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Hashemi SR, Vesal N. Ketamine-propofol for total intravenous anaesthesia in rabbits: a comparison of premedication with acepromazine-medetomidine, acepromazine-midazolam or acepromazine-morphine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:263-272. [PMID: 36894406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ketamine-propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) following premedication with acepromazine and either medetomidine, midazolam or morphine in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A total of six healthy female New Zealand White rabbits (2.2 ± 0.3 kg). METHODS Rabbits were anaesthetized on four occasions, each separated by 7 days: an intramuscular injection of saline alone (treatment Saline) or acepromazine (0.5 mg kg-1) in combination with medetomidine (0.1 mg kg-1), midazolam (1 mg kg-1) or morphine (1 mg kg-1), treatments AME, AMI or AMO, respectively, in random order. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with a mixture containing ketamine (5 mg mL-1) and propofol (5 mg mL-1) (ketofol). Each trachea was intubated and the rabbit administered oxygen during spontaneous ventilation. Ketofol infusion rate was initially 0.4 mg kg-1 minute-1 (0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1 of each drug) and was adjusted to maintain adequate anaesthetic depth based on clinical assessment. Ketofol dose and physiological variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of sedation, intubation and recovery times were recorded. RESULTS Ketofol induction doses decreased significantly in treatments AME (7.9 ± 2.3) and AMI (8.9 ± 4.0) compared with treatment Saline (16.8 ± 3.2 mg kg-1) (p < 0.05). The total ketofol dose to maintain anaesthesia was significantly lower in treatments AME, AMI and AMO (0.6 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 minute-1, respectively) than in treatment Saline (1.2 ± 0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1) (p < 0.05). Cardiovascular variables remained at clinically acceptable values, but all treatments caused some degree of hypoventilation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Premedication with AME, AMI and AMO, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the maintenance dose of ketofol infusion in rabbits. Ketofol was determined to be a clinically acceptable combination for TIVA in premedicated rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Hashemi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasser Vesal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Ozawa S, Cenani A, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman Lv D. Treatment of Pain in Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:201-227. [PMID: 36402482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits occupy facets of veterinary medicine spanning from companion mammals, wildlife medicine, zoologic species, and research models. Therefore, analgesia is required for a variety of conditions in rabbits and is a critical component of patient care. Considerations when selecting an analgesic protocol in rabbits include timing of administration, route of administration, degree or anticipated pain, ability to access or use controlled drugs, systemic health, and any potential side effects. This review focuses on pharmacologic and locoregional management of pain in rabbits and emphasizes the need for further studies on pain management in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 Williams Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Alessia Cenani
- Department of Surgical and Radiographical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman Lv
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Comparison of two injectable anaesthetic protocols in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) undergoing gonadectomy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15962. [PMID: 36153361 PMCID: PMC9509369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Egyptian fruit bats have gained increasing interest being a natural reservoir for emerging zoonotic viruses. Anaesthesia is often required to allow safe handling of bats. We aimed to compare the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols in bats undergoing gonadectomy. Group DK (n = 10) received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg) and ketamine (7 mg/kg), whereas group DBM (n = 10) received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg). Induction time and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded. If anaesthetic plan was inadequate, isoflurane was titrated-to-effect. At the end of surgery venous blood gas analysis was performed and atipamezole or atipamezole-flumazenil was administered for timed and scored recovery. In DBM group heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation were significantly higher (p = 0.001; p = 0.003 respectively), while respiratory rate was significantly lower (p = 0.001). All bats required isoflurane supplementation with no significant differences between groups. Induction and recovery times showed no significant differences. In group DK a better recovery was scored (p = 0.034). Sodium and chloride were significantly higher in DBM group (p = 0.001; p = 0.002 respectively). Both anaesthetic protocols were comparable and can be recommended for minor procedures in bats.
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Kulyar MFEA, Ashfaq K, Aqib AI, Duan K, Asif M, Bhutta ZA, Shoaib M, Shabbir S, Nawaz S, Naseer MA, Sarwar I, Akhtar M, Chaudhry AS, Hussain R, Hussain HI, Wu Y, Li K. Enhanced Healing Activity of Manuka Honey and Nitrofurazone Composite in Full-Thickness Burn Wounds in the Rabbit Model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:875629. [PMID: 35711790 PMCID: PMC9196035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.875629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burns cause many significant changes in metabolism and inflammatory reactions, leading to poor regeneration in animals and humans. A list of medicines to treat burns is available in the market. But due to the high cost of these medicines, these are unaffordable, especially for farmers of middle-class families of Africa and Asia. Therefore, a low-cost complementary treatment has always been a topic of many researchers, and there is a dire need of time for the welfare of animals to save them. The current study was planned to scrutinize the therapeutic effects of Manuka honey and Nitrofurazone ointments on full-thickness burn wounds in the rabbit model. The healing efficacy was performed through wound contraction rate, hematological analysis, the thickness of dermis and epidermis, and collagen content percentage. Histopathology was performed after taking biopsy samples at the end of the research. Based on statistical analysis using wound healing time (days, D), the combination (MO + NT) resulted in a shorter period (27 D ± 1) than the average healing time of controlled (36 ± 2), Manuka ointment (31.33 D ± 1.52), and Nitrofurazone ointment (32 ± 1). A significant decrease in the count of red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in all treatments was noticed mainly in MO + NT. Furthermore, burns induced a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the white blood cells (WBCs) count levels in the MO-treated group. While the level of platelets (PLTs) was not significantly different from the healthy control group. Histopathological assessment (epithelialization, fibrosis, and angiogenesis) of skin showed burn healing to be better in MO and MO + NT groups. In conclusion, the composite of Manuka honey with Nitrofurazone led to the faster recovery than other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Ashfaq
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kun Duan
- China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Samina Shabbir
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Naseer
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Sarwar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Yi Wu
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Li
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Abstract
With the increasing frequency of rabbits as veterinary patients, the expectation for high-quality, intensive veterinary care, and resultantly an understanding of anesthesia has been increasing. Sedation and general anesthesia are commonly required for many routine and emergency procedures in rabbits, and this results in the need for a strong awareness of anesthetic principles, knowledge of limitations of anesthesia, and maintenance of high standards of anesthesia.
