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Myles WE, Abdulla Y, McFadden SA. Effect of isoflurane anaesthetic time on ocular a-scan ultrasonography measures and their relationship to age and OCT measures in the Guinea pig. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109914. [PMID: 38685338 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A-scan ultrasonography enables precise measurement of internal ocular structures. Historically, its use has underpinned fundamental studies of eye development and aberrant eye growth in animal models of myopia; however, the procedure typically requires anaesthesia. Since anaesthesia affects intra-ocular pressure (IOP), we investigated changes in internal ocular structures with isoflurane exposure and compared measurements with those taken in awake animals using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Continuous A-scan ultrasonography was undertaken in tri-coloured guinea pigs aged 21 (n = 5), 90 (n = 5) or 160 (n = 5) days while anaesthetised (up to 36 min) with isoflurane (5% in 1.5L/min O2). Peaks were selected from ultrasound traces corresponding to the boundaries of the cornea, crystalline lens, retina, choroid and sclera. OCT scans (Zeiss Cirrus Photo 800) of the posterior eye layers were taken in 28-day-old animals (n = 19) and compared with ultrasound traces, with choroid and scleral thickness adjusted for the duration of anaesthesia based on the changes modelled in 21-day-old animals. Ultrasound traces recorded sequentially in left and right eyes in 14-day-old animals (n = 30) were compared, with each adjusted for anaesthesia duration. The thickness of the cornea was measured in enucleated eyes (n = 5) using OCT following the application of ultrasound gel (up to 20 min). Retinal thickness was the only ultrasound internal measure unaffected by anaesthesia. All other internal distances rapidly changed and were well fitted by exponential functions (either rise-to-max or decay). After 10 and 20 min of anaesthesia, the thickness of the cornea, crystalline lens and sclera increased by 17.1% and 23.3%, 0.4% and 0.6%, and 5.2% and 6.5% respectively, whilst the anterior chamber, vitreous chamber and choroid decreased by 4.4% and 6.1%, 0.7% and 1.1%, and 10.7% and 11.8% respectively. In enucleated eyes, prolonged contact of the cornea with ultrasound gel resulted in an increase in thickness of 9.3% after 10 min, accounting for approximately half of the expansion observed in live animals. At the back of the eye, ultrasound measurements of the thickness of the retina, choroid and sclera were highly correlated with those from posterior segment OCT images (R2 = 0.92, p = 1.2 × 10-13, R2 = 0.55, p = 4.0 × 10-4, R2 = 0.72, p = 5.0 × 10-6 respectively). Furthermore, ultrasound measures for all ocular components were highly correlated in left and right eyes measured sequentially, when each was adjusted for anaesthetic depth. This study shows that the depth of ocular components can change dramatically with anaesthesia. Researchers should therefore be wary of these concomitant effects and should employ adjustments to better render 'true' values.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Myles
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yusupjan Abdulla
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sally A McFadden
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Şenocak MG, Yanmaz LE. Effects of propofol alone or in combination with ketamine on intraocular pressure in unpremedicated dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:139-147. [PMID: 37395174 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of propofol (P) alone and in combination with ketamine (KP) at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 on intraocular pressure (IOP) in unpremedicated dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 28 cross-bred healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 7 per group) to receive intravenous P or KP at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios, respectively. The infusion was administered at 0.6 mg/kg/min for 60 min. IOP, cardiorespiratory variables, rectal temperature (RT), and pedal reflex were recorded every 5 min for 60 min, starting from baseline (BL). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in IOP in all groups: P (p = .011), KP 1:1 (p = .003), KP 1:2 (p = .023), and KP 1:3 (p = .008). The IOP increase was less pronounced in the KP 1:2 group and was only significant (p = .023) at T45 compared with BL. A significant correlation was observed between IOP and SpO2 in P (r = -.215, p = .02), KP 1:2 (r = -.579, p < .01), and KP 1:3 (r = -.402, p < .01) groups. IOP significantly increased due to decreased SpO2 below 86.5% (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Propofol alone and in combination with ketamine may increase preexisting IOP in unpremedicated dogs. SpO2 levels below 86.5% may trigger an increase in IOP. Administering KP in a 1:2 ratio at an infusion rate of 0.6 mg/kg/min does not significantly alter IOP for under 45 min in unpremedicated dogs with sufficient oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Gökhan Şenocak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Latif Emrah Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Pletcher JS, Zimmer JL, Liu CC, Beierschmitt A, Lewin AC. Ocular examination findings and selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:158-169. [PMID: 37442802 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document ocular lesions and establish ophthalmic diagnostic test reference values in a colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty one geriatric (GAGM, 