1
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Char R, Liu Z, Jacqueline C, Davieau M, Delgado MG, Soufflet C, Fallet M, Chasson L, Chapuy R, Camosseto V, Strock E, Rua R, Almeida CR, Su B, Lennon-Duménil AM, Nal B, Roquilly A, Liang Y, Méresse S, Gatti E, Pierre P. RUFY3 regulates endolysosomes perinuclear positioning, antigen presentation and migration in activated phagocytes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4290. [PMID: 37463962 PMCID: PMC10354229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-lysosomes transport along microtubules and clustering in the perinuclear area are two necessary steps for microbes to activate specialized phagocyte functions. We report that RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 (RUFY3) exists as two alternative isoforms distinguishable by the presence of a C-terminal FYVE domain and by their affinity for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate on endosomal membranes. The FYVE domain-bearing isoform (iRUFY3) is preferentially expressed in primary immune cells and up-regulated upon activation by microbes and Interferons. iRUFY3 is necessary for ARL8b + /LAMP1+ endo-lysosomes positioning in the pericentriolar organelles cloud of LPS-activated macrophages. We show that iRUFY3 controls macrophages migration, MHC II presentation and responses to Interferon-γ, while being important for intracellular Salmonella replication. Specific inactivation of rufy3 in phagocytes leads to aggravated pathologies in mouse upon LPS injection or bacterial pneumonia. This study highlights the role of iRUFY3 in controlling endo-lysosomal dynamics, which contributes to phagocyte activation and immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Char
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Cédric Jacqueline
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR1064, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Davieau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR1064, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Maria-Graciela Delgado
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043, Paris, France
| | - Clara Soufflet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Raphael Chapuy
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Voahirana Camosseto
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Eva Strock
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Rejane Rua
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Catarina R Almeida
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | | | - Beatrice Nal
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR1064, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Stéphane Méresse
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France.
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288, Marseille, cedex 9, France.
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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2
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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4
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Fang Z, Méresse S. Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in Salmonella infection. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:24-41. [PMID: 35127930 PMCID: PMC8796136 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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5
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Fang Z, Fallet M, Moest T, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. The Salmonella effector SifA initiates a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment process mirroring that mediated by Arl8a/b. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273658. [PMID: 34878110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When intracellular, pathogenic Salmonella reside in a membrane compartment composed of interconnected vacuoles and tubules, the formation of which depends on the translocation of bacterial effectors into the host cell. Cytoskeletons and their molecular motors are prime targets for these effectors. In this study, we show that the microtubule molecular motor KIF1Bß, a member of the kinesin-3 family, is a key element for the establishment of the Salmonella replication niche as its absence is detrimental to the stability of bacterial vacuoles and the formation of associated tubules. Kinesin-3 interacts with the Salmonella effector SifA but also with SKIP, a host protein complexed to SifA. The interaction with SifA is essential for the recruitment of kinesin-3 on Salmonella vacuoles while that with SKIP is incidental. In the non-infectious context, however, the interaction with SKIP is essential for the recruitment and activity of kinesin-3 on a part of lysosomes. Finally, our results show that in infected cells, the presence of SifA establishes a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment pathway that is analogous to and functions independently of that mediated by the Arl8a/b GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Tomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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6
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Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113174118. [PMID: 34607961 PMCID: PMC8522270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles that also act as cell-signaling hubs. They regulate functions ranging from antigen presentation to autophagy. Spherical lysosomes can spontaneously elongate into tubules in starving or inflamed immune cells. We describe a DNA-based reagent, denoted Tudor, that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without triggering either an immune response or autophagy. Chemical imaging revealed that tubular lysosomes differ from vesicular ones in terms of their pH, calcium, and proteolytic activity. Tudor revealed a role for tubular lysosomes in that they enhance MMP9 secretion and phagocytosis in resting macrophages. The ability to tubulate lysosomes in resting immune cells without starving or inflaming them may help reveal new insights into how tubular lysosomes function. Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution, and autophagy. Tubular lysosomes are studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. Here we describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Proteolytic activity maps at single-lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative and showed proximal to distal luminal pH and Ca2+ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted but never previously observed. We identify a role for tubular lysosomes in promoting phagocytosis and activating MMP9. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without starving or activating immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.
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7
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Boddy KC, Zhu H, D'Costa VM, Xu C, Beyrakhova K, Cygler M, Grinstein S, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Raught B, Brumell JH. Salmonella effector SopD promotes plasma membrane scission by inhibiting Rab10. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4707. [PMID: 34349110 PMCID: PMC8339009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella utilizes translocated virulence proteins (termed effectors) to promote host cell invasion. The effector SopD contributes to invasion by promoting scission of the plasma membrane, generating Salmonella-containing vacuoles. SopD is expressed in all Salmonella lineages and plays important roles in animal models of infection, but its host cell targets are unknown. Here we show that SopD can bind to and inhibit the small GTPase Rab10, through a C-terminal GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain. During infection, Rab10 and its effectors MICAL-L1 and EHBP1 are recruited to invasion sites. By inhibiting Rab10, SopD promotes removal of Rab10 and recruitment of Dynamin-2 to drive scission of the plasma membrane. Together, our study uncovers an important role for Rab10 in regulating plasma membrane scission and identifies the mechanism used by a bacterial pathogen to manipulate this function during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Boddy
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongxian Zhu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa M D'Costa
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caishuang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ksenia Beyrakhova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Miroslaw Cygler
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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De Pace R, Britt DJ, Mercurio J, Foster AM, Djavaherian L, Hoffmann V, Abebe D, Bonifacino JS. Synaptic Vesicle Precursors and Lysosomes Are Transported by Different Mechanisms in the Axon of Mammalian Neurons. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107775. [PMID: 32553155 PMCID: PMC7478246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BORC is a multisubunit complex previously shown to promote coupling of mammalian lysosomes and C. elegans synaptic vesicle (SV) precursors (SVPs) to kinesins for anterograde transport of these organelles along microtubule tracks. We attempted to meld these observations into a unified model for axonal transport in mammalian neurons by testing two alternative hypotheses: (1) that SV and lysosomal proteins are co-transported within a single type of “lysosome-related vesicle” and (2) that SVPs and lysosomes are distinct organelles, but both depend on BORC for axonal transport. Analyses of various types of neurons from wild-type rats and mice, as well as from BORC-deficient mice, show that neither hypothesis is correct. We find that SVPs and lysosomes are transported separately, but only lysosomes depend on BORC for axonal transport in these neurons. These findings demonstrate that SVPs and lysosomes are distinct organelles that rely on different machineries for axonal transport in mammalian neurons. De Pace et al. show that lysosomes and synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) are distinct organelles that move separately from the soma to the axon in rat and mouse neurons. Moreover, they demonstrate that the BLOC-1-related complex (BORC) is required for the transport of lysosomes but not SVPs in mouse neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella De Pace
