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Ampofo E, Pack M, Wrublewsky S, Boewe AS, Spigelman AF, Koch H, MacDonald PE, Laschke MW, Montenarh M, Götz C. CK2 activity is crucial for proper glucagon expression. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1368-1385. [PMID: 38503901 PMCID: PMC11153270 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Protein kinase CK2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells. This action is mainly mediated by phosphorylation of the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein 1 (PDX1). In pancreatic alpha cells, PDX1 acts in a reciprocal fashion on glucagon (GCG) expression. Therefore, we hypothesised that CK2 might positively regulate GCG expression in pancreatic alpha cells. METHODS We suppressed CK2 kinase activity in αTC1 cells by two pharmacological inhibitors and by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Subsequently, we analysed GCG expression and secretion by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, ELISA and DNA pull-down assays. We additionally studied paracrine effects on GCG secretion in pseudoislets, isolated murine islets and human islets. In vivo, we examined the effect of CK2 inhibition on blood glucose levels by systemic and alpha cell-specific CK2 inhibition. RESULTS We found that CK2 downregulation reduces GCG secretion in the murine alpha cell line αTC1 (e.g. from 1094±124 ng/l to 459±110 ng/l) by the use of the CK2-inhibitor SGC-CK2-1. This was due to a marked decrease in Gcg gene expression through alteration of the binding of paired box protein 6 (PAX6) and transcription factor MafB to the Gcg promoter. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that both transcription factors are displaced by PDX1. Ex vivo experiments in isolated murine islets and pseudoislets further demonstrated that CK2-mediated reduction in GCG secretion was only slightly affected by the higher insulin secretion after CK2 inhibition. The kidney capsule transplantation model showed the significance of CK2 for GCG expression and secretion in vivo. Finally, CK2 downregulation also reduced the GCG secretion in islets isolated from humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These novel findings not only indicate an important function of protein kinase CK2 for proper GCG expression but also demonstrate that CK2 may be a promising target for the development of novel glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanna Koch
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Spezani R, Reis-Barbosa PH, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Update on the transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells into functional beta cells for treating diabetes. Life Sci 2024; 346:122645. [PMID: 38614297 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence and associated comorbidities need innovative approaches for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention and treatment. Genetics contributes significantly to T2DM susceptibility, and genetic counseling is significant in detecting and informing people about the diabetic risk. T2DM is also intricately linked to overnutrition and obesity, and nutritional advising is beneficial to mitigate diabetic evolution. However, manipulating pancreatic cell plasticity and transdifferentiation could help beta cell regeneration and glucose homeostasis, effectively contributing to the antidiabetic fight. Targeted modulation of transcription factors is highlighted for their roles in various aspects of pancreatic cell differentiation and function, inducing non-beta cells' conversion into functional beta cells (responsive to glucose). In addition, pharmacological interventions targeting specific receptors and pathways might facilitate cell transdifferentiation aiming to maintain or increase beta cell mass and function. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular reprogramming are not yet well understood. The present review highlights the primary transcriptional factors in the endocrine pancreas, focusing on transdifferentiation as a primary mechanism. Therefore, islet cell reprogramming, converting one cell type to another and transforming non-beta cells into insulin-producing cells, depends, among others, on transcription factors. It is a promising fact that new transcription factors are discovered every day, and their actions on pancreatic islet cells are revealed. Exploring these pathways associated with pancreatic development and islet endocrine cell differentiation could unravel the molecular intricacies underlying transdifferentiation processes, exploring novel therapeutic strategies to treat diabetes. The medical use of this biotechnology is expected to be achievable within a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Reis-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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3
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Xu Y, Mao S, Fan H, Wan J, Wang L, Zhang M, Zhu S, Yuan J, Lu Y, Wang Z, Yu B, Jiang Z, Huang Y. LINC MIR503HG Controls SC-β Cell Differentiation and Insulin Production by Targeting CDH1 and HES1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305631. [PMID: 38243869 PMCID: PMC10987150 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors (SC-PPs), as an unlimited source of SC-derived β (SC-β) cells, offers a robust tool for diabetes treatment in stem cell-based transplantation, disease modeling, and drug screening. Whereas, PDX1+/NKX6.1+ PPs enhances the subsequent endocrine lineage specification and gives rise to glucose-responsive SC-β cells in vivo and in vitro. To identify the regulators that promote induction efficiency and cellular function maturation, single-cell RNA-sequencing is performed to decipher the transcriptional landscape during PPs differentiation. The comprehensive evaluation of functionality demonstrated that manipulating LINC MIR503HG using CRISPR in PP cell fate decision can improve insulin synthesis and secretion in mature SC-β cells, without effects on liver lineage specification. Importantly, transplantation of MIR503HG-/- SC-β cells in recipients significantly restored blood glucose homeostasis, accompanied by serum C-peptide release and an increase in body weight. Mechanistically, by releasing CtBP1 occupying the CDH1 and HES1 promoters, the decrease in MIR503HG expression levels provided an excellent extracellular niche and appropriate Notch signaling activation for PPs following differentiation. Furthermore, this exhibited higher crucial transcription factors and mature epithelial markers in CDH1High expressed clusters. Altogether, these findings highlighted MIR503HG as an essential and exclusive PP cell fate specification regulator with promising therapeutic potential for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Center of Gallbladder DiseaseShanghai East HospitalInstitute of Gallstone DiseaseSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Susu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of EducationNMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology ProductsCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Haowen Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Department of Graduate SchoolDalian Medical UniversityDalianLiaoning116000China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear MedicineBeijing Friendship HospitalAffiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing100050China
| | - Shajun Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of EducationNMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology ProductsCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder DiseaseShanghai East HospitalInstitute of Gallstone DiseaseSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of EducationNMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology ProductsCo‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
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4
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Oropeza D, Herrera PL. Glucagon-producing α-cell transcriptional identity and reprogramming towards insulin production. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:180-197. [PMID: 37626005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell replacement by in situ reprogramming of non-β-cells is a promising diabetes therapy. Following the observation that near-total β-cell ablation in adult mice triggers the reprogramming of pancreatic α-, δ-, and γ-cells into insulin (INS)-producing cells, recent studies are delving deep into the mechanisms controlling adult α-cell identity. Systematic analyses of the α-cell transcriptome and epigenome have started to pinpoint features that could be crucial for maintaining α-cell identity. Using different transgenic and chemical approaches, significant advances have been made in reprogramming α-cells in vivo into INS-secreting cells in mice. The recent reprogramming of human α-cells in vitro is an important step forward that must now be complemented with a comprehensive molecular dissection of the mechanisms controlling α-cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Luis Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Nagagata BA, Ajackson M, Ornellas F, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Obese mothers supplemented with melatonin during gestation and lactation ameliorate the male offspring's pancreatic islet cellular composition and beta-cell function. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:490-500. [PMID: 37366144 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin supplementation to obese mothers during gestation and lactation might benefit the pancreatic islet cellular composition and beta-cell function in male offspring adulthood. C57BL/6 females (mothers) were assigned to two groups (n = 20/each) based on their consumption in control (C 17% kJ as fat) or high-fat diet (HF 49% kJ as fat). Mothers were supplemented with melatonin (Mel) (10 mg/kg daily) during gestation and lactation, or vehicle, forming the groups (n = 10/each): C, CMel, HF, and HFMel. The male offspring were studied, considering they only received the C diet after weaning until three months old. The HF mothers and their offspring showed higher body weight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and low insulin sensitivity than the C ones. However, HFMel mothers and their offspring showed improved glucose metabolism and weight loss than the HF ones. Also, the offspring's higher expressions of pro-inflammatory markers and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were observed in HF but reduced in HFMel. Contrarily, antioxidant enzymes were less expressed in HF but improved in HFMel. In addition, HF showed increased beta-cell mass and hyperinsulinemia but diminished in HFMel. Besides, the beta-cell maturity and identity gene expressions diminished in HF but enhanced in HFMel. In conclusion, obese mothers supplemented with melatonin benefit their offspring's islet cell remodeling and function. In addition, improving pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and ER stress resulted in better glucose and insulin levels control. Consequently, pancreatic islets and functioning beta cells were preserved in the offspring of obese mothers supplemented with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Nagagata
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ajackson
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Pan Q, Lu K, Luo J, Jiang Y, Xia B, Chen L, Wang M, Dai R, Chen T. Japanese medaka Olpax6.1 mutant as a potential model for spondylo-ocular syndrome. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:168. [PMID: 37204625 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
pax6 is a canonic master gene for eye formation. Knockout of pax6 affects the development of craniofacial skeleton and eye in mice. Whether pax6 affects the development of spinal bone has not been reported yet. In the present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate Olpax6.1 mutant in Japanese medaka. Phenotype analysis showed that ocular mutation caused by the Olpax6.1 mutation occurred in the homozygous mutant. The phenotype of heterozygotes is not significantly different from that of wild-type. In addition, knockout Olpax6.1 resulted in severe curvature of the spine in the homozygous F2 generation. Comparative transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that the defective Olpax6.1 protein caused a decrease in the expression level of sp7, col10a1a, and bglap, while the expression level of xylt2 did not change significantly. The functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database showed that the DEGs between Olpax6.1 mutation and wild-type were enriched in p53 signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM) -receptor interaction, et al. Our results indicated that the defective Olpax6.1 protein results in the reduction of sp7 expression level and the activation of p53 signaling pathway, which leads to a decrease in the expression of genes encoding ECM protein, such as collagen protein family and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, which further inhibits bone development. Based on the phenotype and molecular mechanism of ocular mutation and spinal curvature induced by Olpax6.1 knockout, we believe that the Olpax6.1-/- mutant could be a potential model for the study of spondylo-ocular syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Pan
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Lu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Junzhi Luo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuewen Jiang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bilin Xia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Ronggui Dai
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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7
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Pan Q, Luo J, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Lu K, Chen T. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Olpax6.2 acquires maternal inheritance and germ cells expression, but was functionally degenerated in the eye. Gene 2023; 872:147439. [PMID: 37094695 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication provides raw material for the evolution of genetic and phenotypic complexity. It has remained a long-standing mystery how duplicated genes evolve into new genes by neofunctionalization via the acquisition of new expression and/or activity and simultaneous loss of the old expression and activity. Fishes have many gene duplicates from whole genome duplication, making them excellent for studying the evolution of gene duplicates. In the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes), an ancestral pax6 gene has given rise to Olpax6.1 and Olpax6.2. Here we report that medaka Olpax6.2 is evolving towards neofunctionalization. A chromosomal syntenic analysis indicated that Olpax6.1 and Olpax6.2 are structurally co-homologous to the single pax6 in other organisms. Interestingly, Olpax6.2 maintains all conserved coding exons but loses the non-coding exons of Olpax6.1, and has 4 promoters versus 8 in Olpax6.1. RT-PCR revealed that Olpax6.2 maintained expression in the brain eye, pancreas as Olpax6.1. Surprisingly, Olpax6.2 also exhibited maternal inheritance and gonadal expression by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and RNA transcriptome analysis. The expression and distribution of Olpax6.2 is not different from Olpax6.1 in the adult brain, eye and pancreas, but exhibited overlapping and distinct expression in early embryogenesis. We show that ovarian Olpax6.2 expression occurs in female germ cells. Olpax6.2 knockout showed no obvious defect in eye development, while Olpax6.1 F0 mutant have severe defects in eye development. Thus, Olpax6.2 has acquired maternal inheritance and germ cell expression, but was functionally degenerated in the eye, making this gene as an excellent model to study the neofunctionalization of duplicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junzhi Luo
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuewen Jiang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Lu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Kong H, Yu L, Li C, Ban X, Gu Z, Li Z. Short-Clustered Maltodextrin Activates Ileal Glucose-Sensing and Induces Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Secretion to Ameliorate Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12604-12619. [PMID: 36125960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing molecular structure is an effective approach to attenuating glycemic response to starch. Previously, we rearranged α-1,4 and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in starch molecules to produce short-clustered maltodextrin (SCMD). The present study revealed that SCMD slowly released glucose until the distal ileum. The activated ileal glucose-sensing enabled SCMD to be a potent inducer for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Furthermore, SCMD was found feasible to serve as the dominant dietary carbohydrate to rescue mice from diabetes. Interestingly, a mixture of normal maltodextrin and resistant dextrin (MD+RD), although it caused an attenuated glycemic response similar to that of SCMD, failed to ameliorate glucose homeostasis because it hardly induced GLP-1 secretion. The serum GLP-1 levels seen in MD+RD-fed mice (5.25 ± 1.51 pmol/L) were significantly lower than those seen in SCMD-fed mice (8.25 ± 2.01 pmol/L, p < 0.05). Further investigation revealed that the beneficial effects of SCMD could be abolished by a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist. These results identify GLP-1R signaling as a critical contributor to SCMD-exerted health benefits and highlight the role of ileal glucose-sensing in designing dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Luxi Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Nutrient Sensing via Gut in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052694. [PMID: 35269834 PMCID: PMC8910450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in animals' sense available nutrients to generate a physiological regulatory response involving absorption, digestion, and regulation of food intake and to maintain glucose and energy homeostasis. During nutrient sensing via the gastrointestinal tract, nutrients interact with receptors on the enteroendocrine cells in the gut, which in return respond by secreting various hormones. Sensing of nutrients by the gut plays a critical role in transmitting food-related signals to the brain and other tissues informing the composition of ingested food to digestive processes. These signals modulate feeding behaviors, food intake, metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance. The increasing significance of fly genetics with the availability of a vast toolbox for studying physiological function, expression of chemosensory receptors, and monitoring the gene expression in specific cells of the intestine makes the fly gut the most useful tissue for studying the nutrient-sensing mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of Drosophila gut in nutrient-sensing to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain cross talk using endocrine and neuronal signaling pathways stimulated by internal state or the consumption of various dietary nutrients. Overall, this review will be useful in understanding the post-ingestive nutrient-sensing mechanisms having a physiological and pathological impact on health and diseases.