19-30 years old), 10 adult (AAGM, 5-9 years old) and 10 juvenile (JAGM, <2 years old) African green monkeys housed in a single Caribbean research colony. PROCEDURES Ocular biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, Schirmer tear test (STT), rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. Mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to compare STT and IOP between groups. RESULTS Common ocular lesions in GAGM included vitreal degeneration (27/51, 51/102 eyes) and cataracts (21/51, 32/102 eyes). Vitreal degeneration was also common in AAGM (8/10, 16/20 eyes) and infrequent in JAGM (3/10, 6/20 eyes). Cataracts were not present in any JAGM or AAGM. All eyes in all three groups had perilimbal corneal pigmentation and faint lace-like anterior corneal stromal opacification. Median (range) STT values were 16.0 (18) mm/min in GAGM. Mean (SD) STT values were 14.2 (4.6) mm/min in AAGM, and 8.9 (3.4) mm/min in JAGM. Median (range) IOP values were 16.5 (27) mmHg in GAGM. Mean (SD) IOP values were 18.0 (2.8) mmHg in AAGM, and 14.1 (2.2) mmHg in JAGM. JAGM had significantly lower STT and IOP values compared to AAGM (p = .0449, .0057, respectively) and GAGM (p = .0002, .0130, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous ocular lesions were common in geriatric monkeys in this research colony. IOP and STT values were lower in juvenile African green monkeys relative to adult or geriatric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklin S Pletcher
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer L Zimmer
- Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Township, Michigan, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Behavioural Science Foundation, Estridge Estate, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Khaleghi M, Sarchahi AA, Kazemi Mehrjerdi H, Rasekh M, Saadati D. Influence of ketamine, propofol or isoflurane on intraocular pressure, heart rate and blood pressure in healthy dogs premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1330. [PMID: 38009426 PMCID: PMC10766053 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the findings of several studies, sedatives and anaesthetics have different effects on the functioning of the cardiovascular system and intraocular pressure (IOP). For accurate diagnosis, treatment and surgery with minimal complications, it is necessary to be aware of the effects of sedatives and anaesthetics on the cardiovascular system and IOP. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sedatives (medetomidine and midazolam) and anaesthetics (ketamine, propofol and isoflurane) on IOP, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure in dogs. METHODS In this study, 10 dogs participated in three treatments using a randomised cross-over design, with a 1-week washout period between each treatment. Dogs in all treatments were premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Anaesthesia was induced using ketamine, propofol, or isoflurane and maintained for 60 min with the appropriate doses of each drug. The cardiovascular variables (heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures) and IOP were measured at different timepoints: before premedication (baseline values, T-Bas), 15 min after medetomidine administration (T-Med), 20 min after midazolam administration (T-Mid) and at 15 (T-15), 30 (T-30), 45 (T-45) and 60 (T-60) min after anaesthesia induction. RESULTS Medetomidine significantly reduced the IOP and HR and did not significantly change the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Midazolam significantly reduced the IOP while did not significantly change the HR and MAP. Ketamine and isoflurane significantly increased the IOP and HR while did not significantly change the MAP. Propofol significantly increased the HR, but did not cause significant changes in IOP and MAP. CONCLUSIONS Considering that anaesthetics are typically administered in conjunction with pre-anaesthetic drugs, the increases in IOP induced by ketamine and isoflurane are not important, as the IOP did not exceed the baseline values. However, further studies are required to investigate these effects in patients with elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Asghar Sarchahi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Kazemi Mehrjerdi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mehdi Rasekh
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of ZabolZabolIran
| | - Dariush Saadati
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Food HygieneUniversity of ZabolZabolIran
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RANA YUDHVIR, KUMAR ADARSH, KUMAR ROHIT, KUMAR AMIT, TYAGI SP, KAUSHAL SARA, KUMAR AKSHAY, SINGH MANGAL, MAHANTESH VIJAY, THAKUR KALPNA. Application of neuromuscular blockade using Rocuronium for performing different surgeries and its reversal by Neostigmine-Glycopyrrolate combination in dogs. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v93i2.129882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was executed in the clinical setup to investigate the effects of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate (Myopyrolate) combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anaesthetized dogs. Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was applied to 21 clinical cases. Out of which, 19 cases were of orthopaedic surgeries and 2 cases of ovariohysterectomy. After the animal had stabilized on the mixture of isoflurane and oxygen, the relaxation of muscle was induced using Rocuronium @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. Immediately IPPV was provided in volume control mode. Neuromuscular blockade was reversed using a single syringe combination drug having both Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate (Myopyrolate) @ 0.05 mg/kg b.wt and @ 0.01 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. Rocuronium caused the centering of the ocular globe gradually in less than 30 sec. During orthopaedic surgeries, the reduction of fractured ends became easy without much tissue trauma. In ovariohysterectomy surgeries, the appropriate level of abdominal muscle relaxation further helped in the easy exteriorization of the ovarian stump. The onset time for Rocuronium was 17.64±1.10 sec and its duration of action was 27.82±0.72 min. The use of Rocuronium along with IPPV caused minimal alteration of the physiological parameters with no clinical consequences and thus can be considered a complication-free anaesthetic protocol for interventions demanding muscle relaxation.
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Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pe'er O, Abu Ahmad W, Ofri R. Effect of anesthetic induction with propofol, alfaxalone or ketamine on intraocular pressure in cats: a randomized masked clinical investigation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:63-71. [PMID: 36528512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, masked, randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 43 ophthalmologically normal cats scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for various procedures. METHODS Following baseline IOP measurements using applanation tonometry, anesthesia was induced with propofol (n = 15), alfaxalone (n = 14) or ketamine (n = 14) administered intravenously to effect. Then, midazolam (0.3 mg kg-1) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed without application of topical anesthesia. The IOP was measured following each intervention. Data was analyzed using one-way anova and repeated-measures mixed design with post hoc analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mean ± standard error IOP at baseline was not different among groups (propofol, 18 ± 0.6; alfaxalone, 18 ± 0.7; ketamine, 17 ± 0.5 mmHg). Following induction of anesthesia, IOP increased significantly compared with baseline in the propofol (20 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the alfaxalone (19 ± 0.8 mmHg) or ketamine (16 ± 0.7 mmHg) groups. Midazolam administration resulted in significant decrease from the previous measurement in the alfaxalone group (16 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the propofol group (19 ± 0.7 mmHg) or the ketamine (16 ± 0.8 mmHg) group. A further decrease was measured after intubation in the alfaxalone group (15 ± 0.9 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propofol should be used with caution in cats predisposed to perforation or glaucoma, as any increase in IOP should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Kusolphat P, Soimala T, Sunghan J. Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs. Vet World 2022; 15:2929-2936. [PMID: 36718325 PMCID: PMC9880827 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2929-2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The effect of anesthetic drugs on intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important concern in ophthalmic surgery. The impact of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with tiletamine-zolazepam on IOP is scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate IOP and cardiovascular effects in dogs after premedication with 5 μg/kg (DEX5) or 10 μg/kg (DEX10) of intramuscular DEX followed by intravenous tiletamine-zolazepam administration for induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs. Materials and Methods Eighteen dogs, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, without ocular abnormality were investigated. All dogs were randomly divided into the DEX5 (n = 9) and DEX10 groups (n = 9). The IOP, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation, and sedation scale were measured before premedication (baseline), after premedication at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, after tiletamine-zolazepam administration, after endotracheal intubation, and post-operative. Results There were no significant differences between the groups at any time point. The DEX5 and DEX10 groups had significantly decreased HR values at 10 min compared with baseline. The IOP at 20 min was significantly lower compared to the baseline in the DEX10 group. Moreover, the DEX10 group showed increased IOP, HR, SBP, and sedation scale values after induction and intubation compared with 20 min, but these values did not differ significantly from baseline. All parameters of both groups did not change significantly between post-operative and baseline. Conclusion Intramuscular DEX (10 μg/kg) is an appropriate premedication in ophthalmic examination or surgical procedures. Moreover, it could be combined with tiletamine-zolazepam for generalized anesthesia in dogs with an ophthalmic problem, as it had no clinically significant effects on IOP or cardiovascular values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipa Kusolphat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jutapoln Sunghan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand,Corresponding author: Jutapoln Sunghan, e-mail: Co-authors: PK: , TS:
