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Veluthakal R, Esparza D, Hoolachan JM, Balakrishnan R, Ahn M, Oh E, Jayasena CS, Thurmond DC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inter-Organ Miscommunications in T2D Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1504. [PMID: 38338783 PMCID: PMC10855860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogenous disease, and conventionally, peripheral insulin resistance (IR) was thought to precede islet β-cell dysfunction, promoting progression from prediabetes to T2D. New evidence suggests that T2D-lean individuals experience early β-cell dysfunction without significant IR. Regardless of the primary event (i.e., IR vs. β-cell dysfunction) that contributes to dysglycemia, significant early-onset oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple metabolic tissues may be a driver of T2D onset and progression. Oxidative stress, defined as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is mediated by hyperglycemia alone or in combination with lipids. Physiological oxidative stress promotes inter-tissue communication, while pathological oxidative stress promotes inter-tissue mis-communication, and new evidence suggests that this is mediated via extracellular vesicles (EVs), including mitochondria containing EVs. Under metabolic-related stress conditions, EV-mediated cross-talk between β-cells and skeletal muscle likely trigger mitochondrial anomalies leading to prediabetes and T2D. This article reviews the underlying molecular mechanisms in ROS-related pathogenesis of prediabetes, including mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics due to oxidative stress. Further, this review will describe the potential of various therapeutic avenues for attenuating oxidative damage, reversing prediabetes and preventing progression to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakrishnan Veluthakal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (D.E.); (J.M.H.); (R.B.); (M.A.); (E.O.); (C.S.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (D.E.); (J.M.H.); (R.B.); (M.A.); (E.O.); (C.S.J.)
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2
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Hall LG, Thyfault JP, Johnson JD. Exercise and inactivity as modifiers of β cell function and type 2 diabetes risk. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:823-839. [PMID: 36759159 PMCID: PMC10042613 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00472.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and regular physical activity are beneficial for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas exercise cessation, defined as deconditioning from regular exercise or physical activity that has lasted for a period of months to years, can lead to metabolic derangements that drive disease. Adaptations to the insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are an important benefit of exercise, whereas less is known about how exercise cessation affects these cells. Our aim is to review the impact that exercise and exercise cessation have on β-cell function, with a focus on the evidence from studies examining glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) using gold-standard techniques. Potential mechanisms by which the β-cell adapts to exercise, including exerkine and incretin signaling, autonomic nervous system signaling, and changes in insulin clearance, will also be explored. We will highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Hall
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- KU Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4636. [PMID: 35563026 PMCID: PMC9102915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Many myokines have now been identified, and research on myokine signaling mechanisms and functions is rapidly emerging. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding the role of myokines in tissue cross-talk, including their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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4
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Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiological Processes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Vann CG, Zhang X, Khodabukus A, Orenduff MC, Chen YH, Corcoran DL, Truskey GA, Bursac N, Kraus VB. Differential microRNA profiles of intramuscular and secreted extracellular vesicles in human tissue-engineered muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937899. [PMID: 36091396 PMCID: PMC9452896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects the expression of microRNAs (miR/s) and muscle-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). To evaluate sarcoplasmic and secreted miR expression in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise-mimetic contractile activity, we utilized a three-dimensional tissue-engineered model of human skeletal muscle ("myobundles"). Myobundles were subjected to three culture conditions: no electrical stimulation (CTL), chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS), or intermittent high frequency stimulation (IHFS) for 7 days. RNA was isolated from myobundles and from extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by myobundles into culture media; miR abundance was analyzed by miRNA-sequencing. We used edgeR and a within-sample design to evaluate differential miR expression and Pearson correlation to evaluate correlations between myobundle and EV populations within treatments with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Numerous miRs were differentially expressed between myobundles and EVs; 116 miRs were differentially expressed within CTL, 3 within CLFS, and 2 within IHFS. Additionally, 25 miRs were significantly correlated (18 in CTL, 5 in CLFS, 2 in IHFS) between myobundles and EVs. Electrical stimulation resulted in differential expression of 8 miRs in myobundles and only 1 miR in EVs. Several KEGG pathways, known to play a role in regulation of skeletal muscle, were enriched, with differentially overrepresented miRs between myobundle and EV populations identified using miEAA. Together, these results demonstrate that in vitro exercise-mimetic contractile activity of human engineered muscle affects both their expression of miRs and number of secreted EVs. These results also identify novel miRs of interest for future studies of the role of exercise in organ-organ interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melissa C Orenduff
