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Di Castelnuovo A, Bonaccio M, Costanzo S, McElduff P, Linneberg A, Salomaa V, Männistö S, Ferrières J, Dallongeville J, Thorand B, Brenner H, Ferrario M, Veronesi G, Tamosiunas A, Grimsgaard S, Drygas W, Malyutina S, Söderberg S, Nordendahl M, Kee F, Grassi G, Dabboura S, Borchini R, Westermann D, Schrage B, Zeller T, Kuulasmaa K, Blankenberg S, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Drinking alcohol in moderation is associated with lower rate of all-cause mortality in individuals with higher rather than lower educational level: findings from the MORGAM project. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38:869-881. [PMID: 37386255 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and alcohol-related diseases has been widely explored. Less is known, however, on whether the association of moderate drinking with all-cause mortality is modified by educational level (EL). Using harmonized data from 16 cohorts in the MORGAM Project (N = 142,066) the association of pattern of alcohol intake with hazard of all-cause mortality across EL (lower = primary-school; middle = secondary-school; higher = university/college degree) was assessed using multivariable Cox-regression and spline curves. A total of 16,695 deaths occurred in 11.8 years (median). In comparison with life-long abstainers, participants drinking 0.1-10 g/d of ethanol had 13% (HR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.74-1.02), 11% (HR = 0.89; 0.84-0.95) and 5% (HR = 0.95; 0.89-1.02) lower rate of death in higher, middle and lower EL, respectively. Conversely, drinkers > 20 g/d had 1% (HR = 1.01; 0.82-1.25), 10% (HR = 1.10; 1.02-1.19) and 17% (HR = 1.17; 1.09-1.26) higher rate of death. The association of alcohol consumption with all-cause mortality was nonlinear, with a different J-shape by EL levels. It was consistent across both sexes and in various approaches of measuring alcohol consumption, including combining quantity and frequency and it was more evident when the beverage of preference was wine. We observed that drinking in moderation (≤ 10 g/d) is associated with lower mortality rate more evidently in individuals with higher EL than in people with lower EL, while heavy drinking is associated with higher mortality rate more evidently in individuals with lower EL than in people with higher EL, suggesting that advice on reducing alcohol intake should especially target individuals of low EL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marialaura Bonaccio
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Simona Costanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Patrick McElduff
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Allen Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology and INSERM UMR 1295, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Dallongeville
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research and Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Ferrario
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Sameline Grimsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Epidemiology CVD Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
- Calisia University, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- The Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine -Branch of the "FRC Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Nordendahl
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Salim Dabboura
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Germany, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Westermann
- Department for Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Faculty of Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schrage
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Germany, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Germany, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Germany, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Giovanni de Gaetano
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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Muhollari T, Szűcs S, Sajtos Z, McKee M, Baranyai E, Ádány R, Pál L. Heavy metals in unrecorded Albanian rakia: A pilot study on a potential public health risk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13717. [PMID: 36873485 PMCID: PMC9981896 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrecorded alcohol has been linked to illness above and beyond that caused by ethanol alone because of the presence of toxic contaminants. While it can be found in all countries, consumption is high in Albania, where it is frequently consumed as a fruit brandy known as rakia. Among the contaminants identified previously in such products, metals including lead have been detected at levels posing a risk to health but there is little information on their presence in rakia. To fill this gap, we measured the level of ethanol and 24 elements among them toxic metals in 30 Albanian rakia samples. We found that 63.3% of rakia samples had ethanol concentration above 40% v/v. We also showed that there was a significant difference between the measured [mean: 46.7% v/v, interquartile range (IQR): 43.4-52.1% v/v] and reported (mean: 18.9% v/v, IQR: 17.0-20.0% v/v) concentrations of ethanol in rakia. Among the metals detected, aluminium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc were present in rakia samples at concentrations ranging between 0.013 and 0.866 mg/l of pure alcohol (pa), 0.025-31.629 mg/l of pa, 0.004-1.173 mg/l of pa, 0.185-45.244 mg/l of pa, 0.044-1.337 mg/l of pa, and 0.004-10.156 mg/l of pa, respectively. Copper and lead were found to be the greatest concern posing a potential public health risk. Although the estimated daily intake of these heavy metals from unrecorded rakia was below their toxicological threshold, the concentrations of lead and copper exceeded their limit value of 0.2 and 2.0 mg/l of pa specified for spirits in 33% and 90% of samples, respectively. Therefore, the possibility of adverse health effects cannot be excluded completely. Our findings highlight the need for action by policymakers against the risks posed by these products in Albania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuta Muhollari
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófi Sajtos
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Atomic Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edina Baranyai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Atomic Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Pál
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Safiri S, Nejadghaderi SA, Noori M, Sullman MJM, Collins GS, Kaufman JS, Kolahi AA. Burden of diseases and injuries attributable to alcohol consumption in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990-2019. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19301. [PMID: 36369336 PMCID: PMC9652338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with a number of diseases and injuries, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, mental and neurological disorders, as well as transport-related injuries. This article reports the alcohol-attributable burden of diseases and injuries at the regional and national levels in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region between 1990 and 2019, by sex, age, underlying cause, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). The regional deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to alcohol consumption were reported for the MENA region, between 1990 and 2019, using the methodological framework and analytical strategies adopted by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The estimates were all reported as counts, population-attributable fractions, and age-standardised rates per 100,000 population, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Also, the average annual percentage changes were used to represent the trends of age-standardised rates. In 2019, there were an estimated 22.0 thousand deaths (95% UI: 16.1-29.4) and 1.1 million DALYs (0.8-1.3) attributable to alcohol consumption in the MENA region. The number of DALYs attributable to alcohol consumption were much higher in men (878.0 thousand, 691.4-1104.8) than among women (181.8, 138.6-232.0). The overall age-standardised death and DALY rates attributable to alcohol consumption decreased by 34.5% (13.2-48.3) and 31.9% (16.9-42.5), respectively, over the study period. Egypt (10.1 [5.7-16.6]) and Kuwait (1.1 [0.8-1.5]) had the highest and lowest age-standardised death rates attributable to alcohol consumption, respectively. In 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs in the MENA region were highest in those aged 60-64 and 50-54 years, respectively. A negative association was observed between a country's SDI and their corresponding age-standardised DALY rates over the period 1990 to 2019. Digestive diseases were the main contributor to the alcohol-attributable burden. Over 1990-2019, the regional deaths and DALYs of diseases and injuries attributable to alcohol consumption decreased with AAPC of - 1.45 (- 1.78 to - 1.12) and - 1.31 (- 1.46 to - 1.15), respectively. The death and DALY rates attributable to alcohol consumption in the MENA region have decreased over the past three decades. Further decreases can be facilitated by implementing country-level policies and increasing public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Safiri
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ferdek PE, Krzysztofik D, Stopa KB, Kusiak AA, Paw M, Wnuk D, Jakubowska MA. When healing turns into killing ‐ the pathophysiology of pancreatic and hepatic fibrosis. J Physiol 2022; 600:2579-2612. [DOI: 10.1113/jp281135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel E. Ferdek
- Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Daria Krzysztofik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Kinga B. Stopa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka A. Kusiak
- Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Milena Paw
- Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
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Schölin L, Weerasinghe M, Agampodi S, Chathurange U, Rajapaksha S, Holloway A, Norrie J, Mohamed F, Eddleston M, Pearson M. Involvement of alcohol in injury cases in rural Sri Lanka: prevalence and associated factors among in-patients in three primary care hospitals. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:514. [PMID: 35296275 PMCID: PMC8928674 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injuries account for a major proportion of global morbidity and mortality related to alcohol use. Information on the prevalence of alcohol-related injury in rural Sri Lanka is limited. The aims of this study were to determine the burden of alcohol-related injury in a hospital-based sample in rural Sri Lanka and explore factors associated with an increased risk of alcohol-related injury. Methods Involvement of alcohol in injury amongst in-patients was assessed in three hospitals in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka over 6 months. Adult (≥ 18 years) patients were eligible. Patients were assessed for: injury characteristics, current alcohol use (in the past year) using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and acute intoxication. Patients with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reading equivalent of 10 mg/dL (2.17 mmol/L) were considered as having an alcohol-related injury. Binary logistic regression was used to explore association between alcohol-related injury and demographic and injury characteristics. Results A total of 883 injured patients were eligible and consented to the study. No alcohol use was reported by 487 (55.2%) of patients (35.6% of men, 95.2% of women). Prevalence of alcohol-related injuries was 14.8% overall and 32.8% among current alcohol users. Almost all patients with an alcohol-related injury were male (122/123; 99.2%); 24 (18.8%) of these patients scored positive for possible alcohol dependence. Patients with an alcohol-related injury had significantly higher AUDIT scores (median = 15 vs 6, p < 0.001), were significantly more likely to be aged 26–40 (OR 2.29, 95% CI:1.11, 4.72) or 41–55 years (OR 2.76, 95% CI: 1.29, 5.90) (compared to 18–25 years), to have a transport-related injury (OR 5.14, 95% CI: 2.30, 11.49) (compared to animal/plant sting/bite), and have intentional injuries (OR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.01, 11.87). Conclusions One in three injuries among people who drank alcohol in this sample were alcohol-related. In addition, problematic alcohol use was higher among those with alcohol-related injury. Further work is needed to explore whether this prevalence of alcohol-related injury is reflected in other rural settings in Sri Lanka. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12958-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schölin
