1
|
Rebak AS, Hendriks IA, Elsborg JD, Buch-Larsen SC, Nielsen CH, Terslev L, Kirsch R, Damgaard D, Doncheva NT, Lennartsson C, Rykær M, Jensen LJ, Christophorou MA, Nielsen ML. A quantitative and site-specific atlas of the citrullinome reveals widespread existence of citrullination and insights into PADI4 substrates. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:977-995. [PMID: 38321148 PMCID: PMC11189309 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite the importance of citrullination in physiology and disease, global identification of citrullinated proteins, and the precise targeted sites, has remained challenging. Here we employed quantitative-mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to generate a comprehensive atlas of citrullination sites within the HL60 leukemia cell line following differentiation into neutrophil-like cells. We identified 14,056 citrullination sites within 4,008 proteins and quantified their regulation upon inhibition of the citrullinating enzyme PADI4. With this resource, we provide quantitative and site-specific information on thousands of PADI4 substrates, including signature histone marks and transcriptional regulators. Additionally, using peptide microarrays, we demonstrate the potential clinical relevance of certain identified sites, through distinct reactivities of antibodies contained in synovial fluid from anti-CCP-positive and anti-CCP-negative people with rheumatoid arthritis. Collectively, we describe the human citrullinome at a systems-wide level, provide a resource for understanding citrullination at the mechanistic level and link the identified targeted sites to rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Rebak
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas D Elsborg
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara C Buch-Larsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Terslev
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Kirsch
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadezhda T Doncheva
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Lennartsson
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Rykær
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars J Jensen
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Méchin MC, Simon M. Deimination in epidermal barrier and hair formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220245. [PMID: 37778378 PMCID: PMC10542453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) transform a protein arginine residue into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins is called citrullination or deimination. As described in this special issue, PADs play a role in various physiological processes, and PAD deregulations are involved in many human diseases. Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, where their roles begin to be deciphered. PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in keratinocyte differentiation, particularly in the epidermal barrier function, keratins, filaggrin and filaggrin-related proteins being the most abundant deiminated epidermal proteins. Reduced amounts of deiminated proteins and PAD1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two very frequent and chronic skin inflammatory diseases. The trichohyalin/PAD3/transglutaminase three pathway is important for hair shaft formation. Mutations of the PADI3 gene, leading to a decreased activity or abnormal localization of the corresponding isotype, are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombable hair syndrome, and are associated with the central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, a frequent alopecia mainly affecting women of African ancestry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rossetti DV, Muntiu A, Massimi L, Tamburrini G, Desiderio C. Citrullination Post-Translational Modification: State of the Art of Brain Tumor Investigations and Future Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2872. [PMID: 37761239 PMCID: PMC10529966 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to describe the state of the art of research studies investigating the citrullination post-translational modification in adult and pediatric brain tumors. After an introduction to the deimination reaction and its occurrence in proteins and polypeptide chains, the role of the citrullination post-translational modification in physiological as well as pathological states, including cancer, is summarized, and the recent literature and review papers on the topic are examined. A separate section deals with the specific focus of investigation of the citrullination post-translational modification in relation to brain tumors, examining the state of the art of the literature that mainly concerns adult and pediatric glioblastoma and posterior fossa pediatric tumors. We examined the literature on this emerging field of research, and we apologize in advance for any possible omission. Although only a few studies inspecting citrullination in brain tumors are currently available, the results interestingly highlighted different profiles of the citrullinome associated with different histotypes. The data outlined the importance of this post-translational modification in modulating cancer invasion and chemoresistance, influencing key factors involved in apoptosis, cancer cell communication through extracellular vesicle release, autophagy, and gene expression processes, which suggests the prospect of taking citrullination as a target of cancer treatment or as a source of potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for potential clinical applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alexandra Muntiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Massimi
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teng Y, Chen Y, Tang X, Wang S, Yin K. PAD2: A potential target for tumor therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188931. [PMID: 37315720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptide arginine deiminase 2(PAD2) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues on target proteins to citrulline residues in the presence of calcium ions. This particular posttranslational modification is called citrullination. PAD2 can regulate the transcriptional activity of genes through histone citrullination and nonhistone citrullination. In this review, we summarize the evidence from recent decades and systematically illustrate the role of PAD2-mediated citrullination in tumor pathology and the regulation of tumor-associated immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and T cells. Several PAD2-specific inhibitors are also presented to discuss the feasibility of anti-PAD2 therapy to treat tumors and the urgent problems to be solved. Finally, we review some recent developments in the development of PAD2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Teng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alioli AC, Briot J, Pons C, Yang H, Gairin M, Goudounèche D, Cau L, Simon M, Méchin MC. Down-regulation of peptidylarginine deiminase type 1 in reconstructed human epidermis disturbs nucleophagy in the granular layer and affects barrier function. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:198. [PMID: 37385992 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of enzymes named peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). PADs transform arginine residues of protein substrates into citrulline. Deimination has been associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes. In human skin, three PADs are expressed (PAD1-3). While PAD3 is important for hair shape formation, the role of PAD1 is less clear. To decipher the main role(s) of PAD1 in epidermal differentiation, its expression was down-regulated using lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference in primary keratinocytes and in three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Compared to normal RHEs, down-regulation of PAD1 caused a drastic reduction in deiminated proteins. Whereas proliferation of keratinocytes was not affected, their differentiation was disturbed at molecular, cellular and functional levels. The number of corneocyte layers was significantly reduced, expression of filaggrin and cornified cell envelope components, such as loricrin and transglutaminases, was down-regulated, epidermal permeability increased and trans-epidermal-electric resistance diminished drastically. Keratohyalin granule density decreased and nucleophagy in the granular layer was disturbed. These results demonstrate that PAD1 is the main regulator of protein deimination in RHE. Its deficiency alters epidermal homeostasis, affecting the differentiation of keratinocytes, especially the cornification process, a special kind of programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Candide Alioli
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- University of Lyon, INSERM UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Briot
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Pons
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hang Yang
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Capgemini, Issy les Moulineaux, France
| | - Marie Gairin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Muret, France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Centre de Microscopie Électronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), University of Toulouse, Medical Faculty of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Cau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Silab, Saint-Viance, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Increased production of natural moisturizing factors and bleomycin hydrolase activity in elderly human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 110:2-9. [PMID: 37003921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin hydrolase (BH), which is expressed in the stratum granulosum and lower stratum corneum (SC), is involved in final filaggrin degradation. Furthermore, BH plays an essential role in producing free amino acids, which constitute the majority of natural moisturizing factors (NMF). However, the effects of BH expression and protease activity on human skin aging remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the activity and expression patterns of BH in SC extracts from healthy young and elderly individuals. METHODS SC samples were collected by tape stripping. BH activity was assessed by measuring the citrulline aminopeptidase activity. BH expression was determined by Western blotting, and NMF was quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Skin barrier function was determined by measuring SC hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin pH. RESULTS The activity and expression of BH were higher in the elderly skin than in young skin, and BH activity was correlated with BH expression levels. Evaluation of the NMF showed that the levels of total amino acids, such as glycine, serine, aspartic acid, citrulline, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (a metabolite of glutamic acid), and trans-urocanic acid (a metabolite of histidine), were significantly higher in elderly skin than in young skin. Moreover, SC hydration and TEWL were significantly lower in elderly, indicating dry skin, and pH was significantly higher in elderly, indicating greater skin alkalinization. CONCLUSION These results suggest that BH activity and expression, as well as NMF amino acids, increase in elderly people as compensatory mechanisms against dry skin.