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dylan J Britt
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mercurio
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arianne M Foster
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lucas Djavaherian
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Laopanupong T, Prombutara P, Kanjanasirirat P, Benjaskulluecha S, Boonmee A, Palaga T, Méresse S, Paha J, Siregar TAP, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Chaiprasert A, Utaisincharoen P, Ponpuak M. Lysosome repositioning as an autophagy escape mechanism by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4342. [PMID: 33619301 PMCID: PMC7900199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of host cell autophagy by starvation was shown to enhance lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes, resulting in the restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. Our previous study showed that strains belonging to M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype resisted starvation-induced autophagic elimination but the factors involved remained unclear. Here, we conducted RNA-Seq of macrophages infected with the autophagy-resistant Beijing strain (BJN) compared to macrophages infected with H37Rv upon autophagy induction by starvation. Results identified several genes uniquely upregulated in BJN-infected macrophages but not in H37Rv-infected cells, including those encoding Kxd1 and Plekhm2, which function in lysosome positioning towards the cell periphery. Unlike H37Rv, BJN suppressed enhanced lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery to its phagosome upon autophagy induction by starvation, while depletion of Kxd1 and Plekhm2 reverted such effects, resulting in restriction of BJN intracellular survival upon autophagy induction by starvation. Taken together, these data indicated that Kxd1 and Plekhm2 are important for the BJN strain to suppress lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery into its phagosome during autophagy induction by starvation to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jiraporn Paha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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10
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Cavadas B, Camacho R, Ferreira JC, Ferreira RM, Figueiredo C, Brazma A, Fonseca NA, Pereira L. Gastric Microbiome Diversities in Gastric Cancer Patients from Europe and Asia Mimic the Human Population Structure and Are Partly Driven by Microbiome Quantitative Trait Loci. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081196. [PMID: 32781641 PMCID: PMC7463948 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors approximately 100 trillion microorganisms with different microbial compositions across geographic locations. In this work, we used RNASeq data from stomach samples of non-disease (164 individuals from European ancestry) and gastric cancer patients (137 from Europe and Asia) from public databases. Although these data were intended to characterize the human expression profiles, they allowed for a reliable inference of the microbiome composition, as confirmed from measures such as the genus coverage, richness and evenness. The microbiome diversity (weighted UniFrac distances) in gastric cancer mimics host diversity across the world, with European gastric microbiome profiles clustering together, distinct from Asian ones. Despite the confirmed loss of microbiome diversity from a healthy status to a cancer status, the structured profile was still recognized in the disease condition. In concordance with the parallel host-bacteria population structure, we found 16 human loci (non-synonymous variants) in the European-descendent cohorts that were significantly associated with specific genera abundance. These microbiome quantitative trait loci display heterogeneity between population groups, being mainly linked to the immune system or cellular features that may play a role in enabling microbe colonization and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cavadas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.); (R.M.F.); (C.F.); (L.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rui Camacho
- FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- INESC TEC—Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Ferreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.); (R.M.F.); (C.F.); (L.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Ferreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.); (R.M.F.); (C.F.); (L.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.); (R.M.F.); (C.F.); (L.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alvis Brazma
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK;
| | - Nuno A. Fonseca
- CIBIO—Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genético, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.); (R.M.F.); (C.F.); (L.P.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Kehl A, Noster J, Hensel M. Eat in or Take out? Metabolism of Intracellular Salmonella enterica. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:644-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Kehl A, Göser V, Reuter T, Liss V, Franke M, John C, Richter CP, Deiwick J, Hensel M. A trafficome-wide RNAi screen reveals deployment of early and late secretory host proteins and the entire late endo-/lysosomal vesicle fusion machinery by intracellular Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008220. [PMID: 32658937 PMCID: PMC7377517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella enterica is characterized by the formation of a replication-permissive membrane-bound niche, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). As a further consequence of the massive remodeling of the host cell endosomal system, intracellular Salmonella establish a unique network of various Salmonella-induced tubules (SIT). The bacterial repertoire of effector proteins required for the establishment for one type of these SIT, the Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), is rather well-defined. However, the corresponding host cell proteins are still poorly understood. To identify host factors required for the formation of SIF, we performed a sub-genomic RNAi screen. The analyses comprised high-resolution live cell imaging to score effects on SIF induction, dynamics and morphology. The hits of our functional RNAi screen comprise: i) The late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, consisting of STX7, STX8, VTI1B, and VAMP7 or VAMP8, which is, in conjunction with RAB7 and the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) tethering complex, a complete vesicle fusion machinery. ii) Novel interactions with the early secretory GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, providing a potential link to coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles and reinforcing recently identified ties to the endoplasmic reticulum. iii) New connections to the late secretory pathway and/or the recycling endosome via the GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, and RAB8B and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4. iv) An unprecedented involvement of clathrin-coated structures. The resulting set of hits allowed us to characterize completely new host factor interactions, and to strengthen observations from several previous studies. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induces the reorganization of the endosomal system of mammalian host cells. This activity is dependent on translocated effector proteins of the pathogen. The host cell factors required for endosomal remodeling are only partially known. To identify such factors for the formation and dynamics of endosomal compartments in Salmonella-infected cells, we performed a live cell imaging-based RNAi screen to investigate the role of 496 mammalian proteins involved in cellular logistics. We identified that endosomal remodeling by intracellular Salmonella is dependent on host factors in the following functional classes: i) the late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, ii) the early secretory pathway, represented by regulator GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, iii) the late secretory pathway and/or recycling endosomes represented by GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, RAB8B, and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4, and iv) clathrin-coated structures. The identification of these new host factors provides further evidence for the complex manipulation of host cell transport functions by intracellular Salmonella and should enable detailed follow-up studies on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
| | - Vera Göser
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reuter
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franke
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christopher John
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Deiwick
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
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13
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Knuff-Janzen K, Tupin A, Yurist-Doutsch S, Rowland JL, Finlay BB. Multiple Salmonella-pathogenicity island 2 effectors are required to facilitate bacterial establishment of its intracellular niche and virulence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235020. [PMID: 32584855 PMCID: PMC7316343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium depends on the
bacterium’s ability to survive and replicate within host cells. The formation
and maintenance of a unique membrane-bound compartment, termed the
Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), is essential for
S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. SCV-bound S.
