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Kaur H, Rode S, Kp S, Mahto JK, Alam MS, Gupta DN, Kar B, Singla J, Kumar P, Sharma AK. Characterization of haloacid dehalogenase superfamily acid phosphatase from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109888. [PMID: 38232797 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The haloacid dehalogenase superfamily implicated in bacterial pathogenesis comprises different enzymes having roles in many metabolic pathways. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, a Gram-positive bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen causing infections in the central nervous system, urinary tract, bones, peritoneum, systemic conditions and cutaneous infection. The haloacid dehalogenase superfamily proteins play a significant role in the pathogenicity of certain bacteria, facilitating invasion, survival, and proliferation within host cells. The genome of S. lugdunensis encodes more than ten proteins belonging to this superfamily. However, none of them have been characterized. The present work reports the characterization of one of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily proteins (SLHAD1) from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. The functional analysis revealed that SLHAD1 is a metal-dependent acid phosphatase, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated metabolites of cellular pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, nucleotides, and thiamine metabolism. Based on the substrate specificity and genomic analysis, the physiological function of SLHAD1 in thiamine metabolism has been tentatively assigned. The crystal structure of SLHAD1, lacking 49 residues at the C-terminal, was determined at 1.7 Å resolution with a homodimer in the asymmetric unit. It was observed that SLHAD1 exhibited time-dependent cleavage at a specific point, occurring through a self-initiated process. A combination of bioinformatics, biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies explored unique features of SLHAD1. Overall, the study revealed a detailed characterization of a critical enzyme of the human pathogen Staphylococcus lugdunensis, associated with several life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Surabhi Rode
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Sandra Kp
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Jai Krishna Mahto
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Md Shahid Alam
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Deena Nath Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Bibekananda Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Jitin Singla
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
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Lamont RJ, Miller DP, Bagaitkar J. Illuminating the oral microbiome: cellular microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad045. [PMID: 37533213 PMCID: PMC10657920 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, VA23298, United States
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, OH43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, OH43210, United States
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Romero MD, Carabeo RA. Distinct roles of the Chlamydia trachomatis effectors TarP and TmeA in the regulation of formin and Arp2/3 during entry. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260185. [PMID: 36093837 PMCID: PMC9659389 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis manipulates the host actin cytoskeleton to assemble actin-rich structures that drive pathogen entry. The recent discovery of TmeA, which, like TarP, is an invasion-associated type III effector implicated in actin remodeling, raised questions regarding the nature of their functional interaction. Quantitative live-cell imaging of actin remodeling at invasion sites revealed differences in recruitment and turnover kinetics associated with the TarP and TmeA pathways, with the former accounting for most of the robust actin dynamics at invasion sites. TarP-mediated recruitment of actin nucleators, i.e. formins and the Arp2/3 complex, was crucial for rapid actin kinetics, generating a collaborative positive feedback loop that enhanced their respective actin-nucleating activities within invasion sites. In contrast, the formin Fmn1 was not recruited to invasion sites and did not collaborate with Arp2/3 within the context of TmeA-associated actin recruitment. Although the TarP-Fmn1-Arp2/3 signaling axis is responsible for the majority of actin dynamics, its inhibition had similar effects as the deletion of TmeA on invasion efficiency, consistent with the proposed model that TarP and TmeA act on different stages of the same invasion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Romero
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rey A. Carabeo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
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Goel P, Panchal T, Kaushik N, Chauhan R, Saini S, Ahuja V, Thakur CJ. In silico functional and structural characterization revealed virulent proteins of Francisella tularensis strain SCHU4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 11:73-84. [PMID: 36059929 PMCID: PMC9336787 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2022.43128.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic, aerobic gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium. It is the causative agent of tularemia, a rare infectious disease that can attack skin, lungs, eyes, and lymph nodes. The genome of F. tularensis has been sequenced, and ~16% of the proteome is still uncharacterized. Characterizations of these proteins are essential to find new drug targets for better therapeutics. In silico characterization of proteins has become an extremely important approach to determine the functionality of proteins as experimental functional elucidation is unable to keep pace with the current growth of the sequence database. Initially, we have annotated 577 Hypothetical Proteins (HPs) of F. tularensis strain SCHU4 with seven bioinformatics tools which characterized them based on the family, domain and motif. Out of 577 HPs, 119 HPs were annotated by five or more tools and are further screened to predict their virulence properties, subcellular localization, transmembrane helices as well as physicochemical parameters. VirulentPred predicted 66 HPs out of 119 as virulent. These virulent proteins were annotated to find the interacting partner using STRING, and proteins with high confidence interaction scores were used to predict their 3D structures using Phyre2. The three virulent proteins Q5NH99 (phosphoserine phosphatase), Q5NG42 (Cystathionine beta-synthase) and Q5NG83 (Rrf2-type helix turn helix domain) were predicted to involve in modulation of cytoskeletal and innate immunity of host, H2S (hydrogen sulfide) based antibiotic tolerance and nitrite and iron metabolism of bacteria. The above predicted virulent proteins can serve as novel drug targets in the era of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Goel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanya Panchal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nandini Kaushik
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritika Chauhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Saini
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India,Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vartika Ahuja
