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Haralambus R, Juri M, Mokry A, Jenner F. The impact of opioid administration on the incidence of postanaesthetic colic in horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1347548. [PMID: 38440199 PMCID: PMC10910105 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1347548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective management of postoperative pain is essential to ensure patient welfare, reduce morbidity and optimize recovery. Opioids are effective in managing moderate to severe pain in horses but concerns over their adverse effects on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and associated increased colic risk limit their widespread use. Studies investigating the impact of systemic opioids on both GI motility and colic incidence in horses have yielded inconclusive outcomes. Therefore, this retrospective study aims to assess the influence of systemic administration of butorphanol, morphine, and methadone on post-anaesthetic colic (PAC) incidence. Horses undergoing general anaesthesia for non-gastrointestinal procedures that were hospitalized for at least 72 h post-anaesthesia were included in this study. Anaesthetised horses were stratified by procedure type into horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgical intervention, emergency or elective surgery. In addition, patients were grouped by opioid treatment regime into horses receiving no opioids, intraanaesthetic, short- (<24 h) or long-term (>24 h) postoperative opioids. Administered opioids encompassed butorphanol, morphine and methadone. The number of horses showing signs of colic in the 72 h after anaesthesia was assessed for each group. A total of 782 horses were included, comprising 659 undergoing surgical procedures and 123 undergoing diagnostic imaging. The overall PAC incidence was 15.1%. Notably, horses undergoing diagnostic imaging without surgery had a significantly lower PAC rate of 6.5% compared to those undergoing surgery (16.7%, p = 0.0146). Emergency surgeries had a significantly lower PAC rate of 5.8% compared to elective procedures (18%, p = 0.0113). Of the 782 horses, 740 received intraoperative opioids and 204 postoperative opioids, 102 of which long-term (≥24 h). Neither intraoperative (p = 0.4243) nor short-term postoperative opioids (p = 0.5744) increased PAC rates. Notably, only the long-term (≥24 h) administration of morphine significantly increased PAC incidence to 34% (p = 0.0038). In contrast, long-term butorphanol (5.3% PAC, p = 0.8482) and methadone (18.4% PAC, p = 0.6161) did not affect PAC rates. In summary, extended morphine administration was the only opioid treatment associated with a significantly increased risk of PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Haralambus
- Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Florien Jenner
- Equine Surgery Unit, University Equine Hospital, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hoeberg E, Haga HA, Lervik A. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous morphine in anesthetized horse. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1007345. [PMID: 36225800 PMCID: PMC9549263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1007345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether morphine causes a change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) heart rate (HR) and oxygen extraction (OE) rate in healthy horses anesthetized with isoflurane and a dexmedetomidine infusion. Material and methods The study design was prospective clinical, randomized, blinded two groups including 33 horses. All horses were sedated with romifidine IV, and anesthesia was induced with midazolam IV and ketamine IV and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and medical air and a dexmedetomidine infusion. As a baseline venous and arterial blood, HR and MAP were sampled. Thereafter either morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 IV or an equivalent volume of NaCl 0.9% IV was administered. HR and MAP were then further sampled for 5 min before venous and arterial blood was again sampled. OE was calculated based upon arterial and venous blood gas analysis. To evaluate the change in minimum MAP, mean HR, and OE, the differences between baseline and observation period values were further termed delta MAP, delta HR, and delta OE. Individual delta MAPs were normalized to the minimum baseline value and are reported as a percentage. Alpha was set to 0.05. Confidence intervals 95% (CI) were calculated for delta MAP, delta HR, and delta OE within groups, and for the difference between groups. Results The 95% CIs for delta MAP (%), delta HR (min−1), and delta OE (mL/dL) in the morphine group were −20.5 to −9.0, 0.6 to 3.1, and −0.1 to 0.6 and in the placebo group were −17.4 to −10.1, 0.2 to 2.0, and −0.2 to 0.3, respectively. The 95% CI for the differences in delta MAP (%), delta HR (min−1), and delta OE (mL/dL) were −5.5 to 7.6, −2.3 to 0.7, and −0.7 to 0.2, respectively. The minimum MAP of one horse in the morphine group decreased around 50% between baseline and observation period with almost unchanged OE and HR. Conclusion and clinical relevance The effects of morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 IV on HR, MAP, and OE in healthy horses anesthetized with isoflurane and a CRI of dexmedetomidine are minimal.