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Bhutta ZA, Ashar A, Mahfooz A, Khan JA, Saleem MI, Rashid A, Aqib AI, Kulyar MFEA, Sarwar I, Shoaib M, Nawaz S, Yao W. Enhanced wound healing activity of nano ZnO and nano Curcuma longa in third-degree burn. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martinez-Gonzalez E, Garcia-Olmo D, Mayordomo-Aranda E, Granada-Picazo M, Gomez-Juarez M, Moreno-Cuesta J. Does hemofiltration protect the brain after head trauma? An experimental study in rabbits. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:66. [PMID: 33206250 PMCID: PMC7674531 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most frequent and severe neurological diseases. In the last few decades, significant advances have been made in TBI pathophysiology and monitoring, however new treatments have not emerged. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been historically defined as an immunologically privileged organ, recent studies show the increasingly predominant role of inflammatory and apoptotic phenomena in the pathogenesis of TBI. Inflammatory response mediators can be eliminated with continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). Our aim was to investigate whether hemofiltration protects the brain after head trauma in an experimental study in animals. Methods and results A model of TBI and CVVH was performed in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits without acute renal failure. The experimental group TBI ( +)-CVVH ( +) was compared with a TBI ( +)-CVVH (−) and a TBI (−)-CVVH ( +) control groups. Rabbits were assessed immediately (NES1) and 24 h hours after (NES2) TBI and/or CVVH using a functional Neurological Evaluation Score (NES) and histology of the brains after sacrifice. There was evidence to support a difference of NES1 comparing with the TBI (−)-CVVH ( +), but not with TBI ( +)-CVVH (−) with only 15% of the rabbits treated with CVVH and TBI showing a favorable neurological course. The final neurological outcome (mortality at 24 h) was 0%, 22% and 53% in the TBI(−) + CVVH( +), TBI( +)-CVVH(−) and TBI( +)-CVVH( +) groups respectively. The use of hemofiltration before or after TBI did not make a difference in regards the outcome of the rabbits. There was evidence in the histology to support an increase of mild ischemia, hemorrhage and edema in the experimental group compared with the other two groups. Conclusions CVVH in rabbits without renal failure used with the intention to protect the brain may worsen the prognosis in TBI.
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8
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Streitparth F, Wittgenstein H, Stechele M, Neumann J, Schmidt C, Schnorr J, Hamm B, Günther RW. Biodegradable Polydioxanone Microspheres for Transcatheter Arterial Embolization: Proof of Principle. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 31:2132-2140.e5. [PMID: 33160828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate feasibility, embolization success, biodegradability, reperfusion, and biocompatibility of biodegradable microspheres (MS) made from polydioxanone (PDO) for transcatheter arterial embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unilateral selective renal embolization of a segmental artery was performed in 16 New Zealand White rabbits with PDO-MS (100-150 μm and 90-315 μm). Animals were randomly assigned to different observation periods and underwent control digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and MR imaging immediately (n = 3), 1 week (n = 2), 4 weeks (n = 2), 8 weeks (n = 2), 12 weeks (n = 5), and 16 weeks (n = 2) after embolization. Kidneys were harvested for macroscopic and histologic analysis of embolization success, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. RESULTS Embolization was technically successful in 15 of 16 animals. One animal died of anesthesia-related circulatory failure. The 100-150 μm MS were injected easily through 3-F catheters; the 90-315 μm MS tended to clog with intermittent catheter obstruction. DSA and MR imaging showed successful target embolization in 13 of 15 animals. In 2 animals, the entire kidney was affected owing to catheter clogging, including a reflux of MS while flushing. Control DSA and MR imaging showed increasing vascular reperfusion with time. Macroscopic and histologic analysis revealed necrosis/infarction in areas in which embolization was achieved. MS were extensively degraded after 16 weeks, and overall inflammatory reaction was mild. CONCLUSIONS Biodegradable PDO-MS induced effective embolization of target vessels while demonstrating good biocompatibility. MS increasingly dissolved at 16 weeks, partial reperfusion started at week 1, and complete reperfusion started at week 8, thus offering possible advantages as a temporary embolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Wittgenstein
- Evidensia Veterinary Clinic for Small Animals GmbH Norderstedt, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Matthias Stechele
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Pathological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Research and Development Laboratory, microParticles GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Schnorr
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Humboldt University Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Humboldt University Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf W Günther
