality. The objective of the present study was to verify the applicability of a murine clinical score system to experimental sepsis (pneumonia-induced sepsis in male mice) and to correlate it with mortality and bacterial dissemination in different organs. Results demonstrated that animals which present higher clinical scores (>3) are more likely to die. Animals presenting high clinical scores exhibited transient bacteremia and displayed bacterial spreading to different organs such as heart, kidney, liver, and brain. There is a correlation between clinical score and bacterial dissemination and consequently greater risk of death. In addition, animals which showed bacterial dissemination in more than three organs and high clinical scores presented high levels of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10) in plasma, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Therefore, our study suggests that (1) severity scores have predictive power in experimental models of sepsis and (2) high concentrations of tissue cytokines may contribute to localized inflammation and be one of the factors responsible for the systemic inflammatory syndrome of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muryel Carvalho Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Verônica Vargas Horewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora Denardin Lückemeyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Silveira Prudente
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Department of Pharmacology, Block D/CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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14
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Proteomic approach and expression analysis revealed the differential expression of predicted leptospiral proteases capable of ECM degradation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:712-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Haripriyan J, Omanakuttan A, Menon ND, Vanuopadath M, Nair SS, Corriden R, Nair BG, Nizet V, Kumar GB. Clove Bud Oil Modulates Pathogenicity Phenotypes of the Opportunistic Human Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3437. [PMID: 29467483 PMCID: PMC5821892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that clove bud oil (CBO) attenuates expression of certain virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Here, we probe more deeply into the effect of CBO on four pseudomonal proteases - elastase A, elastase B, protease IV and alkaline protease - each known to play key roles in disease pathogenesis. CBO inhibited the activity of these proteases present in the bacterial culture supernatant. Zymography studies indicated that these proteases can activate host matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) to establish infection, through conversion of pro-MMP-2 to active MMP-2. PAO1 is a predominant pathogen in burn wound infections and we show the modulatory effect of CBO on MMPs in an in vitro model of burn injury. Furthermore, CBO induced dose-dependent neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human neutrophils. CBO also increased the survival of C. elegans infected with PAO1, establishing an anti-infective role in a whole animal model of pathogenesis. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that CBO treatment elicited a significant reduction of signalling molecules (Acyl-Homoserine-Lactone) involved in quorum sensing regulation. Our observations demonstrate that CBO attenuates key virulence mechanisms of this important human pathogen, while concomitantly enhancing host innate immunomodulatory functions, with potential implications for topical therapy against antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalekshmi Haripriyan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Athira Omanakuttan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Nitasha D Menon
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Muralidharan Vanuopadath
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bipin G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Victor Nizet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 920093, USA
| | - Geetha B Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.
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16
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Golovkine G, Reboud E, Huber P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Takes a Multi-Target Approach to Achieve Junction Breach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:532. [PMID: 29379773 PMCID: PMC5770805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which uses a number of strategies to cross epithelial and endothelial barriers at cell–cell junctions. In this review, we describe how the coordinated actions of P. aeruginosa's virulence factors trigger various molecular mechanisms to disarm the junctional gate responsible for tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Golovkine
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emeline Reboud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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17
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Protease StmPr1 Induces Matrilysis, Anoikis, and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00544-17. [PMID: 28893914 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00544-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging, opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. We recently identified the StmPr1 and StmPr2 serine proteases to be the substrates of the Xps type II secretion system in S. maltophilia strain K279a. Here, we report that a third serine protease, StmPr3, is also secreted in an Xps-dependent manner. By constructing a panel of protease mutants in strain K279a, we were able to determine that StmPr3 contributes to the previously described Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of cells of the A549 human lung epithelial cell line as well as the Xps-mediated degradation of fibronectin, fibrinogen, and the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). We also determined that StmPr1, StmPr2, and StmPr3 account for all Xps-mediated effects toward A549 cells and that StmPr1 contributes the most to Xps-mediated activities. Thus, we purified StmPr1 from the S. maltophilia strain K279a culture supernatant and evaluated the protease's activity toward A549 cells. Our analyses revealed that purified StmPr1 behaves more similarly to subtilisin than to trypsin. We also determined that purified StmPr1 likely induces cell rounding and detachment of A549 cells by targeting cell integrin-extracellular matrix connections (matrilysis) as well as adherence and tight junction proteins for degradation. In this study, we also identified anoikis as the mechanism by which StmPr1 induces the death of A549 cells and found that StmPr1 induces A549 IL-8 secretion via activation of protease-activated receptor 2. Altogether, these results suggest that the degradative and cytotoxic activities exhibited by StmPr1 may contribute to S. maltophilia pathogenesis in the lung by inducing tissue damage and inflammation.