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Daniel B, Livne A, Cohen G, Kahremany S, Sasson S. Endothelial Cell-Derived Triosephosphate Isomerase Attenuates Insulin Secretion From Pancreatic Beta Cells of Male Rats. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6042346. [PMID: 33341896 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is tightly regulated by glucose and paracrine signals within the microenvironment of islets of Langerhans. Extracellular matrix from islet microcapillary endothelial cells (IMEC) affect beta-cell spreading and amplify insulin secretion. This study was aimed at investigating the hypothesis that contact-independent paracrine signals generated from IMEC may also modulate beta-cell insulin secretory functions. For this purpose, conditioned medium (CMp) preparations were prepared from primary cultures of rat IMEC and were used to simulate contact-independent beta cell-endothelial cell communication. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays were then performed on freshly isolated rat islets and the INS-1E insulinoma cell line, followed by fractionation of the CMp, mass spectroscopic identification of the factor, and characterization of the mechanism of action. The IMEC-derived CMp markedly attenuated first- and second-phase GSIS in a time- and dose-dependent manner without altering cellular insulin content and cell viability. Size exclusion fractionation, chromatographic and mass-spectroscopic analyses of the CMp identified the attenuating factor as the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI). An antibody against TPI abrogated the attenuating activity of the CMp while recombinant human TPI (hTPI) attenuated GSIS from beta cells. This effect was reversed in the presence of tolbutamide in the GSIS assay. In silico docking simulation identified regions on the TPI dimer that were important for potential interactions with the extracellular epitopes of the sulfonylurea receptor in the complex. This study supports the hypothesis that an effective paracrine interaction exists between IMEC and beta cells and modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion via TPI-sulfonylurea receptor-KATP channel (SUR1-Kir6.2) complex attenuating interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareket Daniel
- Institute for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariela Livne
- Institute for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Cohen
- Institute for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead-Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, Israel
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead-Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Chen W, Wang L, You W, Shan T. Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2393-2412. [PMID: 32885426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myokines are muscle-derived cytokines and chemokines that act extensively on organs and exert beneficial metabolic functions in the whole-body through specific signal networks. Myokines as mediators provide the conceptual basis for a whole new paradigm useful for understanding how skeletal muscle communicates with other organs. In this review, we summarize and discuss classes of myokines and their physiological functions in mediating the regulatory roles of skeletal muscle on other organs and the regulation of the whole-body energy metabolism. We review the mechanisms involved in the interaction between skeletal muscle and nonmuscle organs through myokines. Moreover, we clarify the connection between exercise, myokines and disease development, which may contribute to the understanding of a potential mechanism by which physical inactivity affects the process of metabolic diseases via myokines. Based on the current findings, myokines are important factors that mediate the effect of skeletal muscle on other organ functions and whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Vechetti IJ, Valentino T, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ. The role of extracellular vesicles in skeletal muscle and systematic adaptation to exercise. J Physiol 2020; 599:845-861. [PMID: 31944292 DOI: 10.1113/jp278929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has a central role in human health by reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and cancer. How exercise is able to promote such systemic benefits has remained somewhat of a mystery but has been thought to be in part mediated by the release of myokines, skeletal muscle-specific cytokines, in response to exercise. Recent studies have revealed skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into circulation following a bout of exercise. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles capable of delivering biomolecules to recipient cells and subsequently altering their metabolism. The notion that EVs may have a role in both skeletal muscle and systemic adaptation to exercise has generated a great deal of excitement within a number of different fields including exercise physiology, neuroscience and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to EV biology and what is currently known about skeletal muscle EVs and their potential role in the response of muscle and other tissues to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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9