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Humboldt University Medical School, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Tang W, Zillmann U, Sprengel R. Alternative Anesthesia of Neonatal Mice for Global rAAV Delivery in the Brain With Non-detectable Behavioral Interference in Adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:115. [PMID: 32760256 PMCID: PMC7372011 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-transduced gene expression is the current standard for cell-type-specific labeling and cell tacking in experimental neuroscience. To achieve widespread gene expression, a viral delivery method to neonatal rodents was introduced more than two decades ago. Most of those neonatal viral vector injection-based gene transduction methods in mice used deep hypothermia for anesthesia, which was reported to be associated with behavioral impairments. To explore other options for neonatal viral applications, we applied a combination of Medetomidine, Midazolam, and Fentanyl (MMF), each of which can be antagonized by a specific antagonist. Later in their adulthood, we found that adult mice, that received the MMF-induced anesthesia, combined with virus-injected into the brain at postnatal day 2, showed similar performance in all behavioral tasks tested, including tasks for motor coordination, anxiety-related tasks, and spatial memory when compared to adult naïve littermates. This demonstrates that MMF anesthesia could be safely applied to mice for neonatal viral transduction at P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannan Tang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,GliaLab and Letten Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Uwe Zillmann
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Abade dos Santos FA, Carvalho CL, Peleteiro MC, Gabriel SI, Patrício R, Carvalho J, Cunha MV, Duarte MD. Blood collection from the external jugular vein of Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus sedated with midazolam: live sampling of a subspecies at risk. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Abade dos Santos
- F. A. Abade dos Santos, (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-7322) ✉ and M. C. Peleteiro, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ. de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T
| | - Carina L. Carvalho
- FAAS, C. Carvalho, M. V. Cunha and M. D. Duarte, Inst. Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Peleteiro
- F. A. Abade dos Santos, (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-7322) ✉ and M. C. Peleteiro, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ. de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T
| | - Sofia Isabel Gabriel
- S. I. Gabriel, CESAM – Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Depto de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Univ. de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Patrício
- R. Patrício, AllPets-Clínica Veterinária de Tires, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- J. Carvalho, Associação Nacional de Proprietários e Rurais, Gestão Cinegética e Biodiversidade (ANPC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica V. Cunha
- FAAS, C. Carvalho, M. V. Cunha and M. D. Duarte, Inst. Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida D. Duarte
- FAAS, C. Carvalho, M. V. Cunha and M. D. Duarte, Inst. Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia, Oeiras, Portugal
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Cardoso CG, Ayer IM, Jorge AT, Honsho CS, Mattos-Junior E. A comparative study of the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of a single intramuscular dose of ketamine anesthetic combinations in rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:177-182. [PMID: 31812610 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study was compare the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of ketamine in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine, injected intramuscularly in rabbits, using eight one-year-old male New Zealand rabbits (4.1 ± 0.40 kg). All treatments included ketamine (K; 30 mg/kg) in combination with one of the following: acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg (treatment KA); diazepam 1 mg/kg (KD); dexmedetomidine 0.025 mg/kg (KDex); midazolam 1 mg/kg (KM); or xylazine 3 mg/kg (KX) mixed in the same syringe and injected intramuscularly. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases and sedative scores were measured before injection (T0 or baseline) and every 10 min thereafter, over a 60-min period. There were reductions in heart rate, compared with the baseline, at all evaluation times in treatment KX. Treatments KDex, KM and KX presented reductions in respiratory rate at all evaluation times, in comparison with the baseline. There were reductions in mean arterial pressure in KA and KX at times T10-T60 and in PaO2 in KDex, KM and KX at T10-T50. The sedation scores were similar in KA, KDex, KM and KX at T10-T20. Ketamine in combination with acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine promoted similar sedative effects for twenty minutes, but the α2-agonists can promote hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse G Cardoso
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilan M Ayer
- Centro Universitário Una, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana T Jorge
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Honsho
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Ewaldo Mattos-Junior
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil.