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18
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Reboud E, Elsen S, Bouillot S, Golovkine G, Basso P, Jeannot K, Attrée I, Huber P. Phenotype and toxicity of the recently discovered exlA-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains collected worldwide. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3425-3439. [PMID: 26914644 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified a hypervirulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, differing significantly from the classical strains in that it lacks the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), a major determinant of P. aeruginosa virulence. This new strain secretes a novel toxin, called ExlA, which induces plasma membrane rupture in host cells. For this study, we collected 18 other exlA-positive T3SS-negative strains, analyzed their main virulence factors and tested their toxicity in various models. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two groups. The strains were isolated on five continents from patients with various pathologies or in the environment. Their proteolytic activity and their motion abilities were highly different, as well as their capacity to infect epithelial, endothelial, fibroblastic and immune cells, which correlated directly with ExlA secretion levels. In contrast, their toxicity towards human erythrocytes was limited. Some strains were hypervirulent in a mouse pneumonia model and others on chicory leaves. We conclude that (i) exlA-positive strains can colonize different habitats and may induce various infection types, (ii) the strains secreting significant amounts of ExlA are cytotoxic for most cell types but are poorly hemolytic, (iii) toxicity in planta does not correlate with ExlA secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Reboud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Elsen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Bouillot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Golovkine
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Basso
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Katy Jeannot
- Hôpital Universitaire de Besançon, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- CNRS, ERL5261, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- CEA, iRTSV-BCI, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- INSERM, U1036, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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19
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Huber P, Basso P, Reboud E, Attrée I. Pseudomonas aeruginosa renews its virulence factors. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:564-571. [PMID: 27428387 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly divergent strains of the major human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated around the world by different research laboratories. They came from patients with various types of infectious diseases or from the environment. These strains are devoid of the major virulence factor used by classical strains, the Type III secretion system, but possess additional putative virulence factors, including a novel two-partner secretion system, ExlBA, responsible for the hypervirulent behavior of some clinical isolates. Here, we review the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of these recently-discovered P. aeruginosa outliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huber
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, Grenoble 38000, France
- CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, 38000, France
- INSERM, U1036, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Pauline Basso
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, Grenoble 38000, France
- CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, 38000, France
- INSERM, U1036, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Emeline Reboud
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, Grenoble 38000, France
- CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, 38000, France
- INSERM, U1036, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
- CNRS, ERL5261, Grenoble 38000, France
- CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, 38000, France
- INSERM, U1036, Grenoble, 38000, France
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20