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Lloyd F, Dixon C, Kropf J, Murison P, Bellitto N. Suspected severe post‐anaesthetic myopathy or myelopathy in a Clydesdale horse resulting in euthanasia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Lloyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Claire Dixon
- Glasgow Equine Hospital, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Josephine Kropf
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Pamela Murison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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d'Anselme O, Robel M, Schwarzwald C, Ringer SK. Anaesthesia management of transvenous implantation of a single‐chamber, rate‐adaptive pacemaker in a donkey with high‐grade second and third degree atrioventricular block. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia d'Anselme
- Section of Anaesthesiology Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Robel
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Colin Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simone Katja Ringer
- Section of Anaesthesiology Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:219-261. [PMID: 34668220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recovery phase after equine general anaesthesia (GA) is a time of considerable risk and therefore has been the subject of extensive research over the last 20 years. Various pharmacological interventions have been developed and studied with the objective of improving recovery quality and reducing anaesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, some controversy remains regarding the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality from GA and its implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. A systematic review of the literature investigating the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality is currently lacking. OBJECTIVES To perform a detailed evaluation of the equine veterinary literature investigating the effect of anaesthetic protocol choice on equine recovery quality utilising the GRADE framework. STUDY DESIGN A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature was performed using the GRADE framework. METHODS A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. RESULTS A total of 124 studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality after GA in horses. Evaluation of the available evidence indicated that certain partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality. MAIN LIMITATIONS The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to indicate that certain PIVA agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality.
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Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of risk factors and influence of interventions during the recovery period. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:201-218. [PMID: 34537994 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In equine anaesthesia, the recovery period is a time of considerable risk and has been the focus of prolific research. Risk factors, including age, type and duration of procedure or temperament may influence recovery quality. Unfortunately, the anaesthetist is unable to control for these factors, therefore various pharmacological interventions and recovery methods have been developed with the objective of improving recovery quality. However, no consensus among anaesthetists has been reached for many of these interventions and their implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review of the published evidence relating to risk factors and interventions in the recovery period which may influence recovery quality from equine general anaesthesia (GA). STUDY DESIGN A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature using the GRADE framework. METHODS A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of risk factors and recovery interventions on recovery quality after equine GA. There was evidence to support that peri-anaesthetic risk factors such as anaesthesia duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status and surgical procedure influenced recovery quality. We also identified sufficient evidence that administration of α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists immediately prior to recovery, improves recovery quality. MAIN LIMITATIONS The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS Recovery quality is influenced by factors including: anaesthesia duration, ASA physical status and surgical procedure. Recovery quality can be improved by the administration of an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist immediately prior to recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Filipe Louro
- School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
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Loomes K, Jopling P. Anaesthetic management of 10 horses undergoing cervical intervertebral body fusion ‘wobbler surgery’. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Accelerometric Evaluation of the Locomotor Pattern After Administration of Morphine in Conscious Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103701. [PMID: 34416984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare, using accelerometry, the gait changes produced after administration of a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine at the walk in healthy horses. Six mature horses were used, and all animals received two different treatments with, at least, two weeks interval in between. Treatments administered consisted of a single dose of 10 ml of saline solution or a total of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine diluted in 10 ml of saline solution. A three-dimensional accelerometric device was used to collect data continuously while horses were walking. The walking test was performed 10 min prior to injection, and then at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after injection and then every 10 min for 3 h. Eight variables were calculated including stride kinematic, coordination and energetic parameters. Additionally, the force of acceleration and three components of the power were calculated. Significant interaction was only observed for stride length, propulsion power and the propulsive part of the total power with a reduction in values after morphine administration. Compared to baseline values, stride length values were significantly reduced for 80 min and again 110 min after injection of the opioid and at 5, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min in the case of propulsion power values. For the propulsion component of power, these differences were observed for 20 min when compared to baseline values. The administration of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine to conscious healthy horses produces limited effects on the gait pattern of horses and the effects on locomotor activity are minimal at this dose, not being an important concern for the administration of analgesia in a clinical setting.
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Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061777. [PMID: 34198637 PMCID: PMC8232193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the available literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses. This type of review tries to minimise the risk of bias inherent to narrative reviews/expert opinions. Abstract Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.