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chander Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India,Corresponding Author: Department of Bioinformatics,Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College Sector 32 C, Chandigarh, India, 160030. Tel: +91 8699776533; Fax: +91 1722661077, E. mail:
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Wu L, Shi R, Bai H, Wang X, Wei J, Liu C, Wu Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Increases in Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels and Exacerbates Liver Injury Through livh/livk. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:776996. [PMID: 35360107 PMCID: PMC8961321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.776996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, has emerged as a risk factor for systemic chronic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To clarify the mechanism by which this pathogen induces such diseases, we simultaneously analyzed the transcriptome of intracellular P. gingivalis and infected host cells via dual RNA sequencing. Pathway analysis was also performed to determine the differentially expressed genes in the infected cells. Further, the infection-induced notable expression of P. gingivalis livk and livh genes, which participate in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) transfer, was also analyzed. Furthermore, given that the results of recent studies have associated NAFLD progression with elevated serum BCAA levels, which reportedly, are upregulated by P. gingivalis, we hypothesized that this pathogen may induce increases in serum BCAA levels and exacerbate liver injury via livh/livk. To verify this hypothesis, we constructed P. gingivalis livh/livk-deficient strains (Δlivk, Δlivh) and established a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed murine model infected with P. gingivalis. Thereafter, the kinetic growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production rates as well as the invasion efficiency and in vivo colonization of the mutant strains were compared with those of the parental strain. The serum BCAA and fasting glucose levels of the mice infected with either the wild-type or mutant strains, as well as their liver function were also further investigated. It was observed that P. gingivalis infection enhanced serum BCAA levels and aggravated liver injury in the HFD-fed mice. Additionally, livh deletion had no effect on bacterial growth, EPS production, invasion efficiency, and in vivo colonization, whereas the Δlivk strain showed a slight decrease in invasion efficiency and in vivo colonization. More importantly, however, both the Δlivk and Δlivh strains showed impaired ability to upregulate serum BCAA levels or exacerbate liver injury in HFD-fed mice. Overall, these results suggested that P. gingivalis possibly aggravates NAFLD progression in HFD-fed mice by increasing serum BCAA levels, and this effect showed dependency on the bacterial BCAA transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huimin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chengcheng Liu, ; Yafei Wu,
| | - Yafei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chengcheng Liu, ; Yafei Wu,
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6
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Ren L, Shen D, Liu C, Ding Y. Protein Tyrosine and Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation in Oral Bacterial Dysbiosis and Bacteria-Host Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:814659. [PMID: 35087767 PMCID: PMC8787120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.814659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral microbiota homeostasis is critical for systemic health. Over the last two decades, bacterial protein phosphorylation systems have been extensively studied, providing mounting evidence of the pivotal role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in oral bacterial dysbiosis and bacteria-host interactions. Ongoing investigations aim to discover novel kinases and phosphatases and to understand the mechanism by which these phosphorylation events regulate the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Here, we summarize the structures of bacterial tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and discuss the roles of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation systems in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans, emphasizing their involvement in bacterial metabolism and virulence, community development, and bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daonan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Qi YJ, Jiao YL, Chen P, Kong JY, Gu BL, Liu K, Feng DD, Zhu YF, Ruan HJ, Lan ZJ, Liu QW, Mi YJ, Guo XQ, Wang M, Liang GF, Lamont RJ, Wang H, Zhou FY, Feng XS, Gao SG. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes progression of esophageal squamous cell cancer via TGFβ-dependent Smad/YAP/TAZ signaling. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000825. [PMID: 32886690 PMCID: PMC7498034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis in the upper digestive tract is linked to an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Overabundance of Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with shorter survival of ESCC patients. We investigated the molecular mechanisms driving aggressive progression of ESCC by P. gingivalis. Intracellular invasion of P. gingivalis potentiated proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis abilities of ESCC cells via transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-dependent Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic homologs (Smads)/Yes-associated protein (YAP)/Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) activation. Smads/YAP/TAZ/TEA domain transcription factor1 (TEAD1) complex formation was essential to initiate downstream target gene expression, inducing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness features. Furthermore, P. gingivalis augmented secretion and bioactivity of TGFβ through glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) up-regulation. Accordingly, disruption of either the GARP/TGFβ axis or its activated Smads/YAP/TAZ complex abrogated the tumor-promoting role of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis signature genes based on its activated effector molecules can efficiently distinguish ESCC patients into low- and high-risk groups. Targeting P. gingivalis or its activated effectors may provide novel insights into clinical management of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Qi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SGG); (YJQ)
| | - Ye-Lin Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Bian-Li Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Ruan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Lan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Wei Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - You-Jia Mi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qian Guo
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Feng Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Fu-You Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SGG); (YJQ)
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Chopra A, Bhat SG, Sivaraman K. Porphyromonas gingivalis adopts intricate and unique molecular mechanisms to survive and persist within the host: a critical update. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1801090. [PMID: 32944155 PMCID: PMC7482874 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