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention & Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - M Weerasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - S Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - U Chathurange
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S Rajapaksha
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - A Holloway
- Nursing Studies, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Norrie
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention & Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Pearson
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention & Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Rehm J, Neufeld M, Room R, Sornpaisarn B, Štelemėkas M, Swahn MH, Lachenmeier DW. The impact of alcohol taxation changes on unrecorded alcohol consumption: A review and recommendations. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 99:103420. [PMID: 34456119 PMCID: PMC9429812 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diverse forms of unrecorded alcohol, defined as beverage alcohol not registered in official statistics in the country where it is consumed, comprise about one fourth of all alcohol consumed worldwide. Since unrecorded alcohol is usually cheaper than registered commercial alcohol, a standard argument against raising alcohol excise taxes has been that doing so could potentially result in an increase in unrecorded consumption. This contribution examines whether increases in taxation have in fact led to increases in consumption of unrecorded alcohol, and whether these increases in unrecorded alcohol should be considered to be a barrier to raising taxes. A second aim is to outline mitigation strategies to reduce unrecorded alcohol use. METHODS Narrative review of primary and secondary research, namely case studies and narrative and systematic reviews on unrecorded alcohol use worldwide. RESULTS Unrecorded alcohol consumption did not automatically increase with increases in taxation and subsequent price increases of registered commercial alcohol. Instead, the level of unrecorded consumption depended on: a) the availability and type of unrecorded alcohol; b) whether such consumption was non-stigmatized; c) the primary population groups which consumed unrecorded alcohol before the policy change; and d) the policy measures taken. Mitigation strategies are outlined. CONCLUSIONS Potential increases in the level of unrecorded alcohol consumption should be considered in the planning and implementation of substantial increases in alcohol taxation. However, unrecorded consumption should not be considered to be a principal barrier to implementing tax interventions, as evidence does not indicate an increase in consumption if mitigation measures are put in place by governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada; World Health Organization / Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 2S1; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Maria Neufeld
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Building NR-1, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd. x Kingsbury Rd., Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 3rd floor, Sveavägen 160, 113 46 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bundit Sornpaisarn
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Monica H Swahn
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, Room 4103, MD 4101, Kennesaw, GA, USA, 30144
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Marlow M, Christie H, Skeen S, Rabie S, Louw JG, Swartz L, Mofokeng S, Makhetha M, Tomlinson M. Alcohol use during pregnancy in rural Lesotho: "There is nothing else except alcohol". Soc Sci Med 2021; 291:114482. [PMID: 34700117 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reducing alcohol use during pregnancy is a pressing public health priority in Sub-Saharan Africa, but insight into the factors that influence prenatal drinking practices is lacking. This study investigated perceptions of, and motivations for, alcohol consumption during pregnancy and associated practices in a rural district of Lesotho. METHODS A combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to identify pregnant women and mothers with young children from the general community, as well as from alcohol-serving venues. Between September 2016 and March 2017, a trained data collector conducted in-depth interviews with 40 women on reasons why pregnant women drink, what they know about the risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and perceptions of women who drink during pregnancy. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of women (n = 26) reported that they consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Findings were clustered into four themes: 1) alcohol use in daily and cultural life; 2) alcohol as relief from stress and hunger; 3) alcohol's effect on the baby; and 4) access to information about alcohol consumption. Our data suggest that alcohol use was a prominent feature of daily life and a key part of traditional events and ceremonies. Other than potentially harming the baby through falling on their stomachs while inebriated, women did not mention other risks associated with prenatal alcohol use. Rather, there were prominent beliefs that drinking alcohol - home-brewed alcohol in particular - had cleansing or protective benefits for the baby. Experiences of food insecurity were prominent, and women reported that alcohol helped curb their hunger and allowed them to save food to give to their children. CONCLUSIONS Within this context of chronic poverty and food insecurity, alcohol use during pregnancy will continue to represent a valid, though tragic choice if the structural conditions and current social arrangements that facilitate prenatal alcohol use remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Marlow
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Office 4009, 4th Floor, Education Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Hope Christie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Skeen
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Office 4009, 4th Floor, Education Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Stephan Rabie
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jacobus G Louw
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, 42 Bloemhof Rd, Bloemhof, Cape Town, 7530, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, RW Wilcocks Building, 2nd Floor, Ryneveld Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Leslie Swartz
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, RW Wilcocks Building, 2nd Floor, Ryneveld Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Shoeshoe Mofokeng
- Department of Social Work, Sociology and Anthropology, National University of Lesotho, P.O Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho, Lesotho.
| | - Moroesi Makhetha
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Office 4009, 4th Floor, Education Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Office 4009, 4th Floor, Education Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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Ragetlie R, Hounkpatin WA, Luginaah I. Community perceptions of gendered alcohol misuse in a food insecure context: The case of northwestern Benin. Soc Sci Med 2021; 280:114016. [PMID: 34029862 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many sub-Saharan African countries there have been concerns about the varied effects of increasing rates of alcohol consumption and misuse. These concerns have led to the need for research on the relationship between alcohol misuse and food insecurity in agrarian contexts where alcohol consumption is rising. We present the findings of a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews and focus groups with men and women, which explores the connection between alcohol misuse and food insecurity in the Atacora region of Benin. Our findings show that farmers are misusing alcohol as a response to hunger and distress resulting from persistent food insecurity. These drinking behaviours are gendered and shaped by the rigid division of labour roles, wherein primarily men are misusing alcohol. The misuse of alcohol subsequently undermines farm labour and diverts household resources, further worsening food insecurity. Importantly, women reported that alcohol misuse as a coping response to food insecurity contributes to intimate partner violence. Given this complex cyclical relationship, food relief policy-makers in Benin must consider the intersection of alcohol misuse and intimate partner violence when implementing policy and programs intended to improve food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ragetlie
- Department of Geography, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, Social Science Building, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | | | - I Luginaah
- Department of Geography, Western University, Social Science Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Pauly B, King V, Smith A, Tranquilli-Doherty S, Wishart M, Vallance K, Stockwell T, Sutherland C. Breaking the cycle of survival drinking: insights from a non-residential, peer-initiated and peer-run managed alcohol program. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1764500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Pauly
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Vashti King
- Substance Use and Concurrent Disorders Program, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Smith
- St. Paul's Maternity Care, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Kate Vallance
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tim Stockwell
- The Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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10