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de Miguel Garcia C, Campoy L, Parry S, Miller JE, Martin-Flores M, Gleed RD. Questionnaire on the process of recovering horses from general anesthesia and associated personnel injury in equine practice. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:223-229. [PMID: 33536139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To collect data about the current practice of recovering horses from general anesthesia and recovery personnel safety. STUDY DESIGN Online survey. METHODS An online questionnaire, including questions on general demographic data, recovery drugs, modality and characteristics of equine recovery and morbidity and mortality, was designed and distributed via e-mail to equine practitioners worldwide. RESULTS Practitioners from 22 countries completed 373 questionnaires; 53% of the participants were board-certified equine surgeons, and the remainder were board-certified anesthesiologists (18%), large animal residents (8%), general practitioners (7%), large animal interns (6%), anesthesia residents (4.5%) and veterinary technicians (1.6%). Respondents were employed by academia (58%) or private practice (42%). Of the respondents employed at a university, 93% had a board-certified anesthesiologist on staff compared with 7% of respondents employed at a private practice. Most of the respondents assist horses during recovery, with 23% assisting every recovery and 44% assisting recovery in the majority of cases. Reasons for choosing to assist horses during recovery were: orthopedic procedures (57%), neurological deficits (49%), bad health (47%), history of poor recovery (44%), foals (42%), draft breeds (30%), magnetic resonance imaging (17%) and computed tomography (16%). Unacceptable recoveries were reported by 77% of participants. Commonly reported complications during recovery with any method were: orthopedic injury (66%), myopathy (54%), skin abrasion (53%) and airway obstruction (37%). The incidences of unacceptable quality of recovery (p = 0.09) or personnel injury (p = 0.56) were not different between assisted and nonassisted recoveries; however, more equine fatalities were reported for assisted recoveries (p < 0.006). Practitioners in academia reported more unacceptable recoveries (p < 0.0007) and personnel injuries (p < 0.002) compared with those in private practice. CONCLUSIONS The method of recovery differs among hospitals. Recovery personnel injuries associated with assisting horses during recovery are an important and previously unreported finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Miguel Garcia
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luis Campoy
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Stephen Parry
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julia E Miller
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Martin-Flores
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robin D Gleed
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Louro LF, Milner PI, Bardell D. Epidural administration of opioid analgesics improves quality of recovery in horses anaesthetised for treatment of hindlimb synovial sepsis. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:682-689. [PMID: 32852063 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid epidural analgesia has been shown to provide effective analgesia in horses. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of opioid epidural analgesia on quality of recovery in horses. OBJECTIVES Identify whether opioid epidural analgesia influences quality of recovery in horses undergoing general anaesthesia required for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis. STUDY DESIGN Single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Data were obtained from the clinical records of horses which had undergone arthroscopic or tenoscopic surgery for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis over a 9-year period in a referral hospital population. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the perioperative factors that impact on quality of recovery. RESULTS Records from 149 horses, undergoing 170 general anaesthetics were included. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that opioid epidural analgesia (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 7.2, P = .02) was associated with good quality of recovery, whereas Cob breeds (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.46, P = .001), age (in years) (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.97, P = .004) increasing intraoperative dosages (in mg/kg) of thiopental (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90, P = .01) or ketamine (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.98, P = .04) were associated with poor quality of recovery. MAIN LIMITATIONS Certain variables that may influence quality of recovery, such as patient temperament and hindlimb orthopaedic co-morbidities were not recorded. The clinical prediction model obtained is only applicable to the specific facilities, population and perianaesthetic management practiced at our institution. CONCLUSIONS Opioid epidural analgesia is significantly associated with good quality of recovery in horses undergoing general anaesthesia required for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis. Other risk factors, such as increasing age, cob breed, use of higher intraoperative dosages (in mg/kg) of ketamine and/or thiopental, were associated with poor quality of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Louro
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Peter I Milner
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - David Bardell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Liverpool, UK
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Grubb TL, Kurkowski D, Sellon DC, Seino KK, Coffey T, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:26-36. [PMID: 30242851 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low-stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3-period, 5-sequence, 3-treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01-0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half-life (t1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Danielle Kurkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Deborah C Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kathy K Seino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Todd Coffey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, VA Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Mackenzie
- Institute of Veterinary Science; Department of Equine Clinical Science; The University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
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Taffarel MO, Luna SPL, Cardoso GS, de Oliveira FA, Alonso JDM, Gozalo-Marcilla M. Preemptive Analgesia, Including Morphine, Does Not Affect Recovery Quality and Times in Either Pain-Free Horses or Horses Undergoing Orchiectomy. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158080. [PMID: 27331910 PMCID: PMC4917253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the breathing pattern and distribution of ventilation in horses prior to and following recovery from general anaesthesia using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Six horses were anaesthetised for 6 hours in dorsal recumbency. Arterial blood gas and EIT measurements were performed 24 hours before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after horses stood following anaesthesia. At each time point 4 representative spontaneous breaths were analysed. The percentage of the total breath length during which impedance remained greater than 50% of the maximum inspiratory impedance change (breath holding), the fraction of total tidal ventilation within each of four stacked regions of interest (ROI) (distribution of ventilation) and the filling time and inflation period of seven ROI evenly distributed over the dorso-ventral height of the lungs were calculated. Mixed effects multi-linear regression and linear regression were used and significance was set at p<0.05. All horses demonstrated inspiratory breath holding until 5 hours after standing. No change from baseline was seen for the distribution of ventilation during inspiration. Filling time and inflation period were more rapid and shorter in ventral and slower and longer in most dorsal ROI compared to baseline, respectively. In a mixed effects multi-linear regression, breath holding was significantly correlated with PaCO2 in both the univariate and multivariate regression. Following recovery from anaesthesia, horses showed inspiratory breath holding during which gas redistributed from ventral into dorsal regions of the lungs. This suggests auto-recruitment of lung tissue which would have been dependent and likely atelectic during anaesthesia.
