Ureteroscopic and extirpative treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a 15-year comprehensive review of 160 consecutive patients

The Long-Term Functional and Oncologic Outcomes of Kidney-Sparing Surgery in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the utilization of kidney-sparing surgery (KSS) as an alternative option to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in managing upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients.

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to compare the functional outcomes and oncological outcomes between KSS and RNU.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 252 patients with UTUC without clinical node positivity or metastasis who had been treated with either RNU or KSS. We collected information on each patient, including clinicopathological factors, renal function variations, and oncological outcomes. Hemodialysis-free survival (HDFS), stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD4) progression-free survival (PFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-weighted Kaplan-Meier analysis. The hazard ratio for oncological and functional outcomes of KSS was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

The OS at 8 years was 77.06% (RNU) and 70.59% (KSS) and did not significantly differ between the two groups (p = 0.691), although the KSS group experienced a higher recurrence rate. Functional outcomes indicated no significant difference in postoperative renal function at 1 year; however, KSS was associated with better preservation of renal function (23.44% vs. 28.23%), albeit not statistically significant (p = 0.055). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant disparities in CKD4 PFS between the KSS and RNU groups involved in the study (p = 0.089), although the KSS group displayed poorer HDFS than the RNU group (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

KSS had no compromising survival outcomes when compared with RNU, not only in low-risk patients but also in high-risk patients with a normal contralateral kidney. The efficacy of renal function preservation was presented in this study, however the results were below our expectations.

An evaluation of mitomycin-containing reverse thermal gel for the treatment of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is increasingly relevant with greater detection of low-grade disease and guidelines recommending kidney preservation for low-risk disease. Historically, laser or thermal ablation has served as the primary tool for endoscopic management of UTUC, however, chemoablation is rapidly being developed to serve as a primary or adjuvant treatment option, which warrants review.

AREAS COVERED

The current literature was reviewed to compare the outcomes and clinical utility of endoscopic treatment modalities for low-grade UTUC, with a focus on mitomycin-containing reverse thermal gel (UGN-101).

EXPERT OPINION

The overall outcomes of mitomycin-containing gel therapy are promising, but adverse effects such as ureteral stricture call for careful consideration when using this treatment. We believe it is reasonable to consider use of mitomycin-containing gel as an adjuvant chemotherapy with endoscopic laser resection of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Endoscopic intervention versus radical nephroureterectomy for the management of localized upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies

OBJECTIVE

Localized Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) is an uncommon cancer typically detected at an advanced stage. Currently, radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision is the standard treatment for high-risk UTUC. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the 5-year overall and cancer-specific survival and bladder recurrence rates in studies comparing endoscopic kidney-sparing surgeries (E-KSS) with RNU in localized UTUC.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

We performed a literature search on 20th April 2023 through PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The PICOS model was used for study inclusion: P: adult patients with localized UTUC; I: E-KSS. C: RNU; O: primary: overall survival (OS); secondary: cancer-specific survival (CSS), bladder recurrence rate, and metastasis-free survival (MFS). S: retrospective, prospective, and randomized studies.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Overall, 11 studies involving 2284 patients were eligible for this meta-analysis, 737 in the E-KSS group and 1547 in the RNU group. E-KSS showed a similar overall 5-year OS between E-KSS and RNU, and for low-grade tumors, while 5-year OS favored RNU for high-grade tumors (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.26-2.69, p = 0.002). No difference emerged for 5-year CSS between the two groups, even when the results were stratified for low- and high grade tumors. Bladder recurrence rate and 5-year MFS were also similar between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our review showed that E-KSS is a viable option for patients with localized UTUC with non-inferior oncological outcomes as compared with RNU, except for 5-year OS in high-grade tumors which favoured RNU.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Paradigm shift emphasizing organ preservation

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the role of immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who are managed endoscopically when nephroureterectomy (NU) is not feasible, such as in patients who are either not candidates for NU or decline extirpative surgery.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with high-grade UTUC and managed endoscopically between January 1996 and August 2022 were included in the study. Subsequently, patients were categorised based on their use of ICIs into group 1 (patients who did not receive ICIs) and group 2 (patients who received ICIs). Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, while a multivariable regression model was employed to analyse the impact of clinical characteristics on survival.

Results

A total of 29 patients were enrolled, with 14 in group 1 and 15 in group 2. Both groups exhibited similar demographic and disease characteristics, including multifocality, laterality and initial tumour size. The median follow-up period was 29.2 months. Notably, group 2 demonstrated significantly enhanced overall and metastasis-free survival rates compared to group 1. At 47.8 months, the overall survival rate was 0% (all patients died) in group 1, whereas it was 85.7% in group 2. Similarly, the metastasis-free survival rate was 0% (all patients had metastatic disease) in group 1 at 40.6 months, whereas it reached 78.0% in group 2. The multivariable analysis indicated a correlation between ICI usage and improved survival outcomes, with a hazard ratio of 0.002.

Conclusion

Utilisation of adjuvant ICIs in the setting of endoscopically treated patients with high-grade UTUC is associated with significantly improved survival rates. ICIs should be considered in this patient population, however, more studies with larger sample size are warranted.

First analysis of the safety and efficacy of UGN-101 in the treatment of ureteral tumors

OBJECTIVE

UGN-101 has been approved for the chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) involving the renal pelvis and calyces. Herein is the first reported cohort of patients with ureteral tumors treated with UGN-101.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with UGN-101 for UTUC at 15 high-volume academic and community centers focusing on outcomes of patients treated for ureteral disease. Patients received UGN-101 with either adjuvant or chemo-ablative intent. Response rates are reported for patients receiving chemo-ablative intent. Adverse outcomes were characterized with a focus on the rate of ureteral stenosis.

RESULTS

In a cohort of 132 patients and 136 renal units, 47 cases had tumor involvement of the ureter, with 12 cases of ureteral tumor only (8.8%) and 35 cases of ureteral plus renal pelvic tumors (25.7%). Of the 23 patients with ureteral involvement who received UGN-101 induction with chemo-ablative intent, the complete response was 47.8%, which did not differ significantly from outcomes in patients without ureteral involvement. Fourteen patients (37.8%) with ureteral tumors had significant ureteral stenosis at first post-treatment evaluation, however, when excluding those with pre-existing hydronephrosis or ureteral stenosis, only 5.4% of patients developed new clinically significant stenosis.

CONCLUSIONS

UGN-101 appears to be safe and may have similar efficacy in treating low-grade urothelial carcinoma of the ureter as compared to renal pelvic tumors.

Current Evidence on Utility, Outcomes, and Limitations of Endoscopic Laser Ablation for Localized Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from a Scoping Review

Context

The occurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is uncommon and is usually identified at an advanced and multifocal stage. Currently, there is growing interest in utilizing endoscopic laser ablation (ELA).

Objective

To evaluate the survival rates and perioperative complications of ELA.

Evidence acquisition

We performed a literature search through PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The analysis included observational studies that examined the oncological outcomes of patients with UTUC treated with ELA.

Evidence synthesis

Neodymium and diode lasers are no longer used due to their high complication rates. Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) and thulium:YAG lasers provided excellent tumor ablation and hemostasis in both the collecting system and the ureter. These lasers offer good disease-free and cancer-specific survival, especially for low-grade tumors.