is an obligate, asaccharolytic, gram-negative bacteria commonly associated with increased periodontal and systemic inflammation. P. gingivalis is known to survive and persist within the host tissues as it modulates the entire ecosystem by either engineering its environment or modifying the host's immune response. It interacts with various host receptors and alters signaling pathways of inflammation, complement system, cell cycle, and apoptosis. P. gingivalis is even known to induce suicidal cell death of the host and other microbes in its vicinity with the emergence of pathobiont species. Recently, new molecular and immunological mechanisms and virulence factors of P. gingivalis that increase its chance of survival and immune evasion within the host have been discovered. Thus, the present paper aims to provide a consolidated update on the new intricate and unique molecular mechanisms and virulence factors of P. gingivalis associated with its survival, persistence, and immune evasion within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subraya G. Bhat
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdul Rahman Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Karthik Sivaraman
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chopra A, Radhakrishnan R, Sharma M. Porphyromonas gingivalis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review on its intricate pathogenic mechanisms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:213-236. [PMID: 32267781 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1747392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe of the oral cavity, is associated with the onset of various adverse pregnancy outcomes. P. gingivalis is linked with the development of preeclampsia, preterm labour, spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes, foetal growth restriction, and misconception. The unique virulence factors, surface adhesions, enzymes of P. gingivalis can directly injure and alter the morphology, microbiome the foetal and maternal tissues. P. gingivalis can even exaggerate the production of cytokines, free radicals and acute-phase proteins in the uterine compartment that increases the risk of myometrial contraction and onset of preterm labour. Although evidence confirms the presence of P. gingivalis in the amniotic fluid and placenta of women with poor pregnancy outcomes, the intricate molecular mechanisms by which P. gingivalis initiates various antenatal and postnatal maternal and foetal complications are not well explained in the literature. Therefore, the present review aims to comprehensively summarise and highlight the recent and unique molecular pathogenic mechanisms of P. gingivalis associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences & Research, Faridabad, India
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Haufroid M, Wouters J. Targeting the Serine Pathway: A Promising Approach against Tuberculosis? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E66. [PMID: 31052291 PMCID: PMC6630544 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent. Effective chemotherapy has been used and improved since the 1950s, but strains resistant to this therapy and most antibacterial drugs on the market are emerging. Only 10 new drugs are in clinical trials, and two of them have already demonstrated resistance. This paper gives an overview of current treatment options against tuberculosis and points out a promising approach of discovering new effective drugs. The serine production pathway is composed of three enzymes (SerA1, SerC and SerB2), which are considered essential for bacterial growth, and all of them are considered as a therapeutic drug target. Their crystal structure are described and essential regulatory domains pointed out. Sequence alignment with similar enzymes in other host would help to identify key residues to target in order to achieve selective inhibition. Currently, only inhibitors of SerB2 are described in the literature. However, inhibitors of human enzymes are discussed, and could be used as a good starting point for a drug discovery program. The aim of this paper is to give some guidance for the design of new hits for every enzyme in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Haufroid
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Medicine and Drug Innovation Center (Namedic), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Johan Wouters
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Medicine and Drug Innovation Center (Namedic), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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11
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Ohshima J, Wang Q, Fitzsimonds ZR, Miller DP, Sztukowska MN, Jung YJ, Hayashi M, Whiteley M, Lamont RJ. Streptococcus gordonii programs epithelial cells to resist ZEB2 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8544-8553. [PMID: 30971493 PMCID: PMC6486779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymicrobial microbiome of the oral cavity is a direct precursor of periodontal diseases, and changes in microhabitat or shifts in microbial composition may also be linked to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Dysbiotic oral epithelial responses provoked by individual organisms, and which underlie these diseases, are widely studied. However, organisms may influence community partner species through manipulation of epithelial cell responses, an aspect of the host microbiome interaction that is poorly understood. We report here that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, can up-regulate expression of ZEB2, a transcription factor which controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammatory responses. ZEB2 regulation by P. gingivalis was mediated through pathways involving β-catenin and FOXO1. Among the community partners of P. gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii was capable of antagonizing ZEB2 expression. Mechanistically, S. gordonii suppressed FOXO1 by activating the TAK1-NLK negative regulatory pathway, even in the presence of P. gingivalis Collectively, these results establish S. gordonii as homeostatic commensal, capable of mitigating the activity of a more pathogenic organism through modulation of host signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohshima
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Maryta N Sztukowska
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
- University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Emory-Children's Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202;
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12
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Chopra A, Sivaraman K. An update on possible pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal pathogens on renal dysfunction. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:514-538. [PMID: 30729832 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1553847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a potential source of permanent systemic inflammation that initiates renal dysfunction and contributes to the development of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Although numerous studies have confirmed the bidirectional role of periodontal infection and renal inflammation, no literature has yet highlighted the sophisticated pathogenic mechanisms by which periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphynomonas Gingivalis, induce renal dysfunction and contributed in the development of CKDs. The present review aims to critically analyze and highlight the novel pathogenesis of periodontitis induced CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik Sivaraman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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13