Typhimurium induces formation of filamentous tubules that radiate outwards from
the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). SIF
formation is concomitant with the onset of replication within host epithelial
cells. SIF biogenesis, formation and maintenance of the SCV, and the
intracellular positioning of the SCV within the host cell requires translocation
of bacterial proteins (effectors) into the host cell. Effectors secreted by the
type III secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity
island 2 (T3SS2) function to interfere with host cellular processes and promote
both intracellular survival and replication of S. Typhimurium.
Seven T3SS2-secreted effectors, SifA, SopD2, PipB2, SteA, SseJ, SseF, and SseG
have previously been implicated to play complementary, redundant, and/or
antagonistic roles with respect to SIF biogenesis, intracellular positioning of
the SCV, and SCV membrane dynamics modulation during infection. We undertook a
systematic study to delineate the contribution of each effector to these
processes by (i) deleting all seven of these effectors in a single
S. Typhimurium strain; and (ii) deleting combinations of
multiple effectors based on putative effector function. Using this deletion
mutant library, we show that each of SIF biogenesis, intracellular SCV
localization, intramacrophage replication, colonization, and virulence depends
on the activities of multiple effectors. Together, our data demonstrates the
complex interplay between these seven effectors and highlights the necessity to
study T3SS2-secreted effectors as groups, rather than studies of individual
effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Knuff-Janzen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Tupin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Yurist-Doutsch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Rowland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Reuter T, Vorwerk S, Liss V, Chao TC, Hensel M, Hansmeier N. Proteomic Analysis of Salmonella-modified Membranes Reveals Adaptations to Macrophage Hosts. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:900-912. [PMID: 32102972 PMCID: PMC7196581 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic infection and proliferation of intracellular pathogens require the biogenesis of a growth-stimulating compartment. The gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica commonly forms highly dynamic and extensive tubular membrane compartments built from Salmonella-modified membranes (SMMs) in diverse host cells. Although the general mechanism involved in the formation of replication-permissive compartments of S. enterica is well researched, much less is known regarding specific adaptations to different host cell types. Using an affinity-based proteome approach, we explored the composition of SMMs in murine macrophages. The systematic characterization provides a broader landscape of host players to the maturation of Salmonella-containing compartments and reveals core host elements targeted by Salmonella in macrophages as well as epithelial cells. However, we also identified subtle host specific adaptations. Some of these observations, such as the differential involvement of the COPII system, Rab GTPases 2A, 8B, 11 and ER transport proteins Sec61 and Sec22B may explain cell line-dependent variations in the pathophysiology of Salmonella infections. In summary, our system-wide approach demonstrates a hitherto underappreciated impact of the host cell type in the formation of intracellular compartments by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Reuter
- CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephanie Vorwerk
- CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany; CellNanOs - Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Luther College at University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
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15
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Azimi T, Zamirnasta M, Sani MA, Soltan Dallal MM, Nasser A. Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:11-26. [PMID: 32021316 PMCID: PMC6954085 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s230604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can be categorized into many serotypes, which are specific to known hosts or broadhosts. It makes no difference which one of the serotypes would penetrate the gastrointestinal tract because they all face similar obstacles such as mucus and microbiome. However, following their penetration, some species remain in the gastrointestinal tract; yet, others spread to another organ like gallbladder. Salmonella is required to alter the immune response to sustain its intracellular life. Changing the host response requires particular effector proteins and vehicles to translocate them. To this end, a categorized gene called Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) was developed; genes like Salmonella pathogenicity island encode aggressive or modulating proteins. Initially, Salmonella needs to be attached and stabilized via adhesin factor, without which no further steps can be taken. In this review, an attempt has been made to elaborate on each factor attached to the host cell or to modulating and aggressive proteins that evade immune systems. This review includes four sections: (A) attachment factors or T3SS- independent entrance, (B) effector proteins or T3SS-dependent entrance, (c) regulation of invasive genes, and (D) regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamirnasta
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
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16
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Jones-Jamtgaard KN, Wozniak AL, Koga H, Ralston R, Weinman SA. Hepatitis C virus infection increases autophagosome stability by suppressing lysosomal fusion through an Arl8b-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14257-14266. [PMID: 31383738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process involving intracellular membrane trafficking and degradation. Pathogens, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), often exploit this process to promote their own survival. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which HCV increases steady-state autophagosome numbers while simultaneously inhibiting flux through the autophagic pathway. Using the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1, we showed that HCV-induced alterations in autophagy result from a blockage of autophagosome degradation rather than an increase in autophagosome generation. In HCV-infected cells, lysosome function was normal, but a tandem RFP-GFP-LC3 failed to reach the lysosome even under conditions that activate autophagy. Autophagosomes and lysosomes isolated from HCV-infected cells were able to fuse with each other normally in vitro, suggesting that the cellular fusion defect resulted from trafficking rather than an inability of vesicles to fuse. Arl8b is an Arf-like GTPase that specifically localizes to lysosomes and plays a role in autophagic flux through its effect on lysosomal positioning. At basal levels, Arl8b was primarily found in a perinuclear localization and co-localized with LC3-positive autophagosomes. HCV infection increased the level of Arl8b 3-fold and redistributed Arl8b to a more diffuse, peripheral pattern that failed to co-localize with LC3. Knockdown of Arl8b in HCV-infected cells restored autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic flux to levels seen in control cells. Thus, HCV suppresses autophagic flux and increases the steady-state levels of autophagosomes by increasing the expression of Arl8b, which repositions lysosomes and prevents their fusion with autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyann N Jones-Jamtgaard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Ann L Wozniak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Robert Ralston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Steven A Weinman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 .,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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17