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Tang W, Zhang B, Wang H, Li M, Wang H, Liu F, Zhu D, Bi Y. Improved skeletal muscle energy metabolism relates to the recovery of β cell function by intensive insulin therapy in drug naïve type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3177. [PMID: 31077529 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diminished energy turnover of skeletal muscle is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. Intensive insulin therapy has been reported to maintain glycaemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to characterize the contribution of muscular mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) activity to insulin-induced glycaemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were 21 drug naïve patients with type 2 diabetes receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for 7 days. Nine nondiabetics matched for age, body mass index, and physical activity were recruited as controls. We applied 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to record in vivo muscular phosphocreatine (PCr) flux in controls and diabetics before and after insulin therapy. The mitochondrial OxPhos rate was calculated as ΔPCr / Δtime during the first 50 seconds after cessation of exercise. RESULTS In drug naïve type 2 diabetes, muscular mitochondrial OxPhos rate was restored after insulin therapy. Notably, this alteration was positively associated with the improvements of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, a serum marker for glucose control over the last 1 week, as well as homeostasis model assessment of β cell function and C-peptide/glucose ratio t0 , two indices for basal insulin secretion. Furthermore, patients with diabetes family history and more severe glucotoxicity tend to achieve greater improvement in mitochondrial function by insulin. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that intensive insulin therapy facilitates muscular energy metabolism in drug naïve type 2 diabetes. It correlates to the recovery of β cell function, contributing to insulin-induced glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiting Wang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangcen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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10
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Abstract
Physical activity exerts multiple beneficial effects and the myokine concept provides a framework for understanding the molecular pathways that integrate contracting muscle in the complex network of organ communication. This network includes multiple distinct and distal organs; however, the autocrine and paracrine effects of myokines within skeletal muscle (in which they are produced) also need specific attention. In humans, the functional allocation of myokines remains limited and recent findings on fibre type-specific myokine signatures point to an additional level of complexity. Myokines are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity and, therefore, critically counteract insulin resistance and the metabolic perturbations of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Future work needs to address the role of myokines in concert with other crosstalk molecules, and to define their specific impact for metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eckel
- KomIT - Center of Competence for Innovative Diabetes Therapy, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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11
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Rome S, Forterre A, Mizgier ML, Bouzakri K. Skeletal Muscle-Released Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Front Physiol 2019; 10:929. [PMID: 31447684 PMCID: PMC6695556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells export part of their intracellular content into the extracellular space through the release of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). They are synthetized either from the budding of the plasma membrane [i.e., microparticles (MPs, 150–300 nm size)] or from the late endosomes in which intraluminal vesicles progressively (ILVs) accumulate during their maturation into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ILVs are then released into the extracellular space through MVB fusion with the plasma membrane [i.e., exosomes (50–100 nm size)]. In the context of metabolic diseases, recent data have highlighted the role of EVs in inflammation associated with pancreas dysfunction, adipose tissue homeostasis, liver steatosis, inflammation, and skeletal muscle (SkM) insulin resistance (IR). Among these insulin-sensitive tissues, SkM is the largest organ in human and is responsible for whole-body glucose disposal and locomotion. Therefore, understanding the contribution of SkM-EVs in the development of diabetes/obesity/dystrophy/,-related diseases is a hot topic. In this review, we have summarized the role of SkM-EVs in muscle physiology and in the development of metabolic diseases and identify important gaps that have to be filled in order to have more precise information on SkM-EVs biological actions and to understand the functions of the different subpopulations of SkM-EVs on the whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexis Forterre
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Mizgier
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Banerjee RR. Piecing together the puzzle of pancreatic islet adaptation in pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1411:120-139. [PMID: 29377199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy places acute demands on maternal physiology, including profound changes in glucose homeostasis. Gestation is characterized by an increase in insulin resistance, counterbalanced by an adaptive increase in pancreatic β cell production of insulin. Failure of normal adaptive responses of the islet to increased maternal and fetal demands manifests as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The gestational changes and rapid reversal of islet adaptations following parturition are at least partly driven by an anticipatory program rather than post-factum compensatory adaptations. Here, I provide a comprehensive review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying normal islet adaptation during pregnancy and how dysregulation may lead to GDM. Emerging areas of interest and understudied areas worthy of closer examination in the future are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronadip R Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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13