Conclusions

Advancements in laser technology and ablation techniques, and understanding of UTUC tumor biology hold significant promise in improving the use of conservative UTUC treatment, with excellent safety and good oncological outcomes for low-grade diseases.

Patient summary

With the advancement of technology, the conservative approach utilizing endoscopic laser ablation for upper tract urothelial tumors has been proved to be both safe and effective, showcasing promising survival rates.

Consultation on UTUC II Stockholm 2022: diagnostic and prognostic methods-what's around the corner?

PURPOSE

To map current literature and provide an overview of upcoming future diagnostic and prognostic methods for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), including translational medical science.

METHODS

A scoping review approach was applied to search the literature. Based on the published literature, and the experts own experience and opinions consensus was reached through discussions at the meeting Consultation on UTUC II in Stockholm, September 2022.

RESULTS

The gene mutational profile of UTUC correlates with stage, grade, prognosis, and response to different therapeutic strategies. Analysis of pathway proteins downstream of known pathogenic mutations might be an alternative approach. Liquid biopsies of cell-free DNA may detect UTUC with a higher sensitivity and specificity than urinary cytology. Extracellular vesicles from tumour cells can be detected in urine and may be used to identify the location of the urothelial carcinoma in the urinary tract. 3D microscopy of UTUC samples may add information in the analysis of tumour stage. Chemokines and chemokine receptors were linked to overall survival and responsiveness to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which is potentially also of interest in UTUC.

CONCLUSION

Current diagnostic methods for UTUC have shortcomings, especially concerning prognostication, which is important for personalized treatment decisions. There are several upcoming methods that may be of interest for UTUC. Most have been studied for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and it is important to keep in mind that UTUC is a different entity and not all methods are adaptable or applicable to UTUC.

Endoscopic excision versus radical nephroureterectomy for non-muscle invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A population-based large cohort study

Background

As an important kidney-sparing treatment for upper urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), whether endoscopic excision can be performed without sacrificing oncologic outcomes remains indefinite. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and efficacy of endoscopic excision, in patients with non-muscle invasive UTUC (NMIUTUC) and compare them to those of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we reviewed 4347 cases with NMIUTUC (cTis/Ta/T1-N0-M0,≤ 5.0 cm) between 2004 and 2020. Surgical treatment modalities included endoscopic excision and RNU. Propensity score matching analysis was used to minimize the selection bias between endoscopic excision and RNU, selecting 1:1 matched patients in the two group.

Results

A total of 794 patients with NMIUTUC were included after matching (397:397). Patients who underwent endoscopic excision had worse survival outcomes compared with those of patients who underwent RNU (5-year OS: 65.3 % vs. 80.3 %, p < 0.0001; 5-year DSS: 83.2 % vs. 94.0 %, p = 0.00021). After stratification by anatomical sites, the effect of endoscopic excision for NMI renal pelvis cancer was worse than RNU (5-year OS, 62.9 % vs. 82.8 %; 5-year DSS, 78.8 % vs. 91.6 %), while in NMI ureteral cancer, there is no statistically significant difference in OS and DSS between endoscopic excision and RNU. Further stratification according to tumor grade revealed equivalent tumor control effects of endoscopic excision and RNU in low-grade NMI ureteral cancer (5-year OS: 67.7 % vs. 72.5 %, p = 0.23; 5-year DSS: 87.2 % vs. 93.1 %, p = 0.17); while for renal pelvis tumor and high-grade ureteral tumor, endoscopic excision was related with significantly inferior prognosis.

Conclusions

Only for low-grade NMI ureteral cancer, endoscopic excision and RNU are oncologically equivalent, indicating that endoscopic excision might be an effective option for low-grade NMI ureteral cancer. This result needs to be further verified in randomized controlled trials.

Nephron-sparing ureteroscopic surgery vs. radical nephroureterectomy: comparable survival-outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

PURPOSE

This study investigates the utility of ureteroscopic surgery (URS) as an alternative to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in managing upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), with a focus on survival outcomes and re-evaluation of current the European Association of Urology guidelines criteria.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, multi-institutional review of 143 UTUC patients treated with URS (n = 35) or RNU (n = 108). Clinicopathological factors were analyzed, and survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional-hazards models.

RESULTS

The median follow-up period was 27 months. Overall survival (OS) and radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) were comparable between the URS and RNU groups (OS: HR 2.42, 95% CI 0.63-9.28, P = 0.0579; rPFS: HR 1.82, 95% CI 0.60-5.47, P = 0.1641). URS conferred superior renal function preservation. In patients characterized by factors such as radiographically invisible lesions, negative cytology, pTa stage, low-grade tumors, and multiple lesions, the OS outcomes with URS were comparable to those with RNU as follows: radiographically invisible lesions (P = 0.5768), negative cytology (P = 0.7626), pTa stage (P = 0.6694), low-grade tumors (P = 0.9870), and multiple lesions (P = 0.8586).

CONCLUSION

URS offers survival outcomes similar to RNU, along with better renal function preservation, especially in low-risk UTUC patients. These findings underscore the urgency of re-evaluating the current EAU guidelines and encourage further research into determining the ideal patient selection for URS in UTUC treatment.

Route of Administration for UGN-101 and Impact on Oncological and Safety Outcomes

BACKGROUND

UGN-101 can be used for chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The gel can be administered via a retrograde route through a ureteral catheter or an antegrade route via a nephrostomy tube.

OBJECTIVE

To report outcomes of UGN-101 by route of administration.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

We performed a retrospective review of 132 patients from 15 institutions who were treated with UGN-101 for low-grade UTUC via retrograde versus antegrade administration.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Survival outcomes are reported per patient. Treatment, complications, and recurrence outcomes are reported per renal unit. Statistical analysis was performed for primary endpoints of oncological response and ureteral stricture occurrence.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

A total of 136 renal units were evaluated, comprising 78 retrograde and 58 antegrade instillations. Median follow-up was 7.4 mo. There were 120 cases (91%) of biopsy-proven low-grade UTUC. Tumors were in the renal pelvis alone in 89 cases (65%), in the ureter alone in 12 cases (9%), and in both in 35 cases (26%). Seventy-six patients (56%) had residual disease before UGN-101 treatment. Chemoablation with UGN-101 was used in 50/78 (64%) retrograde cases and 26/58 (45%) antegrade cases. A complete response according to inspection and cytology was achieved in 31 (48%) retrograde and 30 (60%) antegrade renal units (p = 0.1). Clavien grade 3 ureteral stricture occurred in 21 retrograde cases (32%) and only six (12%) antegrade cases (p < 0.01). Limitations include treatment bias, as patients in the antegrade group were more likely to undergo endoscopic mechanical ablation before UGN-101 instillation.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary results show a significantly lower rate of stricture occurrence with antegrade administration of UGN-101, with no apparent impact on oncological efficacy.

PATIENT SUMMARY

We compared results for two different delivery routes for the drug UGN-101 for treatment of cancer in the upper urinary tract. For the antegrade route, a tube is inserted through the skin into the kidney. For the retrograde route, a catheter is inserted past the bladder into the upper urinary tract. Our results show a lower rate of narrowing of the ureter (the tube draining urine from the kidney into the bladder) using the antegrade route, with no difference in cancer control.

