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Powell DR, Revelli JP, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Desai U, Shadoan MK, Rodriguez L, Mullens M, Yang QM, Ding ZM, Kirkpatrick LL, Vogel P, Zambrowicz B, Sands AT, Platt KA, Hansen GM, Brommage R. High-Throughput Screening of Mouse Gene Knockouts Identifies Established and Novel High Body Fat Phenotypes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3753-3785. [PMID: 34483672 PMCID: PMC8409770 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s322083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a major public health problem. Understanding which genes contribute to obesity may better predict individual risk and allow development of new therapies. Because obesity of a mouse gene knockout (KO) line predicts an association of the orthologous human gene with obesity, we reviewed data from the Lexicon Genome5000TM high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) of mouse gene KOs to identify KO lines with high body fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS KO lines were generated using homologous recombination or gene trapping technologies. HTS body composition analyses were performed on adult wild-type and homozygous KO littermate mice from 3758 druggable mouse genes having a human ortholog. Body composition was measured by either DXA or QMR on chow-fed cohorts from all 3758 KO lines and was measured by QMR on independent high fat diet-fed cohorts from 2488 of these KO lines. Where possible, comparisons were made to HTS data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). RESULTS Body fat data are presented for 75 KO lines. Of 46 KO lines where independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines are reported as obese, 43 had increased body fat. For the remaining 29 novel high body fat KO lines, Ksr2 and G2e3 are supported by data from additional independent KO cohorts, 6 (Asnsd1, Srpk2, Dpp8, Cxxc4, Tenm3 and Kiss1) are supported by data from additional internal cohorts, and the remaining 21 including Tle4, Ak5, Ntm, Tusc3, Ankk1, Mfap3l, Prok2 and Prokr2 were studied with HTS cohorts only. CONCLUSION These data support the finding of high body fat in 43 independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines. A novel obese phenotype was identified in 29 additional KO lines, with 27 still lacking the external confirmation now provided for Ksr2 and G2e3 KO mice. Undoubtedly, many mammalian obesity genes remain to be identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Rodriguez
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Michael Mullens
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Qi M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Arthur T Sands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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2
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Motifs enable communication efficiency and fault-tolerance in transcriptional networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9628. [PMID: 32541819 PMCID: PMC7296022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the topology of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) is an effective way to study the regulatory interactions between the transcription factors (TFs) and the target genes. TRNs are characterized by the abundance of motifs such as feed forward loops (FFLs), which contribute to their structural and functional properties. In this paper, we focus on the role of motifs (specifically, FFLs) in signal propagation in TRNs and the organization of the TRN topology with FFLs as building blocks. To this end, we classify nodes participating in FFLs (termed motif central nodes) into three distinct roles (namely, roles A, B and C), and contrast them with TRN nodes having high connectivity on the basis of their potential for information dissemination, using metrics such as network efficiency, path enumeration, epidemic models and standard graph centrality measures. We also present the notion of a three tier architecture and how it can help study the structural properties of TRN based on connectivity and clustering tendency of motif central nodes. Finally, we motivate the potential implication of the structural properties of motif centrality in design of efficient protocols of information routing in communication networks as well as their functional properties in global regulation and stress response to study specific disease conditions and identification of drug targets.