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Miyake K, Saitoh S, Sato R, Shibata T, Fukui R, Murakami Y. Endolysosomal compartments as platforms for orchestrating innate immune and metabolic sensors. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:853-862. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0119-020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of Tokyo Minato‐ku Tokyo Japan
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18
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Ortiz Flores RM, Distel JS, Aguilera MO, Berón W. The role of microtubules and the dynein/dynactin motor complex of host cells in the biogenesis of the Coxiella burnetii-containing vacuole. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209820. [PMID: 30640917 PMCID: PMC6331085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (Mts) are dynamic cytoskeleton structures that play a key role in vesicular transport. The Mts-mediated transport depends on motor proteins named kinesins and the dynein/dynactin motor complex. The Rab7 adapter protein FYCO1 controls the anterograde transport of the endocytic compartments through the interaction with the kinesin KIF5. Rab7 and its partner RILP induce the recruitment of dynein/dynactin to late endosomes regulating its retrograde transport to the perinuclear area to fuse with lysosomes. The late endosomal-lysosomal fusion is regulated by the HOPS complex through its interaction with RILP and the GTPase Arl8. Coxiella burnetii (Cb), the causative agent of Q fever, is an obligate intracellular pathogen, which generates a large compartment with autophagolysosomal characteristics named Cb-containing vacuole (CCV). The CCV forms through homotypic fusion between small non-replicative CCVs (nrCCV) and through heterotypic fusion with other compartments, such as endosomes and lysosomes. In this work, we characterise the role of Mts, motor proteins, RILP/Rab7 and Arl8 on the CCV biogenesis. The formation of the CCV was affected when either the dynamics and/or the acetylation state of Mts were modified. Similarly, the overexpression of the dynactin subunit non-functional mutants p150Glued and RILP led to the formation of small nrCCVs. This phenomenon is not observed in cells overexpressing WT proteins, the motor KIF5 or its interacting protein FYCO1. The formation of the CCV was normal in infected cells that overexpressed Arl8 alone or together with hVps41 (a HOPS subunit) or in cells co-overexpressing hVps41 and RILP. The dominant negative mutant of Arl8 and the non-functional hVps41 inhibited the formation of the CCV. When the formation of CCV was affected, the bacterial multiplication diminished. Our results suggest that nrCCVs recruit the molecular machinery that regulate the Mts-dependent retrograde transport, Rab7/RILP and the dynein/dynactin system, as well as the tethering processes such as HOPS complex and Arl8 to finally originate the CCV where C. burnetii multiplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo M. Ortiz Flores
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jesús S. Distel
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Milton O. Aguilera
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Walter Berón
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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19
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Moest T, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Schüssler JM, Yan W, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Contribution of bacterial effectors and host proteins to the composition and function of Salmonella-induced tubules. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12951. [PMID: 30212607 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cells infected with Salmonella are characterised by the appearance of membrane tubular structures that stretch from the bacterial vacuole. The formation of these tubules requires the translocation of Salmonella effector proteins within the infected cell. Different types of Salmonella-induced tubules with varying host protein compositions have been identified. This variability probably reflects the ability of these tubules to interact with different host compartments. Membrane tubules decorated with effector proteins but essentially devoid of host proteins and named LAMP1-negative (LNT) were observed. LNTs wrap around LAMP1-positive vesicles and may promote recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to bacterial vacuole and the formation of a replication niche. We conducted a biochemical and functional characterisation of LNTs. We show that the effector proteins SseF and SseG are necessary for their formation. The absence of these tubules is associated with decreased recruitment of LAMP1 to SCVs, decreased intracellular replication of Salmonella, and decreased virulence in mice. We found that the process leading to the recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to tubules involves the C-terminal domain of the effector protein SifA and the GTPase Arl8b. Overall, these data suggest that Salmonella-induced tubules promote the establishment of the replication niche by promoting recruitment of host proteins to the bacterial vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Wen Yan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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20
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Tuli A, Sharma M. How to do business with lysosomes: Salmonella leads the way. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 47:1-7. [PMID: 30391777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have devised various strategies to alter the host endomembrane system towards building their replicative niche. This is aptly illustrated by Salmonella Typhimurium, whereby it remodels the host endolysosomal system to form a unique niche, also known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Decades of research using in vitro cell-based infection studies have revealed intricate details of how Salmonella effectors target endocytic trafficking machinery of the host cell to acquire membrane and nutrients for bacterial replication. Unexpectedly, Salmonella requires host factors involved in endosome-lysosome fusion for its intravacuolar replication. Understanding how Salmonella obtains selective content from lysosomes, that is nutrients, but not active hydrolases, needs further exploration. Recent studies have described heterogeneity in the composition and pH of lysosomes, which will be highly relevant to explore, not only in the context of Salmonella infection, but also for other intracellular pathogens that interact with the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tuli
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali, Punjab, India.
