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Chalençon L, Thevenet M, Noury N, Bensafi M, Mandairon N. Identification of new behavioral parameters to assess odorant hedonic value in humans: A naturalistic approach. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109422. [PMID: 34826503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When you smell an odorant, your first reaction will certainly be either I like it or I dislike it. This primary reaction is a reflection of what is called the "hedonic value" of the odor. Very often, this hedonic value dominates the olfactory percept, more than olfactory identification or intensity. This component of olfactory perception is of primary importance for guiding behavior: avoiding danger (the smell of smoke, gas, etc.), consuming food, or seduction. Olfactory hedonics can be assessed using a large number of methods in humans, including psychophysical measures, autonomic responses, measurement of facial expressions or peripheral nervous activity. All of these techniques have their limitations: subjectivity, invasiveness, need for expertise, etc. A NEW METHOD: The olfactory system is closely linked to the reward system, the role of which is to mediate motivated behavior. In this context, we propose that the capacity odorants have of recruiting the reward system and thus inducing motivated behavior can be used to identify new behavioral parameters to assess odor hedonic value in humans. RESULTS We recorded freely moving human participants exploring odors emanating from flasks, and showed that five parameters linked to motivated behavior were closely linked to odor hedonics: speed of approach to the nose and withdrawal of the flask containing the odorant, distance between flask and nose, number of samplings, and withdrawal distance (maximal distance between nose and flask after odor sampling). CONCLUSIONS We highlighted new non-verbal and non-invasive parameters to evaluate olfactory hedonics in humans based on the assessment of odor-motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalençon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Norbert Noury
- Institute Nanotechnology Lyon, Biomedical Sensors Group, University of Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5270, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028 CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France; Neurobiology and Plasticity of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon1, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, F-69000, France.
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Mochizuki-Kawai H, Ichitani Y, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Yamada K. Odors associated with neonatal experiences with the dam have enhanced anxiolytic effects in rat. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6691364. [PMID: 36056921 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor stimuli are widely reported to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety in humans and rodents. However, it remains unclear if this anxiolytic efficacy can be further enhanced by association with positive experiences. Therefore, we compared the effects of a novel odor to a familiar odor previously paired with a positive experience on anxiety-like behaviors in rats. One group of Wistar-Imamichi female and male pups was exposed to an odor stimulus with their dams during postnatal days (PNDs) 8-12, whereas another control group was exposed to perfused air during the same period. Starting on PND 42, all animals were examined in the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test during exposure to scent-free air (vehicle), a novel odor, or the positive-familiar odor from postnatal exposure. In the EPM, female rats entered open arms with all 4 paws (complete entry) more frequently and spent more time on open arms during exposure to the positive-familiar odor than during exposure to air or a novel odor, whereas partial open arm entries with forepaws only were increased during exposure to both novel and positive-familiar odors compared to air. In contrast, male rats demonstrated no significant increase in open arm activity during positive-familiar odor exposure, but did show equally reduced grooming frequency during novel and familiar-positive odor exposure in the OFT. Exposure to positive-familiar odors may be an effective and safe method for anxiety reduction, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yukio Ichitani
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305 8577, Japan.,Faculty of Applied Psychology, Tokyo Seitoku University, Kitaku, Tokyo 114 0033, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Yamada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305 8577, Japan
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Klaey-Tassone M, Durand K, Damon F, Heyers K, Mezrai N, Patris B, Sagot P, Soussignan R, Schaal B. Human neonates prefer colostrum to mature milk: Evidence for an olfactory bias toward the "initial milk"? Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23521. [PMID: 33151021 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colostrum is the initial milk secretion which ingestion by neonates warrants their adaptive start in life. Colostrum is accordingly expected to be attractive to newborns. The present study aims to assess whether colostrum is olfactorily attractive for 2-day-old newborns when presented against mature milk or a control. METHODS The head-orientation of waking newborns was videotaped in three experiments pairing the odors of: (a) colostrum (sampled on postpartum day 2, not from own mother) and mature milk (sampled on average on postpartum day 32, not from own mother) (n tested newborns = 15); (b) Colostrum and control (water; n = 9); and (c) Mature milk and control (n = 13). RESULTS When facing the odors of colostrum and mature milk, the infants turned their nose significantly longer toward former (32.8 vs 17.7% of a 120-s test). When exposed to colostrum against the control, they responded in favor of colostrum (32.9 vs 16.6%). Finally, when the odor of mature milk was presented against the control, their response appeared undifferentiated (26.7 vs 28.6%). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that human newborns can olfactorily differentiate conspecific lacteal fluids sampled at different lactation stages. They prefer the odor of the mammary secretion - colostrum - collected at the lactation stage that best matches the postpartum age of their own mother. These results are discussed in the context of the earliest mother-infant chemo-communication. Coinciding maternal emission and offspring reception of chemosignals conveyed in colostrum may be part of the sensory precursors of attunement between mothers and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Klaey-Tassone