Collapse
|
8
|
Expression of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 Is Closely Associated with Recurrence in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040659. [PMID: 36832148 PMCID: PMC9955443 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) enzymes have been investigated in various cancers. Recently, PAD enzyme, in particular PAD2, has been further implicated in cancers. Although the expression of PAD2 was significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, its diagnostic or prognostic role of PAD2 in HCC patients is unknown. This study investigated whether the expression of PAD2 affects recurrence and survival in HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection. One hundred and twenty-two HCC patients after hepatic resection were enrolled. The median follow-up was 41 months (range 1-213 months) in enrolled patients. To investigate an association between PAD2 expression level and the clinical characteristics of enrolled patients, the recurrence of HCC following surgical resection and survival of the patients were examined. Ninety-eight cases (80.3%) of HCC demonstrated a higher expression of PAD2. The expression of PAD2 was correlated with age, hepatitis B virus positivity, hypertension, and higher alpha-fetoprotein level. There was no association between PAD2 expression and sex, diabetes mellitus, Child-Pugh class, major portal vein invasion, HCC size or number. The recurrence rates in patients with lower PAD2 expression were higher than those with higher PAD2 expression. The cumulative survival rates of patients with higher PAD2 expression were better than those of patients with lower PAD2 expression, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, PAD2 expression is closely associated with recurrence of HCC patients following surgical resection.
Collapse
|
9
|
Recent Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226662. [PMID: 36431139 PMCID: PMC9698501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are primary effector cells of the innate immune system. Emerging evidence has consistently shown that activated neutrophils produce and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that play roles in immunity and non-infectious diseases. NETs are composed of DNA and proteins and serve as a structural platform for pathogen sequestration and degradation. In contrast to their protective role during pathogenic infection, NETs are pathologically involved in cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we introduce the formation, release, and clearance of NETs and the regulatory mechanisms of NETs formation, followed by an overview of the clinical evidence for the involvement of NETs in CVD. Because atherosclerosis is a fundamental part of the pathogenesis of CVD, we chose to focus on the mechanisms by which NETs promote endothelial cell damage and collaborate with macrophages and platelets to accelerate plaque progression and thrombosis. Finally, we present options for clinical intervention to inhibit NETs production and release in the treatment of CVD. In conclusion, this review integrates the latest findings and provides new insights into NETs, which represent a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sawata M, Shima H, Murayama K, Matsui T, Igarashi K, Funabashi K, Ite K, Kizawa K, Takahara H, Unno M. Autocitrullination and Changes in the Activity of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 3 Induced by High Ca 2+ Concentrations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28378-28387. [PMID: 35990454 PMCID: PMC9386831 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are enzymes that catalyze the Ca2+-dependent conversion of arginine residues into proteins to citrulline residues. Five PAD isozymes have been identified in mammals. Several studies have shown that the active-site pockets of these isozymes are formed when Ca2+ ions are properly bound. We previously characterized the structures of PAD3 in six states. Among these, we identified a "nonproductive" form of PAD3 in which the active site was disordered even though five Ca2+ ions were bound. This strange structure was probably obtained as a result of either high Ca2+ concentration (∼260 mM)-induced denaturation during the crystallization process or high Ca2+-concentration-induced autocitrullination. While autocitrullination has been reported in PAD2 and PAD4 for some time, only a single report on PAD3 has been published recently. In this study, we investigated whether PAD3 catalyzes the autocitrullination reaction and identified autocitrullination sites. In addition to the capacity of PAD3 for autocitrullination, the autocitrullination sites increased depending on the Ca2+ concentration and reaction time. These findings suggest that some of the arginine residues in the "nonproductive" form of PAD3 would be autocitrullinated. Furthermore, most of the autocitrullinated sites in PAD3 were located near the substrate-binding site. Given the high Ca2+ concentration in the crystallization condition, it is likely that Arg372 was citrullinated in the "nonproductive" PAD3 structure, the structure was slightly altered from the active form by citrulline residues, and probably inhibited Ca2+-ion binding at the proper position. Following Arg372 citrullination, PAD3 enters an inactive form; however, the Arg372-citrullinated PAD3 are considered minor components in autocitrullinated PAD3 (CitPAD3), and CitPAD3 does not significantly decrease the enzyme activity. Autocitrullination of PAD3 could not be confirmed at the low Ca2+ concentrations seen in vivo. Future experiments using cells and animals are needed to verify the effect of Ca2+ on the PAD3 structure and functions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sawata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Matsui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Funabashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Ite
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Kizawa
- Kao Corporation, Biological Science Research Laboratory, Odawara 250-0002, Japan
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Inashiki 300-0393, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Naka 319-1106, Japan
| | - Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Naka 319-1106, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jadeja SD, Tobin DJ. Autoantigen Discovery in the Hair Loss Disorder, Alopecia Areata: Implication of Post-Translational Modifications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890027. [PMID: 35720384 PMCID: PMC9205194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, multifactorial, polygenic, and heterogeneous disorder affecting growing hair follicles in susceptible individuals, which results in a non-scarring and reversible hair loss with a highly unpredictable course. Despite very considerable research effort, the nature of the precipitating factor(s) responsible for initiating AA in any given hair follicle remains unclear, due largely to significant gaps in our knowledge of the precise sequence of the etiopathogenic events in this dermatosis. However, disease-related changes in the immune-competence of the lower growing hair follicle, together with an active immune response (humoral and cellular) to hair follicle-associated antigens, are key associated phenomena. Confirmation of the hair follicle antigen(s) implicated in AA disease onset has remained stubbornly elusive. While it may be considered somewhat philosophical by some, it is also unclear whether immune-mediated hair loss in AA results from a) an ectopic (i.e., in an abnormal location) immune response to native (unmodified) self-antigens expressed by the healthy hair follicle, b) a normal immune response against modified self-antigens (or neoantigens), or c) a normal immune response against self-antigens (modified/non-modified) that were not previously visible to the immune system (because they were conformationally-hidden or sequestered) but become exposed and presentable in an MHC-I/-II molecule-restricted manner. While some candidate hair follicle antigen target(s) in AA are beginning to emerge, with a potential role for trichohyalin, it is not yet clear whether this represents the initial and immunodominant antigenic focus in AA or is simply one of an expanding repertoire of exposed hair follicle tissue damage-associated antigens that are secondary to the disease. Confirmation of autoantigen identity is essential for our understanding of AA etiopathogenesis, and consequently for developing a more informed therapeutic strategy. Major strides have been made in autoantigen discovery in other autoimmune conditions. In particular, some of these conditions may provide insights into how post-translational modifications (e.g., citrullination, deamidation, etc.) of hair follicle-restricted proteins may increase their antigenicity and so help drive the anti-hair follicle immune attack in AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz D. Jadeja