Modern Kidney-Sparing Management of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

PURPOSE

To review the latest evidence on the modern techniques and outcomes of kidney-sparing surgeries (KSS) in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search on the study topic was conducted before 30 April 2023 using electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. A narrative overview of the literature was then provided based on the extracted data and a qualitative synthesis of the findings.

RESULTS

KSS is recommended for low- as well as select high-risk UTUCs who are not eligible for radical treatments. Endoscopic ablation is a KSS option that is associated with similar oncological outcomes compared with radical treatments while preserving renal function in well-selected patients. The other option in this setting is distal ureterectomy, which has the advantage of providing a definitive pathological stage and grade. Data from retrospective studies support the superiority of this approach over radical treatment with similar oncological outcomes, albeit in select cases. Novel chemoablation agents have also been studied in the past few years, of which mitomycin gel has received FDA approval for use in low-risk UTUCs.

CONCLUSION

KSSs are acceptable approaches for patients with low- and select high-risk UTUCs, which preserve renal function without compromising the oncological outcomes.

Learning from the past and present to change the future: Endoscopic management of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

Current guidelines recommend endoscopic management (EM) for patients with low-risk upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, as well as those with an imperative indication. However, regardless of the tumor risk, radical nephroureterectomy is still mainly performed worldwide despite the benefits of EM, such as renal function maintenance, no hemodialysis requirement, and treatment cost reduction. This might be explained by the association of EM with a high risk of local recurrence and progression. Furthermore, the need for rigorous patient selection and close surveillance following EM may be relevant. Nevertheless, recent developments in diagnostic modalities, pathological evaluation, surgical devices and techniques, and intracavitary regimens have been reported, which may contribute to improved risk stratification and treatments with superior oncological outcomes. In this review, considering recent advances in endourology and oncology, we propose novel treatment strategies for optimal EM.

[Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract]

Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (upper tract urothelial carcinoma, UTUC) is less common than bladder carcinoma with nearly identical risk factors and has a poorer prognosis. The standard diagnostic procedure is imaging of the upper urinary tract by computed tomography urography. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, a diagnostic ureterorenoscopy with biopsy sampling can be performed in addition to urine cytology. Treatment depends primarily on the stage and grading of the tumor. Depending on the extent and localization, organ-preserving treatment or radical nephroureterectomy is indicated. Perioperative systemic treatment in high-risk UTUC can be performed in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, although the current data on neoadjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy do not yet allow standard application. For metastatic disease, a multimodal treatment approach consisting of cisplatin-based or carboplatin-based chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and treatment with enfortumab vedotin can be considered. Salvage surgery, radiotherapy and metastasectomy are available for rare individual cases.

Antegrade administration of mitomycin gel for upper tract urothelial carcinoma via percutaneous nephrostomy tube: a multi-institutional retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To assess the safety profile of antegrade mitomycin gel instillation through a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCNT) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) with the aim of decreasing morbidity associated with therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients undergoing antegrade administration of mitomycin gel via PCNT were retrospectively included for analysis from four tertiary referral centres between 2020 and 2022. The primary outcome was safety profile, as graded by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v5.0). Post-therapy disease burden was assessed by primary disease evaluation (PDE) via ureteroscopy.

RESULTS

Thirty-two patients received at least one dose of mitomycin gel via PCNT for UTUC, 29 of whom completed induction and underwent PDE. Thirteen patients (41%) had residual tumour present prior to induction therapy. At a median of 15.0 months following first dose of induction therapy, ureteric stenosis occurred in three patients (9%), all of whom were treated without later recurrence or chronic stenosis. Other adverse events included fatigue (27%), flank pain (19%), urinary tract infection (12%), sepsis (8%) and haematuria (8%). No patients had impaired renal function during follow-up and there were no treatment-related deaths. Seventeen patients (59%) had no evidence of disease at PDE and have not experienced recurrence at a median follow-up of 13.0 months post induction.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of mitomycin gel via a PCNT offers a low rate of ureteric stenosis, demonstrates a favourable safety profile, and is administered without general anaesthesia.

A Review of How Lasers Are Used in UTUC Surgery: Can the Choice of Laser Affect Outcomes?

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare disease with an aggressive phenotype compared to urothelial carcinoma in the bladder. In recent years, kidney-sparing surgery (KSS) and, in particular, endoscopic surgery have become the procedure of choice among urologists where the treatment of localized UTUC is concerned. Endoscopy tends to result in satisfactory oncological disease control while lowering morbidity and minimizing complications amongst the appropriately selected cohort of patients. While endoscopic surgery for UTUC might appear to be standardized, it, in fact, differs considerably depending on the source of energy used for resection/ablation. There has been little reliable data up to now on which laser energy source is the most superior. The goal of this review is, therefore, to outline the results of endoscopic UTUC treatment using different lasers and to analyze how these laser-tissue interactions may affect the surgery. We start by pointing out that the data remains insufficient when trying to determine which laser is the most effective in the endoscopic management of UTUC. The ever-growing number of indications for minimally invasive treatment and the increasing number of centers using laser surgery will, hopefully, lead to novel randomized controlled trials that compare the performance characteristics of the lasers as well as the effects of UTUC on patients.

Early experience with UGN-101 for the treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer - A multicenter evaluation of practice patterns and outcomes

BACKGROUND

UGN-101 is a novel delivery system for intracavitary treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC). UGN-101 was approved based on a pivotal trial for small volume residual low-grade UTUC. Our aim was to report our experience with UGN-101 in a more heterogenous and real-world setting.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of all UGN-101 cases from 15 institutions with a focus on practice patterns, efficacy, and adverse effects. We include UGN-101 utilization in both the chemoablative and adjuvant setting.

RESULTS

There were a total 136 renal units treated from 132 patients. The majority of cases were biopsy proven low-grade UTUC. Practice patterns varied considerably - the most common administration technique was antegrade instillation via a percutaneous nephrostomy. When utilized in the adjuvant setting, 69% of patients were disease free at the time of their first endoscopic evaluation, while in the chemoablative setting, 37% were endoscopically clear on the first evaluation (P < 0.001). Complete response was higher in patients with smaller tumor size prior to UGN-101 induction; low volume (<1 cm) residual disease was associated with a 70% complete response, similar to disease free rate at first endoscopic evaluation when UGN-101 was used in the adjuvant setting. The use of maintenance doses of UGN-101 was reported in 27% of cases. The overall incidence of new onset, clinically significant ureteral stenosis was 23%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study represents the largest review of patients treated with UGN-101 and can serve as a basis of ongoing hypotheses regarding treatment with UGN-101 for UTUC.

Current laser therapy options for endoscopic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Endoscopic management via retrograde ureteroscopic laser ablation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has become the preferred treatment modality for low-risk tumors. The most popular ablative lasers over the past 15-20 years have been the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) and neodymium (Nd:YAG) lasers, but recently the thulium (Th:YAG) laser has emerged as a potential alternative. This review compares the mechanism of action, physiological properties and effects, and oncologic outcomes of Ho:YAG/Nd:YAG lasers versus the Th:YAG laser for UTUC treatment. Potential advantages of the Th:YAG laser over existing technologies are outlined, followed by a discussion of emerging laser technologies in UTUC management.

Biological and prognostic implications of biopsy upgrading for high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma at nephroureterectomy

OBJECTIVES

Technical limitations of ureteroscopic (URS) biopsy has been considered responsible for substantial upgrading rate in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). However, the impact of tumor specific factors for upgrading remain uninvestigated.