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21
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Rosa-Ferreira C, Sweeney ST, Munro S. The small G protein Arl8 contributes to lysosomal function and long-range axonal transport in Drosophila. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.035964. [PMID: 30115618 PMCID: PMC6176938 DOI: 10.1242/bio.035964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Arl8 has emerged as a major regulatory GTPase on lysosomes. Studies in mammalian cells have shown that it regulates both fusion with late endosomes and also lysosomal motility. In its active GTP-bound state, it recruits to lysosomes the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) endosomal tethering complex and also proteins that link lysosomes to microtubule motors such as the kinesin adaptor PLEKHM2. To gain further insights into Arl8 biology, we examined the single Drosophila ortholog. Drosophila Arl8 is essential for viability, and mitotic clones of mutant cells are able to continue to divide but show perturbation of the late endocytic pathway. Progeny-lacking Arl8 die as late larvae with movement-paralysis characteristic of defects in neuronal function. This phenotype was rescued by expression of Arl8 in motor neurons. Examination of these neurons in the mutant larvae revealed smaller synapses and axons with elevated levels of carriers containing synaptic components. Affinity chromatography revealed binding of Drosophila Arl8 to the HOPS complex, and to the Drosophila ortholog of RILP, a protein that, in mammals, recruits dynein to late endosomes, with dynein being known to be required for neuronal transport. Thus Drosophila Arl8 controls late endocytic function and transport via at least two distinct effectors. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary:Drosophila Arl8 is essential for viability and is required for normal functioning of the late endocytic pathway and for long-range transport in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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22
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Neutral barcoding of genomes reveals the dynamics of Salmonella colonization in cattle and their peripheral lymph nodes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:97-106. [PMID: 29885808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Feedlot cattle often contain Salmonella. The number of bacteria that initiate colonization of different cattle organs and the bacterial migration within these large animals are poorly understood. To investigate these questions, we constructed wild-type isogenic tagged strains (WITS) of Salmonella by inserting 21-base barcodes flanked by Illumina sequencing primers into a neutral genome location. We then delivered several different pools of uniquely barcoded clones orally and into multiple intradermal sites, in individual Holstein steers, and subsequently performed Salmonella-directed sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (STAMP). Using high-throughput sequencing of the barcodes of Salmonella grown from steer lymph nodes, organs and feces, we monitored how individual barcoded clones travel from different entry sites within animals. Data showed that gastrointestinal colonization was established by up to hundreds of Salmonella founder cells, whereas peripheral lymph nodes were usually colonized by very low numbers of founding bacteria, often originating from the nearest draining intradermal delivery site. Transmission of Salmonella from the gastrointestinal tract to the lymphatic system was frequently observed, whereas entry of intradermally delivered bacteria into the gut was rare. Bacteria undergo limited extraintestinal proliferation within or prior to arrival at peripheral lymph nodes. Overall, the application of the STAMP technique facilitated characterization of the migration routes and founder population size of Salmonella within feedlot cattle and their organs and lymph nodes in unprecedented detail.
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Michelet X, Tuli A, Gan H, Geadas C, Sharma M, Remold HG, Brenner MB. Lysosome-Mediated Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependent on the Small GTPase Arl8b and Determines Cell Death Type in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3160-3169. [PMID: 29592961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extremely successful pathogen, and its success is widely attributed to its ability to manipulate the intracellular environment of macrophages. A central phenomenon of tuberculosis pathology enabling immune evasion is the capacity of virulent M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) to induce macrophage necrosis, which facilitates the escape of the mycobacteria from the macrophage and spread of infection. In contrast, avirulent M. tuberculosis (H37Ra) induces macrophage apoptosis, which permits Ag presentation and activation of adaptive immunity. Previously, we found that H37Rv induces plasma membrane microdisruptions, leading to necrosis in the absence of plasma membrane repair. In contrast, H37Ra permits plasma membrane repair, which changes the host cell death modality to apoptosis, suggesting that membrane repair is critical for sequestering the pathogen in apoptotic vesicles. However, mechanisms of plasma membrane repair induced in response to M. tuberculosis infection remain unknown. Plasma membrane repair is known to induce a Ca2+-mediated signaling, which recruits lysosomes to the area of damaged plasma membrane sites for its resealing. In this study, we found that the small GTPase Arl8b is required for plasma membrane repair by controlling the exocytosis of lysosomes in cell lines and in human primary macrophages. Importantly, we found that the Arl8b secretion pathway is crucial to control the type of cell death of the M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Indeed, Arl8b-depleted macrophages infected with avirulent H37Ra undergo necrotic instead of apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that membrane repair mediated by Arl8b may be an important mechanism distinguishing avirulent from virulent M. tuberculosis-induced necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Michelet
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Amit Tuli
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; .,Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India; and
| | - Huixian Gan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carolina Geadas
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Heinz G Remold
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Dykes SS, Gray AL, Coleman DT, Saxena M, Stephens CA, Carroll JL, Pruitt K, Cardelli JA. The Arf-like GTPase Arl8b is essential for three-dimensional invasive growth of prostate cancer in vitro and xenograft formation and growth in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:31037-52. [PMID: 27105540 PMCID: PMC5058737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process that requires cells to respond appropriately to the tumor microenvironment, both in early proliferative stages and in later invasive disease. Arl8b is a lysosome localized Arf-like GTPase that controls the spatial distribution of lysosomes via recruitment of kinesin motors. Common features of the tumor microenvironment such as acidic extracellular pH and various growthfactors stimulate lysosome trafficking to the cell periphery (anterograde), which is critical for tumor invasion by facilitating the release of lysosomal proteases to promote matrix remodeling. Herein we report for the first time that Arl8b regulates anterograde lysosome trafficking in response to hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and acidic extracellular pH. Depletion of Arl8b results in juxtanuclear lysosome aggregation, and this effect corresponds with both diminished invasive growth and proteolytic extracellular matrix degradation in a three-dimensional model of prostate cancer. Strikingly, we found that depletion of Arl8b abolishes the ability of prostate cancer cells to establish subcutaneous xenografts in mice. We present evidence that Arl8b facilitates lipid hydrolysis to maintain efficient metabolism for a proliferative capacity in low nutrient environments, suggesting a likely explanation for the complete inability of Arl8b-depleted tumor cells to grow in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified two mechanisms by which Arl8b regulates cancer progression: 1) through lysosome positioning and protease release leading to an invasive phenotype and 2) through control of lipid metabolism to support cellular proliferation. These novel roles highlight that Arl8b is a potential target for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Dykes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Alana L Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - David T Coleman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Madhurima Saxena