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A simple dilute-and-shoot approach using UV photochemical vapor generation for the determination of iodine in alcoholic beverages by ICP-MS. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Nabity SA, Mponda K, Gutreuter S, Surie D, Williams A, Sharma AJ, Schnaubelt ER, Marshall RE, Kirking HL, Zimba SB, Sunguti JL, Chisuwo L, Chiwaula MJ, Gregory JF, da Silva R, Odo M, Jahn A, Kalua T, Nyirenda R, Girma B, Mpunga J, Buono N, Maida A, Kim EJ, Gunde LJ, Mekonnen TF, Auld AF, Muula AS, Oeltmann JE. Protocol for a Case-Control Study to Investigate the Association of Pellagra With Isoniazid Exposure During Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Scale-Up in Malawi. Front Public Health 2020; 8:551308. [PMID: 33324593 PMCID: PMC7726014 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.551308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pellagra is caused by niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency and manifested by a distinctive dermatitis. Isoniazid is critical for treating tuberculosis globally and is a component of most regimens to prevent tuberculosis. Isoniazid may contribute to pellagra by disrupting intracellular niacin synthesis. In 2017, Malawian clinicians recognized a high incidence of pellagra-like rashes after scale-up of isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) to people living with HIV (PLHIV). This increase in pellagra incidence among PLHIV coincided with a seasonal period of sustained food insecurity in the region, which obscured epidemiological interpretations. Although isoniazid has been implicated as a secondary cause of pellagra for decades, no hypothesis-driven epidemiological study has assessed this relationship in a population exposed to isoniazid. We developed this case-control protocol to assess the association between large-scale isoniazid distribution and pellagra in Malawi. Methods: We measure the relative odds of having pellagra among isoniazid-exposed people compared to those without exposure while controlling for other pellagra risk factors. Secondary aims include measuring time from isoniazid initiation to onset of dermatitis, comparing niacin metabolites 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MN), and l-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-PYR) in urine as a proxy for total body niacin status among subpopulations, and describing clinical outcomes after 30-days multi-B vitamin (containing 300 mg nicotinamide daily) therapy and isoniazid cessation (if exposed). We aim to enroll 197 participants with pellagra and 788 age- and sex-matched controls (1:4 ratio) presenting at three dermatology clinics. Four randomly selected community clinics within 3-25 km of designated dermatology clinics will refer persons with pellagra-like symptoms to one of the study enrollment sites for diagnosis. Trained study dermatologists will conduct a detailed exposure questionnaire and perform anthropometric measurements. A subset of enrollees will provide a casual urine specimen for niacin metabolites quantification and/or point-of-care isoniazid detection to confirm whether participants recently ingested isoniazid. We will use conditional logistic regression, matching age and sex, to estimate odds ratios for the primary study aim. Discussion: The results of this study will inform the programmatic scale-up of isoniazid-containing regimens to prevent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Nabity
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelvin Mponda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steve Gutreuter
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Diya Surie
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anne Williams
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrea J Sharma
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Schnaubelt
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebekah E Marshall
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah L Kirking
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suzgo B Zimba
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Joram L Sunguti
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Laphiod Chisuwo
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mabvuto J Chiwaula
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robin da Silva
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael Odo
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Andreas Jahn
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Thokozani Kalua
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Rose Nyirenda
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Belaineh Girma
- National Tuberculosis Control Program, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - James Mpunga
- National Tuberculosis Control Program, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Nicole Buono
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Alice Maida
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Evelyn J Kim
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Laurence J Gunde
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Tigest F Mekonnen
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Andrew F Auld
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Adamson S Muula
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John E Oeltmann
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Preusse M, Neuner F, Ertl V. Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions Targeting Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Symptoms in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:768. [PMID: 32903779 PMCID: PMC7438922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the mismatch between the number of individuals needing and those receiving treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD) is substantial. In order to provide suggestions for the scaling up of effective service provision we systematically reviewed the current evidence on the effectiveness of AUD-focused psychosocial interventions in LMIC. METHODS We used a systematic review methodology following the PRISMA guidelines. Twelve electronic databases listing published and grey literature were searched and only randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Where possible, effect sizes were calculated using Hedges' g indices. RESULTS Twenty-one RCTs conducted in 15 different LMIC between 1992 and 2018 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Most studies employed brief one-on-one interventions facilitated by trained primary care staff. Eighty-six percent of RCTs based their interventions on the principles of motivational interviewing (MI) with the majority supplementing MI-based interventions with alcohol-tailored elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The remaining RCTs employed CBT-components exclusively. Just over 40% of studies included in quantitative analyses (n=17) yielded an at least medium-sized effect (g≥.50) of the respective intervention compared to alcohol-related and unrelated control conditions or waiting list. Only half of the trials implementing the widely applied MI-based approaches (or MI-based approaches blended with CBT-elements) were superior to their respective control conditions. CONCLUSION To date, a relatively small number of RCTs investigating AUD-focused treatments has been conducted in LMIC. The majority of between condition effect size estimates were small and no type of intervention can clearly be recommended over another. No RCTs were conducted in conflict-affected areas in LMIC although they would merit particular attention since AUD is often linked to trauma-related mental health disorders. More RCTs in LMIC are required and alternatives to MI-based approaches should be investigated. This systematic review summarizes properties of effective interventions and provides implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Preusse
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- vivo international, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- vivo international, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Verena Ertl
- vivo international, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Biopsychology, Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
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13
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Zasimova L, Kolosnitsyna M. Exploring the relationship between drinking preferences and recorded and unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russian regions in 2010-2016. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 82:102810. [PMID: 32535540 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Russia has seen a decline in alcohol consumption per capita (APC) accompanied by a significant reduction in the share of spirits in total APC. Our aim was to investigate regional variation in alcohol consumption and the association between the share of spirits in APC, and recorded and unrecorded APC. METHODS Data on recorded APC were taken from Rosstat. Our estimates on unrecorded APC were based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and data on alcoholic psychoses and mortality from external causes (546 observations for 78 regions from 2010 to 2016). We estimated fixed effects models with the dependent variables of recorded and unrecorded APC of the population 15+. Independent variables included share of spirits in recorded APC, vodka prices, average income, duration of alcohol sales hours, and others. RESULTS During the 2010-2016 period, recorded APC varied by regions from 1.1 to 17.8 litres; unrecorded - from almost zero to 21 litres; the share of spirits in recorded APC - from 20.6% to 89.3%. A 1% increase in the share of spirits was attributed to a 0.2% increase in recorded APC and to a 2.1% increase in unrecorded APC. Various factors were related to regional APC: vodka prices (with elasticity coefficient -0.46 for recorded and 1.67 for unrecorded APC); income (0.23 for recorded and -2.23 for unrecorded APC); duration of sales hours (-0.9 for unrecorded APC); and shares of working age and of urban population. CONCLUSION Taking into account a strong correlation between the share of spirits in the recorded APC and consumption of recorded and unrecorded APC, the price of spirits should be increased. In the regions with pronounced preference for spirits, stricter availability restrictions on the alcohol sales are needed, along with strict control of shadow markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Zasimova
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Economic Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE). Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina Kolosnitsyna
- Professor, Faculty of Economic Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE). Moscow, Russia
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14
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Pál L, Bujdosó O, McKee M, Sándor J, Szűcs S. Commentary: Short-Chain Alcohols Upregulate GILZ Gene Expression and Attenuate LPS-Induced Septic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32373133 PMCID: PMC7186468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- László Pál
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Bujdosó
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin McKee
- European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Zamani N, Rafizadeh A, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Akhavan-Tavakoli A, Ghorbani-Samin M, Akhgari M, Shariati S. Evaluation of methanol content of illegal beverages using GC and an easier modified Chromotropic acid method; a cross sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2019. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Methanol is highly toxic to human beings and naturally exists in some beverages. Having access to an easy and cheap method for its determination is of great importance to increase the safety of use of these beverages. Our main aim is to evaluate methanol concentration of some alcoholic beverages in Iran black market and compare it with the European and US standards. Also, we evaluated the efficacy of a newly designed and produced chemical kit in determining the risk of methanol toxicity by drinking of such samples compared to gas chromatography method.
Methods
Methanol content of suspected alcoholic beverages referred to forensic toxicology laboratory, Guilan province, Iran was measured using gas chromatography and a recently designed kit based on modified colorimetric chromotropic acid method.
Results
Of 1221 samples, 145 (11.9%) had no ethanol content, while in three samples (0.25%), methanol was high enough (700,000; 870,000; 920,000 mg/L) to cause severe methanol toxicity. Median [IQR] ethanol content of the suspected samples was 9% [3.7, 32.75]. Methanol was detected in 128 (10.48%) samples using gas chromatography method and 160 samples (13.1%) with designed kit with 100% sensitivity, 97.07% specificity, and 100% negative-predictive-value.
Conclusions
Alcoholic beverages produced in local black market in Iran are not safe at all. The application of the new method is practical, rapid, easy, and accurate to evaluate the risk of methanol toxicity in suspected alcoholic drinks.