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Moresi V, Adamo S, Berghella L. The JAK/STAT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 31114509 PMCID: PMC6502894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a key intracellular mediator of a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway transmits extracellular signals to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of genes involved in multiple biological activities. The JAK/STAT pathway has been reported to be required for the homeostasis of different tissues and organs. Indeed, when deregulated, it promotes the initiation and progression of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In skeletal muscle, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the IL-6 cytokines accounts for opposite effects: on the one hand, it promotes muscle hypertrophy, by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells; on the other hand, it contributes to muscle wasting. The expression of IL-6 and of key members of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated at the epigenetic level through histone methylation and histone acetylation mechanisms. Thus, manipulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by specific inhibitors and/or drugs that modulate epigenetics is a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. We focus this review on the JAK/STAT pathway functions in striated muscle pathophysiology and the potential role of IL-6 as an effector of the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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14
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Gueugneau M, d'Hose D, Barbé C, de Barsy M, Lause P, Maiter D, Bindels LB, Delzenne NM, Schaeffer L, Gangloff YG, Chambon C, Coudy-Gandilhon C, Béchet D, Thissen JP. Increased Serpina3n release into circulation during glucocorticoid-mediated muscle atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:929-946. [PMID: 29989354 PMCID: PMC6204594 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GC) play a major role in muscle atrophy. As skeletal muscle is a secretory organ, characterization of the muscle secretome elicited by muscle atrophy should allow to better understand the cellular mechanisms and to identify circulating biomarkers of this condition. Our project aimed to identify the changes in the muscle secretome associated with GC-induced muscle atrophy and susceptible to translate into circulation. METHODS We have identified the GC-induced changes in the secretome of C2 C12 muscle cells by proteomic analysis, and then, we have determined how these changes translate into the circulation of mice or human subjects exposed to high concentrations of GC. RESULTS This approach led us to identify Serpina3n as one of the most markedly secreted protein in response to GC. Our original in vitro results were confirmed in vivo by an increased expression of Serpina3n in skeletal muscle (3.9-fold; P < 0.01) and in the serum (two-fold; P < 0.01) of mice treated with GC. We also observed increased levels of the human orthologue Serpina3 in the serum of Cushing's syndrome patients compared with healthy controls matched for age and sex (n = 9/group, 2.5-fold; P < 0.01). An increase of Serpina3n was also demonstrated in muscle atrophy models mediated by GC such as cancer cachexia (four-fold; P < 0.01), sepsis (12.5-fold; P < 0.001), or diabetes (two-fold; P < 0.01). In contrast, levels of Serpina3n both in skeletal muscle and in the circulation were reduced in several models of muscle hypertrophy induced by myostatin inhibition (P < 0.01). Furthermore, a cluster of data suggests that the regulation of muscle Serpina3n involves mTOR, an essential determinant of the muscle cell size. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that Serpina3n may represent a circulating biomarker of muscle atrophy associated to GC and, broadly, a reflection of dynamic changes in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Gueugneau
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Donatienne d'Hose
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Barbé
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie de Barsy
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Lause
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Maiter
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- INMG, CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yann-Gaël Gangloff
- INMG, CNRS, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme Composante Protéomique, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Cécile Coudy-Gandilhon
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Béchet
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Díaz BB, González DA, Gannar F, Pérez MCR, de León AC. Myokines, physical activity, insulin resistance and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:1-5. [PMID: 30194964 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myokines are peptides produced and released by myocytes of muscle fibers that influence physiology of muscle and other organs and tissues. They are involved in mediating the beneficial effects that exercise has on health. More than one hundred have been identified and among them are IL6, myostatin, irisin, mionectin and decorin. Physical inactivity leads to an altered response of the secretion of myokines and resistance to them; this leads to a pro-inflammatory state that favors sarcopenia and fat accumulation, promoting the development of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2. Some myokines, including irisin, are responsible for the improvement that exercise produces in many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and many autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buenaventura Brito Díaz
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Delia Almeida González
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Immunology Section, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fadoua Gannar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry-Human Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Cristo Rodríguez Pérez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Cabrera de León
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.