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Damon
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Katrin Heyers
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Nawel Mezrai
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Patris
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Sagot
- Service de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire François Mitterrand, and Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, UMR 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté-Inrae-AgroSupDijon, Dijon, France
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Eidelman AI. The Power of the Scent of Breast Milk. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:685. [PMID: 32985906 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.29165.aie] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schaal B, Saxton TK, Loos H, Soussignan R, Durand K. Olfaction scaffolds the developing human from neonate to adolescent and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190261. [PMID: 32306879 PMCID: PMC7209940 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the olfactory sense is regularly apparent across development. The fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid (AF) that conveys the mother's chemical ecology. Transnatal olfactory continuity between the odours of AF and milk assists in the transition to nursing. At the same time, odours emanating from the mammary areas provoke appetitive responses in newborns. Odours experienced from the mother's diet during breastfeeding, and from practices such as pre-mastication, may assist in the dietary transition at weaning. In parallel, infants are attracted to and recognize their mother's odours; later, children are able to recognize other kin and peers based on their odours. Familiar odours, such as those of the mother, regulate the child's emotions, and scaffold perception and learning through non-olfactory senses. During juvenility and adolescence, individuals become more sensitive to some bodily odours, while the timing of adolescence itself has been speculated to draw from the chemical ecology of the family unit. Odours learnt early in life and within the family niche continue to influence preferences as mate choice becomes relevant. Olfaction thus appears significant in turning on, sustaining and, in cases when mother odour is altered, disturbing adaptive reciprocity between offspring and carer during the multiple transitions of development between birth and adolescence. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Tamsin K. Saxton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hélène Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Centre des Sciences du Goût, UMR 6265 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inra-AgroSup, Dijon, France
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Wagner S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Lange C, Schaal B, Monnery-Patris S. Weanling Infants Prefer the Odors of Green Vegetables, Cheese, and Fish When Their Mothers Consumed These Foods During Pregnancy and/or Lactation. Chem Senses 2020; 44:257-265. [PMID: 30859182 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants' olfactory experience begins before birth and extends after birth through milk and complementary foods. Until now, studies on the effects of chemosensory experience in utero and/or through human milk focused on experimentally controlled exposure to only 1 target food bearing a specific odor quality and administered in sizeable amounts. This study aimed to assess whether early olfactory experience effect was measurable in "everyday conditions" of maternal food intake during pregnancy and lactation, and of infant intake at weaning, leading to expose the infant to corresponding odors as fetus, neonate, and infant up to 8 and 12 months of age. Infants' early food exposures were assessed by asking mothers to fill out diaries about their food consumption during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and about their infant's consumption during complementary feeding. To test odor liking, odorants representing a priori pleasant and unpleasant food odors, as well as odorless stimuli, were presented. The infant's exploratory behavior toward odorized bottles and nonodorized control bottles was measured in terms of mouthing duration, which is thought to reflect attraction and/or appetence. At age 8 months only, positive correlations were found between liking of some unpleasant odors and early exposure to these odors through mother's diet. No correlations were found between infants' liking of the pleasant odors and early exposures to the foods bearing these odors. This study highlights that early exposure to unpleasant food odors may increase subsequent liking (or reduce subsequent dislike) of these food odors at least until the age of 8 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wagner
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Issanchou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Chabanet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Lange
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sandrine Monnery-Patris
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials and Power Spectrum could be A Possible Biomarker in 3M Syndrome Infants? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040201. [PMID: 32235515 PMCID: PMC7226335 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
3M syndrome is a rare disorder that involves the gene cullin-7 (CUL7). CUL7 modulates odour detection, conditions the olfactory response (OR) and plays a role in the development of the olfactory system. Despite this involvement, there are no direct studies on olfactory functional effects in 3M syndrome. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the cortical OR through chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and power spectra calculated by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded in 3M infants: two twins (3M-N) and an additional subject (3M-O). The results suggest that olfactory processing is diversified. Comparison of N1 and Late Positive Component (LPC) indicated substantial differences in 3M syndrome that may be a consequence of a modified olfactory processing pattern. Moreover, the presence of delta rhythms in 3M-O and 3M-N clearly indicates their involvement with OR, since the delta rhythm is closely connected to chemosensory perception, in particular to olfactory perception.