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Miller DP, Hutcherson JA, Wang Y, Nowakowska ZM, Potempa J, Yoder-Himes DR, Scott DA, Whiteley M, Lamont RJ. Genes Contributing to Porphyromonas gingivalis Fitness in Abscess and Epithelial Cell Colonization Environments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:378. [PMID: 28900609 PMCID: PMC5581868 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important cause of serious periodontal diseases, and is emerging as a pathogen in several systemic conditions including some forms of cancer. Initial colonization by P. gingivalis involves interaction with gingival epithelial cells, and the organism can also access host tissues and spread haematogenously. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these properties, we utilized a highly saturated transposon insertion library of P. gingivalis, and assessed the fitness of mutants during epithelial cell colonization and survival in a murine abscess model by high-throughput sequencing (Tn-Seq). Transposon insertions in many genes previously suspected as contributing to virulence showed significant fitness defects in both screening assays. In addition, a number of genes not previously associated with P. gingivalis virulence were identified as important for fitness. We further examined fitness defects of four such genes by generating defined mutations. Genes encoding a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, a replication-associated recombination protein, a nitrosative stress responsive HcpR transcription regulator, and RNase Z, a zinc phosphodiesterase, showed a fitness phenotype in epithelial cell colonization and in a competitive abscess infection. This study verifies the importance of several well-characterized putative virulence factors of P. gingivalis and identifies novel fitness determinants of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Justin A Hutcherson
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Zuzanna M Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | | | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
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14
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Polak D, Ferdman O, Houri-Haddad Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis Capsule-Mediated Coaggregation as a Virulence Factor in Mixed Infection With Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Periodontol 2016; 88:502-510. [PMID: 27885964 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) capsule enables evasion from phagocytosis, invasion of keratinocytes, and bacterial survival. In mixed infection, the capsule also participates in coaggregation, which may lead to characteristic virulence not present in the monoinfection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Pg capsule as a virulence factor in coaggregated mixed infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). METHODS Mixed infections containing Fn and non-capsulated or capsulated strains of Pg were compared with the same infection with lactose as coaggregation inhibitor. Murine experimental periodontitis was used to assess disease severity. Primary polymorphonuclear leukocytes and keratinocytes were used to examine phagocytosis and bacterial invasion, respectively. RESULTS Mixed infection with capsulated Pg augmented alveolar bone loss compared with that of mixed infection with non-capsulated Pg. Addition of lactose led to attenuation of bone loss in the capsulated mixed infection and to intensification of bone loss in the non-capsulated mixed infection. In the latter mixed infection, Fn evaded phagocytosis, whereas in the capsulated mixed infection Pg displayed a greater capacity for invasion of keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Pg capsule was found to serve as a unique virulence factor in mixed infection with Fn. Capsule-dependent coaggregation led to augmented invasion of Pg and may be responsible for the severity of disease after mixed infection with Fn.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Polak
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Ferdman
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine
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15
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Sharma AK, Dhasmana N, Dubey N, Kumar N, Gangwal A, Gupta M, Singh Y. Bacterial Virulence Factors: Secreted for Survival. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 57:1-10. [PMID: 28148975 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence is described as an ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease. Virulence factors are the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level. These factors are either secretory, membrane associated or cytosolic in nature. The cytosolic factors facilitate the bacterium to undergo quick adaptive-metabolic, physiological and morphological shifts. The membrane associated virulence factors aid the bacterium in adhesion and evasion of the host cell. The secretory factors are important components of bacterial armoury which help the bacterium wade through the innate and adaptive immune response mounted within the host. In extracellular pathogens, the secretory virulence factors act synergistically to kill the host cells. In this review, we revisit the role of some of the secreted virulence factors of two human pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-an intracellular pathogen and Bacillus anthracis-an extracellular pathogen. The advances in research on the role of secretory factors of these pathogens during infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Neha Dhasmana
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Neha Dubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Aakriti Gangwal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Meetu Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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16
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Shree S, Singh AK, Saxena R, Kumar H, Agarwal A, Sharma VK, Srivastava K, Srivastava KK, Sanyal S, Ramachandran R. The M. tuberculosis HAD phosphatase (Rv3042c) interacts with host proteins and is inhibited by Clofazimine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3401-17. [PMID: 26984196 PMCID: PMC11108430 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis codes for a HAD-phosphatase, Rv3042c (MtSerB2), that has earlier been characterized as a metabolic enzyme. Here we demonstrate that MtSerB2 is secreted into the cytosol of infected macrophages and is found in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of tuberculosis patients. MtSerB2 induces significant cytoskeleton rearrangements through cofilin activation and affects the expression of genes that regulate actin dynamics. It specifically interacts with HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 that block apoptotic pathways and not with other HSPs. It actively dephosphorylates MAPK-p38 and NF-kappa B p65 that play crucial roles in inflammatory and immune responses. This in turn leads to down-regulation of Interleukin 8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. Finally, during evaluation of inhibitors against MtSerB2 we found that Clofazimine, a drug being evaluated for XDR and MDR tuberculosis, inhibits MtSerB2 phosphatase activity and reverses the above effects and interactions with host proteins. Overall, the study identifies that MtSerB2 has new functions that might help the pathogen to evade the host's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Shree