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16
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Rutti S, Dusaulcy R, Hansen JS, Howald C, Dermitzakis ET, Pedersen BK, Pinget M, Plomgaard P, Bouzakri K. Angiogenin and Osteoprotegerin are type II muscle specific myokines protecting pancreatic beta-cells against proinflammatory cytokines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10072. [PMID: 29968746 PMCID: PMC6030123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue cross-talk is emerging as a determinant way to coordinate the different organs implicated in glucose homeostasis. Among the inter-organ communication factors, muscle-secreted myokines can modulate the function and survival of pancreatic beta-cells. Using primary human myotubes from soleus, vastus lateralis and triceps brachii muscles, we report here that the impact of myokines on beta-cells depends on fiber types and their metabolic status. We show that Type I and type II primary myotubes present specific mRNA and myokine signatures as well as a different sensitivity to TNF-alpha induced insulin resistance. Finally, we show that angiogenin and osteoprotegerin are triceps specific myokines with beta-cell protective actions against proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that type I and type II muscles could impact insulin secretion and beta-cell mass differentially in type 2 diabetes through specific myokines secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rutti
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Bld René Leriche, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cédric Howald
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Pinget
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Bld René Leriche, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Bld René Leriche, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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17
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Barlow JP, Solomon TP. Do skeletal muscle-secreted factors influence the function of pancreatic β-cells? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E297-E307. [PMID: 29208613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00353.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secretes a variety of compounds including proteins (myokines), metabolites, microRNAs (miRNAs), and exosomes, many of which are regulated by exercise and play important roles in endocrine signaling. Interorgan communication via muscle-secreted factors therefore provides a novel area for investigation and implicates the importance of skeletal muscle in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Given that underlying molecular mechanisms of T2D are subject of ongoing research, in light of new evidence it is probable that interorgan cross-talk between skeletal muscle and pancreatic β-cells plays an important part. To date, the number of studies published in this field provide the basis of this review. Specifically, we discuss current experimental evidence in support for a role of skeletal muscle to β-cell cross-talk, paying particular attention to muscle-secreted factors including myokines, metabolites, miRNAs, and factors contained within exosomes that influence the function and/or the survival of β-cells in health and disease. In reviewing this evidence, we provide an update on the list of known muscle-secreted factors that have potential to influence the function and/or survival of β-cells under normal and diabetic conditions. We also report limitations of current cross-talk methods and discuss future directions in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Barlow
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, West Midlands , United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, West Midlands , United Kingdom
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18
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van Poppel MNM, Peinhaupt M, Eekhoff MEW, Heinemann A, Oostdam N, Wouters MGAJ, van Mechelen W, Desoye G. Physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women is associated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and with reduced insulin response through interleukin-6. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1132-9. [PMID: 24296847 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we reported the positive association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese pregnant women. We sought to assess whether these MVPA-induced changes in insulin sensitivity are mediated by changes in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 46 overweight and obese women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Objective physical activity measurements and fasting blood samples were taken at 15, 24, and 32 weeks of pregnancy. At 24 and 32 weeks, a 100-g oral glucose test was performed in addition. Cytokines, C-reactive protein, and glucose and insulin levels were measured, and insulin sensitivity and first-phase insulin response were calculated. Relationships between the different parameters were assessed using linear regression models, adjusting for maternal age and BMI. RESULTS All cytokines were elevated in women with higher levels of MVPA at 15 weeks of gestation. Higher IL-6 was related to a lower first-phase insulin response (β -810.5 [95% CI -1,524.5 to -96.5]; P = 0.03). TNF-α and IL-1β had different effects in women with low MVPA (with low IL-6 levels) compared with more active women. CRP was not related to MVPA. CONCLUSIONS The association of MVPA with insulin sensitivity and first-phase insulin response may be (partly) mediated by IL-6, since this cytokine was related to reduced first-phase insulin response. The possible positive effects of the elevated cytokine profile in active obese pregnant women warrant further study.