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Durand K, Schaal B, Goubet N, Lewkowicz DJ, Baudouin J. Does any mother’s body odor stimulate interest in mother’s face in 4‐month‐old infants? INFANCY 2020; 25:151-164. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation CNRS Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Inra, AgroSup Dijon France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation CNRS Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Inra, AgroSup Dijon France
| | - Nathalie Goubet
- Department of Psychology Gettysburg College Gettysburg PA USA
| | | | - Jean‐Yves Baudouin
- Laboratoire Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Éducation (DIPHE) Département Psychologie du Développement, de l'Éducation et des Vulnérabilités (PsyDEV) Institut de psychologie Université de Lyon (Lumière Lyon 2) Bron France
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9
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Widström A, Brimdyr K, Svensson K, Cadwell K, Nissen E. Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1192-1204. [PMID: 30762247 PMCID: PMC6949952 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper integrates clinical expertise to earlier research about the behaviours of the healthy, alert, full-term infant placed skin-to-skin with the mother during the first hour after birth following a noninstrumental vaginal birth. METHOD This state-of-the-art article forms a link within the knowledge-to-action cycle, integrating clinical observations and practice with evidence-based findings to guide clinicians in their work to implement safe uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact the first hours after birth. RESULTS Strong scientific research exists about the importance of skin-to-skin in the first hour after birth. This unique time for both mother and infant, individually and in relation to each other, provides vital advantages to short- and long-term health, regulation and bonding. However, worldwide, clinical practice lags. A deeper understanding of the implications for clinical practice, through review of the scientific research, has been integrated with enhanced understanding of the infant's instinctive behaviour and maternal responses while in skin-to-skin contact. CONCLUSION The first hour after birth is a sensitive period for both the infant and the mother. Through an enhanced understanding of the newborn infant's instinctive behaviour, practical, evidence-informed suggestions strive to overcome barriers and facilitate enablers of knowledge translation. This time must be protected by evidence-based routines of staff.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin Svensson
- Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Karolinska University HospitalKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Loos HM, Reger D, Schaal B. The odour of human milk: Its chemical variability and detection by newborns. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Malidaki M, Laska M. Effects of an odor or taste stimulus applied to an artificial teat on the suckling behavior of newborn dairy calves. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 60:16. [PMID: 29946476 PMCID: PMC6006940 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-018-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background In their first days of life, dairy calves in artificial rearing systems often have difficulty using an artificial teat for feeding. Methods We examined the age at which calves are able to stand up voluntarily and suckle as well as their suckling behavior when presented with a plain dry teat versus a dry teat modified with a presumably attractive odor or taste substance. Single-housed newborn dairy calves (n = 51) were presented for ten consecutive days with a two-minute two-choice test, in which suckling time was recorded for 1) a plain (control) teat versus a glucose-coated teat (taste test) and 2) a plain teat versus a teat with a "Freshly Cut Grass" odor (odor test). Results On average, the calves were able to stand up voluntarily and suckle from the second or third day of age on. The "Freshly Cut Grass" odor had no significant effect on their suckling behavior. In contrast, the calves showed a significant preference for suckling the glucose-coated teat and displayed a significantly longer total suckling time in the taste test compared to the odor test. There were no significant differences between sexes regarding suckling behavior. Conclusion The results of the present study show that glucose had a significant effect on the calves’ teat preference and significantly increased total suckling time with a dry artificial teat. As such, glucose may increase suckling motivation in non-efficient drinkers or ill calves with low motivation to suckle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40781-018-0164-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malidaki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Matthias Laska
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Olfaction and gustation are critical for the enjoyment of food but also have important metabolic roles, initiating the cephalic phase response that sets in train secretion of hormones important for metabolism and digestion before any food is actually ingested. Smell and taste receptors are functional in the fetus and there is evidence for antenatal learning of odours. Despite enteral nutrition and metabolism being major issues in the care of very preterm infants, often little consideration is given to the potential role of smell and taste in supporting these processes, or in the role they may have in encoding hypothalamic circuitry in a way that promotes healthy metabolism in the post‑neonatal period. This review will discuss the evidence for the role of smell and taste in the newborn infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Newborn Services, National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Tanith Alexander
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Neonatal Unit, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mariana Muelbert