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Streeter K, Neuman C, Thompson J, Hatje E, Katouli M. The characteristics of genetically related Pseudomonas aeruginosa from diverse sources and their interaction with human cell lines. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:233-40. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a collection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from hospitalised patients (n = 20) and various environmental sources (n = 214) for their genetic relatedness; virulence properties; antibiotic resistance; and interaction with intestinal (Caco-2), renal (A-498), and lung (Calu-3) cell lines. Using RAPD–PCR, we found high diversity among the strains irrespective of their sources, with only 6 common (C) types containing strains from both a clinical and environmental source. Environmental strains belonging to these C-types showed greater adhesion to A-498 cells than did clinical strains (17 ± 13 bacteria/cell versus 13 ± 11 bacteria/cell; p < 0.001), whereas clinical strains showed significantly greater adhesion to Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells than did environmental strains (p < 0.001 for both). The virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profiles of the strains were similar; however, the prevalence of environmental strains carrying both exoS and exoU was significantly (p < 0.0368) higher than clinical strains. While all strains were resistant to ticarcillin and ticarcillin–clavulanic acid, resistance against aztreonam, gentamicin, amikacin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime varied among environmental and clinical strains. These results suggest that environmental strains of P. aeruginosa carry virulence properties similar to clinical strains, including adhesion to various human cell lines, with some strains showing a higher adhesion to specific cell lines, indicating they may have a better ability to cause infection in those sites under predisposing conditions of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klrissa Streeter
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina Neuman
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jasmin Thompson
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva Hatje
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Golovkine G, Faudry E, Bouillot S, Voulhoux R, Attrée I, Huber P. VE-cadherin cleavage by LasB protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa facilitates type III secretion system toxicity in endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003939. [PMID: 24626230 PMCID: PMC3953407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the vascular system by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) occurs during bacterial dissemination in the body or in blood-borne infections. Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) toxins from Pa induce a massive retraction when injected into endothelial cells. Here, we addressed the role of type 2 secretion system (T2SS) effectors in this process. Mutants with an inactive T2SS were much less effective than wild-type strains at inducing cell retraction. Furthermore, secretomes from wild-types were sufficient to trigger cell-cell junction opening when applied to cells, while T2SS-inactivated mutants had minimal activity. Intoxication was associated with decreased levels of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, a homophilic adhesive protein located at endothelial cell-cell junctions. During the process, the protein was cleaved in the middle of its extracellular domain (positions 335 and 349). VE-cadherin attrition was T3SS-independent but T2SS-dependent. Interestingly, the epithelial (E)-cadherin was unaffected by T2SS effectors, indicating that this mechanism is specific to endothelial cells. We showed that one of the T2SS effectors, the protease LasB, directly affected VE-cadherin proteolysis, hence promoting cell-cell junction disruption. Furthermore, mouse infection with Pa to induce acute pneumonia lead to significant decreases in lung VE-cadherin levels, whereas the decrease was minimal with T2SS-inactivated or LasB-deleted mutant strains. We conclude that the T2SS plays a pivotal role during Pa infection of the vascular system by breaching the endothelial barrier, and propose a model in which the T2SS and the T3SS cooperate to intoxicate endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Golovkine
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Faudry
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Bouillot
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Marseille, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
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22
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Identification of secreted virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum. J Microbiol 2014; 52:350-3. [PMID: 24535738 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum, a component of tropical soil microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that can infect humans and other animals. In addition to identifying a large number of genes that demonstrate the vast biotechnological potential of this bacterium, genome sequencing revealed several virulence factors, including different cytolysins, which can be related to its pathogenicity. Here we confirmed these predictions from genomic analyses by identifying, through mass spectrometry, proteins present in the culture supernatant of C. violaceum that may constitute secreted virulence factors. Among them, we identified a secreted collagenase and the product of a gene with sequence similarity to previously characterized bacterial porins.
