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Harrison RA, Dongre P, van Schaik CP, van de Waal E. The forgotten adaptive social benefits of social learning in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1638-1651. [PMID: 38666404 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical scholars of cultural evolution have traditionally studied social learning strategies, such as conformity, as adaptive strategies to obtain accurate information about the environment, whereas within social psychology there has been a greater focus upon the social consequences of such strategies. Although these two approaches are often used in concert when studying human social learning, we believe the potential social benefits of conformity, and of social learning more broadly, have been overlooked in studies of non-humans. We review evidence from studies of homophily, imitation, and rapid facial mimicry that suggests that behaving like others affords social benefits to non-human animals and that behaviour matching may be deployed strategically to increase affiliation. Furthermore, we review studies of conformity in dispersers, and suggest that forgoing personal information or preferences in favour of those of the new group during immigration may be a strategy to facilitate social integration. We therefore propose that the informational and social functions of conformity apply to humans and animals alike. We use this perspective to generate several interesting research questions to inspire work in this field. For example, under what conditions do animals use informational or social conformity and what role does uncertainty play in social learning in immigrant individuals?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Harrison
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Avenue de Provence 82, Lausanne, CH-1007, Switzerland
| | - Pooja Dongre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, Zurich, CH-8050, Switzerland
| | - Erica van de Waal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Avenue de Provence 82, Lausanne, CH-1007, Switzerland
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2
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Bretter C, Unsworth KL, Robinson MA. The effect of non-verbal mimicry on evaluations in interactions with cognitively (dis)similar individuals. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1678-1693. [PMID: 37814381 PMCID: PMC11295398 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231208699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-verbal mimicry (i.e., being posturally similar by copying another person's body language) has been shown to increase evaluations of the mimicker. Concurrently, extensive research in social psychology has demonstrated a negative effect on interpersonal evaluations when one perceives others as cognitively dissimilar, often resulting in interpersonal conflicts. Across two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 159, Experiment 2: N = 144), we tested our hypotheses that mimicry, compared with no mimicry, will make mimickers come across as more likable and competent regardless of whether they were perceived as cognitively dissimilar or not (Experiment 1) and regardless of the extent to which they were perceived as cognitively dissimilar (Experiment 2). Broadly, we found support for our hypotheses, and via mediation sensitivity analyses, we found that the effect of mimicry, at least for likability, was mediated by participants' perceived personal similarity to the mimicker. Non-verbal mimicry may thus be one way of alleviating interpersonal conflicts via increasing perceptions of personal similarity regardless of initial cognitive dissimilarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Robinson
- Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Vacaru SV, van Schaik JE, Spiess L, Hunnius S. No evidence for modulation of facial mimicry by attachment tendencies in adulthood: an EMG investigation. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:12-26. [PMID: 34590534 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1973946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking another individual functions as a social glue: it smoothens the interaction and fosters affiliation. Here, we investigated whether the intrinsic motivation to affiliate with others, stemming from attachment relationships, modulates individuals' engagement in facial mimicry (FM). Participants (N = 100; MAge = 24.54 years, SDAge = 3.90 years) observed faces with happy, sad, and neutral expressions, while their facial muscle activity was recorded with electromyography. Attachment was measured with the Attachment Styles Questionnaire, which provides a multidimensional profile for preoccupied and dismissing styles. It was proposed that the preoccupied and dismissing styles are characterized by high and low intrinsic affiliation motivation, respectively, and these were hypothesized to manifest in enhanced and diminished FM. Participants showed happy and sad FM, yet attachment styles did not significantly predict FM. Bayes Factor analyses lend evidence favoring the null hypothesis, suggesting that adult attachment do not contribute to FM.
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Kulesza W, Dolinski D, Muniak P, Rizulla A. Mimicry boosts social bias: unrealistic optimism in a health prevention case. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2023.2187880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kulesza
- Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dolinski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Muniak
- Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aidana Rizulla
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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5
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Mert M, Tengilimoğlu D. The mediating role of FoMO and the moderating role of narcissism in the impact of social exclusion on compulsive buying: a cross-cultural study. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:33. [PMID: 37934364 PMCID: PMC10630266 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an interrelationship between the concepts of social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, fear of missing out (FoMO), and narcissism. Nevertheless, the extent to which these concepts mediate or moderate their relationships with each other has not been efficiently investigated. OBJECTIVE This research aims to investigate how FoMO mediates and narcissism moderates the correlation between social exclusion and compulsive buying behavior. In addition, the research aims to test a conceptual model and highlight the differences that may occur in the conceptual model proposed in two different countries. METHODS This model was analyzed among 1007 university students (Turkey = 506, Denmark = 501). The study used scales to measure social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, FoMO, and narcissism. The study employed PROCESS Model 4 to analyze direct and indirect (mediation) effects and PROCESS Model 59 to assess conditional (moderation) effects. Furthermore, the Johnson-Neyman technique was utilized to investigate interaction terms. RESULTS The findings indicate that those who face social exclusion tend to participate more in compulsive buying, and this connection is partly explained by FoMO. This suggests that individuals who encounter social exclusion may have an increased likelihood of experiencing FoMO, which may subsequently contribute to compulsive buying behavior. Furthermore, the moderating effect of narcissism differed between the Turkey and Danish samples. Specifically, in the Turkey sample, narcissism only modified the connection between social exclusion and FoMO, while in the Danish sample, it impacted both the connection between social exclusion and FoMO and the connection between FoMO and compulsive buying. CONCLUSION The obtained results show that the regulating role of narcissism is different in Turkey and Denmark within the conceptual model we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Mert
- Istanbul Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Bochon L, Bird BM, Watson NV. Excluded and ashamed: Shame proneness interacts with social exclusion and testosterone reactivity to predict behavioral aggression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 157:106355. [PMID: 37573629 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion from social relationships is a painful experience that may threaten an individual's status and dominance. The steroid hormone testosterone, which fluctuates rapidly in response to such threats, may be implicated in subsequent behavioral action (e.g., aggressive or prosocial responses) that aims to protect or enhance one's status after exclusion. Past research, however, indicates that the link between acute changes in testosterone and behavior depend on context-relevant individual dispositions. In the context of social exclusion, an individual's level of shame proneness-characterized by a tendency to experience shame and to react submissively-is theoretically relevant to the testosterone-induced aggression relationship but has yet to be examined empirically. Here, men (n = 167) were randomly assigned to be socially included or excluded in the virtual ball-tossing game, Cyberball, after which aggressive behavior was examined using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Testosterone reactivity was measured via salivary hormone samples collected pre- and post-game. Moderated multiple regression analyses were run to examine the extent to which testosterone reactivity and shame proneness moderated the effect of Cyberball condition on aggression. Results revealed a significant two-way interaction between Cyberball condition and testosterone reactivity, as well as a three-way interaction including shame proneness. For individuals low in shame proneness, exclusion was associated with higher post-cyberball aggression among those who experienced a rise in testosterone but was associated with lower post-cyberball aggression among those who experienced a decrease in testosterone. For individuals high in shame proneness, however, exclusion did not meaningfully affect aggressive responses, regardless of whether they experienced an increase or decrease in testosterone. These findings extend our understanding of the moderating roles of context and disposition on the neuroendocrinology of aggression in social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Bochon