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16
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Zamani N, Rafizadeh A, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Akhavan-Tavakoli A, Ghorbani-Samin M, Akhgari M, Shariati S. Evaluation of methanol content of illegal beverages using GC and an easier modified Chromotropic acid method; a cross sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2019; 14:56. [PMID: 31842979 PMCID: PMC6916049 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-019-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Methanol is highly toxic to human beings and naturally exists in some beverages. Having access to an easy and cheap method for its determination is of great importance to increase the safety of use of these beverages. Our main aim is to evaluate methanol concentration of some alcoholic beverages in Iran black market and compare it with the European and US standards. Also, we evaluated the efficacy of a newly designed and produced chemical kit in determining the risk of methanol toxicity by drinking of such samples compared to gas chromatography method. Methods Methanol content of suspected alcoholic beverages referred to forensic toxicology laboratory, Guilan province, Iran was measured using gas chromatography and a recently designed kit based on modified colorimetric chromotropic acid method. Results Of 1221 samples, 145 (11.9%) had no ethanol content, while in three samples (0.25%), methanol was high enough (700,000; 870,000; 920,000 mg/L) to cause severe methanol toxicity. Median [IQR] ethanol content of the suspected samples was 9% [3.7, 32.75]. Methanol was detected in 128 (10.48%) samples using gas chromatography method and 160 samples (13.1%) with designed kit with 100% sensitivity, 97.07% specificity, and 100% negative-predictive-value. Conclusions Alcoholic beverages produced in local black market in Iran are not safe at all. The application of the new method is practical, rapid, easy, and accurate to evaluate the risk of methanol toxicity in suspected alcoholic drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Zamani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rafizadeh
- Departments of Nursing & Midwifery, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | - Maryam Akhgari
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Shariati
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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17
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Almeida-González M, Luzardo OP, Boada LD, Zaragoza E, Meilán MJ, Zumbado M, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Ethanol levels in legally autopsied subjects (2016-2017): Update of data and epidemiological implications in relation to violent deaths in Canary Islands (Spain). J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 68:101868. [PMID: 31585334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of ethanol in individuals (277) subjected to a mandatory medico-legal autopsy in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain) during 2016-2017, comparing the results with data published in 2015. Blood and/or vitreous humor samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. 31.8% of the individuals were positive to ethanol. We observed a decrease in the prevalence of ethanol among males (p = 0.002). While the prevalence of ethanol was reduced, the concentration among those positive subjects has increased. 11.9% of the series died in a traffic accident and the percentage of positive to ethanol decreased in relation to 2015 (64.3, 25.0, and 35.3%). The number of suicides remains constant, although the age of the suiciders has been significantly reduced (p = 0.022). The results of this study indicate that ethanol is still heavily involved in non-natural deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almeida-González
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - O P Luzardo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - L D Boada
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - E Zaragoza
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - M J Meilán
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - M Zumbado
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - L A Henríquez-Hernández
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Canary Islands, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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18
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Bujdosó O, Pál L, Nagy A, Árnyas E, Ádány R, Sándor J, McKee M, Szűcs S. Is there any difference between the health risk from consumption of recorded and unrecorded spirits containing alcohols other than ethanol? A population-based comparative risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:334-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Jeong JE, Joo SH, Hahn C, Kim DJ, Kim TS. Gender-Specific Association between Alcohol Consumption and Stress Perception, Depressed Mood, and Suicidal Ideation: The 2010-2015 KNHANES. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:386-396. [PMID: 31132843 PMCID: PMC6539269 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.02.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol drinking can cause various psychiatric and medical diseases. Although women generally consume less alcohol than men, they may be at a greater risk for alcohol-related psychological distress. The aim of the current study is to evaluate whether the association between alcohol consumption and psychological distress, including stress, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation and the risks of psychological distress differ based on gender. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 31,657 participants (17,915 women and 13,742 men) from the 2010-2013 and 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Alcohol drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) levels were assessed for evaluating the amount of alcohol intake and alcohol-related problems. Self-perception of stress, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation were assessed for evaluating psychological distress. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for psychological distress were calculated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS The risks of psychological distress were not significantly associated with drinking level in both sexes. However, the risks of psychological distress were associated with an increase in AUDIT levels, and there were gender differences in the psychological consequences of alcohol-related problems. The association was more drastic in women, and women showed a significant association even though the severity of drinking problem was low with the exception of stress perception. CONCLUSION The risks of psychological distress were associated with the severity of alcohol-related problems and women were more likely to be susceptible. Therefore, it is recommended that women even at low-risk for problematic drinking should be screened for psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changtae Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Suk Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Bartkiene E, Juodeikiene G, Zadeike D, Baliukoniene V, Bakutis B, Cizeikiene D. Influence of microbial and chemical contaminants on the yield and quality of ethanol from wheat grains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2348-2355. [PMID: 30338535 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher alcohols and esters have a negative impact on ethanol quality; therefore, to analyze the influence of mycotoxins and pesticides on higher alcohols and esters formation during ethanol production from contaminated cereal grains is of outstanding importance. RESULTS In this study, the yield of ethanol and the composition of volatile by-products (acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methanol, propanol, isobutanol, amyl and isoamyl alcohols) after fermentation of wheat grains artificially contaminated with Fusarium sporotrichioides and pesticides (triasulfuron and sulfosulfuron) were analyzed. Wheat grains contamination with triasulfuron significantly reduced ethanol yield and increased isobutanol and ethyl acetate content. Moreover, wheat grains infection with F. sporotrichioides significantly increased methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, and amyl and isoamyl alcohols content. Significant differences between pesticides and wheat variety on volatile compounds formation in ethanol has been estimated. CONCLUSION The results showed that grains contaminated with F. sporotrichioides and pesticides significantly influenced the process of alcoholic fermentation that leads to variation of by-products in ethanol, including higher alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Grazina Juodeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Baliukoniene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Bronius Bakutis
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Cizeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Consumption of illegal home-made alcohol in Malawi: A neglected public health threat. Alcohol 2019; 75:99-103. [PMID: 30640075 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the ethanol and methanol contents of homemade spirit (Kachasu) sold in Blantyre, Malawi. The likelihood of ethanol and methanol toxicity, respectively, was determined through Monte Carlo simulations using reported Kachasu intake volumes of 21 consumers and the determined methanol and ethanol contents. Ethanol concentration, in samples from 20 different distillers, ranged from 11 to 55% v/v. Methanol was detected in 10 of the 20 samples (0.01-0.28% v/v). The likely mean ethanol intake of drinkers in Blantyre was found to be 214 ± 93 mL per day (90% CI, 68.9-373.4 mL), and mean methanol intake was 0.44 ± 0.37 mL (90% CI, 0.03-1.17 mL). The intake values translated to mean blood ethanol and methanol concentrations of 38 ± 16 mg/mL and 0.05 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the risk of methanol toxicity was considered as negligible. However, there was a high risk of ethanol toxicity. Since production and selling of Kachasu are already illegal in Malawi, enforcement of regulations should be strengthened to reverse the current situation where Kachasu is being distilled and sold openly even within cities. Consumers should also be sensitized about the likely risks associated with consumption of Kachasu in Malawi so that they can make informed choices.
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Shapira B, Schaefer E, Poperno A, Hess Z, Rosca P, Berkovitz R. The methanol content of illicit alcoholic beverages seized in a low socio-economic area of Tel-Aviv: public health impact and policy implications. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-018-0922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Newman IM, Qian L, Tamrakar N, Zhang BB. Chemical Composition and Safety of Unrecorded Grain Alcohol (Bai Jiu) Samples from Three Provinces in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122710. [PMID: 30513745 PMCID: PMC6313741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
About 20% of spirits consumed in China are “unrecorded”, where these spirits are produced in small-scale distilleries and sold outside the systems of taxation and quality control. Researchers visited small distilleries in rural Yunnan, Hubei and Anhui and purchased 56 samples of unrecorded bai jiu. Seven samples of the recorded bai jiu were purchased as reference samples. An independent laboratory conducted a blind analysis of the samples. Results were compared to the standards for unrecorded alcohol adopted by the European Commission’s Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA). No samples exceeded the AMPHORA guidelines for methanol, ethyl acetate, lead and cadmium; one sample exceeded 1000 g/hL of combined higher alcohols; one sample exceeded 100 mg/L of arsenic; and three samples exceeded 50g/hL of acetaldehyde, but only by relatively small amounts. Low-priced unrecorded bai jiu averaged 9.8 RMB/jin (500 mL), compared to 10.7 RMB/jin for inexpensive recorded bai jiu. The low-priced unrecorded bai jiu samples had a mean alcohol-by-volume of 51.8%, compared to 50.1% for the recorded bai jiu samples. The results did not raise any critical safety issues with unrecorded bai jiu, but there may be long-term health risks related to ethanol, acetaldehyde and arsenic. The social ties between the bai jiu makers and the people who consume their product are a deterrent to adulteration; but when bai jiu is sold outside of the social circle, the deterrent disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Newman
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Ling Qian
- National Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Niran Tamrakar
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Abstract
Low- and reduced-alcohol beverages become increasingly popular in many countries with different factors driving a change in the beverage market. The aim of the current narrative review is (a) to provide an introduction on low-alcohol wine, and (b) to provide an overview of the literature on research that investigated perception and behaviour related to low-alcohol wine consumption. Wines with reduced alcohol content can be an interesting product for a variety of stakeholders and may offer benefits for consumers while having the potential to reduce alcohol consumption and therefore contribute to the reduction of alcohol-related harm. Additional research and marketing efforts are needed to further increase awareness of the availability and quality of these products.