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3
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Powell DR, Gay JP, Smith M, Wilganowski N, Harris A, Holland A, Reyes M, Kirkham L, Kirkpatrick LL, Zambrowicz B, Hansen G, Platt KA, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Desai U. Fatty acid desaturase 1 knockout mice are lean with improved glycemic control and decreased development of atheromatous plaque. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:185-99. [PMID: 27382320 PMCID: PMC4922822 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s106653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 genes, respectively, are enzymes in the synthetic pathways for ω3, ω6, and ω9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although PUFAs appear to be involved in mammalian metabolic pathways, the physiologic effect of isolated D5D deficiency on these pathways is unclear. After generating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes and analyzing them in our high-throughput phenotypic screen, we found that Fads1 KO mice were among the leanest of 3,651 chow-fed KO lines analyzed for body composition and were among the most glucose tolerant of 2,489 high-fat-diet-fed KO lines analyzed by oral glucose tolerance test. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high-fat-diet-fed Fads1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 38% and 31% lower in Fads1 male and female KO mice, respectively. Fads1 KO mice also had lower glucose and insulin excursions during oral glucose tolerance tests along with lower fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In additional studies using a vascular injury model, Fads1 KO mice had significantly decreased femoral artery intima/media ratios consistent with a decreased inflammatory response in their arterial wall. Based on this result, we bred Fads1 KO and WT mice onto an ApoE KO background and fed them a Western diet for 14 weeks; in this atherogenic environment, aortic trees of Fads1 KO mice had 40% less atheromatous plaque compared to WT littermates. Importantly, PUFA levels measured in brain and liver phospholipid fractions of Fads1 KO mice were consistent with decreased D5D activity and normal D6D activity. The beneficial metabolic phenotype demonstrated in Fads1 KO mice suggests that selective D5D inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of human obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA, Tel +1 281 863 3060, Fax +1 281 863 8115, Email
| | - Jason P Gay
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melinda Smith
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Angela Harris
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Autumn Holland
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Maricela Reyes
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura Kirkham
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn Hansen
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Lengacher S, Nehiri-Sitayeb T, Steiner N, Carneiro L, Favrod C, Preitner F, Thorens B, Stehle JC, Dix L, Pralong F, Magistretti PJ, Pellerin L. Resistance to diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic perturbations in haploinsufficient monocarboxylate transporter 1 mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82505. [PMID: 24367518 PMCID: PMC3867350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 or SLC16A1) is a carrier of short-chain fatty acids, ketone bodies, and lactate in several tissues. Genetically modified C57BL/6J mice were produced by targeted disruption of the mct1 gene in order to understand the role of this transporter in energy homeostasis. Null mutation was embryonically lethal, but MCT1 (+/-) mice developed normally. However, when fed high fat diet (HFD), MCT1 (+/-) mice displayed resistance to development of diet-induced obesity (24.8% lower body weight after 16 weeks of HFD), as well as less insulin resistance and no hepatic steatosis as compared to littermate MCT1 (+/+) mice used as controls. Body composition analysis revealed that reduced weight gain in MCT1 (+/-) mice was due to decreased fat accumulation (50.0% less after 9 months of HFD) notably in liver and white adipose tissue. This phenotype was associated with reduced food intake under HFD (12.3% less over 10 weeks) and decreased intestinal energy absorption (9.6% higher stool energy content). Indirect calorimetry measurements showed ∼ 15% increase in O₂ consumption and CO₂ production during the resting phase, without any changes in physical activity. Determination of plasma concentrations for various metabolites and hormones did not reveal significant changes in lactate and ketone bodies levels between the two genotypes, but both insulin and leptin levels, which were elevated in MCT1 (+/+) mice when fed HFD, were reduced in MCT1 (+/-) mice under HFD. Interestingly, the enhancement in expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver of MCT1 (+/+) mice under high fat diet was prevented in the liver of MCT1 (+/-) mice under the same diet, thus likely contributing to the observed phenotype. These findings uncover the critical role of MCT1 in the regulation of energy balance when animals are exposed to an obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lengacher
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetic and Cellular Dynamics, Brain and Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadia Steiner
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Favrod
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Stehle
- Mouse Pathology Facility, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Dix
- Mouse Pathology Facility, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Pralong
- Service d’endocrinologie, diabétologie et métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetic and Cellular Dynamics, Brain and Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Vickers SP, Jackson HC, Cheetham SC. The utility of animal models to evaluate novel anti-obesity agents. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1248-62. [PMID: 21265828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity continues to rise and is a major driver of morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Animal models used in the discovery of novel treatments for obesity range from straightforward measures of food intake in lean rodents to long-term studies in animals exhibiting obesity due to the continuous access to diets high in fat. The utility of these animal models can be extended to determine, for example, that weight loss is due to fat loss and/or assess whether beneficial changes in key plasma parameters (e.g. insulin) are evident. In addition, behavioural models such as the behavioural satiety sequence can be used to confirm that a drug treatment has a selective effect on food intake. Typically, animal models have excellent predictive validity whereby drug-induced weight loss in rodents subsequently translates to weight loss in man. However, despite this, at the time of writing orlistat (Europe; USA) remains the only drug currently marketed for the treatment of obesity, with sibutramine having recently been withdrawn from sale globally due to the increased incidence of serious, non-fatal cardiovascular events. While the utility of rodent models in predicting clinical weight loss is detailed, the review also discusses whether animals can be used to predict adverse events such as those seen with recent anti-obesity drugs in the clinic.