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neil V Watson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Pawłowski B, Chmielińska A. Kin term mimicry hypothesis. Theory Biosci 2023; 142:199-203. [PMID: 37277580 PMCID: PMC10423118 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-023-00393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive mimicry in animals is a well-known phenomenon. Here, we propose that a similarly adaptive strategy in humans is using kin terms for people who are not closely genetically related. Irrespective of the initiator attributing a kin term to a non-kin, we call this kin term mimicry (KTM). The emergence of human sociality and language allowed not only easy kin recognition, but also led to strong positive emotions related to such kin names as "mother," "father," "brother," "sister," "aunt" or "uncle." Although the phenomenon of using kin terms of genetically unrelated people is well known in the social sciences, here we discuss it in the light of evolution. We notice this is an evolutionary adaptive cooperation strategy, which allows us to predict in which ecological or social circumstances it will be more prevalent. We postulate specific testable factors that affect the prevalence of kin mimicry. We also discuss who is more likely to be an initiator of calling non-kin a fictive kin, and who benefits from such behavior. The KTM hypothesis postulates that an individual or social group initiating or bestowing kin terms usually receives more benefits (economic and/or psychological support) from such mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Pawłowski
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Chmielińska
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Platow MJ, Strong I, Grace DM, Knight CG, Augoustinos M, Bar-Tal D, Spears R, Van Rooy D. Gender-based in-group social influence can lead women to view a hostile sexist attitude as less prejudiced and more true. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37357938 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2228996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Social influence processes by which women come to judge a hostile sexist attitude as relatively true and unprejudiced were examined. Based upon status characteristics theory, women's judgments were expected to be more strongly influenced by a man's than a woman's interpretation of the sexist attitude as true or prejudiced. Based upon self-categorization theory, women's judgments were expected to be more strongly influenced by a woman's than a man's interpretation. Support was primarily observed for the self-categorization theory prediction. This effect, however, was initially suppressed by participants' acceptance of the legitimacy of gender status differences. A post-hoc mediational analysis revealed two pathways by which in-group social influence affected women's acceptance the relative veracity of negative claims about their own group: a direct path from shared in-group membership with the influencing agent, and an indirect path through their acceptance of the legitimacy of gender status differences. The research highlights how women's endorsement of sexist views can have the capacity to minimize other women's challenges of these views as prejudice.
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9
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Mermier J, Quadrelli E, Bulf H, Turati C. Ostracism modulates children's recognition of emotional facial expressions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287106. [PMID: 37319141 PMCID: PMC10270353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostracism has been shown to induce considerable physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes in adults. Previous research demonstrated its effects on children's cognitive and behavioral abilities, but less is known about its impact on their capacity to recognize subtle variations in social cues. The present study aimed at investigating whether social manipulations of inclusion and ostracism modulate emotion recognition abilities in children, and whether this modulation varies across childhood. To do so, 5- and 10-year-old children participated in a computer-based ball tossing game called Cyberball during which they were either included or ostracized. Then, they completed a facial emotion recognition task in which they were required to identify neutral facial expressions, or varying levels of intensity of angry and fearful facial expressions. Results indicated lower misidentification rates for children who were previously ostracized as compared to children who were previously included, both at 5 and 10 years of age. Moreover, when looking at children's accuracy and sensitivity to facial expressions, 5-year-olds' decoding abilities were affected by the social manipulation, while no difference between included and ostracized participants was observed for 10-year-olds. In particular, included and ostracized 10-year-old children as well as ostracized 5-year-olds showed higher accuracy and sensitivity for expressions of fear as compared to anger, while no such difference was observed for included 5-year-olds. Overall, the current study presents evidence that Cyberball-induced inclusion and ostracism modulate children's recognition of emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mermier
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanno Quadrelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Hermann Bulf
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Turati
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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10
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van Schie C, Cook JL, Elzinga B, Ly V. A boost in self-esteem after positive social evaluation predicts social and non-social learning. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230027. [PMID: 37234503 PMCID: PMC10206450 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in self-esteem resulting from social acceptance and rejection could guide social behaviour by putting us in a state that is more or less open to social experiences. However, it remains unclear whether social acceptance and rejection may shape learning from social information depending on individual differences in self-esteem changes. Here we used a social feedback paradigm to manipulate social acceptance and rejection in a between-subjects design. Subsequently, we administered a behavioural task that enables the assessment of how well individuals learn on the basis of own experiences versus social information. Participants receiving positive (N = 43) versus negative (N = 44) social evaluation demonstrated an increase in subjective self-esteem. Importantly, the effect of the social evaluation on social learning was moderated by self-esteem changes. Specifically, an increase in self-esteem, as induced by positive evaluation, was associated with increased learning from social, but decreased learning from individual information. A decrease in self-esteem in response to negative evaluation was associated with decreased learning from individual information. These data suggest that increases in self-esteem in response to positive evaluation can induce a shift in the inclination to use social versus non-social information and may open one up to constructive learning from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte van Schie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and the School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Bernet Elzinga
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Ly