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Friederike Beker
- Department of Newborn Services, Mater Mothers' Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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de Groot JHB, Semin GR, Smeets MAM. On the Communicative Function of Body Odors. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:306-324. [PMID: 28346117 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616676599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans use multiple senses to navigate the social world, and the sense of smell is arguably the most underestimated one. An intriguing aspect of the sense of smell is its social communicative function. Research has shown that human odors convey information about a range of states (e.g., emotions, sickness) and traits (e.g., individuality, gender). Yet, what underlies the communicability of these states and traits via smell? We fill this explanatory gap with a framework that highlights the dynamic and flexible aspects of human olfactory communication. In particular, we explain how chemical profiles, associative learning (i.e., the systematic co-occurrence of chemical profiles with state- or trait-related information), and top-down contextual influences could interact to shape human odor perception. Our model not only helps to integrate past research on human olfactory communication but it also opens new avenues for future research on this fascinating, yet to date poorly understood, field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H B de Groot
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gün R Semin
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,2 William James Center for Research, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Portugal
| | - Monique A M Smeets
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Aguayo J, Salomonsson B. The Study and Treatment of Mothers and Infants, Then and Now: Melanie Klein’s “Notes on Baby” in a Contemporary Psychoanalytic Context. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/psaq.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aguayo
- Training and Supervising Analyst at the Psychoanalytic Center of California, Los Angeles, and a guest member of the British Psychoanalytical Society
| | - BjÖrn Salomonsson
- Training and Child Analyst of the Swedish Psychoanalytical Association, a researcher at the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health at the Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, and an honorary member of the Psychoanalytic Center of California
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16
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Frie J, Bartocci M, Lagercrantz H, Kuhn P. Cortical Responses to Alien Odors in Newborns: An fNIRS Study. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3229-3240. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Frie
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Bartocci
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lagercrantz
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Kuhn
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Service de Médecine et Réanimation du Nouveau-né, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Unistra, Strasbourg, France
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17
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Enduring Neural and Behavioral Effects of Early Life Adversity in Infancy: Consequences of Maternal Abuse and Neglect, Trauma and Fear. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Loos HM, Doucet S, Védrines F, Sharapa C, Soussignan R, Durand K, Sagot P, Buettner A, Schaal B. Responses of Human Neonates to Highly Diluted Odorants from Sweat. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:106-117. [PMID: 28062945 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated forms of odorants contributing to sweat odor occur not only in human sweat but also in amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk. However, it is unclear whether the released odorants are detected and hedonically discriminated by human newborns. To investigate this issue, we administered highly diluted solutions of (R)/(S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (MSH), (R)/(S)-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (SH), (E)/(Z)-3-methylhex-2-enoic acid (3M2H), and (R)/(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) to 3-d-old infants while their respiratory rate and oro-facial movements were recorded. Adult sensitivity to these odorants was assessed via triangle tests. Whereas no neonatal stimulus-specific response was found for respiratory rate, oro-facial reactivity indicated orthonasal detection of MSH and SH by male neonates, and of HMHA by the whole group of neonates. Dependent on the dilution of odorants, newborns evinced neutral responses or longer negative oro-facial expressions compared with the reference stimuli. Finally, newborns appeared to be more sensitive to the target odorants than did adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Loos
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France. .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Sébastien Doucet
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fanny Védrines
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Constanze Sharapa
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Sagot
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, University Hospital Dijon, 1 bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
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19