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Vikhe Patil K, Mak KHM, Genander M. A Hairy Cituation - PADIs in Regeneration and Alopecia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:789676. [PMID: 34966743 PMCID: PMC8710808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Review article, we focus on delineating the expression and function of Peptidyl Arginine Delminases (PADIs) in the hair follicle stem cell lineage and in inflammatory alopecia. We outline our current understanding of cellular processes influenced by protein citrullination, the PADI mediated posttranslational enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline, by exploring citrullinomes from normal and inflamed tissues. Drawing from other stem cell lineages, we detail the potential function of PADIs and specific citrullinated protein residues in hair follicle stem cell activation, lineage specification and differentiation. We highlight PADI3 as a mediator of hair shaft differentiation and display why mutations in PADI3 are linked to human alopecia. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms of PADI4 dependent fine-tuning of the hair follicle lineage progression. Finally, we discuss citrullination in the context of inflammatory alopecia. We present how infiltrating neutrophils establish a citrullination-driven self-perpetuating proinflammatory circuitry resulting in T-cell recruitment and activation contributing to hair follicle degeneration. In summary, we aim to provide a comprehensive perspective on how citrullination modulates hair follicle regeneration and contributes to inflammatory alopecia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vikhe Patil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie Hin-Man Mak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crompton RA, Williams H, Campbell L, Hui Kheng L, Saville C, Ansell DM, Reid A, Wong J, Vardy LA, Hardman MJ, Cruickshank SM. An Epidermal-Specific Role for Arginase1 during Cutaneous Wound Repair. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1206-1216.e8. [PMID: 34710388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing wounds are a major area of unmet clinical need remaining problematic to treat. Improved understanding of prohealing mechanisms is invaluable. The enzyme arginase1 (ARG1) is involved in prohealing responses, with its role in macrophages best characterized. ARG1 is also expressed by keratinocytes; however, ARG1 function in these critical wound repair cells is not understood. We characterized ARG1 expression in keratinocytes during normal cutaneous repair and reveal de novo temporal and spatial expression at the epidermal wound edge. Interestingly, epidermal ARG1 expression was decreased in both human and murine delayed healing wounds. We therefore generated a keratinocyte-specific ARG1-null mouse model (K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl) to explore arginase function. Wound repair, linked to changes in keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and differentiation, was significantly delayed in K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl mice. Similarly, using the arginase inhibitor N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, human in vitro and ex vivo models further confirmed this finding, revealing the importance of the downstream polyamine pathway in repair. Indeed, restoring the balance in ARG1 activity through the addition of putrescine proved beneficial in wound closure. In summary, we show that epidermal ARG1 plays, to our knowledge, a previously unreported intrinsic role in cutaneous healing, highlighting epidermal ARG1 and the downstream mediators as potential targets for the therapeutic modulation of wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Crompton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Campbell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lim Hui Kheng
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charis Saville
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David M Ansell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Reid
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Wong
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Funabashi K, Sawata M, Nagai A, Akimoto M, Mashimo R, Takahara H, Kizawa K, Thompson PR, Ite K, Kitanishi K, Unno M. Structures of human peptidylarginine deiminase type III provide insights into substrate recognition and inhibitor design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 708:108911. [PMID: 33971157 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase type III (PAD3) is an isozyme belonging to the PAD enzyme family that converts arginine to citrulline residue(s) within proteins. PAD3 is expressed in most differentiated keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicles, while S100A3, trichohyalin, and filaggrin are its principal substrates. In this study, the X-ray crystal structures of PAD3 in six states, including its complex with the PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine, were determined. This structural analysis identified a large space around Gly374 in the PAD3-Ca2+-Cl-amidine complex, which may be used to develop novel PAD3-selective inhibitors. In addition, similarities between PAD3 and PAD4 were found based on the investigation of PAD4 reactivity with S100A3 in vitro. A comparison of the structures of PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, and PAD4 implied that the flexibility of the structures around the active site may lead to different substrate selectivity among these PAD isozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Funabashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sawata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Anna Nagai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan
| | - Megumi Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Mashimo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan; College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami Inashiki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kizawa
- Kao Corporation, Biological Science Research Laboratory, Odawara, Japan
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Ite
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitanishi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Tokyo University of Science, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai Naka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
As the main protein components of chromatin, histones play central roles in gene regulation as spools of winding DNA. Histones are subject to various modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, methylation, ubiquitination and citrullination, which affect gene transcription. Histone citrullination, a posttranscriptional modification catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, is involved in human carcinogenesis. In this study, we highlighted the functions of histone citrullination in physiological regulation and tumors. Additionally, because histone citrullination involves forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the relationship between NETs and tumors was illustrated. Finally, the clinical application of histone citrullination and PAD inhibitors was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Citrullination-Resistant LL-37 Is a Potent Antimicrobial Agent in the Inflammatory Environment High in Arginine Deiminase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239126. [PMID: 33266231 PMCID: PMC7730452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37, the only member of the mammalian cathelicidin in humans, plays an essential role in innate immunity by killing pathogens and regulating the inflammatory response. However, at an inflammatory focus, arginine residues in LL-37 can be converted to citrulline via a reaction catalyzed by peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PAD2 and PAD4), which are expressed in neutrophils and are highly active during the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Citrullination impairs the bactericidal activity of LL-37 and abrogates its immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, we hypothesized that citrullination-resistant LL-37 variants would retain the functionality of the native peptide in the presence of PADs. To test this hypothesis, we synthetized LL-37 in which arginine residues were substituted by homoarginine (hArg-LL-37). Bactericidal activity of hArg-LL-37 was comparable with that of native LL-37, but neither treatment with PAD4 nor exposure to NETs affected the antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of hArg-LL-37. Importantly, the susceptibilities of LL-37 and hArg-LL-37 to degradation by proteases did not significantly differ. Collectively, we demonstrated that citrullination-resistant hArg-LL-37 is an attractive lead compound for the generation of new agents to treat bacterial infections and other inflammatory diseases associated with enhanced PAD activity. Moreover, our results provide a proof-of-concept for synthesis of therapeutic peptides using homoarginine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chermnykh ES, Alpeeva EV, Vorotelyak EA. Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091996. [PMID: 32872587 PMCID: PMC7563467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGMs) contribute to the formation of rigid, insoluble macromolecular complexes, which are essential for the epidermis and hair follicles to perform protective and barrier functions against the environment. During differentiation, epidermal keratinocytes undergo structural alterations being transformed into cornified cells, which constitute a highly tough outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. Similar processes occur during the hardening of the hair follicle and the hair shaft, which is provided by the enzymatic cross-linking of the structural proteins and keratin intermediate filaments. TGM3, also known as epidermal TGM, is one of the pivotal enzymes responsible for the formation of protein polymers in the epidermis and the hair follicle. Numerous studies have shown that TGM3 is extensively involved in epidermal and hair follicle physiology and pathology. However, the roles of TGM3, its substrates, and its importance for the integument system are not fully understood. Here, we summarize the main advances that have recently been achieved in TGM3 analyses in skin and hair follicle biology and also in understanding the functional role of TGM3 in human tumor pathology as well as the reliability of its prognostic clinical usage as a cancer diagnosis biomarker. This review also focuses on human and murine