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Effect of low inspired oxygen fraction on respiratory indices in mechanically ventilated horses anaesthetised with isoflurane and medetomidine constant rate infusion. Vet J 2016; 211:70-4. [PMID: 27012166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Horses may become hypoxaemic during anaesthesia despite a high inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2). A lower FiO2 is used commonly in human beings to minimise atelectasis and to improve lung function, and previously has been shown to be of potential benefit in horses in experimental conditions. Other studies suggest no benefit to using a FiO2 of 0.5 during clinically relevant conditions; however, low FiO2 (0.65) is commonly used in practice and in a large number of studies. The present study was performed to compare the effect of a commonly used FiO2 of 0.65 versus 0.90 on calculated respiratory indices in anaesthetised mechanically ventilated horses in a clinical setting. Eighteen healthy Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised for experimental laryngeal surgery were recruited into a prospective, non-blinded, randomised clinical study. Before anaesthesia, the horses were randomly allocated into either low (0.65) or high (0.90) FiO2 groups and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed every 30 min during anaesthesia to allow for statistical analysis of respiratory indices. As expected, PaO2 was significantly lower in horses anaesthetised with a low FiO2, but was sufficient to fully saturate haemoglobin. There were no significant improvements in any of the other respiratory indices. There is no obvious benefit to be gained from the use of a FiO2 of 0.65 compared to 0.90 for mechanically ventilated Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised in lateral recumbency with isoflurane and a medetomidine constant rate infusion.
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Conde Ruiz C, Cruz Benedetti IC, Guillebert I, Portier KG. Effect of Pre- and Postoperative Phenylbutazone and Morphine Administration on the Breathing Response to Skin Incision, Recovery Quality, Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Variables in Horses Undergoing Fetlock Arthroscopy: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:58. [PMID: 26664985 PMCID: PMC4672197 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective blinded randomized study aimed to determine whether the timing of morphine and phenylbutazone administration affects the breathing response to skin incision, recovery quality, behavior, and cardiorespiratory variables in horses undergoing fetlock arthroscopy. Ten Standardbred horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.04 mg kg−1 IM) and romifidine (0.04 mg kg−1 IV). Anesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.05 mg kg−1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg−1) IV at T0. Horses in group PRE (n = 5) received morphine (0.1 mg kg−1) and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg kg−1) IV after induction and an equivalent amount of saline after surgery. Horses in group POST (n = 5) received the inversed treatment. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 2% in 100% oxygen. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg) was treated with dobutamine. All horses breathed spontaneously. Dobutamine requirements, respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, inspired (i) and expired (e) tidal and minute volume (VT and V˙E), inspiratory time (IT), and the inspiratory gas flow (VTi/IT) were measured every 5 min. Data were averaged during four 15 min periods before (P1 and P2) and after the incision (P3 and P4). Serial blood–gas analyses were also performed. Recoveries were unassisted, video recorded, and scored by three anesthetists blinded to the treatment. The postoperative behavior of the horses (25 demeanors), HR, and fR were recorded at three time points before induction (T0–24 h, T0–12 h, and T0–2 h) and six time points after recovery (TR) (TR + 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). Data were compared between groups using a Wilcoxon test and within groups using a Friedman test or a Kruskal–Wallis signed-rank test when applicable. Tidal volumes (VTe and VTi) were higher in PRE than in POST during all the considered periods but the difference between groups was only significant during P2 (VTe in mL kg−1 in PRE: 13 [9, 15], in POST: 9 [8, 9], p = 0.01). None of the other variables were significantly different between and within groups. Under our experimental conditions, skin incision did not affect respiratory variables. Administration of pre- versus postoperative phenylbutazone and morphine did not influence recovery quality, HR, fR, or animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Conde Ruiz
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France
| | | | - Isabelle Guillebert
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France
| | - Karine Genevieve Portier
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France ; CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1060, University of Lyon , Lyon , France
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Lamuraglia R, Kirkby P, Funcia JP. Cardiopulmonary Effects and Recovery Quality of Remifentanil–Isoflurane Anesthesia in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sanchez LC, Robertson SA. Pain control in horses: What do we really know? Equine Vet J 2014; 46:517-23. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - S. A. Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
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Wohlfender FD, Doherr MG, Driessen B, Hartnack S, Johnston GM, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. International online survey to assess current practice in equine anaesthesia. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. D. Wohlfender