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Longfier L, Soussignan R, Reissland N, Leconte M, Marret S, Schaal B, Mellier D. Emotional expressiveness of 5–6 month-old infants born very premature versus full-term at initial exposure to weaning foods. Appetite 2016; 107:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Nicklaus S. The role of food experiences during early childhood in food pleasure learning. Appetite 2016; 104:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Maier-Nöth A, Schaal B, Leathwood P, Issanchou S. The Lasting Influences of Early Food-Related Variety Experience: A Longitudinal Study of Vegetable Acceptance from 5 Months to 6 Years in Two Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151356. [PMID: 26968029 PMCID: PMC4788196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's vegetable consumption falls below current recommendations, highlighting the need to identify strategies that can successfully promote better acceptance of vegetables. Recently, experimental studies have reported promising interventions that increase acceptance of vegetables. The first, offering infants a high variety of vegetables at weaning, increased acceptance of new foods, including vegetables. The second, offering an initially disliked vegetable at 8 subsequent meals markedly increased acceptance for that vegetable. So far, these effects have been shown to persist for at least several weeks. We now present follow-up data at 15 months, 3 and 6 years obtained through questionnaire (15 mo, 3y) and experimental (6y) approaches. At 15 months, participants who had been breast-fed were reported as eating and liking more vegetables than those who had been formula-fed. The initially disliked vegetable that became accepted after repeated exposure was still liked and eaten by 79% of the children. At 3 years, the initially disliked vegetable was still liked and eaten by 73% of the children. At 6 years, observations in an experimental setting showed that children who had been breast-fed and children who had experienced high vegetable variety at the start of weaning ate more of new vegetables and liked them more. They were also more willing to taste vegetables than formula-fed children or the no or low variety groups. The initially disliked vegetable was still liked by 57% of children. This follow-up study suggests that experience with chemosensory variety in the context of breastfeeding or at the onset of complementary feeding can influence chemosensory preferences for vegetables into childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maier-Nöth
- Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland
| | - Benoist Schaal
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Leathwood
- Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Issanchou
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Parnet P, Paillé V, Bolaños Jimenez F, Kaeffer B, Schaal B, Bouret SG, Amarger V. L’expérience sensorielle et nutritionnelle des parents et leur état métabolique orientent le comportement alimentaire de leur descendance. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:85-92. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Monnery-Patris S, Wagner S, Rigal N, Schwartz C, Chabanet C, Issanchou S, Nicklaus S. Smell differential reactivity, but not taste differential reactivity, is related to food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Godard O, Baudouin JY, Schaal B, Durand K. Affective matching of odors and facial expressions in infants: shifting patterns between 3 and 7 months. Dev Sci 2015; 19:155-63. [PMID: 25782470 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of emotional facial expressions is a crucial skill for adaptive behavior. Past research suggests that at 5 to 7 months of age, infants look longer to an unfamiliar dynamic angry/happy face which emotionally matches a vocal expression. This suggests that they can match stimulations of distinct modalities on their emotional content. In the present study, olfaction-vision matching abilities were assessed across different age groups (3, 5 and 7 months) using dynamic expressive faces (happy vs. disgusted) and distinct hedonic odor contexts (pleasant, unpleasant and control) in a visual-preference paradigm. At all ages the infants were biased toward the disgust faces. This visual bias reversed into a bias for smiling faces in the context of the pleasant odor context in the 3-month-old infants. In infants aged 5 and 7 months, no effect of the odor context appeared in the present conditions. This study highlights the role of the olfactory context in the modulation of visual behavior toward expressive faces in infants. The influence of olfaction took the form of a contingency effect in 3-month-old infants, but later evolved to vanish or to take another form that could not be evidenced in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Godard
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire Vision, Action, Cognition (EA 7326), Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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26
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27
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Wagner S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Lange C, Schaal B, Monnery-Patris S. Liking the odour, liking the food. Toddlers’ liking of strongly flavoured foods correlates with liking of their odour. Appetite 2014; 81:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Al Aïn S, Mingioni M, Patris B, Schaal B. The response of newly born mice to odors of murine colostrum and milk: unconditionally attractive, conditionally discriminated. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1365-76. [PMID: 24798460 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is a general rule that milk conveys chemosensory cues that are attractive to mammalian neonates. This study investigated whether compositional fluctuations in milk along lactation induce variations in newborn mouse pups' (Mus musculus, strain BALB/c) attraction to milk odor. Pups differing in suckling experience were exposed to the odor of milk sampled from females varying in lactational stage. Immediately after birth, suckling-inexperienced (P0) and suckling-experienced (P0suck ) pups were assayed in a series of paired-choice tests contrasting murine milk [of lactation days 0, 3, 15 (abridged L0, L3, L15, respectively)] and a blank (water) to evaluate olfactory detection and attraction of milk odor. Preference tests further paired these milk two-by-two to assess their relative attraction. Results showed first that P0 and P0suck pups detect and positively orient to any milk odor. When L0 is presented against L15 milk, P0 pups orient for a similar duration towards these odor stimuli, whereas P0suck pups spend more time toward the odor of L0 than of L15 milk. Finally, P0suck pups orient similarly to odors of L0 milk collected before/after the first suckling episode (L0 and L0suck , respectively), but the odor of L0 milk was more attractive than that of L3 milk. Thus, mouse pups' positive orientation toward the odors of murine colostrum (assumed to correspond to L0/L0suck milk) and later-lactation milk appears unconditional of previous suckling experience, whereas their ability to discriminate or display preference between milk differing in lactation stage appears conditional on postnatal exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrina Al Aïn
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût, Dijon, France
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29
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Abstract
Human infancy has been studied as a platform for hypothesis and theory testing, as a major physiological and psychological adjustment, as an object of adults' effects as well as a source of effects on adults, for its comparative value, as a stage of life, and as a setting point for the life course. Following an orientation to infancy studies, including previous reviews and a discussion of the special challenges infants pose to research, this article focuses on infancy as a foundation and catalyst of human development in the balance of the life course. Studies of stability and prediction from infancy illustrate the depth and complexity of modern research on infants and provide a long-awaited reply to key philosophical and practical questions about the meaningfulness and significance of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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30
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Durand K, Baudouin JY, Lewkowicz DJ, Goubet N, Schaal B. Eye-catching odors: olfaction elicits sustained gazing to faces and eyes in 4-month-old infants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70677. [PMID: 24015175 PMCID: PMC3756010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether an odor can affect infants' attention to visually presented objects and whether it can selectively direct visual gaze at visual targets as a function of their meaning. Four-month-old infants (n = 48) were exposed to their mother's body odors while their visual exploration was recorded with an eye-movement tracking system. Two groups of infants, who were assigned to either an odor condition or a control condition, looked at a scene composed of still pictures of faces and cars. As expected, infants looked longer at the faces than at the cars but this spontaneous preference for faces was significantly enhanced in presence of the odor. As expected also, when looking at the face, the infants looked longer at the eyes than at any other facial regions, but, again, they looked at the eyes significantly longer in the presence of the odor. Thus, 4-month-old infants are sensitive to the contextual effects of odors while looking at faces. This suggests that early social attention to faces is mediated by visual as well as non-visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Center for Smell, Taste and Food Science, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Center for Smell, Taste and Food Science, Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - David J. Lewkowicz
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Goubet
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Center for Smell, Taste and Food Science, Dijon, France
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31
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Wagner S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Marlier L, Schaal B, Monnery-Patris S. Infants’ hedonic responsiveness to food odours: a longitudinal study during and after weaning (8, 12 and 22 months). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Olfaction is a highly salient sensory modality in early human life. Neonates show keen olfactory sensitivity and hedonic responsiveness. However, little is known about hedonic olfactory responsiveness between the neonatal period and 2 years of age. In an attempt to fill this gap, this longitudinal follow-up study aimed at investigating hedonic responses to food odours in infants during the first 2 years of life. The second objective was to evaluate whether gender has an influence on hedonic responses during this early period. Four control stimuli and eight odours (four rated by adults as a priori pleasant and four a priori unpleasant) were presented in bottles to 235 infants at 8, 12 and 22 months of age. The infant’s exploratory behaviour towards odorized and control bottles was measured in terms of mouthing defined as direct contact with perioral and/or perinasal areas. For each odorized bottle, duration proportions of mouthing were calculated relative to the control bottles.
Results
For the three ages, shorter duration of mouthing was found for unpleasantly scented bottles compared to pleasantly scented bottles. This contrast between pleasant and unpleasant odours was similar for girls and boys. Correlations of responses between ages were modest in number and level, and concerned mostly unpleasant odours.
Conclusion
During the first two years of life, infants discriminate the hedonic valence of odours. They avoid most of the food odours considered as unpleasant by adults, but their attraction towards food-odours judged pleasant by adults does not appear to be fully shaped at this early age. Taken as a whole, the present results highlight both the plasticity of hedonic responses to food odours, and relatively stable avoidance behaviours towards some unpleasant odours.