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Saxena
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aparna Agarwal
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanchan Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravishankar Ramachandran
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldán S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 40 Suppl 14:S30-50. [PMID: 23627333 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment of proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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18
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldá S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Periodontol 2016; 84:S30-50. [PMID: 23631583 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.1340012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Two Small Molecules Block Oral Epithelial Cell Invasion by Porphyromons gingivalis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149618. [PMID: 26894834 PMCID: PMC4760928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen of periodontitis. One of its bacterial characteristics is the ability to invade various host cells, including nonphagocytic epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which is known to facilitate P. gingivalis adaptation and survival in the gingival environment. In this study, we investigated two small compounds, Alop1 and dynasore, for their role in inhibition of P. gingivalis invasion. Using confocal microscopy, we showed that these two compounds significantly reduced invasion of P. gingivalis and its outer membrane vesicles into human oral keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of dynasore, a dynamin inhibitor, on the bacterial entry is consistent with the notion that P. gingivalis invasion is mediated by a clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery. We also observed that microtubule arrangement, but not actin, was altered in the host cells treated with Alop1 or dynasore, suggesting an involvement of microtubule in this inhibitory activity. This work provides an opportunity to develop compounds against P. gingivalis infection.
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20
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Kuznetsova E, Nocek B, Brown G, Makarova KS, Flick R, Wolf YI, Khusnutdinova A, Evdokimova E, Jin K, Tan K, Hanson AD, Hasnain G, Zallot R, de Crécy-Lagard V, Babu M, Savchenko A, Joachimiak A, Edwards AM, Koonin EV, Yakunin AF. Functional Diversity of Haloacid Dehalogenase Superfamily Phosphatases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: BIOCHEMICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND EVOLUTIONARY INSIGHTS. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18678-98. [PMID: 26071590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like enzymes comprise a large superfamily of phosphohydrolases present in all organisms. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes at least 19 soluble HADs, including 10 uncharacterized proteins. Here, we biochemically characterized 13 yeast phosphatases from the HAD superfamily, which includes both specific and promiscuous enzymes active against various phosphorylated metabolites and peptides with several HADs implicated in detoxification of phosphorylated compounds and pseudouridine. The crystal structures of four yeast HADs provided insight into their active sites, whereas the structure of the YKR070W dimer in complex with substrate revealed a composite substrate-binding site. Although the S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli HADs share low sequence similarities, the comparison of their substrate profiles revealed seven phosphatases with common preferred substrates. The cluster of secondary substrates supporting significant activity of both S. cerevisiae and E. coli HADs includes 28 common metabolites that appear to represent the pool of potential activities for the evolution of novel HAD phosphatases. Evolution of novel substrate specificities of HAD phosphatases shows no strict correlation with sequence divergence. Thus, evolution of the HAD superfamily combines the conservation of the overall substrate pool and the substrate profiles of some enzymes with remarkable biochemical and structural flexibility of other superfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kuznetsova
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Boguslaw Nocek
- the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Greg Brown
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Kira S Makarova
- the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Robert Flick
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Anna Khusnutdinova
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Elena Evdokimova
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ke Jin
- the Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada, and
| | - Kemin Tan
- the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- the Horticultural Sciences Department, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Ghulam Hasnain
- the Horticultural Sciences Department, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Rémi Zallot
- the Horticultural Sciences Department, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- the Horticultural Sciences Department, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Mohan Babu
- the Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada, and
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Aled M Edwards
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada,
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21
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Noncanonical activation of β-catenin by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3195-203. [PMID: 26034209 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00302-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an established pathogen in periodontal disease and an emerging pathogen in serious systemic conditions, including some forms of cancer. We investigated the effect of P. gingivalis on β-catenin signaling, a major pathway in the control of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Infection of gingival epithelial cells with P. gingivalis did not influence the phosphorylation status of β-catenin but resulted in proteolytic processing. The use of mutants deficient in gingipain production, along with gingipain-specific inhibitors, revealed that gingipain proteolytic activity was required for β-catenin processing. The β-catenin destruction complex components Axin1, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and GSK3β were also proteolytically processed by P. gingivalis gingipains. Cell fractionation and Western blotting demonstrated that β-catenin fragments were translocated to the nucleus. The accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus following P. gingivalis infection was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. A luciferase reporter assay showed that P. gingivalis increased the activity of the β-catenin-dependent TCF/LEF promoter. P. gingivalis did not increase Wnt3a mRNA levels, a finding consistent with P. gingivalis-induced proteolytic processing causing the increase in TCF/LEF promoter activity. Thus, our data indicate that P. gingivalis can induce the noncanonical activation of β-catenin and disassociation of the β-catenin destruction complex by gingipain-dependent proteolytic processing. β-Catenin activation in epithelial cells by P. gingivalis may contribute to a proliferative phenotype.