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Zenic N, Terzic A, Ostojic L, Sisic N, Saavedra JM, Kristjánsdóttir H, Guðmundsdóttir ML, Sekulic D. Educational and sport factors as predictors of harmful alcohol drinking in adolescence: a prospective study in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int J Public Health 2018; 64:185-194. [PMID: 30382286 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cause-effect relationship between educational and sport factors, and alcohol drinking in adolescents is rarely prospectively investigated. This study aimed to establish the possible influence of sport, scholastic and socio-demographic factors on harmful alcohol drinking (HD) and the initiation of HD in adolescents from Bosnia-Herzegovina. METHODS Study included 881 adolescents (49% females) and consisted of (1) baseline tests (16 years of age) and (2) follow-up testing (18 years of age). The independent variables were scholastic and sport-related factors. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was used, with the following dependent variables: (1) HD at baseline, (2) HD at follow-up, and (3) HD initiation. Logistic regressions were applied to define the relationships. RESULTS Higher likelihood of HD was evidenced in children who performed poorly in school. Sport factors were positively correlated with HD at study baseline. Higher odds for HD initiation were found for adolescents who reported a lower GPA, a lower behavioral grade, more frequent school absences, and more unexcused school absences. CONCLUSIONS The results showed scholastic failure as the predictor of HD initiation. The potential influence of sport factors on HD initiation should be studied at an earlier age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Zenic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Admir Terzic
- University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljerka Ostojic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nedim Sisic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia
- University of Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jose M Saavedra
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Margrét L Guðmundsdóttir
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia.
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Probst C, Manthey J, Merey A, Rylett M, Rehm J. Unrecorded alcohol use: a global modelling study based on nominal group assessments and survey data. Addiction 2018; 113:1231-1241. [PMID: 29377362 DOI: 10.1111/add.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol use is among the most important risk factors for burden of disease globally. An estimated quarter of the total alcohol consumed globally is unrecorded. However, due partly to the challenges associated with its assessment, evidence concerning the magnitude of unrecorded alcohol use is sparse. This study estimated country-specific proportions of unrecorded alcohol used in 2015. DESIGN A statistical model was developed for data prediction using data on the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol use from nominal group expert assessments and secondary, nationally representative survey data and country-level covariates. SETTING Estimates were calculated for the country level, for four income groups and globally. PARTICIPANTS A total of 129 participants from 49 countries were included in the nominal group expert assessments. The survey data comprised 66 538 participants from 16 countries. MEASUREMENTS Experts completed a standardized questionnaire assessing the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol. In the national surveys, the number of standard drinks of total and unrecorded alcohol use was assessed for the past 7 days. FINDINGS Based on predictions for 167 countries, a population-weighted average of 27.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.4-44.9%] of the total alcohol consumed in 2015 was unrecorded. The proportion of unrecorded alcohol was lower in high (9.4%, 95% CI = 2.4-16.4%) and upper middle-income countries (18.3%, 95% CI = 9.0-27.6%) and higher in low (43.1%, 95% CI = 26.5-59.7%) and lower middle-income countries (54.4%, 95% CI = 38.1-70.8%). This corresponded to 0.9 (high-income), 1.2 (upper middle-income), 3.2 (lower middle-income) and 1.8 (low-income) litres of unrecorded alcohol per capita. CONCLUSIONS A new method for modelling the country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use globally showed strong variation among geographical regions and income groups. Lower-income countries were associated with a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aaron Merey
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Rylett
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Addiction, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Moreira RN, Marinho SA, Verli FD, Douglas-de-Oliveira DW, Mesquita AT, Lima NL. Computer-assisted analysis of tongue thickness of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus
) following topical chronic exposure to distilled alcoholic beverages. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:428-434. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela N. Moreira
- Department of Dentistry; Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys; Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Sandra A. Marinho
- Department of Dentistry; Paraíba State University; Araruna Paraíba Brazil
| | - Flaviana D. Verli
- Department of Basic Sciences; Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys; Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Ana Terezinha Mesquita
- Department of Dentistry; Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys; Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Nádia L. Lima
- Department of Basic Sciences; Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys; Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
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Evidencing Protective and Risk Factors for Harmful Alcohol Drinking in Adolescence: A Prospective Analysis of Sport-Participation and Scholastic-Achievement in Older Adolescents from Croatia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050986. [PMID: 29757974 PMCID: PMC5982025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of alcohol drinking (AD) in Croatian adolescents is alarming, but there is an evident lack of prospective analyses of the protective/risk factors of AD. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the relationships between scholastic and sport factors and harmful alcohol drinking (HD) in older adolescents. Methods: The participants (n = 644, 53.7% females) were 16 years of age at study baseline and were tested at baseline and again 20 months later (follow-up). The predictors included four variables of scholastic achievement and four factors evidencing involvement in sport. Criterion was AD observed on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and results were later categorized into harmful drinking (HD) and non-harmful drinking (NHD). The HD at baseline, HD at follow-up and HD initiation during the study course were observed as criteria in logistic regression analyses, which were additionally controlled for confounders (age, gender, socioeconomic status, and conflict with parents). Results: With 22% and 29% adolescents who reported HD at baseline and follow-up, respectively, the prevalence of HD remains among the highest in Europe. Scholastic failure was systematically related to HD at baseline and follow-up, but scholastic variables did not predict HD initiation during the course of the study. The higher odds for HD at baseline were evidenced for current and former team sport athletes. Those who quit individual sport were more likely to engage in HD at follow-up. Longer involvement in sport (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.18–3.72), higher sport result (OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.19–8.34), and quitting individual sport (OR: 13.13, 95% CI: 2.67–64.62) were predictive of HD initiation. Conclusions: The results indicated specific associations between sport factors with HD initiation, which is understandable knowing the high stress placed on young athletes in this period of life, mainly because of the forthcoming selection between junior (amateur) and senior (professional) level. The results did not allow interpretation of the cause-effect relationship between scholastic failure and HD in the studied period.
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A qualitative exploration of Thai alcohol policy in regulating availability and access. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 58:1-8. [PMID: 29730440 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite abundant alcohol control regulations and measures in Thailand, prevalence of alcohol consumption has been relatively steady for the past decade and alcohol-related harm remains high. This study aims to explore, through the perspectives of key public health stakeholders, the current performance of regulations controlling alcohol availability and access, and the future directions for the implementation of Thai alcohol policy. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with public health stakeholders from three sectors; the government, academia and civil society. Their perceptions about the current alcohol situation, gaps in the current policies, and future directions of alcohol policy were discussed. Audio data were transcribed verbatim, systematically coded and analysed. RESULTS The three key concerning issues were physical availability, economic availability and commercial access, which referred to outlet density, taxation and pricing, and compliance to stipulated regulations, respectively. First, Thailand failed to control the number of alcohol outlets. The availability problem was exacerbated by the increased numbers of liquor licences issued, without delineating the need for the outlets. Second, alcohol tax rates, albeit occasionally adjusted, are disproportionate to the economic dynamic, and there is yet a minimum pricing. Finally, compliance to age and time restrictions was challenging. CONCLUSIONS The lack of robustness of enforcement and disintegration of government agencies in regulating availability and access hampers effectiveness of alcohol policy. Comprehensive regulations for the control of availability of and access to alcohol are required to strengthen alcohol policy. Consistent monitoring and surveillance of the compliances are recommended to prevent significant effects of the regulations diminish over time.