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Tainaka T, Shimada Y, Kuroyanagi J, Zang L, Oka T, Nishimura Y, Nishimura N, Tanaka T. Transcriptome analysis of anti-fatty liver action by Campari tomato using a zebrafish diet-induced obesity model. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:88. [PMID: 22152339 PMCID: PMC3275548 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary intake of vegetable products is beneficial against obesity and its related diseases such as dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. We previously developed a diet-induced obesity model of zebrafish (DIO-zebrafish) that develops visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. Zebrafish is a polyphagous animal; thus we hypothesized that DIO-zebrafish could be used for transcriptome analysis of anti-obesity effects of vegetables. RESULTS Each vegetable exhibited different effects against obesity. We focused on "Campari" tomato, which suppressed increase of body weight, plasma TG, and lipid droplets in livers of DIO-zebrafish. Campari tomato decreased srebf1 mRNA by increase of foxo1 gene expression, which may depend on high contents of β-carotene in this strain. CONCLUSIONS Campari tomato ameliorates diet-induced obesity, especially dyslipidemia and liver steatosis via downregulation of gene expression related to lipogenesis. DIO-zebrafish can discriminate the anti-obesity effects of different strains of vegetables, and will become a powerful tool to assess outcomes and find novel mechanisms of anti-obesity effects of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tainaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Delica Foods Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Mie, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroyanagi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Liqing Zang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Department of Translational Medical Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Takehiko Oka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Mie, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan.,Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Mie, Japan
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7
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Oka T, Nishimura Y, Zang L, Hirano M, Shimada Y, Wang Z, Umemoto N, Kuroyanagi J, Nishimura N, Tanaka T. Diet-induced obesity in zebrafish shares common pathophysiological pathways with mammalian obesity. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:21. [PMID: 20961460 PMCID: PMC2972245 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Animal models of obesity are required to help us understand the signaling pathways underlying this condition. Zebrafish possess many structural and functional similarities with humans and have been used to model various human diseases, including a genetic model of obesity. The purpose of this study was to establish a zebrafish model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Results Zebrafish were assigned into two dietary groups. One group of zebrafish was overfed with Artemia (60 mg dry weight/day/fish), a living prey consisting of a relatively high amount of fat. The other group of zebrafish was fed with Artemia sufficient to meet their energy requirements (5 mg dry weight/day/fish). Zebrafish were fed under these dietary protocols for 8 weeks. The zebrafish overfed with Artemia exhibited increased body mass index, which was calculated by dividing the body weight by the square of the body length, hypertriglyceridemia and hepatosteatosis, unlike the control zebrafish. Calorie restriction for 2 weeks was applied to zebrafish after the 8-week overfeeding period. The increased body weight and plasma triglyceride level were improved by calorie restriction. We also performed comparative transcriptome analysis of visceral adipose tissue from DIO zebrafish, DIO rats, DIO mice and obese humans. This analysis revealed that obese zebrafish and mammals share common pathophysiological pathways related to the coagulation cascade and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, several regulators were identified in zebrafish and mammals, including APOH, IL-6 and IL-1β in the coagulation cascade, and SREBF1, PPARα/γ, NR1H3 and LEP in lipid metabolism. Conclusion We established a zebrafish model of DIO that shared common pathophysiological pathways with mammalian obesity. The DIO zebrafish can be used to identify putative pharmacological targets and to test novel drugs for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Oka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Becker M, Siems WE, Kluge R, Gembardt F, Schultheiss HP, Schirner M, Walther T. New function for an old enzyme: NEP deficient mice develop late-onset obesity. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20862277 PMCID: PMC2940827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there is a pandemic of obesity with approximately 300 million people being obese. Typically, human obesity has a polygenetic causation. Neutral endopeptidase (NEP), also known as neprilysin, is considered to be one of the key enzymes in the metabolism of many active peptide hormones. Methodology/Principal Findings An incidental observation in NEP-deficient mice was a late-onset excessive gain in body weight exclusively from a ubiquitous accumulation of fat tissue. In accord with polygenetic human obesity, mice were characterized by deregulation of lipid metabolism, higher blood glucose levels, with impaired glucose tolerance. The key role of NEP in determining body mass was confirmed by the use of the NEP inhibitor candoxatril in wild-type mice that increased body weight due to increased food intake. This is a peripheral and not a central NEP action on the switch for appetite control, since candoxatril cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of NEP in mice with cachexia delayed rapid body weight loss. Thus, lack in NEP activity, genetically or pharmacologically, leads to a gain in body fat. Conclusions/Significance In the present study, we have identified NEP to be a crucial player in the development of obesity. NEP-deficient mice start to become obese under a normocaloric diet in an age of 6–7 months and thus are an ideal model for the typical human late-onset obesity. Therefore, the described obesity model is an ideal tool for research on development, molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy of the pandemic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Becker
- Department for Biochemical Neurobiology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Eberhard Siems
- Department for Biochemical Neurobiology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhart Kluge
- Max-Rubner-Laboratorium, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Walther
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Differential modulatory effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on white adipose tissue in db/db mice. Life Sci 2010; 87:405-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Strable MS, Ntambi JM. Genetic control of de novo lipogenesis: role in diet-induced obesity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:199-214. [PMID: 20218765 DOI: 10.3109/10409231003667500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a complex yet highly regulated metabolic pathway, and transcription factors such as liver X receptor (LXR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) exert significant control over the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. An increase in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is an important contributor to increased fat mass, while a reduction in lipogenesis may be protective against the development of obesity. In this review, we explore fatty acid synthesis in the context of new insights gleaned from global and tissue-specific gene knockout mouse models of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, namely acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid elongase 6, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. A disruption in fatty acid synthesis, induced by the deficiency of any one of these enzymes, affects lipid metabolism and in some cases may protect against obesity in a tissue and gene-specific manner, as discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Strable
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Hui DY, Cope MJ, Labonté ED, Chang HT, Shao J, Goka E, Abousalham A, Charmot D, Buysse J. The phospholipase A(2) inhibitor methyl indoxam suppresses diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1263-9. [PMID: 19563529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous results have shown that mice lacking in the group 1B phospholipase A(2) (Pla2g1b) are resistant to obesity and diabetes induced by feeding a diabetogenic high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet. This study examined the potential of using the Pla2g1b inhibitor methyl indoxam as therapy to suppress diet-induced obesity and diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57BL/6 mice were fed the diabetogenic diet with or without methyl indoxam supplementation. Body weight gain, fasting plasma glucose levels, glucose tolerance and postprandial lysophospholipid absorption were compared. KEY RESULTS Wild-type C57BL/6 mice fed the diabetogenic diet without Pla2g1b inhibitor showed 31 and 69% body weight gain after 4 and 10 weeks respectively. These animals also showed elevated plasma glucose levels and were glucose intolerant. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice fed the diabetogenic diet with 90 mg.kg(-1) of methyl indoxam gained only 5% body weight after 10 weeks. These animals were also euglycaemic and displayed normal glucose excursion rates in glucose tolerance test. Methyl indoxam suppression of diet-induced body weight gain and glucose intolerance was correlated with the inhibition of Pla2g1b-mediated postprandial lysophospholipid absorption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results show that oral supplementation of a diabetogenic diet with the Pla2g1b inhibitor methyl indoxam effectively suppresses diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. This suggests that Pla2g1b inhibition may be a potentially effective oral therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA.