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Comparison of Systemic Effects of Midazolam, Ketamine, and Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Rabbits. J Vet Res 2019; 63:275-283. [PMID: 31276068 PMCID: PMC6598192 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical doses of anaesthetic agents were administered to rabbits and effects on the brain, heart, and liver were investigated biochemically and histopathologically. Material and Methods The rabbits were randomly divided into three main groups (16 rabbits each) and each group into study (n = 8) and control (n = 8) groups. All study group rabbits received 3 mg/kg of midazolam (M) intramuscularly. Group 1.1 (M) received nothing further, group 2.1 (MK) also received 25 mg/kg of ketamine, and group 3.1 (MKI) besides ketamine was also given 2% isoflurane to induce anaesthesia for 30 min. NaCl solution in the same volume as midazolam and ketamine was injected into the controls. Results In clinical evaluation significant differences were detected in respiratory and heart rates. In blood gas analysis the PO2 and PCO2 values showed statistical differences in anaesthesia intervals. Significant biochemical value changes were recorded in creatine kinase-Mb, glucose, and total protein. Histopathological liver examinations revealed higher total apoptotic and normal cell numbers in the MK than in the M and MKI groups. Apoptotic cell numbers were statistically significant in M and MK groups. Conclusion Anaesthetic agents may increase programmed apoptosis. The MKI anaesthetics combination was found to cause less cell destruction in general than the other study groups. It was indicated that MKI was the safer anaesthetic combination in rabbits.
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13
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Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Matsuo H, Kajitani N, Saito Y. Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol and antagonism by atipamezole in rabbits. Exp Anim 2019; 68:443-452. [PMID: 31092746 PMCID: PMC6842807 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID), and butorphanol (BUT) mixed anesthetic (MMB) has
been used in laboratory animals since ketamine (KET) was designated as a narcotic in Japan
in 2007. We previously reported that MMB produced anesthetic effects in mice and rats. We
also demonstrated the efficacy of atipamezole (ATI), an antagonist of MED produced a quick
recovery from anesthesia. Anesthetics have various anesthetic effects among different
animal species. However, there is little information regarding its effects in rabbits. In
the present study, we examined anesthetic effects of MMB compared to KET and xylazine
mixed anesthetic (KX). We examined the antagonistic effects of ATI by intramuscular (IM)
or intravenous (IV) injection in rabbits. We used the anesthetic score to measure surgical
anesthetic duration and recovery time from anesthesia. During the experiments, we measured
heart rate, respiratory rate, O2-saturation, and blood pressure. We found there
were no significant differences in anesthetic duration and recovery time between MMB and
KX. There were no significant differences in heart rate after administration of MMB or KX.
Systolic blood pressure at 10 min after administration of MMB was higher than that of KX.
The antagonistic effect of ATI by IV injection worked faster than that by IM injection.
Overall, MMB is a useful drug that can induce similar anesthetic effects to KX and has an
antagonist of ATI that makes rabbits quickly recover from anesthesia. These results may
contribute to the welfare of laboratory animals, especially rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kirihara
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takechi
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kurosaki
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuo
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yoji Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Naser AI. The effect of the new hemostatic agent Ostene® on bone healing: An experimental study in rabbits. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2018.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ostene® is a water-soluble wax-like alkylene oxide copolymer preparation for use as a mechanical hemostatic agent. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Ostene® on bone healing. Materials and Methods: Twenty albino rabbits were divided into four groups according to post-treatment follow-up (24 hr, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days) with five rabbits in each group. Each rabbit in all groups was treated with two study materials (Ostene® and Gelfoam®). Three holes were made in the mandibular bone of each rabbit using 5mm surgical bur; two holes were made on right side: one for testing Ostene® and another for Gelfoam®. A third hole, on the left side of mandible, was not treated, and was used as a control. Finally, the incision was closed. The specimens were collected at different days post-treatment and examined by histopathology. Result and Discussion: This study showed that there is a significant difference (p-value≤ 0.05) between the Ostene® group and the other groups (Gelfoam® and control). At 24 hr post intervention, there is a significant difference in osteoblast cell formation (p-value=0.03), and osteoclast cell formation (p-value=0.05). New blood vessel formation, osteoblast and osteoclast cell formation for Ostene® group at 3 days post-intervention were also significantly different (p-values = 0.05, 0.03, 0.04, respectively). At 7 days post-intervention p-values were 0.05 for osteoblast formation and 0.04 for osteoclast formation, respectively. After 14 days of healing p-value for osteoblast cell formation in the Ostene® group was 0.05 and 0.04 for osteoclast cell formation. Conclusions: The bone hemostatic agent Ostene® is an effective at enhancing osteogenesis by initiating proliferation of osteoblast and osteoclast cells.