METHODS

Patients who underwent URS biopsy were included between 2005 and 2020 at 13 institutions. We assessed the prognostic impact of upgrading (low-grade on URS biopsy) versus same grade (high-grade on URS biopsy) for high-grade UTUC tumors on radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) specimens.

RESULTS

This study included 371 patients, of whom 112 (30%) and 259 (70%) were biopsy-based low- and high-grade tumors, respectively. Median follow-up was 27.3 months. Patients with high-grade biopsy were more likely to harbor unfavorable pathologic features, such as lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) and positive lymph nodes (LNs; p < 0.001). On multivariable analyses adjusting for the established risk factors, high-grade biopsy was significantly associated with worse overall (hazard ratio [HR] 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.75; p = 0.018), cancer-specific (HR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.07-3.52; p = 0.03), and recurrence-free survival (HR 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13-2.87; p = 0.013). In subgroup analyses of patients with pT2-T4 and/or positive LN, its significant association retained. Furthermore, high-grade biopsy in clinically non-muscle invasive disease significantly predicted upstaging to final pathologically advanced disease (≥pT2) compared to low-grade biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

High tumor grade on URS biopsy is associated with features of biologically and clinically aggressive UTUC tumors. URS low-grade UTUC that becomes upgraded to high-grade might carry a better prognosis than high-grade UTUC on URS. Tumor specific factors are likely to be responsible for upgrading to high-grade on RNU.

Kidney‐sparing surgery for distal high‐risk ureteral carcinoma: Clinical efficacy and preliminary experiences in 22 patients

BACKGROUND

Several groups proved kidney-sparing surgery (KSS) had equivalent oncological outcomes compared with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for the low-risk upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients. Whereas, the clinical efficacy of KSS for high-risk UTUC, especially for distal high-risk ureteral carcinoma, remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of KSS for patients with distal high-risk ureter cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our study included 22 patients who diagnose the distal high-risk ureter cancer and underwent KSS between May 2012 and July 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Overall survival (OS), confirmed as the primary endpoint of present study, was assessed by a blinded independent review committee (BIRC). The secondary endpoints included the postoperative SF-36 (the short form 36 health survey questionnaire) score, progression-free survival (PFS), postoperative complications, and so on.

RESULTS

Overall, 17 (77.3%) and 5 (22.7%) patients underwent segmental ureterectomy (SU) and endoscopic ablation (EA), respectively. By the cut-off date, the mean OS was 76.3 months (95% Cl: 51.3-101.1 months) and the mean PFS was 47.0 months (95% Cl: 31.1-62.8 months), respectively. And the SF-36 score in a majority of patients was >300 (90.9%).

CONCLUSION

This is a daring endeavor to explore the clinical efficacy of KSS in distal high-risk ureter cancer based on the high-risk UTUC criteria, which shows satisfactory results in the long-term prognosis and operation-associated outcomes. However, future randomized or prospective multicenter studies are necessary to validate our conclusions.

Oncologic and Safety Outcomes for Endoscopic Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

We systematically reviewed the literature and summarized oncologic and safety outcomes for endoscopic management (EM) compared to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Studies comparing oncologic and/or safety results for EM versus RNU in patients with UTUC were included in our review. Overall, 13 studies met the criteria, and five studies were included in a meta-analysis using adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and bladder recurrence-free survival (BRFS). EM was associated similar OS (HR 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-2.16), CSS (HR 1.37, 95% CI 0.99-1.91), and BRFS (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.61-1.55) to RNU, while 28-85% of patients treated with EM experienced upper tract recurrence across the studies. EM required more interventions with a higher cumulative risk of complications and lower likelihood of renal preservation. In summary, EM for low-grade UTUC had comparable survival outcomes to RNU at the cost of higher local recurrence rates resulting in a need for long-term rigorous surveillance and repeated interventions. PATIENT SUMMARY: For selected cases of cancer in the upper urinary tract, surgical treatment via a telescope inserted through the urethra or the skin (endoscope) results in cancer control outcomes that are comparable to those after removal of the kidney and ureter. However, because of its higher rate of local recurrence, this approach requires repeated endoscopic treatment sessions. Patients should be well informed about these issues to help in shared decision-making.

Survival and risk factors among upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients after radical nephroureterectomy in Northeast China

OBJECTIVE

The study objective was to investigate the prognostic risk factors related to overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Patients were then divided into different risk groups (based on their number of prognostic risk factors), and specific postoperative treatment plans were formulated for patients in different risk groups.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the data of 401 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU between 2010 and 2020. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of clinicopathological variables with prognosis among UTUC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of patients in different risk groups (based on their number of prognostic risk factors) was conducted.

RESULTS

Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sex (being male), LVI, pT stage (>pT2), and lack of postoperative intravesical instillation were independent risk predictors of shorter OS, CSS, RFS, and MFS (all P<0.05). Laparoscopic RNU was also associated with shorter OS, CSS, and MFS, but not with shorter RFS (P=0.068). After risk stratification, the 5-year OS, CSS, RFS, and MFS in the high-risk group were 42.3%, 46.4%, 41%, and 46%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Sex (being male), LVI, pT stage (>pT2), and intravesical instillation were independent predictors of OS, CSS, RFS, and MFS for UTUC. All were risk factors, except for intravesical instillation, which was a protective factor. Additionally, laparoscopic RNU was an independent risk factor for OS, CSS, and MFS. Patients in the high-risk group may benefit greatly from adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Survival and Long-term Effects of Kidney-sparing Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy on Kidney Function in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Background

Current European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines discriminate between high- and low-risk upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) to determine treatment by means of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or kidney-sparing surgery (KSS).

Objective

To compare long-term oncological outcomes and renal function for patients with UTUC treated by RNU versus KSS.

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective cohort study, including 186 renal units with nonmetastatic UTUC treated in a tertiary referral centre between 2010 and 2021, was conducted.

Intervention

RNU, ureterorenoscopy, percutaneous tumour resection, and segmental ureteral resection.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Recurrence-free survival, metastasis-free survival (MFS), overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and renal function were analysed by means of the log-rank test and the independent-sample t test.

Results and limitations

OS was 71.1% for the RNU group and 81.9% for the KSS group. In a cohort matched for propensity weight based on EAU risk stratification progression-free survival (PFS; RNU 96.0%; KSS 86.0%), MFS (RNU 72.0%; KSS 84.0%), CSS (RNU 84.0%; KSS 86.0%), and OS (RNU 76.0%; KSS 76.0%) were all similar between both groups. No significant differences in renal function were seen at 2 and 5 yr after the intervention. Although this series represents the largest cohort of (high-risk) UTUC patients treated by means of KSS to date, it is not suitable for performing a multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

PFS, MFS, CSS, and OS were all comparable when analysing the RNU and KSS groups. Similar results for groups with evenly distributed risk factors and a large percentage of high-risk disease suggest that current risk stratification might not be accurate in discriminating low-risk from high-risk disease.

Patient summary

In this report, we looked at outcomes for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in a specialised hospital. We conclude that kidney-sparing surgery and radical nephroureterectomy have comparable outcomes and that risk factors for worse outcome might not be identified correctly.