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32
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Morrison GL, Fontaine CJ, Harley CW, Yuan Q. A role for the anterior piriform cortex in early odor preference learning: evidence for multiple olfactory learning structures in the rat pup. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:141-52. [PMID: 23576704 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00072.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
cFos activation in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC) occurs in early odor preference learning in rat pups (Roth and Sullivan 2005). Here we provide evidence that the pairing of odor as a conditioned stimulus and β-adrenergic activation in the aPC as an unconditioned stimulus generates early odor preference learning. β-Adrenergic blockade in the aPC prevents normal preference learning. Enhancement of aPC cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in trained hemispheres is consistent with a role for this cascade in early odor preference learning in the aPC. In vitro experiments suggested theta-burst-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) at the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) to aPC synapse depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and can be significantly enhanced by β-adrenoceptor activation, which causes increased glutamate release from LOT synapses during LTP induction. NMDA receptors in aPC are also shown to be critical for the acquisition, but not expression, of odor preference learning, as would be predicted if they mediate initial β-adrenoceptor-promoted aPC plasticity. Ex vivo experiments 3 and 24 h after odor preference training reveal an enhanced LOT-aPC field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). At 3 h both presynaptic and postsynaptic potentiations support EPSP enhancement while at 24 h only postsynaptic potentiation is seen. LOT-LTP in aPC is excluded by odor preference training. Taken together with earlier work on the role of the olfactory bulb in early odor preference learning, these outcomes suggest early odor preference learning is normally supported by and requires multiple plastic changes at least at two levels of olfactory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Morrison
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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33
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Valentin D, Chanquoy L. Olfactory categorization: A developmental study. J Exp Child Psychol 2012; 113:337-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Hepper PG, Wells DL, Millsopp S, Kraehenbuehl K, Lyn SA, Mauroux O. Prenatal and early sucking influences on dietary preference in newborn, weaning, and young adult cats. Chem Senses 2012; 37:755-66. [PMID: 22832482 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early experiences are of potential importance in shaping long-term behavior. This study examined the relative influence of prenatal and/or early postnatal experience of chemosensory stimuli on subsequent olfactory and dietary preferences of cats as newborns, at 9-10 weeks, and at 6 months. Cats were exposed to vanillin or 4-ethylguaiacol via their mother's diet either prenatally, postnatally, perinatally (prenatal and postnatal), or experienced no exposure to the stimuli (control). Newborns were given a two-choice olfactory test between the familiar "odor" and no odor; 9-10 week olds were tested for their preference between two food treats, one flavored with the familiar stimulus and the other unflavored; at 6 months, cats were given a choice of two bowls of food, one flavored with the familiar stimulus and the other unflavored. At all ages, cats preferred the familiar, and avoided the unfamiliar, stimulus. Perinatal exposure exerted the strongest influence on preference. Prenatal exposure influenced preference at all ages and postnatal exposure exerted a stronger effect as the cat aged. We conclude that long-term chemosensory and dietary preferences of cats are influenced by prenatal and early (nursing) postnatal experience, supporting a natural and biologically relevant mechanism for the safe transmission of diet from mother to young.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Hepper
- School of Psychology, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland, UK.
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35
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Hepper PG, Wells DL, Dornan JC, Lynch C. Long-term flavor recognition in humans with prenatal garlic experience. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:568-74. [PMID: 22753112 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The human fetus learns about its chemosensory environment and this influences its behavior at birth and during the nursing period. This study examined whether prenatal experience could influence behavior much later in life. The dietary preference of two groups of children (8- to 9-years old) was examined. Mothers of one group had consumed garlic during pregnancy, mothers of the control group had not. Children received two tests, 1 month apart, of a meal containing two portions of potato gratin, one flavored with garlic. The total amount of potato, and the percentage of garlic flavored potato, eaten was calculated and examined separately by ANOVA for factors of prenatal exposure, the child's sex, and trial. Children prenatally exposed to garlic ate significantly more garlic flavored potato and a significantly greater overall amount of potato on trial 2, compared to controls. The results demonstrate prenatal experience may affect behavior well into childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Hepper
- School of Psychology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland, UK.
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36
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Al Aïn S, Chraïti A, Schaal B, Patris B. Orientation of newborn mice to lactating females: identifying biological substrates of semiochemical interest. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 55:113-24. [PMID: 22212953 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Among mammals, odor-based communication between females and infants is decisive for neonatal survival. So far, the nature of odor substrates involved in the localization of the mother and their nipples is unknown in mice. The present study aims: (1) to evaluate the specific attractive value of lactating females to newborn mice, (2) to localize the abdominal region that is most attractive to pups, and (3) to identify odor substrates that support such attraction. Results showed that 5-6-day-old mice roam preferentially over the abdomen of lactating females than the abdomen of non-lactating females. In lactating females, pups are more attracted to abdominal areas comprising nipples. The blend of odor substrates from nipples, as well as separate sources presumed to compose it, viz. milk, maternal saliva and pup saliva, were detectable and equivalently attractive to pups. The equivalent attraction of these different odor substrates may derive either from overlap in chemical constituents, or from associative learning during nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrina Al Aïn
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France.