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Ko S, Yeom E, Chun YL, Mun H, Howard-McGuire M, Millison NT, Jung J, Lee KP, Lee C, Lee KS, Delaney JR, Yoon JH. Profiling of RNA-binding Proteins Interacting With Glucagon and Adipokinetic Hormone mRNAs. J Lipid Atheroscler 2022; 11:55-72. [PMID: 35118022 PMCID: PMC8792818 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2022.11.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon in mammals and its homolog (adipokinetic hormone [AKH] in Drosophila melanogaster) are peptide hormones which regulate lipid metabolism by breaking down triglycerides. Although regulatory mechanisms of glucagon and AKH expression have been widely studied, post-transcriptional gene expression of glucagon has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, we aimed to profile proteins binding with Gcg messenger RNA (mRNA) in mouse and Akh mRNA in Drosophila. METHODS Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) and mouse 3T3-L1 cell lysates were utilized for affinity pull down of Akh and Gcg mRNA respectively using biotinylated anti-sense DNA oligoes against target mRNAs. Mass spectrometry and computational network analysis revealed mRNA-interacting proteins residing in functional proximity. RESULTS We observed that 1) 91 proteins interact with Akh mRNA from S2 cell lysates, 2) 34 proteins interact with Gcg mRNA from 3T3-L1 cell lysates. 3) Akh mRNA interactome revealed clusters of ribosomes and known RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). 4) Gcg mRNA interactome revealed mRNA-binding proteins including Plekha7, zinc finger protein, carboxylase, lipase, histone proteins and a cytochrome, Cyp2c44. 5) Levels of Gcg mRNA and its interacting proteins are elevated in skeletal muscles isolated from old mice compared to ones from young mice. CONCLUSION Akh mRNA in S2 cells are under active translation in a complex of RBPs and ribosomes. Gcg mRNA in mouse precursor adipocyte is in a condition distinct from Akh mRNA due to biochemical interactions with a subset of RBPs and histones. We anticipate that our study contributes to investigating regulatory mechanisms of Gcg and Akh mRNA decay, translation, and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eunbyul Yeom
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoo Lim Chun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Mun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marina Howard-McGuire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nathan T. Millison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Pyo Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joe R. Delaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Je-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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11
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Shrestha S, Saunders DC, Walker JT, Camunas-Soler J, Dai XQ, Haliyur R, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Prasad N, Bottino R, Stein R, Cartailler JP, Parker SC, MacDonald PE, Levy SE, Powers AC, Brissova M. Combinatorial transcription factor profiles predict mature and functional human islet α and β cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151621. [PMID: 34428183 PMCID: PMC8492318 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet-enriched transcription factors (TFs) exert broad control over cellular processes in pancreatic α and β cells, and changes in their expression are associated with developmental state and diabetes. However, the implications of heterogeneity in TF expression across islet cell populations are not well understood. To define this TF heterogeneity and its consequences for cellular function, we profiled more than 40,000 cells from normal human islets by single-cell RNA-Seq and stratified α and β cells based on combinatorial TF expression. Subpopulations of islet cells coexpressing ARX/MAFB (α cells) and MAFA/MAFB (β cells) exhibited greater expression of key genes related to glucose sensing and hormone secretion relative to subpopulations expressing only one or neither TF. Moreover, all subpopulations were identified in native pancreatic tissue from multiple donors. By Patch-Seq, MAFA/MAFB-coexpressing β cells showed enhanced electrophysiological activity. Thus, these results indicate that combinatorial TF expression in islet α and β cells predicts highly functional, mature subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Shrestha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Creative Data Solutions, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joan Camunas-Soler
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachana Haliyur
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Imagine Pharma, Devon, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Stephen Cj Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Chan JY, Bensellam M, Lin RCY, Liang C, Lee K, Jonas JC, Laybutt DR. Transcriptome analysis of islets from diabetes-resistant and diabetes-prone obese mice reveals novel gene regulatory networks involved in beta-cell compensation and failure. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21608. [PMID: 33977593 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100009r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning beta-cell compensation for obesity-associated insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes remain poorly understood. We used a large-scale strategy to determine the time-dependent transcriptomic changes in islets of diabetes-prone db/db and diabetes-resistant ob/ob mice at 6 and 16 weeks of age. Differentially expressed genes were subjected to cluster, gene ontology, pathway and gene set enrichment analyses. A distinctive gene expression pattern was observed in 16 week db/db islets in comparison to the other groups with alterations in transcriptional regulators of islet cell identity, upregulation of glucose/lipid metabolism, and various stress response genes, and downregulation of specific amino acid transport and metabolism genes. In contrast, ob/ob islets displayed a coordinated downregulation of metabolic and stress response genes at 6 weeks of age, suggestive of a preemptive reconfiguration in these islets to lower the threshold of metabolic activation in response to increased insulin demand thereby preserving beta-cell function and preventing cellular stress. In addition, amino acid transport and metabolism genes were upregulated in ob/ob islets, suggesting an important role of glutamate metabolism in beta-cell compensation. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes identified the enrichment of binding motifs for transcription factors, FOXO4, NFATC1, and MAZ. siRNA-mediated knockdown of these genes in MIN6 cells altered cell death, insulin secretion, and stress gene expression. In conclusion, these data revealed novel gene regulatory networks involved in beta-cell compensation and failure. Preemptive metabolic reconfiguration in diabetes-resistant islets may dampen metabolic activation and cellular stress during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng Yie Chan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Bensellam
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pôle D'endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruby C Y Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cassandra Liang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kailun Lee
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Pôle D'endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Bohuslavova R, Smolik O, Malfatti J, Berkova Z, Novakova Z, Saudek F, Pavlinkova G. NEUROD1 Is Required for the Early α and β Endocrine Differentiation in the Pancreas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6713. [PMID: 34201511 PMCID: PMC8268837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that involves the death or dysfunction of the insulin-secreting β cells in the pancreas. Consequently, most diabetes research is aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular bases of pancreatic development, islet formation, β-cell survival, and insulin secretion. Complex interactions of signaling pathways and transcription factor networks regulate the specification, growth, and differentiation of cell types in the developing pancreas. Many of the same regulators continue to modulate gene expression and cell fate of the adult pancreas. The transcription factor NEUROD1 is essential for the maturation of β cells and the expansion of the pancreatic islet cell mass. Mutations of the Neurod1 gene cause diabetes in humans and mice. However, the different aspects of the requirement of NEUROD1 for pancreas development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of NEUROD1 during the primary and secondary transitions of mouse pancreas development. We determined that the elimination of Neurod1 impairs the expression of key transcription factors for α- and β-cell differentiation, β-cell proliferation, insulin production, and islets of Langerhans formation. These findings demonstrate that the Neurod1 deletion altered the properties of α and β endocrine cells, resulting in severe neonatal diabetes, and thus, NEUROD1 is required for proper activation of the transcriptional network and differentiation of functional α and β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Bohuslavova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Ondrej Smolik
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (Z.N.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Malfatti
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (Z.N.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Berkova
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Zaneta Novakova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Frantisek Saudek
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (Z.N.)
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14
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Weng G, Kim J, Won KJ. VeTra: a tool for trajectory inference based on RNA velocity. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:3509-3513. [PMID: 33974009 PMCID: PMC8545348 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Trajectory inference (TI) for single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data is a powerful approach to interpret dynamic cellular processes such as cell cycle and development. Still, however, accurate inference of trajectory is challenging. Recent development of RNA velocity provides an approach to visualize cell state transition without relying on prior knowledge. Results To perform TI and group cells based on RNA velocity we developed VeTra. By applying cosine similarity and merging weakly connected components, VeTra identifies cell groups from the direction of cell transition. Besides, VeTra suggests key regulators from the inferred trajectory. VeTra is a useful tool for TI and subsequent analysis. Availability and implementation The Vetra is available at https://github.com/wgzgithub/VeTra. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Weng
- Department of Biology, The bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Junil Kim
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, 06978 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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15
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Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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The RNA-binding protein, HuD regulates proglucagon biosynthesis in pancreatic α cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:266-272. [PMID: 32828297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is a peptide hormone generated by pancreatic α cells. It is the counterpart of insulin and plays an essential role in the regulation of blood glucose level. Therefore, a tight regulation of glucagon levels is pivotal to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating glucagon biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding protein HuD regulates glucagon expression in pancreatic α cells. HuD was found in α cells from mouse pancreatic islet and mouse glucagonoma αTC1 cell line. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis, followed by RT-qPCR showed the association of HuD with glucagon mRNA. Knockdown of HuD resulted in a reduction in both proglucagon expression and cellular glucagon level by decreasing its de novo synthesis. Reporter analysis using the EGFP reporter containing 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of glucagon mRNA showed that HuD regulates proglucagon expression via its 3'UTR. In addition, the relative level of glucagon in the islets and plasma was lower in HuD knockout (KO) mice compared to age-matched control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that HuD is a novel factor regulating the biosynthesis of proglucagon in pancreatic α cells.