A prospective, single-arm trial of fluorescent ureteroscopy-assisted thulium-holmium:YAG dual laser ablation for upper urinary tract cancer: Study protocol of the FLUAM trial

Background

Latest guidelines recommend kidney-sparing management as the primary treatment option for selected patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). One of the biggest issues of ureteroscopic laser ablation (ULA) is a high rate of surgical site recurrence, which is largely attributed to residual lesions at the initial ULA. Another clinical issue is a significant lack of non-invasive reliable detection tools of urinary recurrent tumors in this treatment setting.

Methods

The FLUAM trial is a prospective, single-center, single-arm pilot trial to investigate the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic diagnosis (ALA-PDD)-assisted ULA for localized UTUC and the usefulness of the UroVysion® assay (multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization) as a monitoring test after the kidney-sparing treatment. After the screening and registration, a total of 20 patients with localized UTUC will undergo the initial ALA-PDD-assisted ULA followed by the second look ALA-PDD-assisted ureteroscopic examination. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. Secondary endpoints include patient reported outcomes, diagnostic accuracy of UroVysion assay to detect tumor recurrence, adverse events, and safety of the intervention.

Conclusion

The goal of this trial is to determine the potential benefit of ALA-PDD assistance in patients who undergo the ULA. The evidence of this novel technique is still limited. The results are expected to change the standard of care and lead to better management of localized UTUC.

Trial registration

This clinical trial was prospectively registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials on 23 June 2021. The reference number is jRCTs051210042, nara0023 (Certified Review Board of Nara Medical University).

Management of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

We review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), with a distinction between the different risk groups.

RECENT FINDINGS

Endoscopic treatment with laser ablation of tumors has an evolving role in treating low-grade UTUC including select large and multifocal tumors, along with complementary topical chemotherapeutic treatment that can reach difficult intrarenal locations. Template lymphadenectomy is recommended in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy. A recent randomized control trial showed benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy after radical nephroureterectomy for locally advanced disease. Advances in immunologic therapy have shown promise in treating metastatic UTUC, and immunologic-based therapies have been incorporated into treatment regimens. Notable progress has been made in both the surgical and medical treatment arms for UTUC, thus extending the reach of nephron-sparing therapy for those with localized disease and increasing overall survival for those with locally advanced disease.

Role of Ureteroscopy in Treatment of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is uncommon accounting for less than 10% of all urothelial tumours. Ureteroscopic management (URS) is the first line treatment for low-risk disease and has been increasingly utilised due to technological advances and increasing surgical experience. This review looks at patient outcomes relating to URS, emerging technologies and the role of adjuvant intracavitary therapy in the management of UTUC.

RECENT FINDINGS

URS has firmly established itself in the management algorithm for UTUC, and a good body of evidence supports its use for low-risk disease, wherein oncological outcomes are comparable to traditional nephroureterectomy (RNU). Larger tumours can now be managed using URS with a lower morbidity than radical surgery, though with higher associated local recurrence rate and risk of progression to RNU, and as a result, patient selection and close surveillance remains key. There is limited evidence for adjuvant intracavitary therapy (Mitomycin C or BCG) in UTUC although the development of novel polymers and biodegradable stents may improve drug delivery to the upper urinary tract. URS has a clearly defined role in low-risk UTUC, and its use in larger tumours appears to be appropriate in a selected cohort of patients. The efficacy of adjuvant intracavitary therapy is as of yet undetermined, though developments in delivery techniques are promising. Likewise further developments of laser technology are anticipated to further expand the role of URS.

Endoscopic Management of Low-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Characterizing the Long-term Burden of Care in Comparison to Radical Nephroureterectomy

OBJECTIVE

To compare procedure burden, oncologic, surgical and renal-function outcomes between patients with low-grade upper urothelial cancer (UTUC) who were referred for either radical management (RM) or kidney-sparing endoscopic management (EM).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed data of all patients treated for UTUC at our tertiary medical center between 2000 and 2018 and selected patients diagnosed with unilateral low-grade UTUC.

RESULTS

Twenty-four patients were treated with EM and 37 with RM. Surgical and oncologic risk factors were similar between the arms except for tumor size. Mean follow-up was 4.9 ± 3.4 years. The 5-year overall-survival rate was 85% with EM and 84% with RM (P = .707). Metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival were also similar (P = .994, P = .960). End-of-follow-up average glomerular filtration rates were 58.7 ± 21.5 and 49.2 ± 22.1 mL/min/1.73 m², respectively (P = .12). Ninety-two percent of patients managed endoscopically had local recurrences, with an average of 3.2 recurrences per patient. Four (17%) patients underwent salvage radical nephroureterectomy. Procedure burden was higher with EM, having 6.5 ± 4.4 operations and 344 ± 272 minutes under anesthesia compared with 1.9 ± 0.4 operations (P <.0001) and 213 ± 84 minutes under anesthesia (P = .031) with RM. Cost-of-care analysis revealed higher costs for EM in both private and publicly funded medical insurance plans.

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing endoscopic management had an 83% chance of preserving their kidney and an 81% chance of 5-year metastasis-free survival at a cost of 6.5 ± 4.4 operations during a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 3.4 years. Our findings support EM for low-grade UTUC as a valid option from oncological aspects but highlight the associated costs.

Construction of a survival prediction model for high-and low -grade UTUC after tumor resection based on "SEER database": a multicenter study

BACKGROUND

There are differences in survival between high-and low-grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC). Our study aimed to develop a nomogram to predict overall survival (OS) of patients with high- and low-grade UTUC after tumor resection, and to explore the difference between high- and low-grade patients.

METHODS

Patients confirmed to have UTUC between 2004 and 2015 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The UTUCs were identified and classified as high- and low-grade, and 1-, 3- and 5-year nomograms were established. The nomogram was then validated using the Chinese multicenter dataset (patients diagnosed in Shandong, China between January 2010 and October 2020).

RESULTS

In the high-grade UTUC patients, nine important factors related to survival after tumor resection were identified to construct nomogram. The C index of training dataset was 0.740 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.727-0.754), showing good calibration. The C index of internal validation dataset was 0.729(95% CI:0.707-0.750). On the other hand, Two independent predictors were identified to construct nomogram of low-grade UTUC. The C index was 0.714 (95% CI: 0.671-0.758) for the training set,0.731(95% CI:0.670-0.791) for the internal validation dataset. Encouragingly, the nomogram was clinically useful and had a good discriminative ability to identify patients at high risk.

CONCLUSION

We constructed a nomogram and a corresponding risk classification system predicting the OS of patients with an initial diagnosis of high-and low-grade UTUC.

Narrative review of vascular iatrogenic trauma and endovascular treatment

Iatrogenic injury is unfortunately a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for patients worldwide. The etiology of iatrogenic injury is broad, and can be seen with both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. While steps can be taken to reduce the occurrence of iatrogenic injury, it is often not completely avoidable. Once iatrogenic injury has occurred, prompt recognition and appropriate management can help reduce further harm. The objective of this narrative review it to help reader better understand the risk factors associated with, and treatment options for a broad range of potential iatrogenic injuries by presenting a series of iatrogenic injury cases. This review also discusses rates, risk factors, as well as imaging and clinical signs of iatrogenic injury with an emphasis on endovascular and minimally invasive treatments. While iatrogenic vascular injury once required surgical intervention, now minimally invasive endovascular treatment is a potential option for certain patients. Further research is needed to help identify patients that are at the highest risk for iatrogenic injury, allowing patients and providers to reconsider or avoid interventions where the risk of iatrogenic injury may outweigh the benefit. Further research is also needed to better define outcomes for patients with iatrogenic vascular injury treated with minimally invasive endovascular techniques verses conservative management or surgical intervention.