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12
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Hallén S, Clapham JC. Cell based in vitro and ex vivo models in metabolic disease drug discovery: nice to have or critical path? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:417-28. [PMID: 23485042 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902821640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cellular models as tools in drug discovery is almost universal. However, in disease areas such as metabolic diseases, are they relevant to the process and do they add value? OBJECTIVE In this article, we explore the variety of cellular models now used in drug discovery in metabolic diseases as revealed by publication. We have tried to make some connections between drug phenotypes in these models with clinical parallels. We also ask the question as to whether such models add value in the drug discovery process. This overview is not about recombinant cell systems used in target-based screening; rather, we focus on in vitro, including ex vivo, models as physiological systems in drug discovery in obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION In terms of building target confidence, in vitro models are often the only mechanistic link to human systems early in a projects life. Many of the current targets in metabolic diseases in the early discovery phase are not yet clinically supported, let alone validated. In this respect, therefore, in vitro models warrant a place in the critical path in early discovery. In terms of any predictive role for decision-making today, this is much more difficult and is more likely pushed to a supporting role as part of a wider package. However, there is a rapid rate of advancement in this field and future developments hold much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hallén
- Departments of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden +46 31 7064339 ; +46 31 7763700 ;
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Brommage R, Desai U, Revelli JP, Donoviel DB, Fontenot GK, Dacosta CM, Smith DD, Kirkpatrick LL, Coker KJ, Donoviel MS, Eberhart DE, Holt KH, Kelly MR, Paradee WJ, Philips AV, Platt KA, Suwanichkul A, Hansen GM, Sands AT, Zambrowicz BP, Powell DR. High-throughput screening of mouse knockout lines identifies true lean and obese phenotypes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2362-7. [PMID: 18719666 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-throughput approach to knockout (KO) and phenotype mouse orthologs of the 5,000 potential drug targets in the human genome. As part of the phenotypic screen, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology estimates body-fat stores in eight KO and four wild-type (WT) littermate chow-fed mice from each line. Normalized % body fat (nBF) (mean KO % body fat/mean WT littermate % body fat) values from the first 2322 lines with viable KO mice at 14 weeks of age showed a normal distribution. We chose to determine how well this screen identifies body-fat phenotypes by selecting 13 of these 2322 KO lines to serve as benchmarks based on their published lean or obese phenotype on a chow diet. The nBF values for the eight benchmark KO lines with a lean phenotype were > or =1 s.d. below the mean for seven (perilipin, SCD1, CB1, MCH1R, PTP1B, GPAT1, PIP5K2B) but close to the mean for NPY Y4R. The nBF values for the five benchmark KO lines with an obese phenotype were >2 s.d. above the mean for four (MC4R, MC3R, BRS3, translin) but close to the mean for 5HT2cR. This screen also identifies novel body-fat phenotypes as exemplified by the obese kinase suppressor of ras 2 (KSR2) KO mice. These body-fat phenotypes were confirmed upon studying additional cohorts of mice for KSR2 and all 13 benchmark KO lines. This simple and cost-effective screen appears capable of identifying genes with a role in regulating mammalian body fat.