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Açikgöz G, Hamamci B, Yildiz A. Determination of Ethanol in Blood Samples Using Partial Least Square Regression Applied to Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:127-132. [PMID: 29686774 PMCID: PMC5903144 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption triggers toxic effect to organs and tissues in the human body. The risks are essentially thought to be related to ethanol content in alcoholic beverages. The identification of ethanol in blood samples requires rapid, minimal sample handling, and non-destructive analysis, such as Raman Spectroscopy. This study aims to apply Raman Spectroscopy for identification of ethanol in blood samples. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized to obtain Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) spectra of blood samples. The SERS spectra were used for Partial Least Square (PLS) for determining ethanol quantitatively. To apply PLS method, 920~820 cm−1 band interval was chosen and the spectral changes of the observed concentrations statistically associated with each other. The blood samples were examined according to this model and the quantity of ethanol was determined as that: first a calibration method was established. A strong relationship was observed between known concentration values and the values obtained by PLS method (R2 = 1). Second instead of then, quantities of ethanol in 40 blood samples were predicted according to the calibration method. Quantitative analysis of the ethanol in the blood was done by analyzing the data obtained by Raman spectroscopy and the PLS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güneş Açikgöz
- Hatay Vocational School of Health Services, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Berna Hamamci
- Hatay Vocational School of Health Services, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Yildiz
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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Pauly BB, Vallance K, Wettlaufer A, Chow C, Brown R, Evans J, Gray E, Krysowaty B, Ivsins A, Schiff R, Stockwell T. Community managed alcohol programs in Canada: Overview of key dimensions and implementation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37 Suppl 1:S132-S139. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Vallance
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research; Victoria Canada
| | | | - Clifton Chow
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research; Victoria Canada
| | - Randi Brown
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research; Victoria Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Ivsins
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research; Victoria Canada
| | | | - Tim Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research; Victoria Canada
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Brooks HL, Kassam S, Salvalaggio G, Hyshka E. Implementing managed alcohol programs in hospital settings: A review of academic and grey literature. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37 Suppl 1:S145-S155. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Brooks
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program; Royal Alexandra Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- School of Public Health; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Shehzad Kassam
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program; Royal Alexandra Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Ginetta Salvalaggio
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program; Royal Alexandra Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Department of Family Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program; Royal Alexandra Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- School of Public Health; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Belackova V, Janikova B, Vacek J, Fidesova H, Miovsky M. "It can't happen to me": Alcohol drinkers on the 2012 outbreak of methanol poisonings and the subsequent prohibition in the Czech Republic. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017; 34:385-399. [PMID: 32934500 PMCID: PMC7450851 DOI: 10.1177/1455072517733597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In September 2012, a series of methanol poisonings occurred in the Czech Republic as a result of an influx of illicit alcohol into (predominantly) cheap alcoholic beverages on the retail market. The public authorities decided to prevent public health risks by prohibiting sales of liquors that contained more than 20% alcohol (> 20% liquor). The "partial" prohibition lasted for almost two weeks, but the poisonings still continued. This article assesses the impact of the methanol poisoning risks and the (partial) prohibition on alcohol drinking patterns, and describes the understanding of risks and their mitigation in vulnerable groups. Methods The rapid assessment and response method (RAR) was used during the (partial) alcohol prohibition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents recruited for the study in alcohol-intake settings (e.g., bars and restaurants, street alcohol outlets) in six regions. In total, 107 alcohol users were interviewed, mostly with risky drinking patterns (69% scored ≥ 1 on the CAGE scale), and 53 alcohol retailers/staff members serving alcohol. Results About one third of the alcohol users in the study (35%) drank > 20% liquors during the prohibition; a higher score on the CAGE scale was associated with a lower probability of drinking > 20% liquors during the period of the prohibition, probably because of the perception of being at high risk of poisoning. There was some increase in drinking liquors with an alcohol content less than 20%. Those who continued drinking > 20% liquors typically did so in the belief that some sources of these were safe. Conclusions Public policies aimed at reducing the risk of methanol poisonings in emergency situations should adopt broader measures than those focusing on market control. These measures include increased access to brief interventions, addressing the strategies that alcohol consumers adopt to prevent risk, and, in general, helping consumers make informed choices to prevent further fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Belackova
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Janikova
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vacek
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Fidesova
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Miovsky
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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Tulashie SK, Appiah AP, Torku GD, Darko AY, Wiredu A. Determination of methanol and ethanol concentrations in local and foreign alcoholic drinks and food products (Banku, Ga kenkey, Fante kenkey and Hausa koko) in Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-017-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Okaru AO, Abuga KO, Kibwage IO, Lachenmeier DW. High Ethanol Contents of Spirit Drinks in Kibera Slums, Kenya: Implications for Public Health. Foods 2017; 6:foods6100089. [PMID: 29039800 PMCID: PMC5664028 DOI: 10.3390/foods6100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheap licit and artisanal illicit spirit drinks have been associated with numerous outbreaks of alcohol poisoning especially with methanol. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cheap spirit drinks in Kibera slums in Nairobi County, Kenya. The samples consisted of cheap licit spirits (n = 11) and the artisanal spirit drink, ‘chang’aa’, (n = 28). The parameters of alcoholic strength and volatile composition were used as indicators of quality and were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively. The ranges for alcoholic strength were 42.8–85.8% vol and 28.3–56.7% vol for chang’aa and licit spirit drinks respectively, while the pH ranges were 3.3–4.2 and 4.4–4.8 for chang’aa and licit spirit drinks respectively. The majority of volatiles were found in artisanal spirits and they included higher alcohols, ethyl esters and carbonyl compounds. The alcoholic strength of all the artisanal spirits (100%) and 91% of the licit spirits was above the 40% vol of standard spirits such as vodka. The high ethanol content of the alcohol products was the only element of public health significance in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Okaru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya.
| | - Kennedy O Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya.
| | - Isaac O Kibwage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Straße 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ellis DI, Eccles R, Xu Y, Griffen J, Muhamadali H, Matousek P, Goodall I, Goodacre R. Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12082. [PMID: 28935907 PMCID: PMC5608898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major food adulteration incidents occur with alarming frequency and are episodic, with the latest incident, involving the adulteration of meat from 21 producers in Brazil supplied to 60 other countries, reinforcing this view. Food fraud and counterfeiting involves all types of foods, feed, beverages, and packaging, with the potential for serious health, as well as significant economic and social impacts. In the spirit drinks sector, counterfeiters often ‘recycle’ used genuine packaging, or employ good quality simulants. To prove that suspect products are non-authentic ideally requires accurate, sensitive, analysis of the complex chemical composition while still in its packaging. This has yet to be achieved. Here, we have developed handheld spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for the first time in a food or beverage product, and demonstrate the potential for rapid in situ through-container analysis; achieving unequivocal detection of multiple chemical markers known for their use in the adulteration and counterfeiting of Scotch whisky, and other spirit drinks. We demonstrate that it is possible to detect a total of 10 denaturants/additives in extremely low concentrations without any contact with the sample; discriminate between and within multiple well-known Scotch whisky brands, and detect methanol concentrations well below the maximum human tolerable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Ellis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca Eccles
- Scotch Whisky Research Institute, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Julia Griffen
- Cobalt Light Systems Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Cobalt Light Systems Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4SD, UK.,Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Ian Goodall
- Scotch Whisky Research Institute, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Rehm J, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Imtiaz S, Popova S, Probst C, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD, Shuper PA. The contribution of unrecorded alcohol to health harm. Addiction 2017; 112:1687-1688. [PMID: 28635161 DOI: 10.1111/add.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Omer S M Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andriy V Samokhvalov
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul A Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Sharma A, Sinha K, Vandenberg B. Pricing as a means of controlling alcohol consumption. Br Med Bull 2017; 123:149-158. [PMID: 28910991 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the affordability of alcohol, by increasing its price, is the most effective strategy for controlling alcohol consumption and reducing harm. SOURCES OF DATA We review meta-analyses and systematic reviews of alcohol tax/price effects from the past decade, and recent evaluations of tax/price policies in the UK, Canada and Australia. AREAS OF AGREEMENT While the magnitudes of price effects vary by sub-group and alcoholic beverage type, it has been consistently shown that price increases lead to reductions in alcohol consumption. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY There remains, however, a lack of consensus on the most appropriate taxation and pricing policy in many countries because of concerns about effects by different consumption level and income level and disagreement on policy design between parts of the alcoholic beverage industries. GROWING POINTS Recent developments in the research highlight the importance of obtaining accurate alcohol price data, reducing bias in estimating price responsiveness, and examining the impact on the heaviest drinkers. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH There is a need for further research focusing on the substitution effects of taxation and pricing policies, estimation of the true tax pass-through rates, and empirical analysis of the supply-side response (from alcohol producers and retailers) to various alcohol pricing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.,Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kompal Sinha
- Department of Economics, Macquarie University, Eastern Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Brian Vandenberg