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute Office, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Altınok N, Over H, Carpenter M. Young children use imitation communicatively. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 231:105654. [PMID: 36931107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that children imitate not just to learn from others but also to affiliate socially with them. However, although imitation can convey a wealth of affiliative information to others, it is not yet known whether imitators intend for this to be the case. In particular, we do not know whether children imitate communicatively in some contexts, expending extra effort to make sure that the demonstrator sees their imitation. Here, in two experiments (N = 20 and N = 48, respectively), we tested whether preschool-age children modify their imitation when needed to ensure that the demonstrator sees it. In each trial, children were shown a demonstration. Then, for their response, in one condition a barrier obscured the demonstrator's view of children's imitation unless children raised their arms above the barrier while imitating. In the other condition the demonstrator was able to see children's imitation without any additional effort from children. Results from both experiments showed that children were significantly more likely to imitate with their arms raised when their actions would otherwise be obscured from view. In the second experiment, we also coded for other communicative behaviors (e.g., social smiles, eye contact, showing gestures) and found that children often displayed communicative behaviors while imitating, as expected, in both conditions. Thus, young children actively use imitation communicatively in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Altınok
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, 1100 Wien, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Harriet Over
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Malinda Carpenter
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
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12
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Kulesza W, Dolinski D, Muniak P, Borkowska J, Bibikova P, Grzyb T. The chameleon effect in customer relationship management: Experiments on the spillover effects of mimicry in natural settings of a chain hotel and a chain grocery shop. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1016125. [PMID: 36998361 PMCID: PMC10043486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous experiments have proven that mimicry is highly beneficial (mainly to the mimicker but also to the mimickee). Some studies have shown initial data suggesting the potential of applying this knowledge to business settings. In the present paper we unpack this issue in two ways. First, by presenting potential benefits stemming from mimicry for the mimicking dyad, and second for the business environment represented by the mimicker. Two consecutive studies: a Pretest and a Main Experiment run in natural settings showed great potential in improving the assessments of quality of service provided by verbally mimicking (or not). The results of both studies showed that mimicry offers benefits for the mimicker (increased employee kindness and employee evaluation), and also spillover to the organization/company represented by the mimicking employee (increased opinion of and willingness to return to the shop/hotel). Future research directions and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kulesza
- Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dolinski
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
| | - Paweł Muniak
- Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
- *Correspondence: Paweł Muniak,
| | - Joanna Borkowska
- Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
| | - Polina Bibikova
- Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzyb
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
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13
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Park JH, Jin KS. The sense of belonging reduces ingroup favoritism in children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1059415. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1059415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Belonging is an important motive for intergroup behavior. Adults display pronounced ingroup favoritism when the sense of inclusion by an ingroup is decreased or threatened. The present study investigated whether ingroup belonging reduces ingroup favoritism in 6-year-old children in terms of costly sharing. Children were allocated to a novel group in a minimal-group paradigm. In two conditions, children played a brief ball-tossing game and were either included (ingroup-inclusion condition) or excluded (ingroup-exclusion condition) by their ingroup members. Children in a no-interaction condition did not have any interactions with the members of the ingroup. After this manipulation, we tested the extent to which children shared resources with ingroup and outgroup members. We found that children in the ingroup-exclusion and no-interaction conditions shared more resources with their ingroup member than their outgroup member, while children in the ingroup-inclusion condition shared equally with the ingroup and outgroup members. These results could inform interventions aimed at fostering positive intergroup relations.
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14
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Quarmley M, Feldman J, Grossman H, Clarkson T, Moyer A, Jarcho JM. Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:529-545. [PMID: 35349722 PMCID: PMC9519812 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Social rejection elicits profound feelings of distress. From an evolutionary perspective, the best way to alleviate this distress is to behave prosocially, minimizing the likelihood of further exclusion. Yet, examples ranging from the playground to the pub suggest rejection commonly elicits aggression. Opposing theoretical perspectives and discordant empirical results have left a basic question unanswered: does rejection more commonly elicit prosocial or aggressive behavior? We conducted three meta-analyses (one with studies measuring aggressive behavior; one with studies measuring prosocial behavior; and one with studies measuring both aggressive and prosocial behavior; N = 3864) to quantify: (1) the extent to which social rejection elicits prosocial or aggressive behavior and (2) potential moderating effects on these relations. Random-effects models revealed medium effects such that social rejection potentiated aggressive behavior (k = 19; d = 0.41, p < .0001) and attenuated prosocial behavior (k = 7; d = 0.59, p < .0001), an effect that remained consistent even when participants were given the option to behave prosocially or aggressively (k = 15; d = 0.71, p < .0001). These results cast doubt on the theory that rejection triggers prosocial behavior, and instead suggest it is a robust elicitor of aggression. Statement of Relevance: To our knowledge, these meta-analyses are the first to directly test whether social rejection elicits aggressive or prosocial behavior. By including a comprehensive collection of both published and unpublished research studies, and examining a wide variety of previously untested moderators, we show that social rejection robustly elicits aggressive behavior and inhibits prosocial behavior. Additionally, we demonstrate that aggressive behavior following social rejection is not simply a function of limited choices in response options. In fact, aggressive behavior was evoked even when the option to engage in prosocial behavior was provided. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive narrative review of the neural mechanisms underlying social rejection-elicited aggressive and prosocial behavior to supplement primary analyses. Overall, we believe that our work makes a critical theoretical contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Grossman
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational
Psychology, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Anne Moyer
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
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15
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Klonek FE, Gerpott FH, Handke L. When Groups of Different Sizes Collide: Effects of Targeted Verbal Aggression on Intragroup Functioning. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221134426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
When competing for scarce resources, groups can behave aggressively toward one another. Realistic conflict theory suggests that intergroup hostility internally ties groups together, thus improving intragroup functioning. In contrast, conflict spillover theory suggests that aggressive behaviors between groups can permeate to the intragroup level and thus worsen intragroup functioning. We reconcile these two opposite perspectives by introducing the relative group size as a moderator that determines when and how targeted verbal aggression from one group harms or improves intragroup functioning in the targeted group. We tested our hypotheses using a sample of in-situ observations of transcribed plenary discussions in the German national parliament and compared intergroup targeted verbal aggression by distinguishing targeted verbal aggression from two social groups (i.e., a new populist smaller party vs. a larger group of veteran parliament members). We measured targeted verbal aggression as a form of hostile intergroup behavior from each social group using computerized text analyses. We analyzed intragroup functioning using a measure of verbal mimicry. Our results show support for our hypotheses. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for the verbal aggression and intergroup relations literature.