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22
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Wang Q, Sztukowska M, Ojo A, Scott DA, Wang H, Lamont RJ. FOXO responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1605-17. [PMID: 25958948 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a prominent periodontal, and emerging systemic, pathogen that redirects host cell signalling pathways and modulates innate immune responses. In this study, we show that P. gingivalis infection induces the dephosphorylation and activation of forkhead box-O (FOXO)1, 3 and 4 in gingival epithelial cells. In addition, immunofluorescence showed that FOXO1 accumulated in the nucleus of P. gingivalis-infected cells. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR demonstrated that transcription of genes involved in protection against oxidative stress (Cat, Sod2, Prdx3), inflammatory responses (IL1β) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-6) was induced by P. gingivalis, while small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of FOXO1 suppressed the transcriptional activation of these genes. P. gingivalis-induced secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and inhibition of apoptosis were also impeded by FOXO1 knockdown. Neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by N-acetyl-l-cysteine blocked the activation of FOXO1 by P. gingivalis and concomitantly suppressed the activation of oxidative stress responses, anti-apoptosis programmes and IL-β production. Inhibition of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) either pharmacologically or by siRNA, reduced FOXO1 activation and downstream FOXO1-dependent gene regulation in response to P. gingivalis. The results indicate that P. gingivalis-induced ROS activate FOXO transcription factors through JNK signalling, and that FOXO1 controls oxidative stress responses, inflammatory cytokine production and cell survival. These data position FOXO as an important signalling node in the epithelial cell-P. gingivalis interaction, with particular relevance to cell fate and dysbiotic host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maryta Sztukowska
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Akintunde Ojo
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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Nakayama M, Inoue T, Naito M, Nakayama K, Ohara N. Attenuation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway by Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5190-5202. [PMID: 25564612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen of periodontal diseases, including periodontitis. We have investigated the effect of P. gingivalis infection on the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B) signaling pathway in gingival epithelial cells. Here, we found that live P. gingivalis, but not heat-killed P. gingivalis, reduced Akt phosphorylation at both Thr-308 and Ser-473, which implies a decrease in Akt activity. Actually, PI3K, which is upstream of Akt, was also inactivated by P. gingivalis. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β, mammalian target of rapamycin, and Bad, which are downstream proteins in the PI3K/Akt cascade, were also dephosphorylated, a phenomenon consistent with Akt inactivation by P. gingivalis. However, these events did not require direct interaction between bacteria and host cells and were independent of P. gingivalis invasion into the cells. The use of gingipain-specific inhibitors and a gingipain-deficient P. gingivalis mutant KDP136 revealed that the gingipains and their protease activities were essential for the inactivation of PI3K and Akt. The associations between the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α and membrane proteins were disrupted by wild-type P. gingivalis. Moreover, PDK1 translocation to the plasma membrane was reduced by wild-type P. gingivalis, but not KDP136, indicating little production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate by PI3K. Therefore, it is likely that PI3K failed to transmit homeostatic extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling pathways by gingipains. Taken together, our findings indicate that P. gingivalis attenuates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via the proteolytic effects of gingipains, resulting in the dysregulation of PI3K/Akt-dependent cellular functions and the destruction of epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and
| | - Tetsuyoshi Inoue
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and
| | - Mariko Naito
- the Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- the Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and.