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17
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In utero exposure to dexamethasone programs the development of the pancreatic β- and α-cells during early postnatal life. Life Sci 2020; 255:117810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Ampofo E, Nalbach L, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114170. [PMID: 32545257 PMCID: PMC7312888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-162-6561; Fax: +49-6841-162-6553
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19
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Cheng M, Huang X, Zhang M, Huang Q. Computational and functional analyses of T2D GWAS SNPs for transcription factor binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:658-665. [PMID: 31948755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have successfully identified numerous non-coding genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the functional roles underlying these non-coding variants remain largely unknown. The effects of T2D GWAS lead SNPs on transcriptional factors binding motifs were firstly analyzed via JASPAR, followed by functional validations including dual-luciferase reporter assays, biotin-based DNA pull-down assays, real-time quantitative PCR, and western blotting. The results showed that GWAS SNP rs4430796 conferred T allele specific transcriptional enhancer activity via a PAX6 binding element, and upregulated the expression of HNF1B. GWAS SNP rs4607103 showed a bidirectional modulation of ADAMTS9-AS2 and ADAMTS9 by TCF7L2 in a T allele-specific manner. GWAS SNP rs849135 conferred C allele-specific bidirectional transcriptional enhancer activity via a CREB1 binding element. Our findings have uncovered the functional mechanisms of three T2D GWAS SNPs via affecting the binding of transcription factors, providing new insights into the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China; College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xinyao Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Manling Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China.
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20
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Chang YH, Katoh MC, Abdellatif AM, Xiafukaiti G, Elzeftawy A, Ojima M, Mizuno S, Kuno A, Takahashi S. Uncovering the role of MAFB in glucagon production and secretion in pancreatic α-cells using a new α-cell-specific Mafb conditional knockout mouse model. Exp Anim 2019; 69:178-188. [PMID: 31787710 PMCID: PMC7220711 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cre/loxP is a site-specific recombination system extensively used to enable the conditional deletion or activation of target genes in a spatial- and/or temporal-specific manner. A number of pancreatic-specific Cre driver mouse lines have been broadly established for studying the development, function and pathology of pancreatic cells. However, only a few models are currently available for glucagon-producing α-cells. Disagreement exists over the role of the MAFB transcription factor in glucagon expression during postnatal life, which might be due to the lack of α-cell-specific Cre driver mice. In the present study, we established a novel Gcg-Cre knock-in mouse line with the Cre transgene expressed under the control of the preproglucagon (Gcg) promoter without disrupting the endogenous Gcg gene expression. Then, we applied this newly developed Gcg-Cre mouse line to generate a new α-cell-specific Mafb conditional knockout mouse model (MafbΔGcg). Not only α-cell number but also glucagon production were significantly decreased in MafbΔGcg mice compared to control littermates, suggesting an indispensable role of MAFB in both α-cell development and function. Taken together, our newly developed Gcg-Cre mouse line, which was successfully utilized to uncover the role of MAFB in α-cells, is a useful tool for genetic manipulation in pancreatic α-cells, providing a new platform for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Megumi C Katoh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 60 Elgomhoria st, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Guli Xiafukaiti
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Abdelaziz Elzeftawy
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masami Ojima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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21
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Scharfmann R, Staels W, Albagli O. The supply chain of human pancreatic β cell lines. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3511-3520. [PMID: 31478912 PMCID: PMC6715382 DOI: 10.1172/jci129484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have an insufficiency in their functional β cell mass. To advance diabetes treatment and to work toward a cure, a better understanding of how to protect the pancreatic β cells against autoimmune or metabolic assaults (e.g., obesity, gestation) will be required. Over the past decades, β cell protection has been extensively investigated in rodents both in vivo and in vitro using isolated islets or rodent β cell lines. Transferring these rodent data to humans has long been challenging, at least partly for technical reasons: primary human islet preparations were scarce and functional human β cell lines were lacking. In 2011, we described a robust protocol of targeted oncogenesis in human fetal pancreas and produced the first functional human β cell line, and in subsequent years additional lines with specific traits. These cell lines are currently used by more than 150 academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. In this Review, we first explain how we developed the human β cell lines and why we think we succeeded where others, despite major efforts, did not. Next, we discuss the use of such functional human β cell lines and share some perspectives on their use to advance diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Willem Staels
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Albagli
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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23
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Chen L, Pan X, Zhang YH, Huang T, Cai YD. Analysis of Gene Expression Differences between Different Pancreatic Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6421-6435. [DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of PMMP, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3014ZK, Netherlands
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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24
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Dusaulcy R, Handgraaf S, Visentin F, Vesin C, Philippe J, Gosmain Y. miR-132-3p is a positive regulator of alpha-cell mass and is downregulated in obese hyperglycemic mice. Mol Metab 2019; 22:84-95. [PMID: 30711402 PMCID: PMC6437597 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Diabetes is a complex disease implicating several organs and cell types. Within the islets, dysregulation occurs in both alpha- and beta-cells, leading to defects of insulin secretion and increased glucagon secretion. Dysregulation of alpha-cells is associated with transcriptome changes. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) which are negative regulators of mRNA stability and translation could be involved in alpha-cell alterations or adaptations during type 2 diabetes. Methods miRNA microarray analyses were performed on pure alpha- and beta-cells from high-fat diet fed obese hyperglycemic mice and low-fat diet fed controls. Then, the most regulated miRNA was overexpressed or inhibited in primary culture of mouse and human alpha-cells to determine its molecular and functional impact. Results 16 miRNAs were significantly regulated in alpha-cells of obese hyperglycemic mice and 28 in beta-cells. miR-132-3p had the strongest regulation level in alpha-cells, where it was downregulated, while we observed an opposite upregulation in beta-cells. In vitro experiments showed that miR-132-3p, which is inversely regulated by somatostatin and cAMP, is a positive modulator of alpha-cell proliferation and implicated in their resistance to apoptosis. These effects are associated with the regulation of a series of genes, including proliferation and stress markers Mki67 and Bbc3 in mouse and human alpha-cells, potentially involved in miR-132-3p functions. Conclusions Downregulation of miR-132-3p in alpha-cells of obese diabetic mice may constitute a compensatory mechanism contributing to keep glucagon-producing cell number constant in diabetes. Alpha- and beta-cells present specific microRNA signatures. 16 microRNAs are significantly regulated in alpha-cells of obese hyperglycemic mice. miR-132-3p is downregulated in alpha-cells of obese hyperglycemic mice. miR-132-3p stimulates alpha-cells proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. miR-132-3p is regulated by somatostatin in alpha-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Handgraaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vesin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Filippello A, Urbano F, Di Mauro S, Scamporrino A, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Chronic Exposure to Palmitate Impairs Insulin Signaling in an Intestinal L-cell Line: A Possible Shift from GLP-1 to Glucagon Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3791. [PMID: 30487448 PMCID: PMC6321596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion/function. Lipotoxicity, a chronic elevation of free fatty acids in the blood, could affect insulin-signaling in many peripheral tissues. To date, the effects of lipotoxicity on the insulin receptor and insulin resistance in the intestinal L-cells need to be elucidated. Moreover, recent observations indicate that L-cells may be able to process not only GLP-1 but also glucagon from proglucagon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic palmitate exposure on insulin pathways, GLP-1 secretion and glucagon synthesis in the GLUTag L-cell line. Cells were cultured in the presence/absence of palmitate (0.5 mM) for 24 h to mimic lipotoxicity. Palmitate treatment affected insulin-stimulated GLP-1 secretion, insulin receptor phosphorylation and IRS-1-AKT pathway signaling. In our model lipotoxicity induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation both in insulin stimulated and basal conditions and also up-regulated paired box 6 (PAX6) and proglucagon expression (Gcg). Interestingly, palmitate treatment caused an increased glucagon secretion through the up-regulation of prohormone convertase 2. These results indicate that a state of insulin resistance could be responsible for secretory alterations in L-cells through the impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Our data support the hypothesis that lipotoxicity might contribute to L-cell deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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26