A 25-year perspective on advances in an understanding of the biology, evaluation, treatment and future directions/challenges of urothelial cancer

The Urologic Oncology Journal was founded 25 years ago and we reviewed the literature since that time in the area of urothelial cancer to see the progress and pitfalls we have made over this time period. A comprehensive literature search was conducted by the authors involved who are all actively involved in research, clinical trials, and treatment for urothelial cancer and the results were summarized over the past 25 years. The field of urothelial cancer has evolved tremendously in the last 25 years with the incorporation of molecular subtyping, novel imaging, immunotherapy, and robotic surgery. However, treatments such as BCG and radical cystectomy have remained steadfast over the last 25 years. Although we have a better understanding of the biology of bladder cancer, we still have a long way from being able to cure patients with bladder cancer and eliminate morbidity from treatments. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made since the founding of the Urologic Oncology Journal 25 years ago.

Endoscopic Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Oncologic Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in a Contemporary Cohort

Introduction: Appropriate risk stratification and complete tumor ablation are the key factors to optimize the oncologic outcomes of patients undertaking endoscopic management for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). We aimed to identify risk factors associated to tumor recurrence and progression in a contemporary cohort of patients diagnosed and treated with the latest endourologic technologies. Patients and Methods: Forty-seven patients were selected between January-2015 and March-2019 for an endoscopic management of UTUC. Last generation of digital ureteroscopes with image-enhancing technologies were used for the detection of the lesions. The retrograde approach was the most frequent access (n = 45/47). The confocal laser endomicroscopy and multiple biopsy devices were variably used according to site and tumor presentation for their characterization. Holmium and Thulium lasers were variably used, with their combination being the preferred approach in case of larger lesions. Primary endpoints included the identification of factors associated with UTUC recurrence and progression, and bladder tumor recurrence. Results: Median follow-up (FU) was 24 months (interquartile range 17-44). On multivariate analysis, bladder cancer (BC) recurrence was associated to previous contralateral UTUC (hazard ratios: 5.08 confidence interval [95% CI: 1.35-18.94], p < 0.05) and tumor size (hazard ratios: 1.07 [95% CI: 1.00-1.14], p < 0.05). UTUC recurrence was associated to incomplete clearance after primary treatment (hazard ratios: 4.99 [95% CI: 1.15-21.62], p < 0.05), while UTUC progression was significantly related to the number of UTUC recurrences (hazard ratios: 3.10 [95% CI: 1.27-7.53], p < 0.05). No significant survival differences in BC/UTUC recurrence, as well as in UTUC progression, were detected between risk groups. No Clavien-Dindo grade >2 were detected; one patient developed ureteric stricture at 7-month FU. Limitations involve retrospective nature of the study and relatively small number of patients. Conclusions: The appropriate use of latest technology may enhance the oncologic outcomes of the endoscopic management of UTUC without compromising the safety of the approach. Among the prognostic factors identified in our series, UTUC recurrence seems to be associated to disease progression.

Ureteroscopic Cryoablation for Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma of a Solitary Kidney: A Porcine Model and Our Pilot Clinical Experience

Purpose

To investigate the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopic cryoablation by a liquid-nitrogen system in a porcine model and for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) of a solitary kidney.

Methods

In the animal experiment, the right-sided ureter was frozen in nine pigs. Eight were randomly assigned to two different groups according to the freezing duration of 60 or 90 s. The other one was designed to receive a 10-min freeze. The treated ureters were harvested at 30 min, 2 days, 4 weeks, and 3 months after cryoablation for histological evaluation. After the animal study, we conducted a pilot clinical trial that enrolled six patients who were diagnosed with UTUC of a solitary kidney and received therapeutic management with ureteroscopic cryoablation at our center. Perioperative adverse events and oncological outcomes were evaluated.

Results

In the porcine model, the liquid-nitrogen system was capable of forming a therapeutic ice ball which infiltrated the full-thickness ureter and induced apoptosis and necrosis from mucosa to lamina muscularis through histological examination. In the clinical trial, cryoablation was successfully performed under ureteroscopy in all the patients, without intraoperative ureteral perforation, avulsion, or active hemorrhage. No recurrence in situ was observed during a median follow-up period of 12.5 months. Hydronephrosis and ureteral stricture was observed in one patient and was managed with ureteroscopic balloon dilation.

Conclusions

Ureteroscopic cryoablation induced by liquid nitrogen is a promising technique for conservative management of UTUC with benefits of improving local tumor control and preservation of a solitary kidney.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1245/s10434-021-10233-5.

The Consequences of Inadvertent Radical Nephrectomy in the Treatment of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine factors associated with performing inadvertent radical nephrectomy (RN) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and to assess the impact of radical nephrectomy on overall survival (OS) compared to radical nephroureterectomy (NU).

METHODS

Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), patients with UTUC of the renal pelvis who were diagnosed with renal cortical tumors and underwent RN (n = 820) with subsequent surgical pathology demonstrating urothelial carcinoma were identified. These patients were compared to those diagnosed with renal pelvis tumors who appropriately underwent NU (n = 16,464) between 2005 and 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine patient, facility and tumor-related factors associated with undergoing RN. The impact of surgery (RN vs NU) on OS was determined by Cox-regression after propensity score matching.

RESULTS

A total of 4.7% patients with UTUC underwent inadvertent RN. Black race (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.62, 95%CI 1.23-2.13), larger tumors, advanced tumor stage, and high-grade tumors (P < 0.0001) were associated with RN. However, surgery at a facility performing a higher volume of NU/year was associated with lower odds of having RN performed (aOR 0.85, 95%CI 0.75-0.97). After propensity score matching, the 5-year OS was 39.9% for those undergoing RN vs 49.9% for those undergoing NU (hazard ratio 1.45, 95%CI 1.30-1.62).

CONCLUSION

Inadvertent RN is not uncommon, occurring in almost 5% of patients with UTUC in the NCDB. Patients who underwent RN had significantly worse OS as compared to those treated with NU. These data highlight that accurate diagnosis of UTUC is paramount and clinicians should not hesitate to perform further workup when imaging findings are equivocal.

Long-term ureteroscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: 28-year single-centre experience

BACKGROUND

Long-term survival outcomes of patients who undergo endoscopic management of non-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma remain uncertain. The longest mean follow-up period in previous studies was 6.1 years. This study reports the long-term outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent ureteroscopic ablation at a single institution over a 28-year period.

METHODS

We identified all patients who underwent ureteroscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma as their primary treatment at our institution between January 1991 and April 2011. Survival outcomes, including overall survival, cancer-specific survival, upper-tract recurrence-free survival and renal unit survival, were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology.

RESULTS

A total of 15 patients underwent endoscopic management, with a mean age at diagnosis of 66 years. All patients underwent ureteroscopy, and biopsy-confirmed pathology was obtained. Median (range; mean) follow-up was 11.7 (2.3-20.9, 11.9) years. Upper tract recurrence occurred in 87% (n = 13) of patients. Twenty percent (n = 3) of patients proceeded to nephroureterectomy. The estimated cancer-specific survival rate was 93% at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. Estimated overall survival rates were 86, 80, 54 and 20% at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. Only one patient experienced cancer-specific mortality. The estimated mean and median overall survival times were 14.5 and 16.6 years, respectively. The estimated mean cancer-specific survival time was not reached.