hair follicle abnormalities connected with TGM3 mutations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Méchin MC, Takahara H, Simon M. Deimination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Skin Physiology and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020566. [PMID: 31952341 PMCID: PMC7014782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination, also known as citrullination, corresponds to the conversion of the amino acid arginine, within a peptide sequence, into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This post-translational modification is catalyzed by a family of calcium-dependent enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is implicated in a growing number of physiological processes (innate and adaptive immunity, gene regulation, embryonic development, etc.) and concerns several human diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, female infertility, cancer, etc.). Here, we update the involvement of PADs in both the homeostasis of skin and skin diseases. We particularly focus on keratinocyte differentiation and the epidermal barrier function, and on hair follicles. Indeed, alteration of PAD activity in the hair shaft is responsible for two hair disorders, the uncombable hair syndrome and a particular form of inflammatory scarring alopecia, mainly affecting women of African ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- University of Ibaraki, School of Agriculture, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-6115-8427
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
An Overview of the Intrinsic Role of Citrullination in Autoimmune Disorders. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7592851. [PMID: 31886309 PMCID: PMC6899306 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein undergoes many types of posttranslation modification. Citrullination is one of these modifications, where an arginine amino acid is converted to a citrulline amino acid. This process depends on catalytic enzymes such as peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs). This modification leads to a charge shift, which affects the protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and hydrogen bond formation, and it may cause protein denaturation. The irreversible citrullination reaction is not limited to a specific protein, cell, or tissue. It can target a wide range of proteins in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Citrullination is a normal reaction during cell death. Apoptosis is normally accompanied with a clearance process via scavenger cells. A defect in the clearance system either in terms of efficiency or capacity may occur due to massive cell death, which may result in the accumulation and leakage of PAD enzymes and the citrullinated peptide from the necrotized cell which could be recognized by the immune system, where the immunological tolerance will be avoided and the autoimmune disorders will be subsequently triggered. The induction of autoimmune responses, autoantibody production, and cytokines involved in the major autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoon SH, Park JI, Lee JE, Myung CH, Hwang JS. In vivo Change of Keratin-Bound Molecules in the Human Stratum Corneum following Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:254-264. [PMID: 31352443 DOI: 10.1159/000501132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages the stratum corneum (SC) and disrupts the skin barrier. The damaged skin changes in the molecular composition of the SC, including its water content. However, it is difficult to examine the in vivo SC changes with existing methods, so those have not been well characterized. Therefore, we investigated in vivo changes of UV-induced SC damage using confocal Raman spectroscopy. METHOD We irradiated the volar forearm of 10 subjects with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 minimal erythemal doses of UV radiation. Then, we examined erythema, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the water content, the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and the lipids of the skin. RESULTS After UV irradiation, erythema and TEWL of the skin were both increased. The bound water content of the SC was also increased following UV irradiation. The NMF of the SC revealed different tendencies. All free amino acids (FAAs) of the NMF were increased after UV irradiation, except proline. trans-urocanic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, lactate, and urea, which are NMF components produced by the subsequent catabolism of FAAs and sweat, were decreased after UV irradiation. The amount of ceramide in the SC was also decreased after UV exposure, while cholesterol was increased. CONCLUSIONS The bound water content of the SC was increased by UV exposure along with increasing TEWL, several NMF components, and cholesterol. These in vivo results for UV-damaged SC obtained via Raman spectroscopy could be applied to research with regard to protecting the SC from UV radiation and treating UV-damaged SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Il Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hwan Myung
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cau L, Takahara H, Thompson PR, Serre G, Méchin MC, Simon M. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Attenuates Cornification and Interferes with the Regulation of Autophagy in Reconstructed Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1889-1897.e4. [PMID: 30878672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deimination, a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is the conversion of arginine into citrulline residues in a protein. Deimination has been associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our aim was to study its implication in the homeostasis of human epidermis, where three PADs are expressed, namely PAD1, 2, and 3. Three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis (RHEs) were treated for 2 days with increased concentrations (0-800 μM) of Cl-amidine, a specific PAD inhibitor. Cl-amidine treatments inhibited deimination in a dose-dependent manner and were not cytotoxic for keratinocytes. At 800 μM , Cl-amidine was shown to reduce deimination by half, alter keratinocyte differentiation, decrease the number of corneocyte layers, significantly increase the number of transitional cells, induce clustering of mitochondria and of heterogeneous vesicles in the cytoplasm of granular keratinocytes, and upregulate the expression of autophagy proteins, including LC3-II, sestrin-2, and p62/SQSTM1. LC3 and PADs were further shown to partially co-localize in the upper epidermis. These results demonstrated that Cl-amidine treatments slow down cornification and alter autophagy in the granular layer. They suggest that PAD1 and/or PAD3 play a role in the constitutive epidermal autophagy process that appears as an important step in cornification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- Department of Applied Biological Resource Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Malki L, Sarig O, Romano MT, Méchin MC, Peled A, Pavlovsky M, Warshauer E, Samuelov L, Uwakwe L, Briskin V, Mohamad J, Gat A, Isakov O, Rabinowitz T, Shomron N, Adir N, Simon M, McMichael A, Dlova NC, Betz RC, Sprecher E. Variant PADI3 in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:833-841. [PMID: 30763140 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1816614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is the most common form of scarring alopecia among women of African ancestry. The disease is occasionally observed to affect women in families in a manner that suggests an autosomal dominant trait and usually manifests clinically after intense hair grooming. We sought to determine whether there exists a genetic basis of CCCA and, if so, what it is. METHODS We used exome sequencing in a group of women with alopecia (discovery set), compared the results with those in a public repository, and applied other filtering criteria to identify candidate genes. We then performed direct sequencing to identify disease-associated DNA variations and RNA sequencing, protein modeling, immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting, and an enzymatic assay to evaluate the consequences of potential etiologic mutations. We used a replication set that consisted of women with CCCA to confirm the data obtained with the discovery set. RESULTS In the discovery set, which included 16 patients, we identified one splice site and three heterozygous missense mutations in PADI3 in 5 patients (31%). (The approximate prevalence of the disease is up to 5.6%.) PADI3 encodes peptidyl arginine deiminase, type III (PADI3), an enzyme that post-translationally modifies other proteins that are essential to hair-shaft formation. All three CCCA-associated missense mutations in PADI3 affect highly conserved residues and are predicted to be pathogenic; protein modeling suggests that they result in protein misfolding. These mutations were found to result in reduced PADI3 expression, abnormal intracellular localization of the protein, and decreased enzymatic activity - findings that support their pathogenicity. Immunofluorescence staining showed decreased expression of PADI3 in biopsy samples of scalp skin obtained from patients with CCCA. We then directly sequenced PADI3 in an additional 42 patients (replication set) and observed genetic variants in 9 of them. A post hoc analysis of the combined data sets showed that the prevalence of PADI3 mutation was higher among patients with CCCA than in a control cohort of women of African ancestry (P = 0.002 by the chi-square test; P = 0.006 by Fisher's exact test; and after adjustment for relatedness of persons, P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Mutations in PADI3, which encodes a protein that is essential to proper hair-shaft formation, were associated with CCCA. (Funded by the Ram Family Foundation and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liron Malki