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Petrenko V, Philippe J, Dibner C. Time zones of pancreatic islet metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:116-126. [PMID: 30230177 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most living beings possess an intrinsic system of circadian oscillators, allowing anticipation of the Earth's rotation around its own axis. The mammalian circadian timing system orchestrates nearly all aspects of physiology and behaviour. Together with systemic signals originating from the central clock that resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, peripheral oscillators orchestrate tissue-specific fluctuations in gene transcription and translation, and posttranslational modifications, driving overt rhythms in physiology and behaviour. There is accumulating evidence of a reciprocal connection between the circadian oscillator and most aspects of physiology and metabolism, in particular as the circadian system plays a critical role in orchestrating body glucose homeostasis. Recent reports imply that circadian clocks operative in the endocrine pancreas regulate insulin secretion, and that islet clock perturbation in rodents leads to the development of overt type 2 diabetes. While whole islet clocks have been extensively studied during the last years, the heterogeneity of islet cell oscillators and the interplay between α- and β-cellular clocks for orchestrating glucagon and insulin secretion have only recently gained attention. Here, we review recent findings on the molecular makeup of the circadian clocks operative in pancreatic islet cells in rodents and in humans, and focus on the physiologically relevant synchronizers that are resetting these time-keepers. Moreover, the implication of islet clock functional outputs in the temporal coordination of metabolism in health and disease will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Petrenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Huang WQ, Guo JH, Yuan C, Cui YG, Diao FY, Yu MK, Liu JY, Ruan YC, Chan HC. Abnormal CFTR Affects Glucagon Production by Islet α Cells in Cystic Fibrosis and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Front Physiol 2017; 8:835. [PMID: 29204121 PMCID: PMC5698272 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon, produced by islet α cells, functions to increase blood glucose. Abnormal glucose levels are often seen in cystic fibrosis (CF), a systematic disease caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disorder featured with hyperandrogenism affecting 5-10% women of reproductive age. Here, we explored the role of CFTR in glucagon production in α cells and its possible contribution to glucagon disturbance in CF and PCOS. We found elevated fasting glucagon levels in CFTR mutant (DF508) mice compared to the wildtypes. Glucagon and prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) were also upregulated in CFTR inhibitor-treated or DF508 islets, as compared to the controls or wildtypes, respectively. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PCOS rats exhibited significantly lower fasting glucagon levels with higher CFTR expression in α cells compared to that of controls. Treatment of mouse islets or αTC1-9 cells with DHT enhanced CFTR expression and reduced the levels of glucagon and PC2. The inhibitory effect of DHT on glucagon production was blocked by CFTR inhibitors in mouse islets, and mimicked by overexpressing CFTR in αTC1-9 cells with reduced phosphorylation of the cAMP/Ca2+ response element binding protein (p-CREB), a key transcription factor for glucagon and PC2. These results revealed a previously undefined role of CFTR in suppressing glucagon production in α-cells, defects in which may contribute to glucose metabolic disorder seen in CF and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qing Huang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Hui Guo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Gui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Yang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jia Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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28
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Eda H, Fukui H, Uchiyama R, Kitayama Y, Hara K, Yang M, Kodani M, Tomita T, Oshima T, Watari J, Tsutsui H, Miwa H. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on the link between GLP-1 expression and motility of the gastrointestinal tract. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177232. [PMID: 28545056 PMCID: PMC5436696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely associated with the development of peptic ulcer, its involvement in pathophysiology in the lower intestinal tract and gastrointestinal (GI) motility remains unclear. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone produced in the lower intestinal tract and involved in GI motility. Here, we investigated the effect of H. pylori infection on the link between GLP-1 expression and motility of the GI tract. Methods C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with a H. pylori strain. Twelve weeks later, the H. pylori-infected mice underwent H. pylori eradication treatment. GI tissues were obtained from the mice at various time intervals, and evaluated for the severity of gastric inflammatory cell infiltration and immunohistochemical expression of GLP-1 and PAX6 in the colonic mucosa. Gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) was measured by administration of carmine-red solution. Results GLP-1 was expressed in the endocrine cells of the colonic mucosa, and PAX6 immunoreactivity was co-localized in such cells. The numbers of GLP-1- and PAX6-positive cells in the colon were significantly increased at 12 weeks after H. pylori infection and showed a positive correlation with each other. The GITT was significantly longer in H. pylori-infected mice than in non-infected controls and showed a positive correlation with GLP-1 expression. When H. pylori-infected mice underwent H. pylori eradication, GITT and PAX6/GLP-1 expression did not differ significantly from those in untreated H. pylori-infected mice. Conclusions H. pylori infection may impair GI motility by enhancing the colonic GLP-1/PAX6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Eda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryosuke Uchiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kitayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Ken Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Mo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mio Kodani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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29
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Müller TD, Finan B, Clemmensen C, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. The New Biology and Pharmacology of Glucagon. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:721-766. [PMID: 28275047 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the molecular basis of the huge metabolic benefits in bariatric surgery is emerging while novel incretin-based medicines based on endogenous hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and pancreas-derived amylin are improving diabetes management. These and related developments have fostered the discovery of novel insights into endocrine control of systemic metabolism, and in particular a deeper understanding of the importance of communication across vital organs, and specifically the gut-brain-pancreas-liver network. Paradoxically, the pancreatic peptide glucagon has reemerged in this period among a plethora of newly identified metabolic macromolecules, and new data complement and challenge its historical position as a gut hormone involved in metabolic control. The synthesis of glucagon analogs that are biophysically stable and soluble in aqueous solutions has promoted biological study that has enriched our understanding of glucagon biology and ironically recruited glucagon agonism as a central element to lower body weight in the treatment of metabolic disease. This review summarizes the extensive historical record and the more recent provocative direction that integrates the prominent role of glucagon in glucose elevation with its under-acknowledged effects on lipids, body weight, and vascular health that have implications for the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, and the emergence of precision medicines to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Cheng M, Liu X, Yang M, Han L, Xu A, Huang Q. Computational analyses of type 2 diabetes-associated loci identified by genome-wide association studies. J Diabetes 2017; 9:362-377. [PMID: 27121852 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have discovered a number of loci that contribute to susceptibility to the disease. Future challenges include elucidation of functional mechanisms through which these GWAS-identified loci modulate T2D disease risk. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively characterize T2D associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes through computational approaches. METHODS Computational biology approaches used in the present study included comparative genomic analyses and functional annotation using GWAS3D and RegulomeDB, investigation of the effects of T2D-associated SNPs on miRNA binding and protein phosphorylation, and gene ontology, pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional module analysis of T2D-associated genes from previously published GWAS. RESULTS Computational analysis identified a number of T2D GWAS-associated SNPs that were located at protein binding sites, including CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4A), transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2), forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and A2 (FOXA2), and potentially affected the binding of miRNAs and protein phosphorylation. Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed two well-known maturity onset diabetes of the young and T2D pathways, whereas PPI network analysis identified highly interconnected "hub" genes, such as TCF7L2, melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B), and solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC30A8), that created two tight subnetworks. CONCLUSIONS The results provide objectives and clues for future experimental studies and further insights into the molecular pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanchun Han
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Public Health and Molecular Medicine Analysis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Li Cha Chung Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Public Health and Molecular Medicine Analysis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Hedgehog-dependent E3-ligase Midline1 regulates ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Pax6 during visual system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10103-8. [PMID: 27555585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600770113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a key transcription factor involved in eye, brain, and pancreas development. Although pax6 is expressed in the whole prospective retinal field, subsequently its expression becomes restricted to the optic cup by reciprocal transcriptional repression of pax6 and pax2 However, it remains unclear how Pax6 protein is removed from the eyestalk territory on time. Here, we report that Mid1, a member of the RBCC/TRIM E3 ligase family, which was first identified in patients with the X-chromosome-linked Opitz BBB/G (OS) syndrome, interacts with Pax6. We found that the forming eyestalk is a major domain of mid1 expression, controlled by the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Here, Mid1 regulates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Pax6 protein. Accordantly, when Mid1 levels are knocked down, Pax6 expression is expanded and eyes are enlarged. Our findings indicate that remaining or misaddressed Pax6 protein is cleared from the eyestalk region to properly set the border between the eyestalk territory and the retina via Mid1. Thus, we identified a posttranslational mechanism, regulated by Sonic hedgehog, which is important to suppress Pax6 activity and thus breaks pax6 autoregulation at defined steps during the formation of the visual system.