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Speakman J, Hambly C, Mitchell S, Król E. The contribution of animal models to the study of obesity. Lab Anim 2008; 42:413-32. [PMID: 18782824 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.006067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity results from prolonged imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Animal models have provided a fundamental contribution to the historical development of understanding the basic parameters that regulate the components of our energy balance. Five different types of animal model have been employed in the study of the physiological and genetic basis of obesity. The first models reflect single gene mutations that have arisen spontaneously in rodent colonies and have subsequently been characterized. The second approach is to speed up the random mutation rate artificially by treating rodents with mutagens or exposing them to radiation. The third type of models are mice and rats where a specific gene has been disrupted or over-expressed as a deliberate act. Such genetically-engineered disruptions may be generated through the entire body for the entire life (global transgenic manipulations) or restricted in both time and to certain tissue or cell types. In all these genetically-engineered scenarios, there are two types of situation that lead to insights: where a specific gene hypothesized to play a role in the regulation of energy balance is targeted, and where a gene is disrupted for a different purpose, but the consequence is an unexpected obese or lean phenotype. A fourth group of animal models concern experiments where selective breeding has been utilized to derive strains of rodents that differ in their degree of fatness. Finally, studies have been made of other species including non-human primates and dogs. In addition to studies of the physiological and genetic basis of obesity, studies of animal models have also informed us about the environmental aspects of the condition. Studies in this context include exploring the responses of animals to high fat or high fat/high sugar (Cafeteria) diets, investigations of the effects of dietary restriction on body mass and fat loss, and studies of the impact of candidate pharmaceuticals on components of energy balance. Despite all this work, there are many gaps in our understanding of how body composition and energy storage are regulated, and a continuing need for the development of pharmaceuticals to treat obesity. Accordingly, reductions in the use of animal models, while ethically desirable, will not be feasible in the short to medium term, and indeed an expansion in activity using animal models is anticipated as the epidemic continues and spreads geographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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15
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Desai U, Lee EC, Chung K, Gao C, Gay J, Key B, Hansen G, Machajewski D, Platt KA, Sands AT, Schneider M, Van Sligtenhorst I, Suwanichkul A, Vogel P, Wilganowski N, Wingert J, Zambrowicz BP, Landes G, Powell DR. Lipid-lowering effects of anti-angiopoietin-like 4 antibody recapitulate the lipid phenotype found in angiopoietin-like 4 knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11766-71. [PMID: 17609370 PMCID: PMC1913890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used gene knockout mice to explore the role of Angiopoietin-like-4 (Angptl4) in lipid metabolism as well as to generate anti-Angptl4 mAbs with pharmacological activity. Angptl4 -/- mice had lower triglyceride (TG) levels resulting both from increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) clearance and decreased VLDL production and had modestly lower cholesterol levels. Also, both Angptl4 -/- suckling mice and adult mice fed a high-fat diet showed reduced viability associated with lipogranulomatous lesions of the intestines and their draining lymphatics and mesenteric lymph nodes. Treating C57BL/6J, ApoE -/-, LDLr -/-, and db/db mice with the anti-Angptl4 mAb 14D12 recapitulated the lipid and histopathologic phenotypes noted in Angptl4 -/- mice. This demonstrates that the knockout phenotype reflects not only the physiologic function of the Angptl4 gene but also predicts the pharmacologic consequences of Angptl4 protein inhibition with a neutralizing antibody in relevant models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jason Gay
- Departments of *Pharmaceutical Biology
| | | | - Gwenn Hansen
- Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX, 77381
| | | | - Kenneth A. Platt
- Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX, 77381
| | - Arthur T. Sands
- Departments of *Pharmaceutical Biology
- Biotherapeutics, and
- Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX, 77381
| | | | | | - Adisak Suwanichkul
- Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX, 77381
| | | | | | | | - Brian P. Zambrowicz
- Departments of *Pharmaceutical Biology
- Biotherapeutics, and
- Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX, 77381
| | | | - David R. Powell
- Departments of *Pharmaceutical Biology