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Ofer Sarig
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Maria-Teresa Romano
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Alon Peled
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Emily Warshauer
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Liat Samuelov
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Laura Uwakwe
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Valeria Briskin
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Janan Mohamad
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Andrea Gat
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Ofer Isakov
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Tom Rabinowitz
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Noam Shomron
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Noam Adir
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Michel Simon
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Amy McMichael
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Ncoza C Dlova
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Regina C Betz
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| | - Eli Sprecher
- From the Department of Dermatology (L.M., O.S., A.P., M.P., E.W., L.S., V.B., J.M., E.S.) and the Institute of Pathology (A.G.), Tel Aviv Medical Center, the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine (L.M., A.P., J.M., E.S.), and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (O.I., T.R., N.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, and the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa (N.A.) - all in Israel; the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.-T.R., R.C.B.); L'Unité Différenciation Epitheliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France (M.-C.M., M.S.); the Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (L.U., A.M.); and the Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (N.C.D)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim SE, Park JW, Kim MJ, Jang B, Jeon YC, Kim HJ, Ishigami A, Kim HS, Suk KT, Kim DJ, Park CK, Choi EK, Jang MK. Accumulation of citrullinated glial fibrillary acidic protein in a mouse model of bile duct ligation-induced hepatic fibrosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201744. [PMID: 30071078 PMCID: PMC6072123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play pivotal roles in hepatic fibrosis as they synthesize glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is increased in activated HSCs. GFAP-expressing HSCs and myofibroblasts accumulate in and around hepatic fibrosis lesions. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) is responsible for the citrullination of GFAP (cit-GFAP). However, the involvement of PAD2 and cit-GFAP in hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. To determine the expression of PAD2 and cit-GFAP in hepatic fibrosis, C57BL/6 mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or a sham operation. In BDL livers, the expression of PAD2 and its enzyme activity were significantly increased compared with controls. In addition, PAD2-postitive cells were rarely observed in only the portal vein and the small bile duct in sham-operated livers, whereas an increased number of PAD2-positive cells were detected in the bile duct and Glisson’s sheath in BDL livers. Interestingly, PAD2 was colocalized with α-SMA-positive cells and CK19-positive cells in BDL livers, indicating upregulated PAD2 in activated HSCs and portal fibroblasts of the livers of BDL mice. We also found that citrullinated proteins were highly accumulated in the livers of BDL mice compared with controls. Moreover, the expression level of GFAP and the amount of cit-GFAP were higher in BDL livers than in control livers. In correlation with PAD2 localization, cit-GFAP was observed in α-SMA-positive and CK19-positive cells in the livers of BDL mice. These results suggest that the increased expression and activation of PAD2 along with increased citrullinated proteins, specifically cit-GFAP, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyoung Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Kee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MKJ); (EKC)
| | - Myoung-Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MKJ); (EKC)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cau L, Méchin MC, Simon M. Peptidylarginine deiminases and deiminated proteins at the epidermal barrier. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:852-858. [PMID: 29756256 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deimination or citrullination is a post-translational modification catalysed by a family of calcium-dependent enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). It corresponds to the transformation of arginine residues within a peptide sequence into citrulline residues. Deimination induces a decreased net charge of targeted proteins; therefore, it alters their folding and changes intra- and intermolecular ionic interactions. Deimination is involved in several physiological processes (inflammation, gene regulation, etc.) and human diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc.). Here, we describe the PADs expressed in the epidermis and their known substrates, focusing on their role in the epidermal barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arita S, Hatta M, Uchida K, Kita T, Okamura K, Ryu T, Murakami H, Sakagami R, Yamazaki J. Peptidylarginine deiminase is involved in maintaining the cornified oral mucosa of rats. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:750-761. [PMID: 29687476 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epithelial cells derived from different regions exhibit marked differences in their differentiation capacity, allowing them to provide a suitable protective barrier. We aimed to clarify the role of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) in modifying the key epidermal proteins filaggrin (FLG) and keratin 1 (K1) during stratification of the rat palate and buccal mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, PAD activity assays and 2-dimensional electrophoresis, and developed an organotypic culture model. RESULTS PAD1 expression was highest in the palate, whereas PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 expression was highest in the skin, suggesting the tissue-specific expression of PAD isozymes that leads to differences in calcium dependency. Immunoblotting showed that the FLG monomer, as well as its degradation products and precursor (proFLG), were most abundantly expressed in the skin but had low expression in the palate, whereas only faint proFLG expression was detected in the buccal mucosa. FLG and K1 were colocalized with PAD1 and were likely to be citrullinated in the cornified layers of the skin; this colocalization was not detected on the palatal surface, and dot-like presence of proFLG that might be citrullinated and that of PAD1 were found in the granules of the palate. Organotypic models derived from the rat palate revealed that PAD inhibition reduced the breakdown of FLG, increased its association with K1 together with epithelial compaction, and decreased permeability in a dye permeability assay. Conversely, PAD stimulation had the opposite effects. CONCLUSION Citrullination is likely a protein modification that plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of oral cornified mucosa in a way that is distinctly different from that of the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arita
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Hatta
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Kita
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Okamura
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ryu
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Murakami
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - R Sakagami
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - J Yamazaki
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ledet MM, Anderson R, Harman R, Muth A, Thompson PR, Coonrod SA, Van de Walle GR. BB-Cl-Amidine as a novel therapeutic for canine and feline mammary cancer via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:412. [PMID: 29649984 PMCID: PMC5898062 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammary cancer is highly prevalent in dogs and cats and results in a poor prognosis due to critically lacking viable treatment options. Recent human and mouse studies have suggested that inhibiting peptidyl arginine deiminase enzymes (PAD) may be a novel breast cancer therapy. Based on the similarities between human breast cancer and mammary cancer in dogs and cats, we hypothesized that PAD inhibitors would also be an effective treatment for mammary cancer in these animals. Methods Canine and feline mammary cancer cell lines were treated with BB-Cl-Amidine (BB-CLA) and evaluated for viability and tumorigenicity. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was tested by western blot, immunofluorescence, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Canine and feline mammary cancer xenograft models were created using NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice, and were treated with BB-CLA for two weeks. Results We found that BB-CLA reduced viability and tumorigenicity of canine and feline mammary cancer cell lines in vitro. Additionally, we demonstrated that BB-CLA activates the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in these cells by downregulating 78 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein (GRP78), a potential target in breast cancer for molecular therapy, and upregulating the downstream target gene DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3). Finally, we established a mouse xenograft model of both canine and feline mammary cancer in which we preliminarily tested the effects of BB-CLA in vivo. Conclusion We propose that our established mouse xenograft models will be useful for the study of mammary cancer in dogs and cats, and furthermore, that BB-CLA has potential as a novel therapeutic for mammary cancer in these species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4323-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Ledet