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Bozkan Z, Yaygingul R, Bulut O, Belge A. Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:242-249. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zlatar M, Kokot A, Vuletic LB, Masnec S, Kralj T, Perisa MM, Barisic I, Radic B, Milanovic K, Drmic D, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. BPC 157 as a Therapy for Retinal Ischemia Induced by Retrobulbar Application of L-NAME in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632295. [PMID: 34177567 PMCID: PMC8222724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing NO-system importance, we suggest that one single application of the NOS-blocker L-NAME may induce retinal ischemia in rats, and that the stable pentadecapeptide BPC 157 may be the therapy, since it may interact with the NO-system and may counteract various adverse effects of L-NAME application. A rat retinal ischemia study was conducted throughout 4 weeks, including fundoscopy, behavior presentation, tonometry, and histology assessment. Retrobulbar L-NAME application (5 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/0.1 ml saline/each eye) in rats immediately produced moderate generalized irregularity in the diameter of blood vessels with moderate atrophy of the optic disc and faint presentation of the choroidal blood vessels, and these lesions rapidly progressed to the severe stage. The specific L-NAME-induced vascular failure points to normal intraocular pressure (except to very transitory increase upon drug retrobulbar administration). When BPC 157 (10 μg; 10 ng/kg, as retrobulbar application, 1 μg; 1 ng/0.1 ml saline/each eye) is given at either 20 min after L-NAME or, lately, at 48 h after L-NAME, the regular retrobulbar L-NAME injection findings disappear. Instead, fundoscopy demonstrated only discrete generalized vessel caliber irregularity with mild atrophy of the optic disc, and then, quite rapidly, normal eye background and choroidal blood vessels, which remain in all of the subsequent periods. Also, histology assessment at 1, 2, and 4 weeks shows that BPC 157 counteracted the damaged inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer, and revealed normal retinal thickness. The poor behavioral presentation was also rescued. Thus, while further studies will be done, BPC 157 counteracted L-NAME-induced rat retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Zlatar
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Virovitica, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Sanja Masnec
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Virovitica, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Tamara Kralj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Barisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bozo Radic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Milanovic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jang M, Son W, Kim H, Won Shin C, Lee I. Effect of intra-abdominal hypertension on the intraocular pressure of the conscious dogs. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:642-646. [PMID: 33527724 PMCID: PMC8136941 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in conscious dog models using a balloon technique to generate intra-abdominal hypertension. Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were evaluated in this study. A balloon device was placed in the intra-abdominal cavity. The abdomen was insufflated to IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg using the balloon device. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline, at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg, and after decompression. In comparison with the mean baseline IOP (15.1 ± 2.0 mmHg), there was a significant increase in IOP at IAP levels of 15 mmHg (20.0 ± 2.1 mmHg) and 25 mmHg (19.9 ± 2.2 mmHg), corresponding to a 32.4% and 31.7% increase from baseline IOP, respectively. The mean IOP after decompression (14.8 ± 1.7 mmHg) was significantly lower compared to those at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg. The present findings demonstrate that increased IAP has a clinically significant effect on IOP in dogs under conscious conditions. Although more research is needed to determine of increased IAP on IOP, these findings suggest that increased IAP leads to mild and reversible increase in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Veterinary SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Won‐Gyun Son
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyunseok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Chi Won Shin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND OCULAR BIOMETRY IN HEALTHY ADULT CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 50:634-643. [PMID: 33517633 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometry were measured in 58 healthy cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) between the ages of 2 and 14 yr in two captive groups. During routine health examination under immobilization, each animal underwent ophthalmic examination including STT, IOP, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasonography. Mean ± SD values for STT and IOP were 13.58 ± 5.29 mm/min and 31.40 ± 5.01 mm Hg, respectively. The time between immobilization and examination significantly influenced both STT and IOP measurements. For IOP measurements, a significant group effect was also demonstrated, possibly due to the different anesthetic drug combinations used. Mean ± SD values for biometry were as follows: globe length (32.73 ± 1.74 mm), lens thickness (7.25 ± 1.09 mm), anterior chamber (8.54 ± 1.21 mm), and posterior segment (16.31 ± 2.06 mm). Surprisingly, all of the biometry measurements differed significantly between the two groups. Establishing STT, IOP, and biometric reference values is important for evaluating the ocular health status of the species. These reference values will assist veterinarians working with cheetahs to perform a full and informed ophthalmic examination.