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Lee HW, Machin H, Adami C. Peri-anaesthetic mortality and nonfatal gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits: a retrospective study on 210 cases. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:520-528. [PMID: 29759902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the associated risk factors of peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS A total of 185 pet rabbits admitted to the Exotic Referal Service of Beaumont Sainsbury's Animal Hospital over the period 2009-2016. METHODS The clinical records of the rabbits were obtained from the database. To evaluate the incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality, three possible outcomes were considered: alive, dead or euthanized within the 72 hours following the anaesthetic event. Food intake and stool production during the first 72 hours following the anaesthetic event were evaluated to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications. Thereafter, various hypothesized risk factors, including administration of alpha-2 agonists, body weight, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification and endotracheal intubation were tested against peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications, with both univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. RESULTS Twenty-five out of 185 rabbits underwent two anaesthetic events; therefore, data from 210 cases were used. Of these 210 cases, six died during sedation or general anaesthesia and four (one of which euthanized) died during the first 72 postoperative hours, accounting for an actual mortality rate equal to 4.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.025-0.086). Peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications developed in 77 (38%) out of the 204 anaesthetic events whose outcome was not intraoperative death (95% confidence interval, 0.314-0.446). Species-specific risk factors could not be identified for peri-anaesthetic mortality; however, the odds for post-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications increased significantly with body weight (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings confirm that rabbits continue to have a higher incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality than dogs and cats, and highlight a high risk for nonfatal peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi W Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Hanna Machin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Tuval A, Las L, Shilo-Benjamini Y. Evaluation of injectable anaesthesia with five medetomidine-midazolam based combinations in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Lab Anim 2018; 52:515-525. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677218756456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Egyptian fruit bats are increasingly used as model animals in neuroscience research. Our aim was to characterize suitable injectable anaesthesia for this species, possibly replacing inhalant anaesthesia, thus minimizing occupational health hazards. Eight bats were randomly assigned by a crossover design for subcutaneously administered combinations of medetomidine-midazolam with: saline (MM-Sal), ketamine (MM-Ket), fentanyl (MM-Fen), morphine (MM-Mor), or butorphanol (MM-But). The anaesthetic depth and vital signs were monitored at baseline and every 10 min until bats recovered. If after 180 min the bats did not recover, atipamezole was administered. Mean induction times were 7–11.5 min with all combinations. Twitching during induction was common. All combinations produced anaesthesia, with significantly decreased heart rate (from 400 to 200 bpm) and respiratory rate (from 120–140 to 36–65 rpm). Arrhythmia and irregular breathing patterns occurred. MM-Fen, MM-Mor, and MM-But depressed respiration significantly more than MM-Sal. Time to first movement with MM-Ket and MM-But lasted significantly longer than with MM-Sal. Recovery time was significantly shorter in the MM-Sal (88 min) in comparison to all other treatments, and it was significantly longer in the MM-But (159 min), with atipamezole administered to four of the eight bats. In conclusion, all five anaesthetic protocols are suitable for Egyptian fruit bats; MM-Ket produces long anaesthesia and minimal respiratory depression, but cannot be antagonized completely. MM-Fen, MM-Mor, and MM-But depress respiration, but are known to produce good analgesia, and can be fully antagonized. Administration of atipamezole following the use of MM-But in Egyptian fruit bats is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Tuval
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Liora Las
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
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Schmitz S, Tacke S, Guth B, Henke J. Comparison of Physiological Parameters and Anaesthesia Specific Observations during Isoflurane, Ketamine-Xylazine or Medetomidine-Midazolam-Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Male Guinea Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161258. [PMID: 27658033 PMCID: PMC5033476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs (GPs) are difficult to anaesthetize successfully, the choices for anaesthesia are limited and physiological parameters are likely to be influenced substantially under anaesthesia. We implanted blood pressure radio-telemetry devices into 16 male GPs and subjected them to anaesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (KX), medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF) or isoflurane (Iso, plus atropine premedication) in a randomized order with a 7 day interval between anaesthesias. Each anaesthesia lasted 40min, after which Iso was discontinued, MMF was fully antagonized with atipamezole-flumazenil-naloxone and KX was partially antagonized with atipamezole. Hemodynamics were recorded continuously for at least 240min after induction and the GPs were monitored for respiratory rate, reflex responses and specific observations until regaining of their righting reflex (RR). Blood for glucose testing was taken from the ear at 7.5, 20 and 40min during anaesthesia. Recovery time was short with MMF and Iso but long for KX. MMF induced only a transient blood pressure drop after antagonization, whereas Iso caused a marked hypotension during maintenance and KX led to moderate hypotension after antagonization. MMF and Iso produced tolerable heart rate changes, but KX led to long term post-anaesthetic bradycardia. Hypothermia occurred with all anaesthesias, but the GPs returned to normothermia the fastest under MMF, followed shortly by Iso. KX, however, caused a profound and prolonged hypothermia. The respiration was depressed with all anaesthesias, substantially with MMF (-41%) and KX (-52%) and severe during Iso maintenance (-71%). Blood glucose with MMF and KX increased throughout the anaesthesia, but the values remained within reference values with all anaesthetics. The reflex responses character and strength varied between the anaesthetics. In conclusion, MMF is the anaesthetic of choice and Iso may be used for short, non-painful procedures. We advise against the use of KX in GPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schmitz