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Kim-Muller JY, Kim YJR, Fan J, Zhao S, Banks AS, Prentki M, Accili D. FoxO1 Deacetylation Decreases Fatty Acid Oxidation in β-Cells and Sustains Insulin Secretion in Diabetes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10162-72. [PMID: 26984405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction contributes to onset and progression of type 2 diabetes. In this state β-cells become metabolically inflexible, losing the ability to select between carbohydrates and lipids as substrates for mitochondrial oxidation. These changes lead to β-cell dedifferentiation. We have proposed that FoxO proteins are activated through deacetylation-dependent nuclear translocation to forestall the progression of these abnormalities. However, how deacetylated FoxO exert their actions remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed islet function in mice homozygous for knock-in alleles encoding deacetylated FoxO1 (6KR). Islets expressing 6KR mutant FoxO1 have enhanced insulin secretion in vivo and ex vivo and decreased fatty acid oxidation ex vivo Remarkably, the gene expression signature associated with FoxO1 deacetylation differs from wild type by only ∼2% of the >4000 genes regulated in response to re-feeding. But this narrow swath includes key genes required for β-cell identity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial fatty acid and solute transport. The data support the notion that deacetylated FoxO1 protects β-cell function by limiting mitochondrial lipid utilization and raise the possibility that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in β-cells is beneficial to diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Kim-Muller
- From the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts 02816
| | - Young Jung R Kim
- From the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jason Fan
- From the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the CRCHUM and Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2X 0A9, Canada, and
| | | | - Marc Prentki
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the CRCHUM and Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2X 0A9, Canada, and
| | - Domenico Accili
- From the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032,
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33
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LUO JIASHUN, LI HUI, ZHANG CHUNFANG. MicroRNA-7 inhibits the malignant phenotypes of non-small cell lung cancer in vitro by targeting Pax6. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5443-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sandoval DA, D'Alessio DA. Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:513-48. [PMID: 25834231 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Gcg encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin. Of these, glucagon and GLP-1 have received the most attention because of important roles in glucose metabolism, involvement in diabetes and other disorders, and application to therapeutics. The generally accepted model is that GLP-1 improves glucose homeostasis indirectly via stimulation of nutrient-induced insulin release and by reducing glucagon secretion. Yet the body of literature surrounding GLP-1 physiology reveals an incompletely understood and complex system that includes peripheral and central GLP-1 actions to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, glucagon is established principally as a counterregulatory hormone, increasing in response to physiological challenges that threaten adequate blood glucose levels and driving glucose production to restore euglycemia. However, there also exists a potential role for glucagon in regulating energy expenditure that has recently been suggested in pharmacological studies. It is also becoming apparent that there is cross-talk between the proglucagon derived-peptides, e.g., GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion, and some additive or synergistic pharmacological interaction between GLP-1 and glucagon, e.g., dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonists cause more weight loss than single agonists. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of both glucagon and GLP-1 by comparing and contrasting how these peptides function, variably in concert and opposition, to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darleen A Sandoval
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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35
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Martinez-Sanchez A, Nguyen-Tu MS, Rutter GA. DICER Inactivation Identifies Pancreatic β-Cell "Disallowed" Genes Targeted by MicroRNAs. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1067-79. [PMID: 26038943 PMCID: PMC4484783 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are the body's sole source of circulating insulin and essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. Levels of up to 66 “disallowed” genes, which are strongly expressed and play housekeeping roles in most other mammalian tissues, are unusually low in β-cells. The molecular mechanisms involved in repressing these genes are largely unknown. Here, we explore the role in gene disallowance of microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNAs that silence gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are essential for β-cell development and function. To selectively deplete miRNAs from adult β-cells, the miRNA-processing enzyme DICER was inactivated by deletion of the RNase III domain with a tamoxifen-inducible Pdx1CreER transgene. In this model, β-cell dysfunction was apparent 2 weeks after recombination and preceded a decrease in insulin content and loss of β-cell mass. Of the 14 disallowed genes studied, quantitative RT-quantitative real-time PCR revealed that 6 genes (Fcgrt, Igfbp4, Maf, Oat, Pdgfra, and Slc16a1) were up-regulated (1.4- to 2.1-fold, P < .05) at this early stage. Expression of luciferase constructs bearing the 3′-untranslated regions of the corresponding mRNAs in wild-type or DICER-null β-cells demonstrated that Fcgrt, Oat, and Pdgfra are miRNA direct targets. We thus reveal a role for miRNAs in the regulation of disallowed genes in β-cells and provide evidence for a novel means through which noncoding RNAs control the functional identity of these cells independently of actions on β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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van der Meulen T, Huising MO. Role of transcription factors in the transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:R103-17. [PMID: 25791577 PMCID: PMC4373662 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The α and β cells act in concert to maintain blood glucose. The α cells release glucagon in response to low levels of glucose to stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver. In contrast, β cells release insulin in response to elevated levels of glucose to stimulate peripheral glucose disposal. Despite these opposing roles in glucose homeostasis, α and β cells are derived from a common progenitor and share many proteins important for glucose sensing and hormone secretion. Results from recent work have underlined these similarities between the two cell types by revealing that β-to-α as well as α-to-β transdifferentiation can take place under certain experimental circumstances. These exciting findings highlight unexpected plasticity of adult islets and offer hope of novel therapeutic paths to replenish β cells in diabetes. In this review, we focus on the transcription factor networks that establish and maintain pancreatic endocrine cell identity and how they may be perturbed to facilitate transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of NeurobiologyPhysiology and Behavior, College of Biological SciencesDepartment of Physiology and Membrane BiologySchool of Medicine, University of California, 193 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of NeurobiologyPhysiology and Behavior, College of Biological SciencesDepartment of Physiology and Membrane BiologySchool of Medicine, University of California, 193 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA Department of NeurobiologyPhysiology and Behavior, College of Biological SciencesDepartment of Physiology and Membrane BiologySchool of Medicine, University of California, 193 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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37
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Lai JP, Mertens RB, Mirocha J, Koo J, Venturina M, Chung F, Mendez AB, Kahn M, Dhall D. Comparison of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol 2015; 26:54-62. [PMID: 25433656 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-014-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To compare the utility of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of pancreatic origin, we performed PAX6 and PAX8 immunostains on 178 NETs, including 110 primary NETs (26 pancreatic, 10 gastric, 12 duodenal, 22 jejuno-ileal, 10 rectal, 30 pulmonary) and 68 NETs metastatic to the liver (24 pancreatic, 1 duodenal, 37 jejuno-ileal, 1 rectal, 5 pulmonary). Among primary NETs, PAX6 and PAX8 were positive in 65 % (17/26) and 73 % (19/26) of pancreatic, 0 % (0/10) and 10 % (1/10) of gastric, 92 % (11/12) and 92 % (11/12) of duodenal, 0 % (0/22) and 0 % (0/22) of jejuno-ileal, 90 % (9/10) and 80 % (8/10) of rectal, and 0 % (0/30) and 23 % (7/30) of pulmonary NETs, respectively. PAX6 and PAX8 positivity was seen in 46 % (11/24) and 50 % (12/24) of metastatic pancreatic NETs to the liver, respectively. None of the nonpancreatic NETs metastatic to the liver were immunoreactive for either PAX6 or PAX8. PAX6 showed a slightly but statistically significant higher specificity for pancreatic NETs than did PAX8 (P = 0.039), while the sensitivities were similar (P = 0.51). PAX6 had the additional advantages over PAX8 of not exhibiting nonspecific cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells and only infrequently staining background lymphocytes. Since rectal NETs rarely present with metastatic disease, positive staining of a metastatic NET of unknown primary origin for PAX6 and/or PAX8 favors a