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16
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Aulbach MB, Harjunen VJ, Spapé M. Visible skin disease symptoms of another person reduce automatic imitation of their hand movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1466-1474. [PMID: 36149502 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Imitation is an important mechanism for social interaction and learning, and humans tend to imitate others automatically. While imitating others is often useful, it can backfire when imitation is incongruent with one's goals. For example, in forced-choice reaction time tasks, this tendency results in a reliable slowing of reactions if the observed and self-initiated actions are incompatible (compatibility effect). While imitation is commonly explained as a social phenomenon, previous results on the compatibility effect's dependence on social cues are inconsistent. However, in many previous studies, the associated social cues were easy to ignore by the participants. To make the social modifier more salient, the current study manipulated emotionally relevant aspects of the model hand itself in an imitation inhibition task by using models displaying skin disease symptoms which we expected to elicit (1) perceptions of dissimilarity and (2) disgust in participants. As predicted, participants' (n = 63) reaction times were influenced more by the incompatible actions of the symptom-free than the symptomatic model hand. However, both levels of self-reported disgust toward and self-other overlap with symptomatic hands were low and did not account for the observed effect on automatic imitation. Our findings show that automatic imitation depends on social factors if these are an integral part of the model and processed quickly, presumably due to their affective salience or the salience of the self-other distinction. Whether this effect is driven by emotional reactions to the model remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Burkard Aulbach
- Dept. Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Michiel Spapé
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Holte AJ, Fisher WN, Ferraro FR. Afraid of Social Exclusion: Fear of Missing Out Predicts Cyberball-Induced Ostracism. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022; 7:315-324. [PMID: 35308261 PMCID: PMC8924730 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-022-00251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although social exclusion violates the basic needs of sense of control, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and belongingness, it is unknown if fear of missing out (FoMO) or attachment anxiety contributes to one’s sense of ostracism and each of these basic needs. We aimed to identify if baseline scores in attachment anxiety and/or FoMO predict how excluded an individual feels after playing an online ball-tossing game designed to include or exclude them and if these constructs tap into basic needs that ostracism has shown to threaten. A sample of 193 young adults participated in this online study. After completing measures of demographics, FoMO, and attachment anxiety, each participant played Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game. Under the guise of playing with two other human participants, this paradigm consists of pre-programmed conditions of either inclusion, which entails receiving 10 of the total 30 ball tosses, or exclusion, which consists of receiving the ball only twice at the beginning of the game. Participants then completed post-measures of state ostracism, basic needs, and attention checks and were debriefed regarding the nature of the Cyberball game. We found that FoMO, but not attachment anxiety, predicted how ostracized one felt. Likewise, FoMO was inversely related to control, belongingness, and meaningful existence. Attachment anxiety did not predict any of the basic needs examined in the study. We conclude FoMO may be less about the experience one misses out on and more about the fear of being excluded. Future research is needed to evaluate if people experience increases in state FoMO while excluded and if baseline mood influences our findings.
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18
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McMillan G, Milyavskaya M. The Case for Social Support as Social Assistance: When Social Means to Personal Goal Pursuit Enhance Agency. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2038001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gail McMillan
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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19
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Rosenfeld DL, Balcetis E, Bastian B, Berkman ET, Bosson JK, Brannon TN, Burrow AL, Cameron CD, Chen S, Cook JE, Crandall C, Davidai S, Dhont K, Eastwick PW, Gaither SE, Gangestad SW, Gilovich T, Gray K, Haines EL, Haselton MG, Haslam N, Hodson G, Hogg MA, Hornsey MJ, Huo YJ, Joel S, Kachanoff FJ, Kraft-Todd G, Leary MR, Ledgerwood A, Lee RT, Loughnan S, MacInnis CC, Mann T, Murray DR, Parkinson C, Pérez EO, Pyszczynski T, Ratner K, Rothgerber H, Rounds JD, Schaller M, Silver RC, Spellman BA, Strohminger N, Swim JK, Thoemmes F, Urganci B, Vandello JA, Volz S, Zayas V, Tomiyama AJ. Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:311-333. [PMID: 34597198 PMCID: PMC8901450 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621999374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic's wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon-an event that hinges on human-to-human contact-we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena. After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues that have been amplified by the pandemic. We aim to demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19 pandemic can help make psychological science stronger-not weaker-in its wake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - C. Daryl Cameron
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
- Rock Ethics Institute, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Serena Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Martie G. Haselton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nick Haslam
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | - Yuen J. Huo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Frank J. Kachanoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Mark R. Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | | | | | - Steve Loughnan
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Traci Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Efrén O. Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
| | | | | | | | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Nina Strohminger
- Department of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Janet K. Swim
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Felix Thoemmes
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University
| | | | | | - Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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20
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Fischer P, Jakobsen KV. Witnessed inclusion improves identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 40:254-270. [PMID: 35048401 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion threatens a person's need to belong and prompts them to behave in ways that often facilitate reaffiliation. For adults, direct exclusion increases attention to social information and facial cues, including an enhanced identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, inclusion can buffer or mitigate the effects of exclusion. This study investigated children's (N = 44) and adults' (N = 52) sensitivity to perceptual changes in smiles following witnessed inclusion and exclusion and inclusion's mitigating and buffering effects on perceptual abilities. Contrary to our predictions, participants in our study demonstrated improved accuracy after witnessing inclusion, rather than exclusion, and showed no buffering or mitigating effects of inclusion. This contradiction with previous findings points to a further need to explore the effects of witnessed versus direct inclusion and exclusion, especially if witnessed inclusion and exclusion have the ability to impact perception and shape our behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fischer