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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39
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Rehm J, Gmel GE, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Imtiaz S, Popova S, Probst C, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD, Shuper PA. The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update. Addiction 2017; 112:968-1001. [PMID: 28220587 PMCID: PMC5434904 DOI: 10.1111/add.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes to be used in global and national Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs). METHODS Systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses on alcohol consumption and health outcomes attributable to alcohol use. For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, blood alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. For liver cirrhosis, quality of alcohol was additionally considered. For all outcomes (mortality and/or morbidity): cause of death and disease/injury categories based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used in global CRAs; harm to others. RESULTS In total, 255 reviews and meta-analyses were identified. Alcohol use was found to be linked causally to many disease and injury categories, with more than 40 ICD-10 three-digit categories being fully attributable to alcohol. Most partially attributable disease categories showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischaemic diseases and diabetes, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways suggest an impact of heavy drinking occasions on additional diseases; however, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in-depth analysis. For injuries, except suicide, blood alcohol concentration was the most important dimension of alcohol use. Alcohol use caused marked harm to others, which has not yet been researched sufficiently. CONCLUSIONS Research since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered. Epidemiological studies should include measurement of heavy drinking occasions in line with biological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Gerhard E. Gmel
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Alcohol Treatment CenterLausanne University HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
- Addiction SwitzerlandLausanneSwitzerland
- University of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Gerrit Gmel
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Omer S. M. Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Factor‐Inwentash Faculty of Social WorkUniversity of TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy ResearchLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and DrugsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andriy V. Samokhvalov
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin D. Shield
- Section of Cancer SurveillanceInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Paul A. Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMHTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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40
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Rehm J, Gmel GE, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Imtiaz S, Popova S, Probst C, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD, Shuper PA. The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update. ADDICTION (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2017. [PMID: 28220587 DOI: 10.1111/add.13757.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes to be used in global and national Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs). METHODS Systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses on alcohol consumption and health outcomes attributable to alcohol use. For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, blood alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. For liver cirrhosis, quality of alcohol was additionally considered. For all outcomes (mortality and/or morbidity): cause of death and disease/injury categories based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used in global CRAs; harm to others. RESULTS In total, 255 reviews and meta-analyses were identified. Alcohol use was found to be linked causally to many disease and injury categories, with more than 40 ICD-10 three-digit categories being fully attributable to alcohol. Most partially attributable disease categories showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischaemic diseases and diabetes, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways suggest an impact of heavy drinking occasions on additional diseases; however, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in-depth analysis. For injuries, except suicide, blood alcohol concentration was the most important dimension of alcohol use. Alcohol use caused marked harm to others, which has not yet been researched sufficiently. CONCLUSIONS Research since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered. Epidemiological studies should include measurement of heavy drinking occasions in line with biological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard E Gmel
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Alcohol Treatment Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerrit Gmel
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omer S M Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andriy V Samokhvalov
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul A Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Newman I, Qian L, Tamrakar N, Feng Y, Xu G. Composition of Unrecorded Distilled Alcohol (bai jiu) Produced in Small Rural Factories in Central China. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 41:207-215. [PMID: 27984849 PMCID: PMC6680223 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Unrecorded traditional distilled spirits (bai jiu, 白酒) are made and used throughout rural China for everyday use and special occasions. Nearly every town or village has a distiller to supply the demand. In rural China, distilling bai jiu is legal and regulated lightly or not at all. The World Health Organization estimates that as much as 25% of all alcohol consumed in China is unrecorded alcohol, of which an unknown portion is unrecorded bai jiu. Little is known about the composition of unrecorded Chinese spirits from rural parts of the country. This study focused on white spirits because the high ethanol (EtOH) concentration makes them more likely to contribute to health risks compared to other types of lower alcohol by volume (ABV) Chinese unrecorded alcohol. Methods Researchers purchased samples of Chinese white spirits from small‐factory distillers in central China. An independent laboratory conducted the analysis. Alcohol strength (ABV) was determined by hydrometer. Gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds: EtOH, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and higher alcohols. Samples were tested for 3 heavy metals—arsenic, cadmium, and lead. We used the guidelines developed by the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) of the European Commission to assess risk. Results ABV ranged from 35.7 to 61.4%, and 58 of the 61 samples exceeded 40% ABV. The concentration of methanol, ethyl acetate, lead, arsenic, and cadmium was below AMPHORA guideline. The sum of higher alcohols exceeded the AMPHORA maximum in just 1 sample. Forty of the 61 samples had acetaldehyde levels beyond the AMPHORA guideline. Conclusions The unrecorded Chinese alcohols we analyzed had a high EtOH concentration—a public health concern that is also presented by recorded alcohols. The high percentage of samples (65.5%) that had elevated acetaldehyde suggests the need to investigate the causes for this result and the need for steps to reduce acetaldehyde levels. The cumulative long‐term risks of using high EtOH and high acetaldehyde Chinese spirits are heightened by the percentage of people in China who have a genetic trait for impaired acetaldehyde metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Newman
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Guidance & Training, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Niran Tamrakar
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Yonghua Feng
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ganrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Surrogate alcohol containing methanol, social deprivation and public health in Novosibirsk, Russia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 37:107-110. [PMID: 27661755 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surrogate alcohol, i.e. alcohol not intended or not officially intended for human consumption, continues to play an important role in alcohol consumption in Russia, especially for people with alcohol dependence. Among the different types of surrogate alcohol, there are windshield washer antifreeze liquids; these products are the cheapest kinds of non-beverage alcohol available and thus likely to be used by the most deprived and marginalised groups such as homeless people with alcohol dependence. Although it is well known, that non-beverage alcohol is used for consumption by various groups in Russia, and although there are laws to prohibit the use of methanol as part of windshield washer antifreeze liquids for the very reason that such products could be used as surrogate alcohol, we detected products in retail sale which were a mix of water and methanol only. Methanol poses serious health threats including blindness and death, and there had been repeated methanol deaths from surrogate alcohol in Russia over the last years. If law-enforcement does not change for surrogate products, we can expect more methanol-resulting deaths in the most deprived and marginalized groups of people with alcohol dependence in Russia. In addition, ingredients with questionable safety profiles such as formic acid should also be prohibited in non-beverage alcohol products that are likely to be consumed as surrogate alcohol.
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43
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Hepatotoxicity of illegal home-made alcohols. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 43:85-89. [PMID: 27497237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND AIM Alcohol-related hepatotoxicity is not only caused by excessive alcohol consumption but also caused and even accelerated by hepatotoxic ingredients other than ethanol. Concentrations of hepatotoxic substances might be significantly high, particularly in illegally produced home-made alcohols. In this study we aim to analyze the hepatotoxic effects of a home-made alcohol traditionally called "bogma raki" in Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHOD Fifty Wistar albino male rats were used. Five groups were randomly formed with ten animals in each. Besides laboratory diets, groups were fed as follows: Group 1 (control group) distilled water; Group 2 bogma raki with distilled water (%44 (v/v), 9.2 ml/kg/day); Group 3 bogma raki with distilled water (%44 (v/v), 9.2 ml/kg/day)+walnut (10 g/kg/day); Group 4 whisky with distilled water (%40 (v/v), 9.2 ml/kg/day); Group 5 distilled water + walnut (10 g/kg/day), for 28 days. The toxicological analysis of The spirits were analyzed using Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA) GC/MS system with HP 6890 gas chromatograph, an HP 5972 mass selective detector (MSD) and an HP 6890 automatic liquid sampler GC/MS; the pressure of the carrier gas helium was 6.0 bar and the split value with a ratio of 1:100. The injection unit temperature set to 250 °C and MS quadrupole temperature set to 280 °C. The MS quadrupole detector ionization energy set to 70 eV. The initial column temperature was 60 °C (for 4 min) programmed by 6 °C/min to final temperature 160 °C and kept for 8 min at 160 °C. Utilized whisky and bogma raki samples were analyzed for the amounts of trans-anethole, ethanol, methanol, 1-propanolol, butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanolol (isobutanol) and 3-methylbutanol (isoamyl alcohol). Histopathological changes in liver tissues were graded as follows; normal = 0 (<10%), mild = 1 (10%-40%), moderate = 2 (40%-70%), severe = 3 (above 70%). RESULTS Chemical composition of illegally produced raki sample (%v/v) was as follows: trans-anethole %1.93, ethanol %95.70, 2-methyl-1-propanolol (isobutanol) %0.19, asetic acid %0.25, 3-methylbutanol (isoamyl alcohol) %0.77, and others %1.16. Chemical composition of commercial whisky sample (%v/v) was as follows: ethanol %97.72, 2-methyl-1-propanolol (isobutanol) %0.57, asetic acid %0.23, 3-methylbutanol (isoamyl alcohol) %1.28, and others %0.2. No traces of trans-anethole were detected in whisky. Normal liver morphology was recorded in control and walnut groups. However, bogma raki caused significant congestion and inflammatory cell infiltration compared to control and walnut group. On the other hand, whisky administration caused mild degeneration including inflammation in a limited area. CONCLUSION Obtained findings suggest that trans-anethole containing alcoholic beverages are more hepatotoxic compared to commercial alcoholic beverages.