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37
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Kuhn P, Zores C, Astruc D, Dufour A, Casper C. [Sensory system development and the physical environment of infants born very preterm]. Arch Pediatr 2011; 18 Suppl 2:S92-102. [PMID: 21763981 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(11)71097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The sensory systems develop in several sequences, with a process specific to each system and with a transnatal continuum. This development is based partly on interactions between the fetus and the newborn and their physical and human environments. These interactions are key drivers of the child development. The adaptation of the newborn's environment is crucial for his survival, his well-being and his development, especially if he is born prematurely. The physical environment of the hospital where immature infants are immersed differs greatly from the uterine environment from which they were extracted prematurely. There are discrepancies between their sensory expectations originating in the antenatal period and the atypical stimuli that newborns encounter in their postnatal nosocomial environment. These assertions are valid for all sensory modalities. Many studies have proven that very preterm infants are highly sensitive to this environment which can affect their physiological and behavioural well being. Moreover, it can alter their perception of important human sensory signals, particularly the ones coming from their mother. The long term impacts of this environment are more difficult to identify due to the multi-sensory nature of these stimuli and the multifactorial origin of the neurological disorders that these children may develop. However, the adaptation of their physical environment is one of the corner stones of specific developmental care programs, like the NIDCAP program that has been shown to be successful to improve their short and medium term outcomes. The architectural design, technical equipment and used health-care products, and the strategies and organizations of care are the main determinants of the physical environment of these children. Recommendations for the hospital environment, integrating a newborn's developmental perspective, have been made available. They should be applied more widely and should be completed. Technological equipment advances are also expected to allow better compliance to them. All these evolutions are completely in accordance with the concept of humane neonatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kuhn
- Service de Médecine et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU Strasbourg, 28 Avenue Molière 67098 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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Giles A, Rovee-Collier C. Infant long-term memory for associations formed during mere exposure. Infant Behav Dev 2011; 34:327-38. [PMID: 21474187 PMCID: PMC3109157 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that young infants spontaneously associate stimuli that they merely see together. Using a sensory preconditioning paradigm with 6- and 9-month-olds, we asked how long such associations remain latent before being forgotten and what exposure conditions affect their persistence. Groups were preexposed to two puppets for 1h/day for 2 days, 1h on 1 day, or 1h on 1 day in two sessions; 1-27 days later, target actions were modeled on one puppet, and infants were tested with the other puppet 1 day later. The longest delay after which infants imitated the actions on the other puppet defined how long they remembered the association. The data revealed that the preexposure regimen determined retention. Regardless of exposure time, both ages remembered the association longer after two sessions, and younger infants remembered longer than older infants--for 4 weeks--after two 30-min sessions on 1 day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Giles
- Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 87 Pine Hill Rd., Stockton, NJ 08559-1112, USA.
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Kuhn P, Astruc D, Messer J, Marlier L. Exploring the olfactory environment of premature newborns: a French survey of health care and cleaning products used in neonatal units. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:334-9. [PMID: 21054514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the main determinants of the newborn's nosocomial olfactory environment. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was sent to 99 neonatal units in France. Senior nurses and/or physicians described the nature and use of skin care products (e.g. umbilical cord and skin disinfectants, adhesive removers), lubrications used for tubes positioning, disinfectants used to clean materials, hand hygiene products (e.g. alcohol-based hand rubs, soaps) and newborns' bath. RESULTS Nine groups of products and 76 distinct commercial preparations were identified. Depending on their level of respiratory support, preterm newborns were estimated to be exposed to nosocomial odours (NO) an average of 1320-1800 times during their first month of life. During their whole hospital stay, newborns of 28 and 32 weeks of gestational age could be exposed to NOs products an average of 3448 and 2024 times, respectively. The use of these products varied among medical centres. Newborns were most frequently exposed to the odour of aqueous alcoholic solutions. CONCLUSIONS Vulnerable preterm infants are daily exposed to multiple NOs most of them be considered as irritant for the nose. Minimizing infants' exposure to them would be beneficial. Future studies should describe the exact olfactory properties of the products considered essential for infant care and should assess their effects on the infant's well-being and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kuhn
- Service de Pédiatrie 2, Pôle Médico-chirurgical pédiatrique, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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