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Pierce-Tomlin T, Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH. A systematic review of the effects of injectable sedative and anesthetic drugs and inhalant anesthetics on intraocular pressure in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:145-151. [PMID: 32014398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effect of injectable and inhalant drugs used in anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. DATABASES USED A comprehensive search of research literature was performed without language restriction. The search utilized the PubMed, CAB Abstracts and the University of Georgia's Galileo electronic databases using a combination of free text terms 'Ophthalmology', 'Intraocular Pressure', 'Anesthetic', 'Anesthesia', 'Canine' or 'Dog'. The time frame searched was from 1970 to October 2018. Any published research paper that dealt with sedatives or anesthetics administered systemically and the canine eye was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The effects of many anesthetic drugs in dogs with ocular pathology are largely unknown. Many anesthetic drugs do not induce clinically relevant changes in IOP in dogs with normal eyes, although some studies demonstrated results with statistically significant changes. The dose, route of administration, experimental conditions, drug combinations, timing of measurements, measurement technology and setting or individual animal characteristics may all produce some heterogeneity in results from multiple studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Wamaitha MN, Mogoa EM, Mande JD. Evaluation of anesthesia produced by ketofol in acepromazine- or medetomidine-sedated dogs. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:215-221. [PMID: 31453194 PMCID: PMC6702874 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either acepromazine (ACP) or medetomidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propofol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anesthesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anesthesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. CONCLUSION The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Njino Wamaitha
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy M Mogoa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John D Mande
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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de Linde Henriksen M, Lim C, Sharp JL. Treatment of canine postoperative ocular hypertension with combined latanoprost 0.005% and atropine 1% ophthalmic solutions. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:448-461. [PMID: 30716184 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of topical 0.005% latanoprost (L) vs combined 0.005% latanoprost and 1% atropine (LA) on control of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH), development of posterior synechiae formation, pupil size, and blindness after phacoemulsification surgery in dogs. ANIMAL STUDIED Dogs with postoperative ocular hypertension were included in the study: L-group, latanoprost (eight dogs, 14 eyes) and LA-group, latanoprost and atropine (nine dogs, 15 eyes). PROCEDURES Complete ophthalmic examinations including tonometry were performed at 1, 7, and 21 days following phacoemulsification. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the measured intraocular pressure (IOP) at days 1 and 7 postphacoemulsification surgery in the L-group and the LA-group (P = 0.26 [14.12 ± 1.76 mmHg vs 16.96 ± 1.68 mmHg] and P = 0.71 [15.45 ± 1.43 mmHg vs 16.20 ± 1.36 mmHg], respectively). No significant differences were found between pupil sizes at day 7 for the two groups (P = 0.25 [13.83% vs 24.77%]). No significant differences were found between odds of posterior synechiae formation at day 21 (P = 0.92) with a probability ± SE for L-group vs LA-group at 0.27 ± 0.14 vs 0.25 ± 0.13. No significant differences were found in odds of postoperative blindness between groups (P = 0.58) with a probability ± SE of 0.21 ± 0.11 vs 0.13 ± 0.09, respectively for L and LA. CONCLUSIONS Combined topical latanoprost and atropine in dogs maintains normal postoperative IOPs but does not seem to cause increased mydriasis compared to latanoprost alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Julia L Sharp