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robyn Anderson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bin Huraib G, Al Harthi F, Arfin M, Rizvi S, Al-Asmari A. The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor 22 ( PTPN22) R620W Functional Polymorphism in Psoriasis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2018; 11:1179544117751434. [PMID: 29348710 PMCID: PMC5768248 DOI: 10.1177/1179544117751434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Psoriasis is a complex autoimmune disease caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. PTPN22 gene polymorphism has been reported to affect psoriasis susceptibility; however, no data are available for Middle Eastern populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of PTPN22 (1858C/T) R620W polymorphism with psoriasis in a Saudi cohort. Methods: Saudi subjects (n = 306) including patients with psoriasis (n = 106) and matched controls (n = 200) were studied for PTPN22 variants using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes of PTPN22 (1858C/T) polymorphism were compared between patients and controls. Results: The frequency of CT genotype of PTPN22 (1858C/T) polymorphism was significantly higher, whereas that of CC genotype was lower in patients with psoriasis than in controls (P < .001, relative risk [RR] = 7.151). The homozygous genotype TT was absent in both the patients and healthy controls. The frequency of allele T encoding tryptophan (W) was significantly increased (P < .001, RR = 5.76), whereas that of allele C encoding arginine (R) decreased in psoriasis cases as compared with controls (P < .001, RR = 0.173) indicating that individuals carrying allele T are more susceptible to psoriasis than noncarriers. Conclusions: PTPN22 (1858C/T) polymorphism is positively associated with susceptibility of psoriasis in Saudis and can be developed as biomarker for evaluating psoriasis risk. However, further studies on PTPN22 polymorphism in larger samples from different geographical areas and ethnicity are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb Bin Huraib
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al Harthi
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbahul Arfin
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Services Department for Armed Forces, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Rizvi
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Services Department for Armed Forces, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahaman Al-Asmari
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Services Department for Armed Forces, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang L, Song G, Zhang X, Feng T, Pan J, Chen W, Yang M, Bai X, Pang Y, Yu J, Han J, Han B. PADI2-Mediated Citrullination Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5755-5768. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cau L, Pendaries V, Lhuillier E, Thompson PR, Serre G, Takahara H, Méchin MC, Simon M. Lowering relative humidity level increases epidermal protein deimination and drives human filaggrin breakdown. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:106-113. [PMID: 28242341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.02.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deimination (also known as citrullination), the conversion of arginine in a protein to citrulline, is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, one of their targets being filaggrin. Filaggrin plays a central role in atopic dermatitis and is a key protein for the epidermal barrier. It aggregates keratins and is cross-linked to cornified envelopes. Following its deimination, it is totally degraded to release free amino acids, contributing to the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). The mechanisms controlling this multistep catabolism in human are unknown. OBJECTIVE To test whether external humidity plays a role, and investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS Specimens of reconstructed human epidermis (RHEs) produced in humid or dry conditions (>95% or 30-50% relative humidity) were compared. RESULTS RHEs produced in the dry condition presented structural changes, including a thicker stratum corneum and a larger amount of keratohyalin granules. The transepidermal water loss and the stratum corneum pH were decreased whereas the quantity of NMF was greater. This highly suggested that filaggrin proteolysis was up-regulated. The expression/activity of the proteases involved in filaggrin breakdown did not increase while PAD1 expression and the deimination rate of proteins, including filaggrin, were drastically enhanced. Partial inhibition of PADs with Cl-amidine reversed the effect of dryness on filaggrin breakdown. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the importance of external humidity in the control of human filaggrin metabolism, and suggest that deimination plays a major role in this regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Pendaries
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Lhuillier
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Plateau de Génomique GeT-Purpan, Genotoul, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guy Serre
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- Department of Applied Biological Resource Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deimination of Human Hornerin Enhances its Processing by Calpain-1 and its Cross-Linking by Transglutaminases. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:422-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
Amin B, Voelter W. Human Deiminases: Isoforms, Substrate Specificities, Kinetics, and Detection. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 106:203-240. [PMID: 28762090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes are of enormous interest in biomedicine. They catalyze the conversion of a positively-charged guanidinium at an arginine side chain into a neutral ureido group. As a result of this conversion, proteins acquire the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid "citrulline". This imposes critical influences on the structure and function of the target molecules. In multiple sclerosis, myelin hyper-citrullination promotes demyelination by reducing its compaction and triggers auto-antibody production. Immune responses to citrulline-containing proteins play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, auto-antibodies, specific to citrullinated proteins, such as collagen type I and II and filaggrin, are early detectable in rheumatoid arthritis, serving as diagnostic markers of the disease. Despite their significance, little is understood about the role in demyelinating disorders, diversified cancers, and auto-immune diseases. To impart their biological and pathological effects, it is crucial to better understand the reaction mechanism, kinetic properties, substrate selection, and specificities of peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms.Many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology have been ignored in past, but, herein is presented a comprehensive survey to improve our current understandings of the underlying mechanism and regulation of PAD enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076, Tübingen, BW, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mutations in Three Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Hair Shaft Formation Cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1292-1304. [PMID: 27866708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncombable hair syndrome (UHS), also known as "spun glass hair syndrome," "pili trianguli et canaliculi," or "cheveux incoiffables" is a rare anomaly of the hair shaft that occurs in children and improves with age. UHS is characterized by dry, frizzy, spangly, and often fair hair that is resistant to being combed flat. Until now, both simplex and familial UHS-affected case subjects with autosomal-dominant as well as -recessive inheritance have been reported. However, none of these case subjects were linked to a molecular genetic cause. Here, we report the identification of UHS-causative mutations located in the three genes PADI3 (peptidylarginine deiminase 3), TGM3 (transglutaminase 3), and TCHH (trichohyalin) in a total of 11 children. All of these individuals carry homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in one of these three genes, indicating an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern in the majority of UHS case subjects. The two enzymes PADI3 and TGM3, responsible for posttranslational protein modifications, and their target structural protein TCHH are all involved in hair shaft formation. Elucidation of the molecular outcomes of the disease-causing mutations by cell culture experiments and tridimensional protein models demonstrated clear differences in the structural organization and activity of mutant and wild-type proteins. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed morphological alterations in hair coat of Padi3 knockout mice. All together, these findings elucidate the molecular genetic causes of UHS and shed light on its pathophysiology and hair physiology in general.