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19
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Migliorini A, Bader E, Lickert H. Islet cell plasticity and regeneration. Mol Metab 2014; 3:268-74. [PMID: 24749056 PMCID: PMC3986629 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes is a complex multifactorial disorder characterized by loss or dysfunction of β-cells resulting in failure of metabolic control. Even though type 1 and 2 diabetes differ in their pathogenesis, restoring β-cell function is the overarching goal for improved therapy of both diseases. This could be achieved either by cell-replacement therapy or by triggering intrinsic regenerative mechanisms of the pancreas. For type 1 diabetes, a combination of β-cell replacement and immunosuppressive therapy could be a curative treatment, whereas for type 2 diabetes enhancing endogenous mechanisms of β-cell regeneration might optimize blood glucose control. This review will briefly summarize recent efforts to allow β-cell regeneration where the most promising approaches are currently (1) increasing β-cell self-replication or neogenesis from ductal progenitors and (2) conversion of α-cells into β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Migliorini
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, D-85748, Business Campus Garching, Germany
| | - Erik Bader
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, D-85748, Business Campus Garching, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, D-85748, Business Campus Garching, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
- Corresponding author at: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, D-85748, Business Campus Garching, Germany. Tel.: +49 89 3187 3760; fax: +49 89 3187 2060.
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20
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Shapira R, Rudnick S, Daniel B, Viskind O, Aisha V, Richman M, Ayasolla KR, Perelman A, Chill JH, Gruzman A, Rahimipour S. Multifunctional Cyclic d,l-α-Peptide Architectures Stimulate Non-Insulin Dependent Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells and Protect Them Against Oxidative Stress. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6709-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renana Shapira
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Safra Rudnick
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bareket Daniel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Olga Viskind
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Vered Aisha
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Richman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | - Alex Perelman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jordan H. Chill
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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21
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Kostrominova TY, Reiner DS, Haas RH, Ingermanson R, McDonough PM. Automated methods for the analysis of skeletal muscle fiber size and metabolic type. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:275-332. [PMID: 24016528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is of interest to quantify the size, shape, and metabolic subtype of skeletal muscle fibers in many areas of biomedical research. To do so, skeletal muscle samples are sectioned transversely to the length of the muscle and labeled for extracellular or membrane proteins to delineate the fiber boundaries and additionally for biomarkers related to function or metabolism. The samples are digitally photographed and the fibers "outlined" for quantification of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) using pointing devices interfaced to a computer, which is tedious, prone to error, and can be nonobjective. Here, we review methods for characterizing skeletal muscle fibers and describe new automated techniques, which rapidly quantify CSA and biomarkers. We discuss the applications of these methods to the characterization of mitochondrial dysfunctions, which underlie a variety of human afflictions, and we present a novel approach, utilizing images from the online Human Protein Atlas to predict relationships between fiber-specific protein expression, function, and metabolism.
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