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- J Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Meyers KM, Kim N, Méndez-Andino JL, Hu XE, Mumin RN, Klopfenstein SR, Wos JA, Mitchell MC, Paris JL, Ackley DC, Holbert JK, Mittelstadt SW, Reizes O. Aminomethyl tetrahydronaphthalene biphenyl carboxamide MCH-R1 antagonists—Increasing selectivity over hERG. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:814-8. [PMID: 17107791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aminomethyl tetrahydronaphthalene biphenyl carboxamide MCH-R1 antagonists with greater selectivity over hERG were identified. SAR studies addressing two distinct alternatives for structural modifications leading to improve hERG selectivity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Meyers
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45039, USA
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Méndez-Andino J, Colson AO, Denton D, Mitchell MC, Cross-Doersen D, Hu XE. MCH-R1 antagonists based on an arginine scaffold: SAR studies on the amino-terminus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:832-5. [PMID: 17107794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel series of potent MCH-R1 antagonists based on l-arginine. As predicted by computational methods, there was an activity dependence on the pi-electronic character of the aromatic systems corresponding to the amino-terminus of these molecules. These results have enhanced our understanding of the MCH-R1 receptor and the potential for a predictive homology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Méndez-Andino
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45039, USA.
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Meyers KM, Méndez-Andino J, Colson AO, Hu XE, Wos JA, Mitchell MC, Hodge K, Howard J, Paris JL, Dowty ME, Obringer CM, Reizes O. Novel pyrazolopiperazinone- and pyrrolopiperazinone-based MCH-R1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:657-61. [PMID: 17174091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological testing of novel classes of potent melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH-R1) antagonists based on pyrazolopiperazinone and pyrrolopiperazinone scaffolds are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Meyers
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45039, USA
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Méndez-Andino JL, Colson AO, Meyers KM, Mitchell MC, Hodge K, Howard JM, Kim N, Ackley DC, Holbert JK, Mittelstadt SW, Dowty ME, Obringer CM, Suchanek P, Reizes O, Hu XE, Wos JA. The efficacy and cardiac evaluation of aminomethyl tetrahydronaphthalene ketopiperazines: a novel class of potent MCH-R1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:2092-105. [PMID: 17236777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological studies of a novel class of MCH-R1 antagonists based on an aminotetrahydronaphthalene ketopiperazine scaffold is described. Compounds within this class promoted significant body weight reduction in mouse diet induced obesity studies. The potential for hERG blockage activity and QT interval studies in anesthetized dogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Méndez-Andino
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45039, USA.
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Ronnett GV, Kleman AM, Kim EK, Landree LE, Tu Y. Fatty acid metabolism, the central nervous system, and feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14 Suppl 5:201S-207S. [PMID: 17021367 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A potential role for fatty acid metabolism in the regulation of energy balance in the brain or in the periphery has been considered only recently. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, whereas the breakdown of fatty acids by beta-oxidation is regulated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, the rate-limiting enzyme for the entry of fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation. While the question of the physiological role of fatty acid metabolism remains to be resolved, studies indicate that inhibition of FAS or stimulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 using cerulenin or synthetic FAS inhibitors reduces food intake and incurs profound and reversible weight loss. Several hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which these small molecules mediate their effects have been entertained. Centrally, these compounds alter the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides, generally reducing the expression of orexigenic peptides. Whether through central, peripheral, or combined central and peripheral mechanisms, these compounds also increase energy consumption to augment weight loss. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that at least part of C75's effects is mediated by modulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, a member of an energy-sensing kinase family. These compounds, with chronic treatment, also alter gene expression peripherally to favor a state of enhanced energy consumption. Together, these effects raise the possibility that pharmacological alterations in fatty acid synthesis/degradation may serve as a target for obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele V Ronnett
- Department of Neuroscience, 1006B Preclinical Teaching Building, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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