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Jugant S, Grillot AE, Lyarzhri F, Régnier A, Douet JY. Changes in pupil size and intraocular pressure after topical application of 0.5% tropicamide to the eyes of dogs sedated with butorphanol. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:95-101. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effect of propofol and ketamine-diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy premedicated dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Webb TR, Wyman M, Smith JA, Ueyama Y, Muir WW. Effects of propofol on intraocular pressure in premedicated and nonpremedicated dogs with and without glaucoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:823-829. [PMID: 29553899 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a study cutoff for evidence of glaucoma on the basis of IOP measurements from a large population of healthy dogs and to assess the effects of IV propofol administration on IOPs in premedicated and nonpremedicated dogs with and without glaucoma defined by this method. DESIGN Prospective, descriptive study. ANIMALS 234 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES IOPs measured in 113 healthy dogs (226 eyes) were used to calculate an IOP value indicative of glaucoma. The IOPs were measured in an additional 121 dogs (237 eyes) undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Midazolam-butorphanol was administered IV as preanesthetic medication to 15 and 87 dogs with and without glaucoma, respectively. A placebo (lactated Ringer solution) was administered IV to 8 and 11 dogs with and without glaucoma, respectively. Anesthesia of surgical patients was induced with propofol IV to effect. The IOPs and physiologic variables of interest were recorded before (baseline) and after preanesthetic medication or placebo administration and after propofol administration. RESULTS An IOP > 25 mm Hg was deemed indicative of glaucoma. Compared with baseline measurements, mean IOP was increased after propofol administration in nonpremedicated dogs without glaucoma and unchanged in nonpremedicated dogs with glaucoma. Propofol-associated increases in IOP were blunted in premedicated dogs without glaucoma; IOP in affected eyes of premedicated dogs with glaucoma was decreased after preanesthetic medication and after propofol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that preexisting IOP influences the response to anesthetic drugs, and administration of preanesthetic medication with muscle-relaxing properties may blunt or reduce propofol-induced increases in IOP. Further research with a larger number of dogs is needed to confirm our results in dogs with glaucoma.
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Douet JY, Regnier A, Dongay A, Jugant S, Jourdan G, Concordet D. Effect of sedation with butorphanol on variables pertaining to the ophthalmic examination in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 21:452-458. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Douet
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
| | - Alain Regnier
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
| | - Agnès Dongay
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
| | - Sophie Jugant
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
| | - Géraldine Jourdan
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
| | - Didier Concordet
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées; 23 chemin des Capelles B.P. 87614 31076 Cedex 3 Toulouse France
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Pupillary reflex dilation in response to incremental nociceptive stimuli in patients receiving intravenous ketamine. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 32:921-928. [PMID: 29043601 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-017-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pupillometry is a non-invasive monitoring technique, which allows dynamic pupillary diameter measurement by an infrared camera. Pupillary diameter increases in response to nociceptive stimuli. In patients anesthetized with propofol or volatile agents, the magnitude of this pupillary dilation is related to the intensity of the stimulus. Pupillary response to nociceptive stimuli has never been studied under ketamine anesthesia. Our objective was to describe pupillary reflex dilation after calibrated tetanic stimulations in patients receiving intravenous ketamine. After written consent, 24 patients of our pediatric burn care unit were included. They received an oral morphine premedication (0.3 mg kg-1) 1 h before their scheduled daily dressing change. Just before the procedure, they received 1 mg kg-1 of intravenous ketamine. Two minutes after this bolus, tetanic stimulations of incremental intensities were performed on the arm of each patient (5-10-20-30-40-60 mA, 60 s interval between stimulations). Pupillary diameter, heart rate and movements were recorded before and after each stimulation. Tetanic stimulations were associated with changes in pupillary diameter and heart rate. The magnitude of these changes was significantly influenced by the intensity of stimulation (ANOVA for repeated measures, p < 0.001). Movement was associated with a 32% increase in diameter (ROC curves, AUC 0.758) with 65% sensitivity and 77% specificity. In children, pupillary reflex dilation to nociceptive stimuli persists under deep sedation obtained with 1 mg kg-1 of intravenous ketamine combined with a 0.3 mg kg-1 oral morphine premedication, and its magnitude depends on the intensity of the stimulation. Our results confirm that pupillometry could be a relevant way to monitor nociception in anaesthetised subjects, including those receiving ketamine. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT 02648412.