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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21
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Li PH, Koenig MA. The roles of group membership and social exclusion in children's testimonial learning. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 216:105342. [PMID: 34959182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we used high- and low-stakes testimonial learning tasks to better understand two important types of social influence on children's learning decisions: group membership and social ostracism. Children (4- and 5-year-olds; N = 100) were either included or excluded by in-group or outgroup members in an online ball tossing game. Then, children were asked to selectively learn new information from either an in-group or out-group member. They also received counterintuitive information from an in-group or out-group member that was in conflict with their own intuitions. When learning new information, children who were excluded were more likely to selectively trust information from their in-group member. In contrast, when accepting counterintuitive information, children relied only on group membership regardless of their exclusion status. Together, these findings demonstrate ways in which different forms of testimonial learning are guided not only by epistemic motivations but also by social motivations of affiliation and maintaining relationships with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Han Li
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Melissa A Koenig
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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22
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Yang Y, Hu J, Jing F. Does awe facilitate conformity in tourism consumption? Evidence from China. SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2021.2016714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- School of Sports Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Economics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan City, People’s Republic of China
| | - FengJie Jing
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Wan Y, Zhu L. Understanding the effects of rhythmic coordination on children's prosocial behaviours. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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24
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Nyman-Salonen P, Kykyri VL, Tschacher W, Muotka J, Tourunen A, Penttonen M, Seikkula J. Nonverbal Synchrony in Couple Therapy Linked to Clients' Well-Being and the Therapeutic Alliance. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718353. [PMID: 34858258 PMCID: PMC8631962 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonverbal synchrony between individuals has a robust relation to the positive aspects of relationships. In psychotherapy, where talking is the cure, nonverbal synchrony has been related to a positive outcome of therapy and to a stronger therapeutic alliance between therapist and client in dyadic settings. Only a few studies have focused on nonverbal synchrony in multi-actor therapy conversations. Here, we studied the synchrony of head and body movements in couple therapy, with four participants present (spouses and two therapists). We analyzed more than 2000min of couple therapy videos from 11 couple therapy cases using Motion Energy Analysis and a Surrogate Synchrony (SUSY), a procedure used earlier in dyadic psychotherapy settings. SUSY was calculated for all six dyads per session, leading to synchrony computations for 66 different dyads. Significant synchrony occurred in all 29 analyzed sessions and between the majority of dyads. Complex models were used to determine the relations between nonverbal synchrony and the clients’ well-being and all participants’ evaluations of the therapeutic alliance. The clients’ well-being was related to body synchronies in the sessions. Differences were found between the clients’ and therapists’ alliance evaluations: the clients’ alliance evaluations were related to synchrony between both dyads of opposite gender, whereas the therapists’ alliance evaluations were related to synchrony between dyads of the same gender, but opposite to themselves. With four participants present, our study introduces a new aspect of nonverbal synchrony, since as a dyad synchronizes, the other two participants are observing it. Nonverbal synchrony seems to be as important in couple therapy as in individual psychotherapy, but the presence of multiple participants makes the patterns more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nyman-Salonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Virpi-Liisa Kykyri
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Tschacher
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joona Muotka
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anu Tourunen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Markku Penttonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Seikkula
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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25
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Hui Z, Yupeng M, Chenglong Z, Haiqin L, Daomeng G. Impact of Social Exclusion on Customer Participation in Innovation: Role of Customer-Company Identification. Front Psychol 2021; 12:747924. [PMID: 34867633 PMCID: PMC8636063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a social context, customer participation in the innovation process is often accompanied by social exclusion situations, which are generally believed to have a negative impact on individuals. However, research results and marketing practices show that social exclusion can also exert a positive influence on creativity, product selection, perceived risk, and so on. Through two experimental studies, this research explores the relationship between social exclusion and customer participation in innovation. It finds that social exclusion has a positive influence on customer participation in innovation and that customer-company identification mediates this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Hui
- School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Mou Yupeng
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhang Chenglong
- School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Li Haiqin
- School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Guo Daomeng
- School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
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26
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Abstract
Abstract. In two pre-registered studies, we investigated whether
processes of imitative action regulation are facilitated after experiencing an
episode of social exclusion. We reasoned that imitative action regulation
effects should be more pronounced for participants who were socially excluded,
providing them with an “automatic means” to socially reconnect
with others. Participants played a virtual ball-tossing game to experimentally
induce social exclusion or inclusion experiences. Subsequently, pairs of two
participants engaged in an observational stimulus–response (SR) binding
paradigm modeled after Giesen et al.