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animal-Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Brian Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Julia Henke
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Santangelo B, Micieli F, Mozzillo T, Reynaud F, Marino F, Auletta L, Vesce G. Transnasal administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol produces deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:209-14. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uzun M, Kiraz HA, Ovali MA, Sahin H, Erbas M, Toman H. The investigation of airway management capacity of v-gel and cobra-PLA in anaesthetised rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:80-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502015001000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Albrecht M, Henke J, Tacke S, Markert M, Guth B. Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:198. [PMID: 25149627 PMCID: PMC4363998 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated effects on cardiovascular parameters during anaesthesia with isoflurane (ISO, 2-3 Vol%), ketamine-xylazine (KX, 100 mg•kg(-1) + 5 mg•kg(-1)) or a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF, 0.15 mg•kg(-1) + 2.0 mg•kg(-1) + 0.005 mg•kg(-1)) in rats throughout induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia. Rats were instrumented with a telemetric system for the measurement of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), pulse pressure (PP), heart rate (HR) and core body temperature (BT). The parameters were continuously measured before, during and after each type of anaesthesia. Forty minutes after induction, ISO delivery was terminated and MMF was antagonized with atipamezole-flumazenil-naloxone (AFN, 0.75 mg•kg(-1) + 0.2 mg•kg(-1) + 0.12 mg•kg(-1)) whereas KX was not antagonized. RESULTS Differences were observed between anaesthesias with KX (301 min) lasting much longer than MMF (45 min) and ISO (43 min). HR in ISO ([Formula: see text] = 404 ± 25 bpm) increased during the time of surgical tolerance whereas a HR decrease was observed in KX ([Formula: see text] = 255 ± 26 bpm) and MMF ([Formula: see text] = 209 ± 24 bpm). In ISO (MAP during time of surgical tolerance: [Formula: see text] = 89 ± 12.3 mmHg) and KX (MAP during wake-up period: [Formula: see text] = 84 ± 8.5 mmHg) mild hypotensive values were observed, whereas blood pressure (BP) in MMF (MAP during time of surgical tolerance: [Formula: see text] = 138 ± 9.9 mmHg) increased. Despite keeping animals on a warming pad, a loss of BT of about 1°C was seen in all groups. Additionally, we observed a peaked increase of HR ([Formula: see text] = 445 ± 20 bpm) during the wake-up period with ISO and an increase of PP ([Formula: see text] = 59 ± 8.5 mmHg) in MMF during the time of surgical tolerance. CONCLUSION The anaesthesias influenced very differently the cardiovascular parameters measured in Wistar rats. ISO caused mild hypotension and increased HR whereas MMF produced a marked hypertension and a significant decrease of HR. The slightest alterations of BP, HR and BT were observed using KX, but the long wake-up and recovery period suggest the need for prolonged monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Albrecht
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Henke
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals-Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Str. 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Brian Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
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Navarrete-Calvo R, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Morgaz J, Manuel Domínguez J, Fernández-Sarmiento A, Muñoz-Rascón P, López Villalba I, Del Mar Granados M. Cardiorespiratory, anaesthetic and recovery effects of morphine combined with medetomidine and alfaxalone in rabbits. Vet Rec 2014; 174:95. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Navarrete-Calvo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - R. J. Gómez-Villamandos
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - J. Morgaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - J. Manuel Domínguez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - A. Fernández-Sarmiento
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - P. Muñoz-Rascón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - I. López Villalba
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - M. Del Mar Granados
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Scholl of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
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Pasolini MP, Lamagna B, Meomartino L, Mennonna G, Auletta L, Esposito L, Cuomo A. Acepromazine-dexmedetomidine-ketamine for injectable anaesthesia in captive European brown hares (Lepus europaeus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:610-4. [PMID: 23782674 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a combination of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine and ketamine (ADK) on induction and recovery from anaesthesia, and on physiological parameters in hares undergoing non-invasive procedures. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Sixteen European hares (Lepus europaeus), seven males and nine females, aged (mean ± SD) 3.25 ± 0.9 months and weight 2.1 ± 0.6 kg. METHODS Acepromazine 1% (A), dexmedetomidine 0.05% (D) and ketamine 5% (K) were mixed and given intramuscularly (IM) at 0.25 mL kg(-1), representing 10 mg kg(-1) K, 0.25 mg kg(-1) A, 12.5 μg kg(-1) D. If the righting reflex was present after four minutes, a second injection of 0.15 mL kg(-1) (6 mg kg(-1) K, 0.15 mg kg(-1) A, 7.5 μg kg(-1) D) was administered IM. Surgical anaesthesia was judged as present when righting, palpebral, ear-pinch and pedal withdrawal reflexes were absent. Anaesthetized hares were tagged, and underwent blood sampling and ocular ultrasound examination. Physiological parameters were recorded every ten minutes, and were compared by Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS A single dose induced loss of righting reflex in 11/16 (69%) hares within four minutes; the second dose was effective in the remaining hares. Ten minutes after the loss of the righting reflex, a surgical plane of anaesthesia was present in all hares. Sleep time to regaining righting reflex was 34 ± 11 (range 21-62) minutes and recovery was calm. Although there were some statistical differences over time, cardiovascular parameters remained within an acceptable range but there was respiratory depression and hares were hypoxemic. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ADK mixture produced a smooth and rapid induction of anaesthesia, a low incidence of untoward side effects and full recovery after four hours. Supplementary oxygen might be advisable if a deeper plane of anaesthesia was required. Chemical restraint was adequate to perform non-invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Pasolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Studies of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Wessely-Szponder J, Szponder T. Comparison of the effects of two anaesthetic combinations in rabbits on some neutrophil functions in vitro. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2010.8414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Oh SS, Hayes JM, Sims-Robinson C, Sullivan KA, Feldman EL. The effects of anesthesia on measures of nerve conduction velocity in male C57Bl6/J mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 483:127-31. [PMID: 20691755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models, particularly mice, are used extensively to investigate neurological diseases. Basic research regarding animal models of human neurological disease requires that the animals exhibit hall mark characteristics of the disease. These include disease specific anatomical, metabolic and behavioral changes. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is the predominant method used to assess peripheral nerve health. Normative data adjusted for age, gender and height is available for human patients; however, these data are not available for most rodents including mice. NCV may be affected by animal age and size, body temperature, stimulus strength and anesthesia. While the effects of temperature, age and size are documented, the direct and indirect effects of anesthesia on NCV are not well reported. Our laboratory is primarily concerned with animal models of diabetic neuropathy (DN) and uses NCV to confirm the presence of neuropathy. To ensure that subtle changes in NCV are reliably assayed and not directly or indirectly affected by anesthesia, we compared the effects of 4 commonly used anesthetics, isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, sodium pentobarbital and 2-2-2 tribromoethanol on NCV in a commonly used rodent model, the C57Bl6/J mouse. Our results indicate that of the anesthetics tested, isoflurane has minimal impact on NCV and is the safest, most effective method of anesthesia. Our data strongly suggest that isoflurane should become the anesthetic of choice when performing NCV on murine models of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Su Oh
- University of Michigan, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Schlosser S, Spanholtz T, Merz K, Dennler C, Banic A, Erni D, Plock JA. The Choice of Anesthesia Influences Oxidative Energy Metabolism and Tissue Survival in Critically Ischemic Murine Skin. J Surg Res 2010; 162:308-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Murphy KL, Roughan JV, Baxter MG, Flecknell PA. Anaesthesia with a combination of ketamine and medetomidine in the rabbit: effect of premedication with buprenorphine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:222-9. [PMID: 20230555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of premedication with buprenorphine on the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with ketamine/medetomidine. STUDY DESIGN Prospective crossover laboratory study. ANIMALS Six female New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS Rabbits received, on occasions separated by 7 days, either buprenorphine (0.03 mg kg(-1)) or saline subcutaneously (SC) as premedication, followed 1 hour later by SC ketamine (15 mg kg(-1)) and medetomidine (0.25 mg kg(-1)) (K/M). At pre-determined time points reflex responses and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded and arterial blood samples taken for analysis. Total sleep time was the duration of loss of the righting reflex. Duration of surgical anaesthesia was the time of suppression of the ear pinch and pedal withdrawal reflexes. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used to compare data before (T(0)) and 10 minutes after (T(10)) injection with K/M. RESULTS All animals lost all three reflex responses within 10 minutes of injection of K/M. The duration of loss of these reflexes significantly increased in animals that received buprenorphine. At induction, animals that had received buprenorphine tended to have a lower respiration rate but there were no significant differences in arterial PCO(2), PO(2) or pH between treatments. Hypoxaemia [median PaO(2) < 6.0 kPa (45 mmHg)] developed in both treatments at T(10) but there was no significant difference between treatments. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower at T(10) in animals that had received buprenorphine. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Premedication with buprenorphine significantly increased the duration of anaesthesia induced by K/M, with no significant depression of respiration further to the control treatment within the first 10 minutes of anaesthesia. The MAP decreased but this was not reflected in a difference in other physiological parameters. These data show that premedication with buprenorphine, before K/M anaesthesia in the rabbit, has few negative effects and may provide beneficial analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Murphy
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