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Balthazar da Silveira CP, Lima TB, Crivelaro RM, de Lacerda LCC, Pádua IRM, Renzo R, de Barros Sobrinho AAF, Oliveira FS, Aldrovani M, Laus JL. Ophthalmic parameters in adult lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) raised in captivity. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:42-47. [PMID: 28480600 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ophthalmic parameters of lowland pacas, including the anatomic features, tear production, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and morphology of the corneal endothelium. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirteen adult, anesthetized Cuniculus paca. PROCEDURE Eyes were evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, the Schirmer tear test I, digital applanation tonometry, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and noncontact specular microscopy. RESULTS The biomicroscopy findings showed blue/brown pigmented bulbar conjunctivae, well-developed cilia (only in the upper eyelid margin), superior and inferior lacrimal puncta, brown irides, round pupils, and vestiges of the nictitating membrane. The results of the Schirmer tear test I revealed (mean ± SD) a lacrimation rate of 4.10 ± 0.44 mm/min. The intraocular pressure was 6.34 ± 0.43 mmHg. Central corneal thickness measured by specular microscopy was 0.35 ± 0.01 mm. The mean values of density, hexagonality, and the area of the endothelial cells were 2083.15 ± 42.47 cells/mm2 , 67.07 ± 3.30%, and 486.30 ± 9.56 μm2 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ocular parameters defined in this study may be used for reference in future studies and might also contribute to therapeutic approaches appropriate to this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila P Balthazar da Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta M Crivelaro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana C C de Lacerda
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan R M Pádua
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Renzo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A F de Barros Sobrinho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício S Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Laus
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Monk CS, Brooks DE, Granone T, Garcia-Pereira FL, Melesko A, Plummer CE. Measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy anesthetized horses during hoisting. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:502-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajaei SM, Mood MA, Paryani MR, Williams DL. Effects of diurnal variation and anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:85-89. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Costa D, Leiva M, Coyo N, Laguna F, Ríos J, Peña Gimenez MT. Effect of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on tear production, pupil size, and intraocular pressure in healthy Beagles. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:449-453. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costa
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal; Facultat de Veterinaria Edifici V; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal; Facultat de Veterinaria Edifici V; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Natàlia Coyo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal; Facultat de Veterinaria Edifici V; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Fernando Laguna
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Jose Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Peña Gimenez
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal; Facultat de Veterinaria Edifici V; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
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Gatson BJ, Pablo L, Plummer CE, Granone TD. Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:771-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Millar JC, Pang IH. Non-continuous measurement of intraocular pressure in laboratory animals. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:74-90. [PMID: 25933714 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, which is treatable but currently incurable. Numerous animal models therefore have both been and continue to be utilized in the study of numerous aspects of this condition. One important facet associated with the use of such models is the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure (by cannulation) or estimate (by tonometry) intraocular pressure (IOP). At this juncture there are several different approaches to IOP measurement in different experimental animal species, and the list continues to grow. We feel therefore that a review of this subject matter is timely and should prove useful to others who wish to perform similar measurements. The general principles underlying various types of tonometric and non-tonometric techniques for non-continuous determination of IOP are considered. There follows discussion of specific details as to how these techniques are applied to experimental animal species involved in the research of this disease. Specific comments regarding anesthesia, circadian rhythm, and animal handling are also included, especially in the case of rodents. Brief consideration is also given to possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Kim J, Heo J, Ji D, Kim MS. Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex in normal and anesthetized dogs: a preliminary study. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:475-8. [PMID: 25648149 PMCID: PMC4427750 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the pupillary light reflex (PLR)
in normal and anesthetized dogs using a pupillometer. Eleven dogs (20 eyes) of various
breeds were included. PLRs were measured with a handheld pupillometer in dim light before
and during anesthesia. Anesthesia was conducted with atropine, xylazine and ketamine.