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Current address: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Carroll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Current address: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - James A Cardelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Salmonella exploits the host endolysosomal tethering factor HOPS complex to promote its intravacuolar replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006700. [PMID: 29084291 PMCID: PMC5679646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium extensively remodels the host late endocytic compartments to establish its vacuolar niche within the host cells conducive for its replication, also known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). By maintaining a prolonged interaction with late endosomes and lysosomes of the host cells in the form of interconnected network of tubules (Salmonella-induced filaments or SIFs), Salmonella gains access to both membrane and fluid-phase cargo from these compartments. This is essential for maintaining SCV membrane integrity and for bacterial intravacuolar nutrition. Here, we have identified the multisubunit lysosomal tethering factor—HOPS (HOmotypic fusion and Protein Sorting) complex as a crucial host factor facilitating delivery of late endosomal and lysosomal content to SCVs, providing membrane for SIF formation, and nutrients for intravacuolar bacterial replication. Accordingly, depletion of HOPS subunits significantly reduced the bacterial load in non-phagocytic and phagocytic cells as well as in a mouse model of Salmonella infection. We found that Salmonella effector SifA in complex with its binding partner; SKIP, interacts with HOPS subunit Vps39 and mediates recruitment of this tethering factor to SCV compartments. The lysosomal small GTPase Arl8b that binds to, and promotes membrane localization of Vps41 (and other HOPS subunits) was also required for HOPS recruitment to SCVs and SIFs. Our findings suggest that Salmonella recruits the host late endosomal and lysosomal membrane fusion machinery to its vacuolar niche for access to host membrane and nutrients, ensuring its intracellular survival and replication. Intracellular pathogens have devised various strategies to subvert the host membrane trafficking pathways for their growth and survival inside the host cells. Salmonella is one such successful intracellular pathogen that redirects membrane and nutrients from the host endocytic compartments to its replicative niche known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) via establishing an interconnected network of tubules (Salmonella-induced filaments or SIFs) that form a continuum with the SCVs. How Salmonella ensures a constant supply of endocytic cargo required for its survival and growth remained unexplored. Our work uncovers a strategy evolved by Salmonella wherein it secretes a bacterial effector into the host cytosol that recruits component of host vesicle fusion machinery-HOPS complex to SCVs and SIFs. HOPS complex promotes docking of the late endocytic compartments at the SCV membrane, prior to their fusion. Thus, depletion of HOPS subunits both in cultured cell lines as well as a mouse model inhibits Salmonella replication, likely due to reduced access to host membranes and nutrients by the vacuolar bacteria. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how this pathogen reroutes the host’s endocytic transport towards its vacuole, ensuring its own intracellular survival and replication.
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Niwa S, Tao L, Lu SY, Liew GM, Feng W, Nachury MV, Shen K. BORC Regulates the Axonal Transport of Synaptic Vesicle Precursors by Activating ARL-8. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2569-2578.e4. [PMID: 28823680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) is essential for synapse development and function. The conserved ARF-like small GTPase ARL-8 is localized to SVPs and directly activates UNC-104/KIF1A, the axonal-transport kinesin for SVPs in C. elegans. It is not clear how ARL-8 is activated in this process. Here we show that part of the BLOC-1-related complex (BORC), previously shown to regulate lysosomal transport, is required to recruit and activate ARL-8 on SVPs. We found mutations in six BORC subunits-blos-1/BLOS1, blos-2/BLOS2, snpn-1/Snapin, sam-4/Myrlysin, blos-7/Lyspersin, and blos-9/MEF2BNB-cause defects in axonal transport of SVPs, leading to ectopic accumulation of synaptic vesicles in the proximal axon. This phenotype is suppressed by constitutively active arl-8 or unc-104 mutants. Furthermore, SAM-4/Myrlysin, a subunit of BORC, promotes the GDP-to-GTP exchange of ARL-8 in vitro and recruits ARL-8 onto SVPs in vivo. Thus, BORC regulates the axonal transport of synaptic materials and synapse formation by controlling the nucleotide state of ARL-8. Interestingly, the other two subunits of BORC essential for lysosomal transport, kxd-1/KXD1 and blos-8/Diaskedin, are not required for the SVP transport, suggesting distinct subunit requirements for lysosomal and SVP trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences and Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Li Tao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sharon Y Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald M Liew
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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27
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Jennings E, Thurston TL, Holden DW. Salmonella SPI-2 Type III Secretion System Effectors: Molecular Mechanisms And Physiological Consequences. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:217-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Johnson DE, Ostrowski P, Jaumouillé V, Grinstein S. The position of lysosomes within the cell determines their luminal pH. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:677-92. [PMID: 26975849 PMCID: PMC4792074 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201507112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of luminal lysosomal pH in combination with heterologous expression of lysosomal-associated proteins indicates that peripheral lysosomes are more alkaline than juxtanuclear ones and that depletion of Rab7 and its effector, RILP, are associated with and can account for the reduced acidification. We examined the luminal pH of individual lysosomes using quantitative ratiometric fluorescence microscopy and report an unappreciated heterogeneity: peripheral lysosomes are less acidic than juxtanuclear ones despite their comparable buffering capacity. An increased passive (leak) permeability to protons, together with reduced vacuolar H+–adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) activity, accounts for the reduced acidifying ability of peripheral lysosomes. The altered composition of peripheral lysosomes is due, at least in part, to more limited access to material exported by the biosynthetic pathway. The balance between Rab7 and Arl8b determines the subcellular localization of lysosomes; more peripheral lysosomes have reduced Rab7 density. This in turn results in decreased recruitment of Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), an effector that regulates the recruitment and stability of the V1G1 component of the lysosomal V-ATPase. Deliberate margination of lysosomes is associated with reduced acidification and impaired proteolytic activity. The heterogeneity in lysosomal pH may be an indication of a broader functional versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Johnson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philip Ostrowski