(2014): Participants observed color categorization responses in their
interaction partner (trialn-1) and then executed
(in)compatible responses in the subsequent trial
(trialn), with observation and responding
occurring in alternation. Stimulus relation (repetition vs. change) from
trialn-1 to
trialn was orthogonally manipulated. In both
studies, stimulus-based retrieval effects of observationally acquired SR
bindings were descriptively larger in socially excluded (compared with socially
included) participants. However, none of the effects were statistically
significant. Even a joint analysis of both experiments did not show the expected
modulation. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on social
exclusion effects on imitative action regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina G Giesen
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Nagel
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Matthäus Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Rothermund
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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27
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Yaakobi E. Personality as a moderator of immediate and delayed ostracism distress. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:1454-1477. [PMID: 34287977 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although ostracism is known to have negative consequences, individuals are affected to differing extents and show different patterns of recovery. To better understand these differences, the Big-Five personality model was used to examine the moderating role of personality on immediate and delayed ostracism distress. In this laboratory study, 408 participants played Cyberball and completed batteries on needs satisfaction and mood distress. The results show that more Agreeable or Conscientious individuals experienced greater distress on the immediate and the delayed distress measures (needs satisfaction and mood). Greater Openness to experience was related to greater effects of Agreeableness or Conscientious on distress experienced after being ostracized than when included. The discussion centers on the steps that can be taken to achieve greater relief after ostracism. This research contributes new theoretical insights and presents practical implications leading to a better understanding of those individuals who are at greater risk of being affected by ostracism, the personality characteristics that moderate ostracism distress, and when.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Yaakobi
- Faculty of Business Administration, Ono Academic College, Israel
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28
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Genschow O, Cracco E, Verbeke P, Westfal M, Crusius J. A direct test of the similarity assumption - Focusing on differences as compared with similarities decreases automatic imitation. Cognition 2021; 215:104824. [PMID: 34242855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Individuals automatically imitate a wide range of different behaviors. Previous research suggests that imitation as a social process depends on the similarity between interaction partners. However, some of the experiments supporting this notion could not be replicated and all of the supporting experiments manipulated not only similarity between actor and observer, but also other features. Thus, the existing evidence leaves open whether similarity as such moderates automatic imitation. To directly test the similarity account, in four experiments, we manipulated participants' focus on similarities or differences while holding the stimulus material constant. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with a hand and let them either focus on similarities, differences, or neutral aspects between their own hand and the other person's hand. The results indicate that focusing on similarities increased perceived similarity between the own and the other person's hand. In Experiments 2 to 4, we tested the hypothesis that focusing on similarities, as compared with differences, increases automatic imitation. Experiment 2 tested the basic effect and found support for our prediction. Experiment 3 and 4 replicated this finding with higher-powered samples. Exploratory investigations further suggest that it is a focus on differences that decreases automatic imitation, and not a focus on similarities that increases automatic imitation. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.
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29
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Fodor OC, Curşeu PL, Meslec N. In Leaders We Trust, or Should We? Supervisors' Dark Triad Personality Traits and Ratings of Team Performance and Innovation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:650172. [PMID: 34194361 PMCID: PMC8236614 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study tests in a sample of 87 organizational groups (297 employees and 87 supervisors) the mediating role of leader-member exchange (LMX) and collective narcissism in the relationship between supervisors’ dark triad (SDT) personality traits and ratings of team outcomes made by supervisors and team members. We show that LMX mediates the association between SDT and team performance and innovation as rated by team members, while collective narcissism mediates the association between SDT and supervisory ratings of team innovation and team performance. Moreover, collective narcissism also mediates the association between SDT and team innovation as rated by team members. Results show that team-level performance appraisal is influenced by supervisory attributes and that the quality of relational exchanges and collective narcissism are plausible mechanisms explaining this association. The use of supervisory ratings of team outcomes in empirical research should also account for the supervisory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C Fodor
- Department of Psychology, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petru L Curşeu
- Department of Psychology, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Organization, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Nicoleta Meslec
- Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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30
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Genschow O, Westfal M, Cracco E, Crusius J. Group membership does not modulate automatic imitation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:780-791. [PMID: 34109471 PMCID: PMC8942900 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndividuals have the automatic tendency to imitate each other. A key prediction of different theories explaining automatic imitation is that individuals imitate in-group members more strongly than out-group members. However, the empirical basis for this prediction is rather inconclusive. Only a few experiments have investigated the influence of group membership using classic automatic imitation paradigms and these experiments led to mixed results. To put the group membership prediction to a critical test, we carried out six high-powered experiments (total N = 1538) in which we assessed imitation with the imitation-inhibition task and manipulated group membership in different ways. Evidence across all experiments indicates that group membership does not modulate automatic imitation. Moreover, we do not find support for the idea that feelings of affiliation or perceived similarity moderate the effect of group membership on automatic imitation. These results have important implications for theories explaining automatic imitation and contribute to the current discussion of whether automatic imitation can be socially modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mareike Westfal
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Crusius
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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31
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Hopkins ZL, Yuill N, Branigan HP. Autistic children's language imitation shows reduced sensitivity to ostracism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1929-1941. [PMID: 34105047 PMCID: PMC9021065 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In dialogue, speakers tend to imitate, or align with, a partner's language choices. Higher levels of alignment facilitate communication and can be elicited by affiliation goals. Since autistic children have interaction and communication impairments, we investigated whether a failure to display affiliative language imitation contributes to their conversational difficulties. We measured autistic children's lexical alignment with a partner, following an ostracism manipulation which induces affiliative motivation in typical adults and children. While autistic children demonstrated lexical alignment, we observed no affiliative influence on ostracised children's tendency to align, relative to controls. Our results suggest that increased language imitation-a potentially valuable form of social adaptation-is unavailable to autistic children, which may reflect their impaired affective understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Nicola Yuill
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Holly P Branigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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32
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Giesen CG, Frings C. Not so social after all: Video-based acquisition of observational stimulus-response bindings. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 217:103330. [PMID: 33991796 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Merely observing how another person responds to a stimulus results in incidental stimulus-response (SR) bindings in memory. These observationally acquired SR bindings can be retrieved on a later occasion. Retrieval will bias current behavioral response tendencies towards re-execution of the observed response. Previous demonstrations of this effect endorsed a dyadic interaction paradigm in which two co-actors respond in alternating fashion. The present paper investigates a video-based version of the observational SR binding task in which videotaped responses are observed on screen. Whereas findings from the dyadic paradigm indicate that retrieval of observationally acquired SR bindings is modulated by social relevance, the video-based paradigm is not influenced by social moderators. Data of four experiments show that manipulations of visual perspective, natural and artificial group membership had no modulatory effect on retrieval of observationally acquired SR bindings in the video-based paradigm. The absence of any socially modulated effect in the video-based paradigm is supported by Bayesian statistics in favor of the null hypothesis. Data from a fifth experiment suggests that observational SR binding and retrieval effects in the video-based paradigm reflect the influence of spatial attention allocated towards response keys of observed responses. Implications for the suitability of both paradigms to study observational learning and joint action phenomena are discussed.