Parameters of pupillometry included neurological pupil index (NPi), pupil size, percent of
change (%CH), latency (LAT), constriction velocity (CV), maximum constriction velocity
(MCV) and dilation velocity (DV). NPi,%CH, CV and MCV were significantly decreased during
anesthesia compared with the pre-anesthesia data. The results suggest that
atropine-xylazine-ketamine combination anesthesia depresses the PLR. Additionally, this
study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of a pupillometer in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jury Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Duckjin-ku, Jeonju 561-756; Ji dong Beom Animal Hospital, 266-10 Bugok-dong, Geumjeong-ku, Busan, 609-822, Republic of Korea
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Jang M, Park S, Son WG, Jo SM, Hwang H, Seo K, Lee I. Effect of tiletamine-zolazepam on the intraocular pressure of the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:481-4. [PMID: 25440910 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) on canine intraocular pressure (IOP). ANIMALS STUDIED Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were used in this study. PROCEDURES The study was carried out as a crossover experimental trial with a 7-day interval between treatments. TZ combination was administered intravenously (IV) at a dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20, respectively). Following preanesthetic baseline readings of IOP, each dog received IV TZ and then the IOP values were measured every 10 min for 40 min in all treatments. RESULTS The baseline IOP values (mean ± standard deviation) for TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20 were 12.7 ± 0.8, 14.4 ± 1.2, and 15.3 ± 1.7 mmHg, and each IOP changed to 11.1 ± 1.1, 13.1 ± 1.4 and 13.5 ± 1.7 mmHg after intravenous administration of each TZ treatment, respectively. However, there were no statistical differences between baseline and post-treatment values. CONCLUSIONS The TZ combination had no clinically significant effect on IOP of the dog. This could be an option for induction or surgical procedures in dogs with ophthalmic problems when an increase in IOP is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Son
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyeshin Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Graur S, Siegle G. Pupillary motility: bringing neuroscience to the psychiatry clinic of the future. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 13:365. [PMID: 23780801 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern pupillometry has expanded the study and utility of pupil responses in many new domains, including psychiatry, particularly for understanding aspects of cognitive and emotional information processing. Here, we review the applications of pupillometry in psychiatry for understanding patients' information processing styles, predicting treatment, and augmenting function. In the past year pupillometry has been shown to be useful in specifying cognitive/affective occurrences during experimental tasks and informing clinical diagnoses. Such studies demonstrate the potential of pupillary motility to be used in clinical psychiatry much as it has been in neurology for the past century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Graur
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 121 Meyran St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Hasiuk MMM, Forde N, Cooke A, Ramey K, Pang DSJ. A comparison of alfaxalone and propofol on intraocular pressure in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:411-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. M. Hasiuk
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Nessa Forde
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Amy Cooke
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Kelli Ramey
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Daniel S. J. Pang
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
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Delgado C, Mans C, McLellan GJ, Bentley E, Sladky KK, Miller PE. Evaluation of rebound tonometry in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:261-7. [PMID: 25097909 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate feasibility and accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by rebound tonometry in adult red-eared slider turtles and determine the effects of manual and chemical restraint on IOP. ANIMAL STUDIED Seventeen adult red-eared slider turtles. PROCEDURES Intraocular pressure was measured with TonoLab® and TonoVet® tonometers in conscious, unrestrained turtles. To evaluate the effects of manual restraint, turtles were restrained by digital pressure on the rostral head or proximal neck. The effect of two chemical restraint protocols (dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam [DKM] and dexmedetomidine, ketamine [DK] subcutaneously) on IOP was evaluated. Triplicate TonoLab® and TonoVet® readings were compared with direct manometry in three ex vivo turtle eyes. RESULTS TonoLab® correlated better with manometry at IOPs < 45 mmHg than TonoVet® (linear regression slopes of 0.89 and 0.30, respectively). Mean (±SD) IOP in unrestrained conscious turtles was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with TonoLab® (10.02 ± 0.66 mmHg) than with TonoVet® (11.32 ± 1.57 mmHg). Manual neck restraint caused a significant increase in IOP (+6.31 ± 5.59 mmHg), while manual rostral head restraint did not. Both chemical restraint protocols significantly reduced IOP (DKM: −1.0 ± 0.76 mmHg; DK: −1.79 ± 1.17) compared with measurements in conscious unrestrained turtles. CONCLUSIONS Chemical and manual neck restraint affected IOP. Rostral head restraint had no significant effect on IOP and is, therefore, recommended as the appropriate restraint technique in red-eared slider turtles. TonoLab® measurements estimated actual IOP more accurately, within physiologic range, than measurements obtained using the TonoVet®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherlene Delgado
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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