CONCLUSIONS

Although upper tract recurrence is common, endoscopic management of non-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma provides a 90% cancer-specific survival rate at 20 years in selected patients.

Nephron-sparing management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is uncommon and presents unique challenges for diagnosis and management. Nephroureterectomy has been the preferred management option, but it is associated with significant morbidity. Nephron-sparing treatments are a valuable alternative and provide similar efficacy in select cases. A PubMed literature review was performed in English language publications using the following search terms: urothelial carcinoma, upper tract, nephron-sparing, intraluminal and systemic therapy. Contemporary papers published within the last 10 years were primarily included. Where encountered, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were given priority, as were randomized controlled trials for newer treatments. Core guidelines were referenced and citations reviewed for inclusion. A summary of epidemiological data, clinical diagnosis, staging, and treatments focusing on nephron-sparing approaches to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are outlined. Nephron-sparing management strategies are viable options to consider in patients with favorable features of UTUC. Adjunctive therapies are being investigated but the data remains mixed. Protocol variability and dosage differences limit statistical interpretation. New mechanisms to improve treatment dwell times in the upper tracts are being designed with promising preliminary results. Studies investigating systemic therapies are ongoing but implications for nephron-sparing management are uncertain. Nephron-sparing management is an acceptable treatment modality best suited for favorable disease. More work is needed to determine if intraluminal and/or systemic therapies can further optimize treatment outcomes beyond resection alone.

Nephron-sparing surgery for the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: an outline of surgical technique and review of outcomes

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) often occurs in elderly patients with multiple co-morbidities including renal impairment. As such, nephron sparing surgery (NSS) often needs to be considered. This article reviews the available NSS techniques for UTUC, including ureteroscopy, percutaneous approaches and segmental ureterectomy. PubMed and OvidMEDLINE reviews of available case series from the last 10 years demonstrated that recurrence was highly variable between studies and occurred in 19–90.5% of ureteroscopic cases, 29–98% of percutaneous resections and in 10.2–31.4% of patients who underwent segmental ureterectomy. The small number of included studies and variable follow up periods made comparison between techniques difficult. NSS is a necessary alternative for patients with significant comorbidities or renal impairment who cannot undergo radical nephro-ureterectomy. However, there is significant variation in oncological outcomes, with an increased risk of progression or death from cancer—salvage by radical surgery may sometimes be required.

Diagnostic accuracy of photodynamic diagnosis for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) by performing a meta-analysis.

METHOD

Relevant articles were retrieved from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases. Studies evaluating the accuracy of PDD for the diagnosis of upper UTUC were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated by STATA 16.0 at the per-lesion level.

RESULTS

Six studies with 289 lesions were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that PDD can differentiate upper UTUC from benign lesions with a sensitivity of 0.96 (95 % confidence interval: 0.85-0.99) and a specificity of 0.86 (95 % confidence interval: [0.64-0.95]; AUC, 0.97). Compared with white-light ureterorenoscopy, PDD can significantly improve the additional detection rate of UTUC (RR 0.16, 95 % CI 0.07-0.34 P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONS

PDD is a valid technique that improves the diagnostic accuracy of UTUC compared with standard white-light ureterorenoscopy at the per-lesion level. PDD is a promising endoscopic technique for upper UTUC.

Outcomes of endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

While radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold-standard treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), a growing volume of literature surrounding endoscopic, organ-sparing procedures has developed over the past few decades. Based on this, endoscopic management of UTUC has gained acceptance as a standard of care approach, particularly among those with low-risk disease or with imperative indications for organ preservation. As a rare disease, however, data is mostly restricted to retrospective single institution series with relatively small numbers. Therefore, comparative outcomes of endoscopic management to RNU remain incompletely defined. Furthermore, the comparative utility of endoscopic approaches (ureteroscopy versus percutaneous resection) and topical therapy following resection lacks prospective analysis. In this article we review the available literature on endoscopic management of UTUC.

Nephroureterectomy vs. segmental ureterectomy of clinically localized, high-grade, urothelial carcinoma of the ureter: Practice patterns and outcomes

BACKGROUND

Nephroureterectomy (NU) remains the gold-standard for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). However, nephron-sparing management (NSM), specifically segmental ureterectomy (SU) for urothelial tumors distal to the renal pelvis may offer decreased risk of renal insufficiency and equivalent cancer control.

OBJECTIVES

To identify patient-specific and facility-related factors that are associated with the selection of SU vs. NU for patients with clinically localized, high-grade, ureteral UTUC.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS

We searched the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2015 for patients with high-grade, clinically localized, primary ureteral UTUC managed by either NU or SU.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to assess patient, disease-specific, facility and treatment-related factors associated with SU vs. NU. Since surgical approach was only indexed after 2010, separate multivariable logistic regressions were performed including and excluding surgical approach in order to capture patients treated between 2004 and 2009. Survival analysis utilized Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

Multivariate analysis including surgical approach demonstrated that among other factors, higher clinical stage (P = 0.034), larger tumor size (P < 0.001), the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.002), and the utilization of minimally invasive surgery (P < 0.05) decreased the likelihood of patients receiving SU. In this same cohort, institutions with larger facility volumes (P = 0.038) and performing intraoperative lymph node dissection (P < 0.001) were associated with a higher probability of SU. Excluding surgical approach, once again more advanced clinical stage (P = 0.005), larger tumor size (P < 0.001), and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.003) decreased the probability of patients receiving SU, while increasing age (P = 0.049) and intraoperative lymph node dissection (P < 0.001) were more closely associated with SU compared to NU. No differences were noted in pathological T stage (P > 0.05), 30-day readmission (P = 0.7), 30-day mortality (P = 0.09), and 90-day mortality (P = 0.157) on multivariate analysis between SU and NU. Additionally, no significant differences were seen in median overall survival between patients receiving SU or NU (53 vs. 50 months; P = 0.143).

CONCLUSIONS

Comparable outcomes suggest segmental ureterectomy for high-grade ureteral UTUC is appropriate in well-selected patients. Practice patterns appear consistent with guideline recommendations (decreased tumor size and lower clinical stage favor SU), but treatment disparities may exist based on a multitude of patient, pathologic- and facility-related factors. Improved dissemination of knowledge regarding practice patterns and outcomes of SU for UTUC of the ureter has the potential to improve delivery of NSM in appropriate patients.

PATIENT SUMMARY

In this study, we examined factors associated with different surgical procedures for cancer of the ureter. We found that smaller tumor sizes, a less advanced clinical stage, intraoperative lymph dissection higher facility volumes tended to favor kidney-sparing treatment, while survival outcomes appear comparable to renal extirpation.