pancreatic or duodenal origin. This information may be helpful in directing further diagnostic studies to identify the primary site of the metastatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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Farr RJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA. Circulating microRNAs in Diabetes Progression: Discovery, Validation, and Research Translation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 106:215-244. [PMID: 26608206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, in all of its forms, is a disease state that demonstrates wide ranging pathological effects throughout the body. Until now, the only method of diagnosing and monitoring the progression of diabetes was through the measurement of blood glucose. Unfortunately, beta cell dysfunction initiates well before the clinical onset of diabetes, and so the development of an effective biomarker signature is of paramount importance to predict and monitor the progression of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small (18-22 nucleotide) noncoding (nc)RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate endogenous gene expression by targeted inhibition or degradation of messenger (m)RNA. Recently, miRNAs have shown great promise as biomarkers as some exhibit differential expression in multiple disease states, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D). Furthermore, miRNAs are quite stable in circulation, resistant to freeze-thaw and pH-mediated degradation, and are relatively easy to detect using quantitative (q)PCR. Here, we discuss microRNAs that may form a diabetes biomarker signature. To identify these transcripts we outline miRNAs that play a central role in pancreas development and diabetes, as well as previously identified miRNAs with differential expression in individuals with T1D and T2D. Validation and refinement of a miRNA biomarker signature for diabetes would allow identification and intervention of individuals at risk of this disease, as well as stratification and monitoring of patients with established diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Farr
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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39
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The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:46-57. [PMID: 24789573 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is subdivided into different anatomical organs with many shared functions and characteristics, but also distinct differences. We have combined a genome-wide transcriptomics analysis with immunohistochemistry-based protein profiling to describe the gene and protein expression patterns that define the human GIT. METHODS RNA sequencing data derived from stomach, duodenum, jejunum/ileum and colon specimens were compared to gene expression levels in 23 other normal human tissues analysed with the same method. Protein profiling based on immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays was used to sub-localize the corresponding proteins with GIT-specific expression into sub-cellular compartments and cell types. RESULTS Approximately 75% of all human protein-coding genes were expressed in at least one of the GIT tissues. Only 51 genes showed enriched expression in either one of the GIT tissues and an additional 83 genes were enriched in two or more GIT tissues. The list of GIT-enriched genes with validated protein expression patterns included various well-known but also previously uncharacterised or poorly studied genes. For instance, the colon-enriched expression of NXPE family member 1 (NXPE1) was established, while NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 6 (NLRP6) expression was primarily found in the human small intestine. CONCLUSIONS We have applied a genome-wide analysis based on transcriptomics and antibody-based protein profiling to identify genes that are expressed in a specific manner within the human GIT. These genes and proteins constitute important starting points for an improved understanding of the normal function and the different states of disease associated with the GIT.
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40
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Chen Y, Feng R, Wang H, Wei R, Yang J, Wang L, Wang H, Zhang L, Hong TP, Wen J. High-fat diet induces early-onset diabetes in heterozygous Pax6 mutant mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:467-75. [PMID: 24925705 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Our previous studies reported that paired box 6 mutation heterozygosity (Pax6(m/+)) led to defective proinsulin processing and subsequent abnormal glucose metabolism in mice at 6 months of age. However, high-fat diet exposure could be an important incentive for diabetes development. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel diabetic model imitating human type 2 diabetes by exposing Pax6(m/+) mice to high-fat diet and to explore the underlying mechanism of diabetes in this model. METHODS Over 300 Pax6(m/+) and wild-type male weanling mice were randomly divided into two groups and were fed an high-fat diet or chow diet for 6-10 weeks. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance levels were monitored during this period. Body weights, visceral adipose weights, blood lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity (determined with an insulin tolerance test) were used to evaluate obesity and insulin resistance. Proinsulin processing and insulin secretion levels were used to evaluate pancreatic β cell function. RESULTS After 6 weeks of high-fat diet exposure, only the Pax6(m/+) mice showed dramatic postloading hyperglycaemia. These mice exhibited significant high-fat diet-induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance and displayed defective prohormone convertase 1/3 production, an increased proinsulin:total insulin ratio and impaired early-phase insulin secretion, because of the Pax6 mutation. Hyperglycaemia worsened progressively over time with the high-fat diet, and most Pax6(m/+) mice on high-fat diet developed diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance after 10 weeks. Furthermore, high-fat diet withdrawal partly improved blood glucose levels in the diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS By combining the Pax6(m/+) genetic background with an high-fat diet environment, we developed a novel diabetic model to mimic human type 2 diabetes. This model is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, caused by the Pax6 mutation, and high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and therefore provides an ideal tool for research on type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
- Heterozygote
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- Obesity, Abdominal/complications
- Obesity, Abdominal/etiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
- PAX6 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/blood
- Prediabetic State/complications
- Prediabetic State/etiology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Proinsulin/blood
- Proinsulin/metabolism
- Proprotein Convertase 1/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Weaning
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Stem Cell Research Centre, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Cheng Q, Cao H, Chen Z, Ma Z, Wan X, Peng R, Jiang B. PAX6, a novel target of miR-335, inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:399-404. [PMID: 24737483 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box 6 (PAX6), a highly conserved transcription factor, is important in glioma. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. The present study demonstrated that the expression of PAX6 was significantly reduced with the malignancy of glioma and also identified PAX6 as a novel target of microRNA (miR)‑335, which was significantly upregulated in glioma. The inhibition of miR‑335 increased the protein expression of PAX6, whereas the upregulation of miR‑335 suppressed its expression in human glioma U251 and U87 cells. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-335 promoted U251 cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion, which was reversed by the overexpression of PAX6. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that the effect of miR‑335 on U251 cell invasion was via the modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9 expression by targeting PAX6. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PAX6, as a novel target of miR‑335, has an anti‑oncogenic function in glioma, and thus PAX6 may serve as a therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Renjun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is precisely regulated by glucagon and insulin, which are released by pancreatic α- and β-cells, respectively. While β-cells have been the focus of intense research, less is known about α-cell function and the actions of glucagon. In recent years, the study of this endocrine cell type has experienced a renewed drive. The present review contains a summary of established concepts as well as new information about the regulation of α-cells by glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and other nutrients, focusing especially on glucagon release, glucagon synthesis and α-cell survival. We have also discussed the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and in energy and lipid metabolism as well as its potential as a modulator of food intake and body weight. In addition to the well-established action on the liver, we discuss the effects of glucagon in other organs, where the glucagon receptor is expressed. These tissues include the heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, brain, small intestine and the gustatory epithelium. Alterations in α-cell function and abnormal glucagon concentrations are present in diabetes and are thought to aggravate the hyperglycaemic state of diabetic patients. In this respect, several experimental approaches in diabetic models have shown important beneficial results in improving hyperglycaemia after the modulation of glucagon secretion or action. Moreover, glucagon receptor agonism has also been used as a therapeutic strategy to treat obesity.