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Wang D, Ziano I, Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD. Loudness Perceptions Influence Feelings of Interpersonal Closeness and Protect Against Detrimental Psychological Effects of Social Exclusion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:566-581. [PMID: 34027717 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211015896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose that perceptions of auditory loudness and interpersonal closeness are bidirectionally related. Across 12 experiments (total N = 2,219; 10 preregistered; with Singaporean, British, U.S. American, and Australian participants), we demonstrated that louder audio made people feel physically (Study 1a) and socially (Study 1b) closer to others, presumably because loudness activates interpersonal closeness-related concepts implicitly (Studies 1c and 1d). This loudness-interpersonal closeness effect was observed across diverse samples (Studies 2a, 3a, and S1), for longer listening intervals (Study 2b), and in natural settings (Studies 3a and 3b). Conversely, individuals made to feel socially excluded rated their surroundings as quieter (Study 4). Furthermore, following social exclusion, individuals showed a preference for louder volume (Study 5). Finally, exposure to loud stimuli mitigated detrimental psychological effects of social exclusion (Study 6). Theoretical implications for the social cognition of loudness, social exclusion and compensatory strategies, and practical implications for ameliorating loneliness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin S Hagger
- University of California, Merced, USA.,University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Reece A, Carr EW, Baumeister RF, Kellerman GR. Outcasts and saboteurs: Intervention strategies to reduce the negative effects of social exclusion on team outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249851. [PMID: 33956814 PMCID: PMC8101916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of social exclusion in the workplace adversely impacts employees' well-being, job satisfaction, and productivity, and no one quite knows what to do about it. In this report, we describe the development and testing of three ostracism interventions, designed to help people cope with the negative effects of being excluded by one's team. Across five studies, participants were assigned to a virtual ball toss game where they were either included or excluded by their teammates. Afterwards, they were given a task where they could earn money for themselves, for their entire team, or for an unrelated group (charity). Excluded participants worked less hard for their teams (even when this meant sacrificing their own earnings). This sabotage effect was specific, meaning that excluded individuals worked less hard on behalf of their teams, but not when they worked for themselves or for charity. We devised three intervention strategies-perspective, mentorship, and empowerment-to combat the negative effects of ostracism on people's willingness to work for their teams. These interventions were successful; each increased people's persistence in a team-based reward task, and in some cases, even raised the outcomes of excluded teammates to levels observed in included teammates. The effectiveness of these interventions also replicated successfully, using preregistered hypotheses, methods, and analyses. These studies add novel insights to a variety of fields that have examined the consequences of social exclusion, including social psychology, organizational behavior, and management science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reece
- BetterUp, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Evan W. Carr
- BetterUp, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Manrique HM, Marín A, Nieto-Alemán PA, Read DW, Hernández-Jaramillo J, García-Palacios A, Zeidler H. Behavioural mimicry as an indicator of affiliation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250105. [PMID: 33939734 PMCID: PMC8092663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that behavioural mimicry fosters affiliation, and can be used to infer whether people belong to the same social unit. However, we still know very little about the generalizability of these findings and the individual factors involved. The present study intends to disentangle two important variables and assess their importance for affiliation: the matching in time of the behaviours versus their matching in form. In order to address this issue, we presented participants with short videos in which two actors displayed a set of small movements (e.g. crossing their legs, folding their arms, tapping their fingers) arranged to be either contingent in time or in form. A dark filter was used to eliminate ostensive group marks, such us phenotype or clothing. Participants attributed the highest degree of affiliation to the actors when their subsequent movements matched in form, but were delayed by 4–5 seconds, and the lowest degree when the timing of their movements matched, but they differed in form. To assess the generalizability of our findings, we took our study outside the usual Western context and tested a matching sample of participants from a traditional small-scale society in Kenya. In all, our results suggest that movements are used to judge the degree of affiliation between two individuals in both large- and small-scale societies. While moving in different ways at the same time seems to increase the perceived distance between two individuals, movements which match in form seem to invoke closeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M. Manrique
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Marín
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- Valencian International University, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Dwight W. Read
- Department of Anthropology and Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henriette Zeidler
- Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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A preference for preference: Lack of subjective preference evokes dehumanization. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Navigating from live to virtual social interactions: looking at but not manipulating smartphones provokes a spontaneous mimicry response in the observers. J ETHOL 2021; 39:287-296. [PMID: 33897086 PMCID: PMC8052537 DOI: 10.1007/s10164-021-00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By gathering data on people during their ordinary daily activities, we tested if looking at, but not manipulating, smartphones led to a mimicry response in the observer. Manipulating and looking at the device (experimental condition), more than its mere manipulation (control condition), was critical to elicit a mimicry response in the observer. Sex, age and relationship quality between the experimenter and the observer had no effect on the smartphone mimicry response that tended to decrease during social meals. Due to the role of food as a tool in increasing social affiliation, it is possible that during communal eating, people engage in other forms of mimicry involving facial expressions and postures rather than the use of objects. Understanding the ethological mechanisms of the use of smartphones at everyday-social scale could unveil the processes at the basis of the widespread/increasing use of these devices at a large scale.
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Tunçgenç B, Travers E, Fairhurst MT. Leadership and tempo perturbation affect coordination in medium-sized groups. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4940. [PMID: 33654114 PMCID: PMC7925598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In marching bands, sports, dance and virtually all human group behaviour, we coordinate our actions with others. Coordinating actions in time and space can act as a social glue, facilitating bonding among people. However, much of our understanding about coordination dynamics is based on research into dyadic interactions. Little is known about the nature of the sensorimotor underpinnings and social bonding outcomes of coordination in medium-sized groups-the type of groups, in which most everyday teamwork takes place. In this study, we explored how the presence of a leader and an unexpected perturbation influence coordination and cohesion in a naturalistic setting. In groups of seven, participants were instructed to walk in time to an auditory pacing signal. We found that the presence of a reliable leader enhanced coordination with the target tempo, which was disrupted when the leader abruptly changed their movement tempo. This effect was not observed on coordination with the group members. Moreover, participants' perceptions of being a follower and group cooperativeness increased in the presence of a leader. This study extends our knowledge about coordination beyond previous work on dyads. We discuss our results in light of sensorimotor coupling and social cohesion theories of coordination in groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Tunçgenç
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eoin Travers
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Merle T Fairhurst
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Bundeswehr University, Munich, Germany.