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Characterization of M. tuberculosis SerB2, an essential HAD-family phosphatase, reveals novel properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115409. [PMID: 25521849 PMCID: PMC4270767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis harbors an essential phosphoserine phosphatase (MtSerB2, Rv3042c) that contains two small- molecule binding ACT-domains (Pfam 01842) at the N-terminus followed by the phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) domain. We found that exogenously added MtSerB2 elicits microtubule rearrangements in THP-1 cells. Mutational analysis demonstrates that phosphatase activity is co-related to the elicited rearrangements, while addition of the ACT-domains alone elicits no rearrangements. The enzyme is dimeric, exhibits divalent metal- ion dependency, and is more specific for l- phosphoserine unlike other classical PSPases. Binding of a variety of amino acids to the ACT-domains influences MtSerB2 activity by either acting as activators/inhibitors/have no effects. Additionally, reduced activity of the PSP domain can be enhanced by equimolar addition of the ACT domains. Further, we identified that G18 and G108 of the respective ACT-domains are necessary for ligand-binding and their mutations to G18A and G108A abolish the binding of ligands like l- serine. A specific transition to higher order oligomers is observed upon the addition of l- serine at ∼0.8 molar ratio as supported by Isothermal calorimetry and Size exclusion chromatography experiments. Mutational analysis shows that the transition is dependent on binding of l- serine to the ACT-domains. Furthermore, the higher-order oligomeric form of MtSerB2 is inactive, suggesting that its formation is a mechanism for feedback control of enzyme activity. Inhibition studies involving over eight inhibitors, MtSerB2, and the PSP domain respectively, suggests that targeting the ACT-domains can be an effective strategy for the development of inhibitors.
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Ji S, Choi YS, Choi Y. Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:570-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology Anam Hospital Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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Arora G, Tiwari P, Mandal RS, Gupta A, Sharma D, Saha S, Singh R. High throughput screen identifies small molecule inhibitors specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphoserine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25149-65. [PMID: 25037224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis makes identification and validation of newer drug targets a global priority. Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP), a key essential metabolic enzyme involved in conversion of O-phospho-l-serine to l-serine, was characterized in this study. The M. tuberculosis genome harbors all enzymes involved in l-serine biosynthesis including two PSP homologs: Rv0505c (SerB1) and Rv3042c (SerB2). In the present study, we have biochemically characterized SerB2 enzyme and developed malachite green-based high throughput assay system to identify SerB2 inhibitors. We have identified 10 compounds that were structurally different from known PSP inhibitors, and few of these scaffolds were highly specific in their ability to inhibit SerB2 enzyme, were noncytotoxic against mammalian cell lines, and inhibited M. tuberculosis growth in vitro. Surface plasmon resonance experiments demonstrated the relative binding for these inhibitors. The two best hits identified in our screen, clorobiocin and rosaniline, were bactericidal in activity and killed intracellular bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. We have also identified amino acid residues critical for these SerB2-small molecule interactions. This is the first study where we validate that M. tuberculosis SerB2 is a druggable and suitable target to pursue for further high throughput assay system screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Arora
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India, the Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Maharashtra 412115, India
| | - Prabhakar Tiwari
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- the Biomedical Informatics Center, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Arpit Gupta
- the CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India, and
| | - Deepak Sharma
- the CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India, and
| | - Sudipto Saha
- the Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India,
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Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Breaking bad: manipulation of the host response by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:328-38. [PMID: 24338806 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent metagenomic and mechanistic studies are consistent with a new model of periodontal pathogenesis. This model proposes that periodontal disease is initiated by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbial community rather than by a select few bacteria traditionally known as "periopathogens." Low-abundance bacteria with community-wide effects that are critical for the development of dysbiosis are now known as keystone pathogens, the best-documented example of which is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Here, we review established mechanisms by which P. gingivalis interferes with host immunity and enables the emergence of dysbiotic communities. We integrate the role of P. gingivalis with that of other bacteria acting upstream and downstream in pathogenesis. Accessory pathogens act upstream to facilitate P. gingivalis colonization and co-ordinate metabolic activities, whereas commensals-turned pathobionts act downstream and contribute to destructive inflammation. The recent concepts of keystone pathogens, along with polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis, have profound implications for the development of therapeutic options for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The serine phosphatase SerB of Porphyromonas gingivalis suppresses IL-8 production by dephosphorylation of NF-κB RelA/p65. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003326. [PMID: 23637609 PMCID: PMC3630210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in severe and chronic manifestations of periodontal disease, which is one of the most common infections of humans. A central feature of P. gingivalis pathogenicity is dysregulation of innate immunity at the gingival epithelial interface, including suppression of IL-8 production by epithelial cells. NF-κB is a transcriptional regulator that controls important aspects of innate immune responses, and NF-κB RelA/p65 homodimers regulate transcription of IL8. Phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit protein on the serine 536 residue affects nuclear translocation and transcription of target genes. Here we show that SerB, a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) family serine phosphatase secreted by P. gingivalis, is produced intracellularly and can specifically dephosphorylate S536 of p65 in gingival epithelial cells. A P. gingivalis mutant lacking SerB was impaired in dephosphorylation of p65 S536, and ectopically expressed SerB bound to p65 and co-localized with p65 in the cytoplasm. Ectopic expression of SerB also resulted in dephosphorylation of p65 with reduced nuclear translocation in TNF-α-stimulated epithelial cells. In contrast, the p105/50 subunit of NF-κB was unaffected by SerB. Co-expression of a constitutively active p65 mutant (S536D) relieved inhibition of nuclear translocation. Both the activity of the IL8 promoter and production of IL-8 were diminished by SerB. Deletion and truncation mutants of SerB lacking the HAD-family enzyme motifs of SerB were unable to dephosphorylate p65, inhibit nuclear translocation or abrogate IL8 transcription. Specific dephosphorylation of NF-κB p65 S536 by SerB, and consequent inhibition of nuclear translocation, provides the molecular basis for a bacterial strategy to manipulate host inflammatory pathways and repress innate immunity at mucosal surfaces. Periodontal diseases are one of the most common infections of humans, and are characterized by gingival inflammation and destruction of the hard and soft tissues that support the tooth, eventually causing tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal diseases and a key pathogenic attribute of this organism is the ability to disrupt host innate immunity. Infection of gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis suppresses production of the neutrophil chemokine IL-8. This inhibitory process is associated with the P. gingivalis serine phosphatase, SerB. In this study we show that SerB has a potent and specific ability to inhibit activation the NF-κB transcription factor which regulates IL-8 production. Mechanistically, SerB binds to and dephosphorylates the p65 subunit of NF-κB which prevents nuclear translocation and subsequent transcription of the IL8 gene. Targeting the NF-κB p65 subunit allows P. gingivalis to dampen IL-8 dependent inflammatory responses, facilitate survival and potentially to establish a favorable niche for the entire periodontal microbial community.
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Moffatt-Jauregui CE, Robinson B, de Moya AV, Brockman RD, Roman AV, Cash MN, Culp DJ, Lamont RJ. Establishment and characterization of a telomerase immortalized human gingival epithelial cell line. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:713-21. [PMID: 23441958 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gingival keratinocytes are used in model systems to investigate the interaction between periodontal bacteria and the epithelium in the initial stages of the periodontal disease process. Primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) have a finite lifespan in culture before they enter senescence and cease to replicate, while epithelial cells immortalized with viral proteins can exhibit chromosomal rearrangements. The aim of this study was to generate a telomerase immortalized human gingival epithelial cell line and compare its in vitro behaviour to that of human GECs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human primary GECs were immortalized with a bmi1/hTERT combination to prevent cell cycle triggers of senescence and telomere shortening. The resultant cell-line, telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs), were compared to GECs for cell morphology, karyotype, growth and cytokeratin expression, and further characterized for replicative lifespan, expression of toll-like receptors and invasion by P. gingivalis. RESULTS TIGKs showed morphologies, karyotype, proliferation rates and expression of characteristic cytokeratin proteins comparable to GECs. TIGKs underwent 36 passages without signs of senescence and expressed transcripts for toll-like receptors 1-6, 8 and 9. A subpopulation of cells underwent stratification after extended time in culture. The cytokeratin profiles of TIGK monolayers were consistent with basal cells. When allowed to stratify, cytokeratin profiles of TIGKs were consistent with suprabasal cells of the junctional epithelium. Further, TIGKs were comparable to GECs in previously reported levels and kinetics of invasion by wild-type P. gingivalis and an invasion defective ΔserB mutant. CONCLUSION Results confirm bmi1/hTERT immortalization of primary GECs generated a robust cell line with similar characteristics to the parental cell type. TIGKs represent a valuable model system for the study of oral bacteria interactions with host gingival cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Moffatt-Jauregui
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Alphaherpesviral US3 kinase induces cofilin dephosphorylation to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton. J Virol 2013; 87:4121-6. [PMID: 23365433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03107-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved alphaherpesviral serine/threonine kinase US3 causes dramatic actin rearrangements, associated with increased viral spread. Here, we show that US3 of pseudorabies virus (PRV) leads to activation (dephosphorylation) of the central actin regulator cofilin. A mutation that impairs US3 kinase activity and the group I p21-activated kinase inhibitor IPA-3 inhibited US3-mediated cofilin activation. Additionally, expression of phosphomimetic S3D cofilin significantly suppressed the ability of US3 to cause cell projections and cell rounding. In conclusion, the US3 kinase of PRV leads to activation (dephosphorylation) of cofilin, and cofilin contributes to US3-mediated actin rearrangements.
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