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
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29
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Khatter D, Sindhwani A, Sharma M. Arf-like GTPase Arl8: Moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2015; 5:e1086501. [PMID: 27057420 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2015.1086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that not only mediate degradation of cellular substrates but also play critical roles in processes such as cholesterol homeostasis, plasma membrane repair, antigen presentation, and cell migration. The small GTPase Arl8, a member of Arf-like (Arl) family of proteins, has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of lysosome positioning and membrane trafficking toward lysosomes. Through interaction with its effector SKIP, the human Arl8 paralog (Arl8b) mediates kinesin-1 dependent motility of lysosomes on microtubule tracks toward the cell periphery. Arl8b-mediated kinesin-driven motility is also implicated in regulating lytic granule polarization in NK cells, lysosome tubulation in macrophages, cell spreading, and migration. Moreover, Arl8b regulates membrane traffic toward lysosomes by recruiting subunits of the HOPS complex, a multi-subunit tethering complex that mediates endo-lysosome fusion. Here we provide a brief review on this recently characterized lysosomal GTPase and summarize the studies focusing on its known functions in regulating lysosomal motility and delivery of endocytic cargo to the lysosomes. We also explore the role of human Arl8b and its orthologs upon infection by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Khatter
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
| | - Aastha Sindhwani
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali (IISERM) ; Mohali, India
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Abstract
Salmonellae invasion and intracellular replication within host cells result in a range of diseases, including gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, enteric fever and focal infections. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that salmonellae use to alter host cell physiology; through the delivery of effector proteins with specific activities and through the modulation of defence and stress response pathways. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge of the complex interplay between bacterial and host factors that leads to inflammation, disease and, in most cases, control of the infection by its animal hosts, with a particular focus on Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. We also highlight gaps in our knowledge of the contributions of salmonellae and the host to disease pathogenesis, and we suggest future avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris L. LaRock
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Anu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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31
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Michelet X, Garg S, Wolf BJ, Tuli A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Brenner MB. MHC Class II Presentation Is Controlled by the Lysosomal Small GTPase, Arl8b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2079-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Glotfelty LG, Zahs A, Hodges K, Shan K, Alto NM, Hecht GA. Enteropathogenic E. coli effectors EspG1/G2 disrupt microtubules, contribute to tight junction perturbation and inhibit restoration. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1767-83. [PMID: 24948117 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type 3 secretion system to transfer effector proteins into the host intestinal epithelial cell. Several effector molecules contribute to tight junction disruption including EspG1 and its homologue EspG2 via a mechanism thought to involve microtubule destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of EspG-mediated microtubule disruption to TJ perturbation. We demonstrate that wild type EPEC infection disassembles microtubules and induces the progressive movement of occludin away from the membrane and into the cytosol. Deletion of espG1/G2 attenuates both of these phenotypes. In addition, EPEC infection impedes barrier recovery from calcium switch, suggesting that inhibition of TJ restoration, not merely disruption, prolongs barrier loss. TJs recover more rapidly following infection with ΔespG1/G2 than with wild type EPEC, demonstrating that EspG1/G2 perpetuate barrier loss. Although EspG regulates ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and p21-activated kinase (PAK), these activities are not necessary for microtubule destruction or perturbation of TJ structure and function. These data strongly support a role for EspG1/G2 and its associated effects on microtubules in delaying the recovery of damaged tight junctions caused by EPEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila G Glotfelty
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, (M/C 790), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Abstract
Live-cell imaging reveals the endolysosomal system as a complex and highly dynamic network of interacting compartments. Distinct types of endosomes are discerned by kinetic, molecular, and morphological criteria. Although none of these criteria, or combinations thereof, can capture the full complexity of the endolysosomal system, they are extremely useful for experimental purposes. Some membrane domain specializations and specific morphological characteristics can only be seen by ultrastructural analysis after preparation for electron microscopy (EM). Immuno-EM allows a further discrimination of seemingly identical compartments by their molecular makeup. In this review we provide an overview of the ultrastructural characteristics and membrane organization of endosomal compartments, along with their organizing machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
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The Salmonella effector SteA contributes to the control of membrane dynamics of Salmonella-containing vacuoles. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2923-34. [PMID: 24778114 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01385-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a bacterial pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and a typhoid-like systemic disease in mice. S. Typhimurium virulence is related to its capacity to multiply intracellularly within a membrane-bound compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), and depends on type III secretion systems that deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. Here, we analyzed the cellular function of the Salmonella effector SteA. We show that, compared to cells infected by wild-type S. Typhimurium, cells infected by ΔsteA mutant bacteria displayed fewer Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs), an increased clustering of SCVs, and morphologically abnormal vacuoles containing more than one bacterium. The increased clustering of SCVs and the appearance of vacuoles containing more than one bacterium were suppressed by inhibition of the activity of the microtubule motor dynein or kinesin-1. Clustering and positioning of SCVs are controlled by the effectors SseF and SseG, possibly by helping to maintain a balanced activity of microtubule motors on the bacterial vacuoles. Deletion of steA in S. Typhimurium ΔsseF or ΔsseG mutants revealed that SteA contributes to the characteristic scattered distribution of ΔsseF or ΔsseG mutant SCVs in infected cells. Overall, this shows that SteA participates in the control of SCV membrane dynamics. Moreover, it indicates that SteA is functionally linked to SseF and SseG and suggests that it might contribute directly or indirectly to the regulation of microtubule motors on the bacterial vacuoles.