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dos Santos MHB, da Costa AFE, Ferreira BJ, Souza SL, da Silva Lannes P, Santos GS, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Nagao PE. A phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease induces apoptosis of human endothelial cells by Group B Streptococcus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:1125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beaufort N, Corvazier E, Mlanaoindrou S, de Bentzmann S, Pidard D. Disruption of the endothelial barrier by proteases from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implication of matrilysis and receptor cleavage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75708. [PMID: 24069438 PMCID: PMC3777978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the vasculature, uncontrolled pericellular proteolysis can lead to disruption of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and subsequent detachment-induced cell apoptosis, or anoikis, contributing to inflammatory vascular diseases, with the endothelium as the major target. Most studies so far have focused on endogenous proteinases. However, during bloodstream infections, bacterial proteinases may also trigger endothelial anoikis. We thus investigated the potential apoptotic activity of the proteinases secreted by the haematotropic opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and particularly its predominant metalloproteinase, LasB. For this, we used the secretome of the LasB-expressing pseudomonal strain, PAO1, and compared it with that from the isogenic, LasB-deficient strain (PAO1∆lasB), as well as with purified LasB. Secretomes were tested for apoptotic activity on cultured human endothelial cells derived from the umbilical vein or from the cerebral microvasculature. We found that the PAO1 secretome readily induced endothelial cell anoikis, as did secretomes of LasB-positive clinical pseudomonal isolates, while the PAO1∆lasB secretome had only a limited impact on endothelial adherence and viability. Notably, purified LasB reproduced most of the effects of the LasB-containing secretomes, and these were drastically reduced in the presence of the LasB-selective inhibitor, phosphoramidon. A precocious and extensive LasB-dependent degradation of several proteins associated with the endothelial extracellular matrix, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor, was observed by immunofluorescence and/or immunoblotting analysis of cell cultures. Moreover, the PAO1 secretome, but not that from PAO1∆lasB, specifically induced rapid endoproteolysis of two major interendothelial junction components, VE-cadherin and occludin, as well as of the anti-anoikis, integrin-associated urokinase receptor, uPAR. Taken as a prototype for exogenous haemorrhagic proteinases, pseudomonal LasB thus appears to induce endothelial anoikis not only via matrilysis, as observed for many pro-apoptotic proteinases, but also via cleavage of some essential cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion receptors implicated in the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Beaufort
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Corvazier
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Saouda Mlanaoindrou
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Sophie de Bentzmann
- CNRS, UMR 7255-LISM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Pidard
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Predominant role of host proteases in myocardial damage associated with infectious endocarditis induced by Enterococcus faecalis in a rat model. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1721-9. [PMID: 23478315 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00775-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a life-threatening infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. The objectives of the present study are to assess the host proteolytic activities of the vegetations and their cytotoxic potential in a rat model of experimental IE. Rats were infected with a strain of Enterococcus faecalis of particularly low virulence and weak protease expression. We tested the presence of proteases released by infiltrated leukocytes (matrix metalloproteinases and elastase) or produced in situ within the septic vegetation, such as those linked to the fibrinolytic system (plasmin and plasminogen activators). We also assessed the tissue damage induced by the infective thrombus in vitro and ex vivo. The model of IE was characterized by larger and more extensive vegetations in infected than in nonseptic rats and by an intense neutrophil infiltrate interfacing with the injured underlying tissue. Neutrophil extracellular DNA was shown to trap bacteria and to produce increased levels of cell-free DNA in plasma. Matrix metalloproteinase-9, elastase, and plasminogen activators were increased in septic versus nonseptic vegetations (as shown by zymography and immunohistology). Finally, proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and apoptosis were shown to be associated with host proteases. Bacteria exhibited no detectable proteolytic activity or direct cytotoxic effects. Bacterial membranes/dead bacteria were sufficient to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation that could promote vegetation formation and growth. Our results suggest that, despite the lack of bacterial proteases, the continuous attractant signals coming from bacterial colonies may lead to a chronic and deleterious aggression toward myocardial/valvular tissues by host proteases.