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Cruz FSF, Carregaro AB, Raiser AG, Zimmerman M, Lukarsewski R, Steffen RPB. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and S(+)-ketamine in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:116-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grint NJ, Murison PJ. A comparison of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:113-21. [PMID: 18179655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare ketamine-midazolam (KMZ) and ketamine-medetomidine (KMT) anaesthesia in rabbits using anaesthetic induction, maintenance and recovery data. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, blinded clinical trial. ANIMALS Fifty rabbits (25 male, 25 female) of different breeds undergoing ovariohysterectomy or castration. Rabbits were 12.7 +/- 9.8 months old with body mass 2.24 +/- 0.61 kg. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, blinded clinical trial. METHODS Ketamine (15 mg kg(-1)) and midazolam (3 mg kg(-1)) or medetomidine (0.25 mg kg(-1)) were administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. Ten minutes after IM injection, blind intubation of the trachea was attempted. The time taken, the number of attempts and a subjective score of the ease of intubation were recorded. Isoflurane (range 0-3.6%) in 100% oxygen was delivered via a Jackson Rees modification of an Ayre's T-piece non-rebreathing system. Carprofen (3 mg kg(-1)) and dextrose saline (5 mL kg(-1) hour(-1)) were administered intravenously (IV). During surgery heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO(2)) were monitored. Times to extubation and first head lift were recorded. Group KMT received atipamezole (0.5 mg kg(-1)) IM 30 minutes after discontinuation of isoflurane. Activity was scored at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after volatile agent discontinuation. Mean time to loss of righting reflex (LRR), body mass, RR and vaporizer setting were compared using a two-tailed t-test. Median values for all other data were compared using a Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Mean time to LRR (+/-SD) was significantly shorter with KMT (1.64 +/- 0.55 minutes) compared with KMZ (2.28 +/- 0.66 minutes). Intubation was not possible in seven rabbits (three with KMT, four with KMZ) and three with KMT developed laryngospasm. Mean HR, SpO(2) and vaporizer settings were all significantly lower in group KMT. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE KMT has a faster onset of action and a greater isoflurane-sparing effect when compared with KMZ. Rabbits with KMT were more prone to laryngospasm and had significantly lower HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Grint
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Grint NJ, Murison PJ. Peri-operative body temperatures in isoflurane-anaesthetized rabbits following ketamine-midazolam or ketamine-medetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2007; 34:181-9. [PMID: 17444931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate alterations in peri-operative body temperatures and oesophageal-skin temperatures in isoflurane-anaesthetized rabbits following either ketamine-midazolam or ketamine-medetomidine induction of anaesthesia. ANIMAL POPULATION Fifty client-owned rabbits, (25 male, 25 female) of different breeds anaesthetized for elective neutering (age range: 3-42 months; mass range: 1.15-4.3 kg). STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded clinical study. METHODS Pre-anaesthetic rectal temperature was measured. A 24 SWG catheter was placed in a marginal ear vein after local anaesthesia. Ketamine (15 mg kg(-1)) with medetomidine (0.25 mg kg(-1)) (group KMT) or with midazolam (3 mg kg(-1)) (group KMZ) was injected intramuscularly (IM). Following endotracheal intubation anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Carprofen (3 mg kg(-1)) and glucose saline (5 mL kg(-1) hour(-1)) were administered through the intravenous catheter. Room temperature and humidity, skin temperature (from tip of pinna) and oesophageal temperature were measured during anaesthesia. Ovariohysterectomy or castration was performed. Rectal temperature was taken when isoflurane was discontinued (time zero) and 30, 60 and 120 minutes thereafter. Atipamezole (0.5 mg kg(-1)) was administered IM to rabbits in group KMT at zero plus 30 minutes. Mass, averaged room temperature and duration of anaesthesia data were compared using a two-tailed t-test. Age, averaged room humidity, rectal temperature decrease, oesophageal temperature decrease and oesophageal-skin difference data were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The averaged oesophageal-skin temperature difference was significantly greater in group KMT [median 9.85 degrees C (range 6.42-13.85 degrees C)] than in group KMZ [4.38 degrees C (2.83-10.43 degrees C)]. Rectal temperature decreased over the anaesthetic period was not significantly different between the two groups; however, oesophageal temperature decrease was significantly less in group KMT [1.1 degrees C (-0.1-+2.7 degrees C)] than in group KMZ [1.4 degrees C (0.6-3.1 degrees C)]. CONCLUSIONS Oesophageal-skin temperature difference is larger in rabbits anaesthetized with ketamine-medetomidine combination than ketamine-midazolam. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The oesophageal temperature in rabbits anaesthetized with ketamine-medetomidine and isoflurane decreases significantly less than in animals anaesthetized with ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane, during anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Grint
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Partially antagonisable anaesthesia of the small hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) with medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeas.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fontes-Sousa APN, Brás-Silva C, Moura C, Areias JC, Leite-Moreira AF. M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values for male New Zealand white rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1725-9. [PMID: 17014323 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values in healthy New Zealand white rabbits. ANIMALS 52 healthy male rabbits. PROCEDURES The rabbits were anesthetized and M-mode measurements of the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta and Doppler measurements of pulmonary and aortic outflow and mitral inflow were recorded. RESULTS Mean +/- SD heart rate during echocardiographic examination was 155 +/- 29 beats/min. Mean +/- SD measurements in diastole and systole for the interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular free wall thickness were 2.03 +/- 0.37 mm and 3.05 +/- 0.45 mm; 14.37 +/- 1.49 mm and 10.25 +/- 1.22 mm; and 2.16 +/- 0.25 and 3.48 +/- 0.55 mm, respectively. Mean +/- SD left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio was 1.17 +/- 0.14, and mean +/- SD mitral valve E-point-to-septal separation interval was 1.71 +/- 0.29 mm. Mean +/- SD for fractional shortening and ejection fraction were 30.13 +/- 2.98% and 61.29 +/- 4.66%, respectively. Mean +/- SD maximal aortic and pulmonary artery outflow velocities were 0.85 +/- 0.11 m/s and 0.59 +/- 0.10 m/s, respectively, and the peak E-to-peak A wave velocity ratio of the mitral valve was 2.19 +/- 0.46. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provide echocardiographic reference values for young adult male New Zealand white rabbits anesthetized with ketamine and medetomidine. Values obtained from unanesthetized rabbits, rabbits sedated with other agents, or rabbits of different size may differ from those reported here.
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