Collapse
|
36
|
Saijo S, Nagai A, Kinjo S, Mashimo R, Akimoto M, Kizawa K, Yabe-Wada T, Shimizu N, Takahara H, Unno M. Monomeric Form of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type I Revealed by X-ray Crystallography and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3058-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
37
|
Witalison EE, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:700-10. [PMID: 25642720 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150202160954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human proteins are subjected to more than 200 known post-translational modifications (PTMs) (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, S-nitrosylation, methylation, Nacetylation, and citrullination) and these PTMs can alter protein structure and function with consequent effects on the multitude of pathways necessary for maintaining the physiological homeostasis. When dysregulated, however, the enzymes that catalyze these PTMs can impact the genesis of countless diseases. In this review, we will focus on protein citrullination, a PTM catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Specifically, we will describe the roles of the PADs in both normal human physiology and disease. The development of PAD inhibitors and their efficacy in a variety of autoimmune disorders and cancer will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy 770 Sumter St., Coker Life Sciences, Rm. 513C University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Méchin MC, Cau L, Galliano MF, Daunes-Marion S, Poigny S, Vidaluc JL, Bessou-Touya S, Takahara H, Serre G, Duplan H, Simon M. Acefylline activates filaggrin deimination by peptidylarginine deiminases in the upper epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:101-6. [PMID: 26616205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze deimination (or citrullination), a calcium-dependent post-translational modification involved in several physiological processes and human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Deimination of filaggrin (FLG) by PAD1 and PAD3 during the last steps of keratinocyte differentiation is a crucial event for the epidermis function and homeostasis. This allows the complete degradation of FLG, leading to the production of free amino acids and their derivatives that are essential for epidermal photoprotection and moisturizing of the stratum corneum. OBJECTIVE To increase the flux of this catabolic pathway, we searched for activators of PADs. METHODS A large chemical library was screened first in silico and then by using an automated assay based on an indirect colorimetric measurement of recombinant human PAD activity. Potential activators were then confirmed using a recombinant human FLG as a substrate, and secondly after topical application at the surface of three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis. RESULTS The data obtained after the library screening pointed to xanthine derivatives as potential PAD activators. Among seven xanthine derivatives tested at 50-300μM, caffeine, theobromine and acefylline proved to be the most potent enhancers of in vitro deimination of FLG by PAD1 and PAD3. After topical application of a gel formulation containing 3% acefylline at the surface of reconstructed epidermis, immunoblotting analysis showed an increase in the total amount of deiminated proteins, and confocal microscopy showed an enhanced deimination in the stratum corneum. This demonstrated the activation of PADs in living cells. CONCLUSION As a PAD activator, acefylline will be useful to study the role of deimination and could be proposed to increase or correct the hydration of the cornified layers of the epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Cau
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Florence Galliano
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Daunes-Marion
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Poigny
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Vidaluc
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bessou-Touya
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Guy Serre
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Duplan
- Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique et Médicament, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5165, Toulouse, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1056, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mowen KA, David M. Unconventional post-translational modifications in immunological signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:512-20. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
40
|
Koziel J, Bryzek D, Sroka A, Maresz K, Glowczyk I, Bielecka E, Kantyka T, Pyrć K, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Potempa J. Citrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5363-72. [PMID: 24771854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37 plays an essential role in innate immunity by killing invading microorganisms and regulating the inflammatory response. These activities depend on the cationic character of the peptide, which is conferred by arginine and lysine residues. At inflammatory foci in vivo, LL-37 is exposed to peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), an enzyme released by inflammatory cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAD-mediated citrullination of the arginine residues within LL-37 will abrogate its immunomodulatory functions. We found that, when citrullinated, LL-37 was at least 40 times less efficient at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS due to a marked decrease in its affinity for endotoxin. Also, the ability of citrullinated LL-37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid and poly(I:C) signaling via TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, was significantly reduced. Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock. In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6. Importantly, serum from septic mice showed increased PAD activity, which strongly correlated with the level of citrullination, indicating that PAD-driven protein modification occurs in vivo. Because LL-37 is a potential treatment for sepsis, its administration should be preceded by a careful analysis to ensure that the citrullinated peptide is not generated in treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Danuta Bryzek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Pohl
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Center for Oral Health and Systemic Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Unno M, Kinjo S, Kizawa K, Takahara H. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of human peptidylarginine deiminase type I. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1357-9. [PMID: 24316829 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113028704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the post-translational conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline in the presence of calcium ions. Among the five known human PAD isozymes (PAD1-4 and PAD6), PAD1 exhibits the broadest substrate specificity. Crystals of PAD1 obtained using polyethylene glycol 3350 as a precipitant diffracted to 3.70 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. Two PAD1 molecules were contained in the asymmetric unit and the crystals belonged to space group P6(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 90.3, c = 372.3 Å. The solvent content was 58.2%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Unno
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Three isozymes of peptidylarginine deiminase in the chicken: molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 167:65-73. [PMID: 24161753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline (deimination) in a calcium ion dependent manner. Although PADI genes are widely conserved among vertebrates, their function in the chicken is poorly understood. Here, we cloned and sequenced three chicken PADI cDNAs and analyzed the expression of their proteins in various tissues. Immunoblotting analysis showed that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 were present in cells of several central neuron system tissues including the retina; the chicken PAD2 protein was not detected in any tissue. We expressed recombinant chicken PADs in insect cells and characterized their enzymatic properties. The chicken PAD1 and PAD3 recombinant proteins required calcium ions as an essential cofactor for their catalytic activity. The two recombinant proteins showed similar substrate specificities toward synthetic arginine derivatives. By contrast to them, chicken PAD2 did not show any activity. We found that one of the conserved active centers in mammalian PADs had been altered in chicken PAD2; we prepared a reverse mutant but we did not detect an activity. We conclude that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 might play specific roles in the nervous system, but that chicken PAD2 might not be functional under normal physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
43
|
Farid SS, Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies and their clinical utility in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:379-86. [PMID: 23992255 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important serological discoveries in rheumatology in recent years has been the characterization of autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) containing the amino acid citrulline. There are many citrullinated proteins in the inflamed RA synovium. Rheumatoid factor (RF), which is the immunologic hallmark of RA, is not specific for RA, as it is found in 5% of healthy individuals and in 10-20% of those over the age of 65 years. RFs are of low titer in early disease stages when a clear diagnosis is often not yet possible; But anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) can be found early in the disease course of RA, even years before the onset of clinical symptoms. The identification of citrullinated epitopes led to the development of the first and later second generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody assays. Anti-CCP2 antibody has shown a specificity of 98% in sera from patients with established RA and 96% in sera from subjects with early RA. Anti-CCP can predict erosive disease, therefore could be a good serological marker for RA diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Sh Farid
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Peptidylarginine deiminases in citrullination, gene regulation, health and pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:1126-35. [PMID: 23860259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases are a family of enzymes that mediate post-translational modifications of protein arginine residues by deimination or demethylimination to produce citrulline. In vitro, the activity of PADs is dependent on calcium and reductive reagents carrying a free sulfhydryl group. The discovery that PAD4 can target both arginine and methyl-arginine for citrullination about 10years ago renewed our interest in studying this family of enzymes in gene regulation and their physiological functions. The deregulation of PADs is involved in the etiology of multiple human diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. There is a growing effort to develop isoform specific PAD inhibitors for disease treatment. However, the regulation of the activity of PADs in vivo remains largely elusive, and we expect that much will be learned about the role of these enzymes in a normal life cycle and under pathology conditions.