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Compeer EB, Flinsenberg TWH, Boon L, Hoekstra ME, Boes M. Tubulation of endosomal structures in human dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor ligation and lymphocyte contact accompanies antigen cross-presentation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:520-8. [PMID: 24235148 PMCID: PMC3879573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse dendritic cells (DCs) can rapidly extend their Class II MHC-positive late endosomal compartments into tubular structures, induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. Within antigen-presenting DCs, tubular endosomes polarize toward antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells, which are considered beneficial for their activation. Here we describe that also in human DCs, TLR triggering induces tubular late endosomes, labeled by fluorescent LDL. TLR triggering was insufficient for induced tubulation of transferrin-positive endosomal recycling compartments (ERCs) in human monocyte-derived DCs. We studied endosomal remodeling in human DCs in co-cultures of DCs with CD8(+) T cells. Tubulation of ERCs within human DCs requires antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell interaction. Tubular remodeling of endosomes occurs within 30 min of T cell contact and involves ligation of HLA-A2 and ICAM-1 by T cell-expressed T cell receptor and LFA-1, respectively. Disintegration of microtubules or inhibition of endosomal recycling abolished tubular ERCs, which coincided with reduced antigen-dependent CD8(+) T cell activation. Based on these data, we propose that remodeling of transferrin-positive ERCs in human DCs involves both innate and T cell-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud B. Compeer
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Thijs W. H. Flinsenberg
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam E. Hoekstra
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Marianne Boes
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands and
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Abstract
A wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa has adapted to an intracellular life-style, which presents several advantages, including accessibility to host cell metabolites and protection from the host immune system. Intracellular pathogens have developed strategies to enter and exit their host cells while optimizing survival and replication, progression through the life cycle, and transmission. Over the last decades, research has focused primarily on entry, while the exit process has suffered from neglect. However, pathogen exit is of fundamental importance because of its intimate association with dissemination, transmission, and inflammation. Hence, to fully understand virulence mechanisms of intracellular pathogens at cellular and systemic levels, it is essential to consider exit mechanisms to be a key step in infection. Exit from the host cell was initially viewed as a passive process, driven mainly by physical stress as a consequence of the explosive replication of the pathogen. It is now recognized as a complex, strategic process termed "egress," which is just as well orchestrated and temporally defined as entry into the host and relies on a dynamic interplay between host and pathogen factors. This review compares egress strategies of bacteria, pathogenic yeast, and kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites. Emphasis is given to recent advances in the biology of egress in mycobacteria and apicomplexans.
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Sasaki A, Nakae I, Nagasawa M, Hashimoto K, Abe F, Saito K, Fukuyama M, Gengyo-Ando K, Mitani S, Katada T, Kontani K. Arl8/ARL-8 functions in apoptotic cell removal by mediating phagolysosome formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1584-92. [PMID: 23485564 PMCID: PMC3655818 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes is important for development, tissue homeostasis, and the prevention of autoimmune responses. Phagosomes containing apoptotic cells undergo acidification and mature from Rab5-positive early to Rab7-positive late stages. Phagosomes finally fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes, which degrade apoptotic cells; however, the molecular mechanism underlying phagosome-lysosome fusion is not fully understood. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans Arf-like small GTPase Arl8 (ARL-8) is involved in phagolysosome formation and is required for the efficient removal of apoptotic cells. Loss of function of arl-8 results in the accumulation of apoptotic germ cells. Both the engulfment of the apoptotic cells by surrounding somatic sheath cells and the phagosomal maturation from RAB-5- to RAB-7-positive stages occur in arl-8 mutants. However, the phagosomes fail to fuse with lysosomes in the arl-8 mutants, leading to the accumulation of RAB-7-positive phagosomes and the delayed degradation of apoptotic cells. ARL-8 localizes primarily to lysosomes and physically interacts with the homotypic fusion and protein sorting complex component VPS-41. Collectively our findings reveal that ARL-8 facilitates apoptotic cell removal in vivo by mediating phagosome-lysosome fusion during phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sasaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Isei Nakae
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maya Nagasawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumiko Abe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kota Saito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Fukuyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Stein MP, Müller MP, Wandinger-Ness A. Bacterial pathogens commandeer Rab GTPases to establish intracellular niches. Traffic 2012; 13:1565-88. [PMID: 22901006 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens deploy virulence factors termed effectors to inhibit degradation by host cells and to establish intracellular niches where growth and differentiation take place. Here, we describe mechanisms by which human bacterial pathogens (including Chlamydiae; Coxiella burnetii; Helicobacter pylori; Legionella pneumophila; Listeria monocytogenes; Mycobacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica) modulate endocytic and exocytic Rab GTPases in order to thrive in host cells. Host cell Rab GTPases are critical for intracellular transport following pathogen phagocytosis or endocytosis. At the molecular level bacterial effectors hijack Rab protein function to: evade degradation, direct transport to particular intracellular locations and monopolize host vesicles carrying molecules that are needed for a stable niche and/or bacterial growth and differentiation. Bacterial effectors may serve as specific receptors for Rab GTPases or as enzymes that post-translationally modify Rab proteins or endosomal membrane lipids required for Rab function. Emerging data indicate that bacterial effector expression is temporally and spatially regulated and multiple virulence factors may act concertedly to usurp Rab GTPase function, alter signaling and ensure niche establishment and intracellular bacterial growth, making this field an exciting area for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Pat Stein
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA.
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Mrakovic A, Kay JG, Furuya W, Brumell JH, Botelho RJ. Rab7 and Arl8 GTPases are Necessary for Lysosome Tubulation in Macrophages. Traffic 2012; 13:1667-79. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amra Mrakovic
- Molecular Science Program and the Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Jason G. Kay
- Program in Cell Biology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Wendy Furuya
- Program in Cell Biology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Program in Cell Biology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Molecular Science Program and the Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
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40
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Fairn GD, Grinstein S. How nascent phagosomes mature to become phagolysosomes. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Compeer EB, Flinsenberg TWH, van der Grein SG, Boes M. Antigen processing and remodeling of the endosomal pathway: requirements for antigen cross-presentation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:37. [PMID: 22566920 PMCID: PMC3342355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation of endocytosed antigen as peptide/class I major histocompatibility complex complexes plays a central role in the elicitation of CD8+ T cell clones that mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor immune responses. While it has been clear that there are specific subsets of professional antigen presenting cells capable of antigen cross-presentation, identification of mechanisms involved is still ongoing. Especially amongst dendritic cells (DC), there are specialized subsets that are highly proficient at antigen cross-presentation. We here present a focused survey on the cell biological processes in the endosomal pathway that support antigen cross-presentation. This review highlights DC-intrinsic mechanisms that facilitate the cross-presentation of endocytosed antigen, including receptor-mediated uptake, maturation-induced endosomal sorting of membrane proteins, dynamic remodeling of endosomal structures and cell surface-directed endosomal trafficking. We will conclude with the description of pathogen-induced deviation of endosomal processing, and discuss how immune evasion strategies pertaining endosomal trafficking may preclude antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Bernardus Compeer
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, Netherlands
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