- Veterinary Public Health Institute; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne Switzerland
| | - M. G. Doherr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne Switzerland
| | - B. Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Kennett Square USA
| | - S. Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Hopster K, Gasthuys F, Krajewski AE, Schwarz A, Schauvliege S. Minimum end-tidal sevoflurane concentration necessary to prevent movement during a constant rate infusion of morphine, or morphine plus dexmedetomidine in ponies. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:212-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Steblaj B, Schauvliege S, Duchateau L, Gasthuys F. Comparison of the influence of two different constant-rate infusions (dexmedetomidine versus morphine) on anaesthetic requirements, cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality in isoflurane anaesthetized horses. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chesnel MA, Clutton RE. A comparison of two morphine doses on the quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1195-200. [PMID: 23937991 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that perioperative morphine improves recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses. This clinical trial investigated whether this effect was dose-dependant. Twenty-six horses anaesthetised for surgery were block-randomised to receive one of two intraoperative morphine treatments: Treatment M1 consisted of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of morphine at 0.1mg/kg/h, begun after a loading dose (LD) of 0.15 mg/kg. Treatment M2 was a CRI of 0.2mg/kg/h preceded by an LD of 0.3mg/kg. During recovery, times at the first attempt and at achieving sternal recumbency and standing, and the total recovery duration were not different between groups. Total recovery quality score was not significantly different between groups. Scores for the "sternal phase" were higher (of poorer quality) for M2 but scores in both groups were low. Morphine doses of M2, which are greater than those described previously, do not appear to alter or improve the quality or duration of recovery in horses after surgical anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chesnel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK.
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Love EJ, Taylor PM, Whay HR, Murrell J. Postcastration analgesia in ponies using buprenorphine hydrochloride. Vet Rec 2013; 172:635. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Love
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - P. M. Taylor
- Taylor Monroe; Little Downham; Ely Cambridgeshire CB6 2TY UK
| | - H. R. Whay
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - J. Murrell
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
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Lorena SERS, Luna SPL, Lascelles BDX, Corrente JE. Attitude of Brazilian veterinarians in the recognition and treatment of pain in horses and cattle. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:410-8. [PMID: 23461405 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the use of analgesics, describe the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians towards pain relief in horses and cattle and evaluate the differences due to gender, year of graduation and type of practice. STUDY DESIGN Prospective survey. METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 1000 large animal veterinarians by mail, internet and delivered in person during national meetings. The survey investigated the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians to the recognition and treatment of pain in large animals and consisted of sections asking about demographic data, use of analgesic drugs, attitudes to pain relief and to the assessment of pain. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze frequencies. Simple post hoc comparisons were performed using the chi-square test. RESULTS Eight hundred questionnaires were collected, but 87 were discarded because they were incomplete or blank. The opioid of choice for use in large animals was butorphanol (43.4%) followed by tramadol (39%). Flunixin (83.2%) and ketoprofen (67.6%) were the most frequently used NSAIDs by Brazilian veterinarians. Respondents indicated that horses received preoperative analgesics for laparotomy more frequently (72.9%) than cattle (58.5%). The most frequently administered preoperative drugs for laparotomy in horses were flunixin (38.4%) and xylazine (23.6%), whereas the preoperative drugs for the same surgical procedure in cattle were xylazine (31.8%) and the local administration of lidocaine (48%). Fracture repair was considered the most painful surgical procedure for both species. Most veterinarians (84.1%) believed that their knowledge in this area was not adequate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although these Brazilian veterinarians thought that their knowledge on recognition and treatment of pain was not adequate, the use of analgesic in large animals was similar in Brazil to that reported in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia E R S Lorena