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43
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Blake JA, Ziman MR. Pax genes: regulators of lineage specification and progenitor cell maintenance. Development 2014; 141:737-51. [PMID: 24496612 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that orchestrate complex processes of lineage determination in the developing embryo. Their key role is to specify and maintain progenitor cells through use of complex molecular mechanisms such as alternate RNA splice forms and gene activation or inhibition in conjunction with protein co-factors. The significance of Pax genes in development is highlighted by abnormalities that arise from the expression of mutant Pax genes. Here, we review the molecular functions of Pax genes during development and detail the regulatory mechanisms by which they specify and maintain progenitor cells across various tissue lineages. We also discuss mechanistic insights into the roles of Pax genes in regeneration and in adult diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Blake
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Yamato E, Tashiro F, Miyazaki JI. Microarray analysis of novel candidate genes responsible for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic β cell line MIN6. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61211. [PMID: 23560115 PMCID: PMC3616144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islet β cells is important for understanding and treating diabetes. MIN6 cells, a transformed β-cell line derived from a mouse insulinoma, retain GSIS and are a popular in vitro model for insulin secretion. However, in long-term culture, MIN6 cells' GSIS capacity is lost. We previously isolated a subclone, MIN6 clone 4, from the parental MIN6 cells, that shows well-regulated insulin secretion in response to glucose, glybenclamide, and KCl, even after prolonged culture. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for preserving GSIS in this subclone, we compared four groups of MIN6 cells: Pr-LP (parental MIN6, low passage number), Pr-HP (parental MIN6, high passage number), C4-LP (MIN6 clone 4, low passage number), and C4-HP (MIN6 clone 4, high passage number). Based on their capacity for GSIS, we designated the Pr-LP, C4-LP, and C4-HP cells as “responder cells.” In a DNA microarray analysis, we identified a group of genes with high expression in responder cells (“responder genes”), but extremely low expression in the Pr-HP cells. Another group of genes (“non-responder genes”) was expressed at high levels in the Pr-HP cells, but at extremely low levels in the responder cells. Some of the responder genes were involved in secretory machinery or glucose metabolism, including Chrebp, Scgn, and Syt7. Among the non-responder genes were Car2, Maf, and Gcg, which are not normally expressed in islet β cells. Interestingly, we found a disproportionate number of known imprinted genes among the responder genes. Our findings suggest that the global expression profiling of GSIS-competent and GSIS-incompetent MIN6 cells will help delineate the gene regulatory networks for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamato
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (EY); (JM)
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (EY); (JM)
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Chun SY, Mack DL, Moorefield E, Oh SH, Kwon TG, Pettenati MJ, Yoo JJ, Coppi PD, Atala A, Soker S. Pdx1 and controlled culture conditions induced differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells to insulin-producing clusters. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:540-9. [PMID: 23147868 DOI: 10.1002/term.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (hAFSCs) into insulin-producing clusters in vitro. Adenovirally-delivered mouse Pdx1 (Ad-Pdx1) induced human Pdx1 expression in hAFSCs and enhanced the coordinated expression of downstream β-cell markers. When Ad-Pdx1-transduced hAFSCs were sequentially treated with activin A, bFGF and nicotinamide and the culture plate surface coated with poly-l-ornithine, the expression of islet-associated human mRNAs for Pdx1, Pax6, Ngn3 and insulin was increased. C-peptide ELISA confirmed that Ad-Pdx1-transduced hAFSCs processed and secreted insulin in a manner consistent with that pathway in pancreatic β-cells. To sustain the β-cell-like phenotype and investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) conformation on the differentiation of hAFSCs, Pdx1-transduced cells were encapsulated in alginate and cultured long-term under serum-free conditions. Over 2 weeks, partially differentiated hAFSC clusters increased in size and increased insulin secretion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ectopic Pdx1 expression initiates pancreatic differentiation in hAFSCs and that a β-cell-like phenotype can be augmented by culture conditions that mimic the stromal components and 3D geometry associated with pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Chun
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Blanco-Kelly F, Villaverde-Montero C, Lorda-Sánchez I, Millán JM, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Ayuso C. Guidelines for genetic study of aniridia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 88:145-52. [PMID: 23597644 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aniridia is a panocular disorder which occurs in 1/50,000 to 1/100,000 live births and can appear either in isolated form or in the context of a syndrome. Isolated aniridia is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition and is caused by mutations of the PAX6 gene. A variety of techniques and methodologies within molecular genetics and cytogenetics are used to study these mutations. OBJECTIVE To identify the different aspects of this disease and to provide a guide for proper genetic diagnosis leading to improved clinical management of the disease. DEVELOPMENT Aniridia is an autosomal dominant disease that primarily affects the iris, though it can impact most of the ocular structures. The disease is mainly caused by mutations in the PAX6 gene located on chromosome 11p13 which encodes a transcription factor that is involved in the development of the eye. Genetic analysis of aniridia is complex and requires the use of both molecular genetics and cytogenetics techniques. These procedures are indicated in all cases of aniridia. It is important bear certain clinical and technical aspects in mind prior to starting analysis or providing genetic counseling for patients and their families. CONCLUSIONS The use of molecular genetic techniques in the genetic diagnosis of aniridia enables patients and their families to receive better clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Blanco-Kelly
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
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Benitez CM, Goodyer WR, Kim SK. Deconstructing pancreas developmental biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a012401. [PMID: 22587935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relentless nature and increasing prevalence of human pancreatic diseases, in particular, diabetes mellitus and adenocarcinoma, has motivated further understanding of pancreas organogenesis. The pancreas is a multifunctional organ whose epithelial cells govern a diversity of physiologically vital endocrine and exocrine functions. The mechanisms governing the birth, differentiation, morphogenesis, growth, maturation, and maintenance of the endocrine and exocrine components in the pancreas have been discovered recently with increasing tempo. This includes recent studies unveiling mechanisms permitting unexpected flexibility in the developmental potential of immature and mature pancreatic cell subsets, including the ability to interconvert fates. In this article, we describe how classical cell biology, genetic analysis, lineage tracing, and embryological investigations are being complemented by powerful modern methods including epigenetic analysis, time-lapse imaging, and flow cytometry-based cell purification to dissect fundamental processes of pancreas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil M Benitez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5329, USA
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Abstract
This review considers the role of α-cells in β-cell generation and regeneration. We present recent evidence obtained from lineage-tracing studies showing that α-cells can serve as progenitors of β-cells and present a hypothetical model how injured β-cells might activate α-cells in adult islets to promote β-cell regeneration. β-cells appear to arise by way of their trans-differentiation from undifferentiated α progenitor cells, pro-α-cells, both during embryonic development of the islets and in the adult pancreas in response to β-cell injuries. Plasticity of α-cells is endowed by the expression of the gene encoding proglucagon, a prohormone that can give rise to glucagon and glucagon-like peptides (GLPs). The production of glucagon from proglucagon is characteristic of fully-differentiated α-cells whereas GLP-1 is a product of undifferentiated α-cells. GLP-1, a cell growth and survival factor, is proposed to promote the expansion of neurogenin3-expressing, undifferentiated pro-α-cells during development. β-cells arise from pro-α-cells by a change in the relative amounts of the transcription factors Arx and Pax4, master regulators of the α- and β-cell lineages, respectively. A paracrine/autocrine model is proposed whereby injuries of β-cells in adult islets induce the production and release of factors, such as stromal cell-derived factor-1, that cause the de-differentiation of adjacent α-cells into pro-α-cells. Pro-α-cells produce GLP-1 and its receptor that renders them competent to trans-differentiate into β-cells. The trans-differentiation of pro-α-cells into β-cells provides a potentially exploitable mechanism for the regeneration of β-cells in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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