Collapse
|
45
|
van Beers JJ, Zendman AJ, Raijmakers R, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Pruijn GJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase expression and activity in PAD2 knock-out and PAD4-low mice. Biochimie 2013; 95:299-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
46
|
Jang B, Shin SJ. Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Citrullination: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2013.43.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jang B, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Peptidylarginine deiminase and protein citrullination in prion diseases: strong evidence of neurodegeneration. Prion 2012; 7:42-6. [PMID: 23022892 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational citrullination (deimination) process is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline in the presence of high calcium concentrations. Over the past decade, PADs and protein citrullination have been commonly implicated as abnormal pathological features in neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this evidence, we investigated the roles of PADs and citrullination in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are pathologically well characterized as the accumulation of disease-associated misfolded prion proteins, spongiform changes, glial cell activation and neuronal loss. We previously demonstrated that the upregulation of PAD2, mainly found in reactive astrocytes of infected brains, leads to excessive citrullination, which is correlated with disease progression. Further, we demonstrated that various cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins are particularly vulnerable to citrullination. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies elicited altered functions of enolase as the result of citrullination; these altered functions included reduced enzyme activity, increased protease sensitivity and enhanced plasminogen-binding affinity. These findings suggest that PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may play a key role in the brain pathology of prion diseases. By extension, we believe that abnormal increases in protein citrullination may be strong evidence of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Anti-α-enolase Antibodies in Serum from Pediatric Patients Affected by Inflammatory Diseases: Diagnostic and Pathogenetic Insights. Int J Rheumatol 2011; 2011:870214. [PMID: 22007226 PMCID: PMC3189593 DOI: 10.1155/2011/870214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glycolytic enzyme α-enolase was associated with human diseases and with inflammation. An ELISA test was developed to measure anti-α-enolase AAE IgG and AAE IgA in the serum from patients affected by inflammatory diseases with the purpose to evaluate it as a novel diagnostic marker. 80 healthy blood donors and 194 paediatric patients affected by Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), celiac disease (CD), Crohn's Disease (CrD), hereditary periodic fever (HPF), and PFAPA syndrome were included in the study. HPF patients showed high levels of AAE antibodies, whereas JIA, CD, and CrD presented only partial results. Benign fevers such as PFAPA were almost negative for AAE Abs. These findings suggested that the genetic dysfunction of inflammasome associated with HPF could lead to the formation of AAE Abs that could be used for an early and easy diagnosis.
Collapse
|
49
|
Méchin MC, Nachat R, Coudane F, Adoue V, Arnaud J, Serre G, Simon M. [Deimination or citrullination, a post-translational modification with many physiological and pathophysiological facets]. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:49-54. [PMID: 21299962 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination or citrullination, is a post-translational modification with many facets. It is involved in several basic cellular processes, including gene regulation, embryonic development and terminal differentiation, and also in various pathophysiological mechanisms linked to severe human diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Deimination, the calcium-dependent enzymatic conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, induces a decrease in the charge of the modified proteins with major consequences on their conformation, stability and/or interactions, and therefore on their functions. Five isotypes of peptidylarginine deiminases (1-4 and 6), exist in humans with a variable tissue expression. These highly conserved enzymes are closely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, probably including auto-deimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- UMR 5165 CNRS/ Université Paul Sabatier, Hôpital Purpan, place du Docteur Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France. marie-claire.mechin@ udear.cnrs.fr
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Knuckley B, Causey CP, Jones JE, Bhatia M, Dreyton CJ, Osborne TC, Takahara H, Thompson PR. Substrate specificity and kinetic studies of PADs 1, 3, and 4 identify potent and selective inhibitors of protein arginine deiminase 3. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4852-63. [PMID: 20469888 DOI: 10.1021/bi100363t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination has been shown to regulate numerous physiological pathways (e.g., the innate immune response and gene transcription) and is, when dysregulated, known to be associated with numerous human diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. This modification, also termed deimination, is catalyzed by a group of enzymes called the protein arginine deiminases (PADs). In mammals, there are five PAD family members (i.e., PADs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) that exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns and vary in their subcellular localization. The kinetic characterization of PAD4 was recently reported, and these efforts guided the development of the two most potent PAD4 inhibitors (i.e., F- and Cl-amidine) known to date. In addition to being potent PAD4 inhibitors, we show here that Cl-amidine also exhibits a strong inhibitory effect against PADs 1 and 3, thus indicating its utility as a pan PAD inhibitor. Given the increasing number of diseases in which dysregulated PAD activity has been implicated, the development of PAD-selective inhibitors is of paramount importance. To aid that goal, we characterized the catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of PADs 1 and 3. Herein, we report the results of these studies, which suggest that, like PAD4, PADs 1 and 3 employ a reverse protonation mechanism. Additionally, the substrate specificity studies provided critical information that aided the identification of PAD3-selective inhibitors. These compounds, denoted F4- and Cl4-amidine, are the most potent PAD3 inhibitors ever described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Knuckley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|