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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Figueiredo JP, Muir WW, Sams R. Cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, and analgesic effects of morphine sulfate in conscious healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:799-808. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Suthers JM, Christley RM, Clutton RE. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of three scoring systems for assessing recovery quality after general anaesthesia in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 38:352-62. [PMID: 21672127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the reproducibility and repeatability of two commonly used recovery quality scoring systems and compare them with those of a novel system based on a greater number of objective criteria. ANIMALS The video-recorded recoveries of ten client-owned horses selected from all recovery recordings taken between September 2005 and March 2006 at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A digital versatile disc (DVD) was produced using edited video recordings of ten horses recovering from general anaesthesia. Twelve experienced equine anaesthetists (raters) studied the DVD on three occasions, and scored the recovery quality of each horse using one of three scoring systems (P, D or E) on each occasion. The process was repeated 6 months later (t = 6) to measure intra-observer reliability (repeatability). At first use (t = 0) raters were asked to comment on the advantages and disadvantages of each system. RESULTS Inter-rater variability was limited for each system: at each observation period raters accounted for 0.3-4.4% variation. System P was insensitive to differences between recoveries. In system D, score variability increased as recovery quality deteriorated. Intra-rater variability varied with system: using system P, raters provided consistent scores between the observation periods for some, but not all horses ('horse' and 'rater' accounted for 9.7% and 1.9% of variation respectively). Raters were less consistent between t = 0 and t = 6 using system D, but each horse was scored with similar consistency. System E produced little variation at the level of horse (1.0%) and rater (1.9%). Raters broadly agreed on the principle advantages and disadvantages of the three systems. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The systems examined showed reliability and reproducibility but practicality and simplicity of use appeared to be inextricably linked with imprecision. Further work is required to produce a suitable recovery quality scoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Suthers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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Love EJ, Taylor PM, Murrell J, Whay HR. Effects of acepromazine, butorphanol and buprenorphine on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:221-5. [PMID: 21696438 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To investigate the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine administered in combination with acepromazine in horses and to establish an effective dose for use in a clinical environment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the responses to thermal and mechanical stimulation following administration of 3 doses of buprenorphine compared to positive (butorphanol) and negative (glucose) controls. METHODS Observer blinded, randomised, crossover design using 6 Thoroughbred geldings (3-10 years, 500-560 kg). Thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured 3 times at 15 min intervals. Horses then received acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt with one of 5 treatments i.v.: 5% glucose (Glu), butorphanol 100 µg/kg bwt (But) buprenorphine 5 µg/kg bwt (Bup5), buprenorphine 7.5 µg/kg bwt (Bup7.5) and buprenorphine 10 µg/kg bwt (Bup10). Thresholds were measured 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 230 min, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 24 h post treatment administration. The 95% confidence intervals for threshold temperature (ΔT) for each horse were calculated and an antinociceptive effect defined as ΔT, which was higher than the upper limit of the confidence interval. Duration of thermal antinociception was analysed using a within-subjects ANOVA and peak mechanical thresholds with a general linear model with post hoc Tukey tests. Significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Mean (± s.d.) durations of thermal antinociception following treatment administration were: Glu 0.5 (1.1), But 2.9 (2.0), Bup5 7.4 (2.3), Bup7.5 7.8 (2.7) and Bup10 9.4 (1.1) h. B5, B7.5 and B10 were significantly different from Glu and But. No serious adverse effects occurred, although determination of mechanical thresholds was confounded by locomotor stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Administration of acepromazine and all doses of buprenorphine produced antinociception to a thermal stimulus for significantly longer than acepromazine and either butorphanol or glucose. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that buprenorphine has considerable potential as an analgesic in horses and should be examined further under clinical conditions and by investigation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Love
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House Taylor Monroe, Little Downham, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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VILLALBA M, SANTIAGO I, DE SEGURA IAGOMEZ. Effects of constant rate infusion of lidocaine and ketamine, with or without morphine, on isoflurane MAC in horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:721-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Haga HA, Risberg Å, Strand E. Resuscitation of an anaesthetised foal with uroperitoneum and ventricular asystole. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Love EJ, Taylor PM, Murrell J, Whay HR, Waterman-Pearson AE. Assessment of the sedative effects of buprenorphine administered with 20 μg/kg detomidine in horses. Vet Rec 2011; 168:409. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c7315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Love
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | | | - J. Murrell
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - H. R. Whay
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - A. E. Waterman-Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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