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Role of vegetation-associated protease activity in valve destruction in human infective endocarditis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45695. [PMID: 23029186 PMCID: PMC3447824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Infective endocarditis (IE) is characterized by septic thrombi (vegetations) attached on heart valves, consisting of microbial colonization of the valvular endocardium, that may eventually lead to congestive heart failure or stroke subsequent to systemic embolism. We hypothesized that host defense activation may be directly involved in tissue proteolytic aggression, in addition to pathogenic effects of bacterial colonization. METHODS AND RESULTS IE valve samples collected during surgery (n = 39) were dissected macroscopically by separating vegetations (VG) and the surrounding damaged part of the valve from the adjacent, apparently normal (N) valvular tissue. Corresponding conditioned media were prepared separately by incubation in culture medium. Histological analysis showed an accumulation of platelets and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) at the interface between the VG and the underlying tissue. Apoptotic cells (PMNs and valvular cells) were abundantly detected in this area. Plasminogen activators (PA), including urokinase (uPA) and tissue (tPA) types were also associated with the VG. Secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 was also increased in VG, as was leukocyte elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) associating MPO and externalized nucleosomes, was shown by immunostaining in the VG. Both MPO and cell-free DNA were released in larger amounts by VG than N samples, suggesting bacterial activation of PMNs within the vegetation. Finally, evidence of proteolytic tissue damage was obtained by the release of fragments of extracellular matrix components such as fibrinogen and fibronectin, as well as protease-sensitive receptors such as the uPA receptor. CONCLUSION Our data obtained using human IE valves suggest that septic vegetations represent an important source of proteases originating from massive leukocyte recruitment and activation of the host plasminergic system. The latter forms a potential therapeutic target to minimize valvular tissue degradation independently from that induced by bacterial proteases.
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Brutyn M, D'Herde K, Dhaenens M, Van Rooij P, Verbrugghe E, Hyatt AD, Croubels S, Deforce D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Pasmans F. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis zoospore secretions rapidly disturb intercellular junctions in frog skin. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:830-7. [PMID: 22903040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global amphibian declines are in part driven by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, causing superficial dermatomycosis with epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in infected amphibians. The susceptibility to chytridiomycosis and the severity of epidermal lesions in amphibians with chytridiomycosis are not consistent across species or even among individuals. Severe infections cause death of the animal most likely through disturbance of ion homeostasis. The mechanism by which this superficial skin infection results in epidermal lesions has so far eluded precise definition. It was the aim of this study to unravel how B. dendrobatidis causes alterations that affect skin integrity. Exposure of Xenopus laevis skin to B. dendrobatidis zoospore supernatant using skin explants and Ussing chambers caused rapid disruption of intercellular junctions, demonstrated using histology and transmission electron microscopy. The loss of intercellular junctions led to detachment-induced cell apoptosis, or anoikis. The zoospore supernatant induced neither apoptosis nor necrosis in isolated primary keratinocytes of X. laevis. This supports the idea that the loss of cell contacts triggered apoptosis in the skin explants. Mass spectrometric analysis of the protein composition of the supernatant revealed a complex mixture, including several new virulence associated proteins, such as proteases, biofilm-associated proteins and a carotenoid ester lipase. Protease and lipase activity of the supernatant was confirmed with a protease and lipase assay. In conclusion, B. dendrobatidis zoospores produce a complex mixture of proteins that quickly disturbs epidermal intercellular junctions leading to anoikis in the anuran skin. The role of the identified proteins in this process remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Brutyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Taddei ML, Giannoni E, Fiaschi T, Chiarugi P. Anoikis: an emerging hallmark in health and diseases. J Pathol 2012; 226:380-93. [PMID: 21953325 DOI: 10.1002/path.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death occurring upon cell detachment from the correct extracellular matrix, thus disrupting integrin ligation. It is a critical mechanism in preventing dysplastic cell growth or attachment to an inappropriate matrix. Anoikis prevents detached epithelial cells from colonizing elsewhere and is thus essential for tissue homeostasis and development. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are crucial steps during tumour progression and metastatic spreading of cancer cells, anoikis deregulation has now evoked particular attention from the scientific community. The aim of this review is to analyse the molecular mechanisms governing both anoikis and anoikis resistance, focusing on their regulation in physiological processes, as well as in several diseases, including metastatic cancers, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Taddei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, and Tumour Institute and Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, Florence, Italy
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