Future strategies to enhance kidney preservation in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

Though radical nephroureterectomy remains the gold standard treatment for high grade or invasive disease in upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC), kidney-sparing surgery has become preferred for low risk disease, in order to minimize morbidity and preserve renal function. Many methods exist for endoscopic management, whether via an antegrade percutaneous or retrograde ureteroscopic approach, including electroresection, laser ablation, and fulguration. There has been an increase in use of adjuvant intracavitary therapy, predominantly using mitomycin and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), to reduce recurrence after primary endoscopic management for noninvasive tumors, although efficacy remains questionable. Intraluminal BCG has additionally been used for primary treatment of CIS in the upper tract, with around 50% success. Newer investigations include use of narrow band imaging or photodynamic diagnosis with ureteroscopy to improve visualization during diagnosis and treatment. Genomic characterization may improve selection for kidney-sparing surgery as well as identify actionable mutations for systemic therapy. The evolution in adjuvant management has seen strategies to increase the dwell time and the urothelial contact of intraluminal agents. Lastly, chemoablation using a hydrogel for sustained effect of mitomycin is under investigation with promising early results. Continued expansion of the armamentarium available and better identification and characterization of tumors ideal for organ-sparing treatment will further improve kidney preservation in UTUC.

Primary chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma using UGN-101, a mitomycin-containing reverse thermal gel (OLYMPUS): an open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial

BACKGROUND

Most patients with low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer are treated by radical nephroureterectomy. We aimed to assess the safety and activity of a non-surgical treatment using instillation of UGN-101, a mitomycin-containing reverse thermal gel.

METHODS

In this open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial, participants were recruited from 24 academic sites in the USA and Israel. Patients (aged ≥18 years) with primary or recurrent biopsy-proven, low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer (measuring 5-15 mm in maximum diameter) and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of less than 3 (Karnofsky Performance Status score >40) were registered to receive six instillations of once-weekly UGN-101 (mitomycin 4 mg per mL; dosed according to volume of patient's renal pelvis and calyces, maximum 60 mg per instillation) via retrograde catheter to the renal pelvis and calyces. All patients had a planned primary disease evaluation 4-6 weeks after the completion of initial therapy, in which the primary outcome of complete response was assessed, defined as negative 3-month ureteroscopic evaluation, negative cytology, and negative for-cause biopsy. Activity (complete response, expected to occur in >15% of patients) and safety were assessed by the investigator in all patients who received at least one dose of UGN-101. Data presented are from the data cutoff on May 22, 2019. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02793128.

FINDINGS

Between April 6, 2017, and Nov 26, 2018, 71 (96%) of 74 enrolled patients received at least one dose of UGN-101. 42 (59%, 95% CI 47-71; p<0·0001) patients had a complete response at the primary disease evaluation visit. The median follow-up for patients with a complete response was 11·0 months (IQR 5·1-12·4). The most frequently reported all-cause adverse events were ureteric stenosis in 31 (44%) of 71 patients, urinary tract infection in 23 (32%), haematuria in 22 (31%), flank pain in 21 (30%), and nausea in 17 (24%). 19 (27%) of 71 patients had study drug-related or procedure-related serious adverse events. No deaths were regarded as related to treatment.

INTERPRETATION

Primary chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer with intracavitary UGN-101 results in clinically significant disease eradication and might offer a kidney-sparing treatment alternative for these patients.

FUNDING

UroGen Pharma.

Thulium-laser retrograde intra renal ablation of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: an ESUT Study

BACKGROUND

Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is the gold standard treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC); however, patients presenting with small low-grade UTUC have been treated by flexible ureteroscopic laser ablation with good outcomes. Different types of laser have been discussed in the literature including Holmium and Neodymium lasers. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Thulium laser (Tm:YAG) in the ureteroscopic ablation of UTUC.

METHODS

A retrospective observational multicentre study of patients diagnosed with papillary UTUC between January 2015 and December 2016 was carried out. All patients underwent ureteroscopic biopsy of the UTUC followed by Tm:YAG ablation. Based on the histopathological grade of the tumor, patients were counseled to undergo either RNU (high- grade tumors) or conservative management and follow-up (low-grade tumor).

RESULTS

RNU was performed in 31 patients, while the remaining 47 patients (undergone Tm:YAG ablation only) were followed up for a mean of 11.7 months with only 19.2% of patients showing upper tract recurrence and no patients showed postoperative ureteral strictures. Limitations include the short follow-up and retrospective nature of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

On the short term, thulium Laser ablation of UTUC is safe and feasible especially in low-grade UTUC.

Cytologic processing of ureteral microbiopsies is associated with higher sensitivity for detection of urothelial carcinoma compared with conventional biopsy processing

INTRODUCTION

Because of the high rates of false-negative or nondiagnostic ureteral Piranha microbiopsies associated with low cellularity, we assessed the effect of processing these using cytology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included 2 groups of 44 consecutive microbiopsies processed from formalin as a standard surgical biopsy and 22 processed by cytology. All samples were from the ureter or renal pelvis or calyx. The cytology samples were collected in alcohol-based media and were prepared with a Cellient cell block only (n = 9) or with a Cellient cell block for the visible particles, together with ThinPrep, to capture the remaining desquamated cells (n = 13).

RESULTS

Malignancy was diagnosed in 5 of 44 conventionally processed microbiopsies (11%) compared with 14 of 22 cytologically processed microbiopsies (64%; P < 0.001), including 1 case with invasion. Nineteen site-matched biopsies from 2 patients had undergone both cytologic and surgical processing, with 8 of 8 cytologically processed biopsies diagnosed as malignant. None of the 11 surgically processed biopsies from the same patients matched for site were diagnosed as malignant. Of the 11, 2 (18%) were suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma and 6 (55%) were considered atypical. Increased sensitivity from cytologic processing appears related to increased cell recovery; large numbers of well-preserved urothelial cells were identified in the ThinPrep (range, 1000-25,000 cells/slide), and a nonsignificant trend was found toward increased urothelium (defined as >200 cells/profile) in the Cellient cell blocks (14 of 22 [64%]) compared with the histologic biopsies (17 of 44 [39%]; P = 0.070).

CONCLUSIONS

Cytologic processing of ureteral microbiopsies showed superior sensitivity for detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma, apparently owing to the increased cellular recovery.

5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic diagnosis using fluorescence ureterorenoscopy for urinary upper tract urothelial carcinoma ∼Preliminary prospective single centre trial∼

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 5- aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic diagnosis (ALA-PDD) for upper urinary tract tumor (UTUC) including carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesions using flexible fluorescence ureterorenoscopy.

METHODS

A solution of ALA was orally administrated at 20 mg/kg body weight at 3 h prior to surgery. Fluorescence observation was carried out with IMAGE1S OPAL1 PDD system. Positive lesions that were identified as abnormal changes under white light and/or blue light were biopsied, followed by cold-cup biopsy of negative lesions that were normal-looking mucosa under white light and/or blue light. Diagnostic accuracy was analysed by comparing ureterorenoscopic observations under white light or blue light with pathological analysis results.

RESULTS

A total of 31 biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for PDD to detect UTUC was 100 %, 50 %, 52.4 % and 100 %, respectively. The sensitivity of PDD ureterorenoscopy was significantly higher than that of white light ureterorenoscopy by statistics (p < 0.05). Especially, 5 CIS lesions were detected only by ALA-PDD ureterorenoscopy (p < 0.05). Of 10 patients, one patient (10 %) experienced hypotension during the ALA-PDD.

CONCLUSIONS

ALA-PDD for UTUC is a feasible and safe techniques with acceptable adverse events. Additional advantage of ALA-PDD for UTUC is the high sensitivity to detect CIS lesions with blue light mode.