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44
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Radaev V. Divergent drinking patterns and factors affecting homemade alcohol consumption (the case of Russia). THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 34:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vallance K, Stockwell T, Pauly B, Chow C, Gray E, Krysowaty B, Perkin K, Zhao J. Do managed alcohol programs change patterns of alcohol consumption and reduce related harm? A pilot study. Harm Reduct J 2016; 13:13. [PMID: 27156792 PMCID: PMC4860767 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Managed alcohol programs (MAPs) are a harm reduction strategy for people with severe alcohol dependence and unstable housing. MAPs provide controlled access to alcohol usually alongside accommodation, meals, and other supports. Patterns of alcohol consumption and related harms among MAP participants and controls from a homeless shelter in Thunder Bay, Ontario, were investigated in 2013. Methods Structured interviews were conducted with 18 MAP and 20 control participants assessed as alcohol dependent with most using non-beverage alcohol (NBA). Qualitative interviews were conducted with seven participants and four MAP staff concerning perceptions and experiences of the program. Program alcohol consumption records were obtained for MAP participants, and records of police contacts and use of health services were obtained for participants and controls. Some participants’ liver function test (LFT) results were available for before and after MAP entry. Results Compared with periods off the MAP, MAP participants had 41 % fewer police contacts, 33 % fewer police contacts leading to custody time (x2 = 43.84, P < 0.001), 87 % fewer detox admissions (t = −1.68, P = 0.06), and 32 % fewer hospital admissions (t = −2.08, P = 0.03). MAP and control participants shared similar characteristics, indicating the groups were broadly comparable. There were reductions in nearly all available LFT scores after MAP entry. Compared with controls, MAP participants had 43 % fewer police contacts, significantly fewer police contacts (−38 %) that resulted in custody time (x2 = 66.10, P < 0.001), 70 % fewer detox admissions (t = −2.19, P = 0.02), and 47 % fewer emergency room presentations. NBA use was significantly less frequent for MAP participants versus controls (t = −2.34, P < 0.05). Marked but non-significant reductions were observed in the number of participants self-reporting alcohol-related harms in the domains of home life, legal issues, and withdrawal seizures. Qualitative interviews with staff and MAP participants provided additional insight into reductions of non-beverage alcohol use and reductions of police and health-care contacts. It was unclear if overall volume of alcohol consumption was reduced as a result of MAP participation. Conclusions The quantitative and qualitative findings of this pilot study suggest that MAP participation was associated with a number of positive outcomes including fewer hospital admissions, detox episodes, and police contacts leading to custody, reduced NBA consumption, and decreases in some alcohol-related harms. These encouraging trends are being investigated in a larger national study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Vallance
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Bernie Pauly
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Clifton Chow
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erin Gray
- School of Social Work, MacEwan University, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2, Canada
| | - Bonnie Krysowaty
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Kathleen Perkin
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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46
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Chakrabarti A, Rai TK, Sharma B, Rai BB. Correlates of problematic unrecorded alcohol consumption in Sikkim, Northeast India - Results from a cross-sectional pilot survey. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 27:197-203. [PMID: 25800078 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1019840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and consequences of unrecorded alcohol consumption, defined as home brewed or clandestinely produced illicit liquor or surrogate alcoholic beverage has been little investigated in India. A significant portion of all alcohol consumed globally is unrecorded, therefore these consumers constitute a significant population. Sikkim, a province in Northeast India, lies in the foothills of the Himalayas. Unrecorded alcohol use is traditionally prevalent, with more than ten types available. This study investigated correlates of problematic unrecorded alcohol consumption in rural and urban communities of Sikkim. A cross-sectional, community-based pilot survey was conducted. Intensive case-finding recruited current heavy users (at least 3 days/week) of unrecorded alcohol of either sex above 16 years of age. On enrolment, participants responded to a socio-demographic instrument including 12 questions on their pattern of alcohol consumption and a 4-item CAGE questionnaire. Alcohol problems exist significantly among the young adult population. Although consumption of unrecorded alcohol is traditional in Sikkim, it has emerged as an important public health problem, with alarmingly high rates of problematic consumption. This is also expected to have significant economic costs. Therefore, prevention and treatment measures are an urgent need as well as policy decisions on production and sales of unrecorded alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chakrabarti
- Regional Occupational Health Centre, Eastern, National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , Kolkata, West Bengal , India
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Rehm J, Larsen E, Lewis-Laietmark C, Gheorghe P, Poznyak V, Rekve D, Fleischmann A. Estimation of Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Economies for 2010. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1283-9. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH); Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS); University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada. Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Elisabeth Larsen
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH); Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Paul Gheorghe
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH); Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vladimir Poznyak
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; World Health Organization; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dag Rekve
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; World Health Organization; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Fleischmann
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; World Health Organization; Geneva Switzerland
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48
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Lívero FA, Acco A. Molecular basis of alcoholic fatty liver disease: From incidence to treatment. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:111-23. [PMID: 26417962 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver diseases have complex and multiple pathogenic mechanisms but still no effective treatment. Steatosis or alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) has a widespread incidence and is the first step in the progression to more severe stages of alcoholic liver disease, with concomitant increases in morbidity and mortality rates. The ways in which this progression occurs and why some individuals are susceptible are still unanswered scientific questions. Research with animal models and clinical evidence have shown that it is a multifactorial disease that involves interactions between lipid metabolism, inflammation, the immune response and oxidative stress. Each of these pathways provides a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AFLD and contributes to the development of therapeutic strategies. This review emphasizes the importance of research on alcoholic steatosis based on incidence data, key pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions, and discusses perspectives on the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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49
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Árnyas EM, Pál L, Baranyi G, Bujdosó O, Rácz G, Ádány R, McKee M, Szűcs S. Metabolites of Aliphatic Alcohols Detected in Alcoholic Beverages Inhibit Phagocytosis. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:388-94. [PMID: 26715358 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of our study was to measure granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis following treatment of cells with some metabolites of aliphatic alcohols alone and in combination with acetaldehyde. METHODS The cells were separated from human peripheral blood prior to determination of phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles by granulocytes and monocytes treated individually with metabolites of aliphatic alcohols including formaldehyde, 1-propanal, acetone, 1-butanal, and 2-butanone and in combination with acetaldehyde. RESULTS The findings revealed that metabolites of aliphatic alcohols inhibited phagocytosis by granulocytes and monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner and when combined with acetaldehyde, they caused a further decrease in phagocytic activity. CONCLUSION Due to their additive effects, it is possible that, in combination with acetaldehyde, metabolites of aliphatic alcohols may inhibit phagocytosis at physiologically realistic concentrations in episodic heavy drinkers, thereby contributing to their increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin M Árnyas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Pál
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Baranyi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Bujdosó
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rácz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin McKee
- European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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50
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Qian L, Newman IM, Xiong W, Feng Y. Traditional grain alcohol (bai jiu, [Symbol: see text]) production and use in rural central China: implications for public health. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1261. [PMID: 26687080 PMCID: PMC4684928 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An estimated 25 % of the alcohol consumed in China is traditional unrecorded alcohol produced and distributed informally. Consequently there is concern about its safety and its contribution to public health risk. Little has been written about this type of alcohol in China. Methods Researchers observed the manufacture of traditional bai jiu in a rural area of Hubei Province, Central China. Two hundred fifty-nine individuals were interviewed, either individually or in small groups, about their use of and attitudes toward bai jiu. Individuals who made or sold bai jiu were interviewed about local production, distribution, and sale. Key community leaders were asked about risks from local bai jiu production, sale, and use. Results All of the bai jiu makers followed the same basic traditional procedure. Most had learned their craft from a family member or by apprenticeship, and their product was sold to neighbors or nearby villagers. Bai jiu makers typically had a business license and a health certificate. The shops that bought and sold traditional bai jiu were family-run businesses that sold both traditional bai jiu and commercial alcohol to clientele within a close social network. Alcohol (all types) was consumed by 79.9 % of interviewed villagers (89.7 % of males, 50.0 % of females). Of the 207 drinkers in the sample, 72.9 % drank bai jiu, 59.4 % drank beer, and 22.7 % drank commercial spirits. Bai jiu was most often consumed at mealtimes. Bai jiu drinkers believed moderate drinking was healthy and that drinking improved the social atmosphere, and about one-third of them believed drinking too much could result in quarrels and family problems. The bai jiu business provided two sources of income for makers because spent grain from the distillation process could be fed to livestock. Conclusions Production, sale, and use of traditional bai jiu occurred within the context of local traditions, values, customs, and social networks. The data did not suggest any significant issues related to contamination. Drinking patterns were similar to those found in other studies of alcohol use in China. Bai jiu was sold mainly to middle-aged or older men, suggesting bai jiu production and use could gradually disappear without intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qian
- Chinese Center for Health Education, People's Republic of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian M Newman
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Wen Xiong
- Heng-Gou Town Central Health Center, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyu Feng
- Health Inspection Institute, Health and Family Planning Commission of Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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