- Faculty of Philosophy of Mind, Munich Centre for Neuroscience, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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Behavioral Mimicry and Interaction Expectations Influence Affect in Interracial Interactions. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-020-00353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Goldsborough Z, Webb CE, de Waal FB, van Leeuwen EJ. Zoo-housed female chimpanzee adopts local female-specific tradition upon immigrating into a new group. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Wild female chimpanzees typically migrate to a neighbouring community at the onset of sexual maturity, a process that can be dangerous and unpredictable. To mitigate the risk of rejection in the new community, immigrants may employ several behavioural strategies. During the integration of two chimpanzee females at Royal Burgers’ Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands) one of the immigrant females rapidly copied a local tradition — the crossed-arm walk — which has been present in the group for over 20 years. She copied the behaviour after meeting only one resident female, and showed the behaviour frequently throughout a 6-month observation period following the introduction. The other immigrant female never adopted the crossed-arm walk, highlighting the variation in behaviour by immigrants upon integration, as well as the potential associated consequences: in a separate observation period 2 years later, the female who copied the local tradition appeared more socially integrated than the other immigrant female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Goldsborough
- Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behaviour, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christine E. Webb
- Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frans B.M. de Waal
- Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edwin J.C. van Leeuwen
- Behavioral Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Yaakobi
- School of Management, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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42
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Cloutier RM, Bilsky SA, Baxley C, Anderson KG, Blumenthal H. Development of the A-DISS rejection task to demonstrate the unique and overlapping affective features of social anxiety and depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021; 45:74-89. [PMID: 33776170 PMCID: PMC7992050 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety (SA) and depression are prevalent, often comorbid disorders, associated with poor psychosocial functioning. Experimental psychopathology approaches can clarify the transdiagnostic mechanisms underlying these disorders, but most laboratory tasks are limited. We developed and validated the Audio-Dialogue Inductions of Social Stress (A-DISS) experimental task to model real-time rejection sensitivity in a realistic and developmentally relevant context. Participants are asked to imagine overhearing peers at a party talking badly about them (Rejection) or a teacher at their school (Neutral). METHODS Study 1 focused on identifying and refining stimuli that elicited relevant emotional responses for Rejection (e.g., increased anxiety) and Neutral (e.g., no emotional changes) conditions (N=48). Study 2 examined whether participants' SA and depression symptoms moderated the effects of A-DISS condition (N=52). RESULTS The Rejection condition elicited higher negative affect/lower positive affect while the Neutral condition sustained stable affect. Findings were consistent across gender and race/ethnicity. Moderation analyses were statistically significant; participants with elevated SA or depression reported feeling more rejected, insecure, and anxious after Rejection than those with below average symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary validation of a novel peer rejection task for research on understanding the affective experience of real-time rejection overall, especially for those with elevated SA and depression. SA and depression symptoms each uniquely moderating the effects of Rejection exposure on similar affective states, suggests individuals with SA or depression may benefit from interventions targeting specific reactions to rejection/stress and transdiagnostic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Cloutier
- Teen Stress and Alcohol Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 423 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America (Present Address)
| | - Sarah A Bilsky
- Department of Psychology, The University of Mississippi, 302D Peabody Hall, University Park, MS, 38677
| | - Catherine Baxley
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Kristen G Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd. Portland, OR 97202
| | - Heidemarie Blumenthal
- Teen Stress and Alcohol Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
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Cordoni G, Favilli E, Palagi E. Earlier than previously thought: Yawn contagion in preschool children. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:931-944. [PMID: 33506489 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Yawning is a primitive and stereotyped motor action involving orofacial, laryngeal, pharyngeal, thoracic and abdominal muscles. Contagious yawning, an involuntarily action induced by viewing or listening to others' yawns, has been demonstrated in human and several non-human species. Previous studies with humans showed that infants and preschool children, socially separated during video experiments, were not infected by others' yawns. Here, we tested the occurrence of yawn contagion in 129 preschool children (ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 years) belonging to five different classes by video recording them in their classrooms during the ordinary school activities. As it occurs in adult humans, children of all ages were infected by others' yawns within the 2 min after the perception of the stimulus. The yawn contagion occurred earlier than previously thought. For children, it appears that the natural social setting is more conducive to yawn contagion than the inherently artificial experimental approach. Moreover, children's gender did not affect the level of contagious yawning. The neural, emotional and behavioural traits of preschool children are probably not sufficiently mature to express variability between boys and girls; nevertheless, children appeared to be already well equipped with the 'neural toolkit' necessary for expressing yawn contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Cordoni
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Calci Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Palagi
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Calci Pisa, Italy.,Unit of Ethology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Salvadori EA, Colonnesi C, Vonk HS, Oort FJ, Aktar E. Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020654. [PMID: 33466629 PMCID: PMC7828673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotional mimicry, the tendency to automatically and spontaneously reproduce others’ facial expressions, characterizes human social interactions from infancy onwards. Yet, little is known about the factors modulating its development in the first year of life. This study investigated infant emotional mimicry and its association with parent emotional mimicry, parent-infant mutual attention, and parent dispositional affective empathy. One hundred and seventeen parent-infant dyads (51 six-month-olds, 66 twelve-month-olds) were observed during video presentation of strangers’ happy, sad, angry, and fearful faces. Infant and parent emotional mimicry (i.e., facial expressions valence-congruent to the video) and their mutual attention (i.e., simultaneous gaze at one another) were systematically coded second-by-second. Parent empathy was assessed via self-report. Path models indicated that infant mimicry of happy stimuli was positively and independently associated with parent mimicry and affective empathy, while infant mimicry of sad stimuli was related to longer parent-infant mutual attention. Findings provide new insights into infants’ and parents’ coordination of mimicry and attention during triadic contexts of interactions, endorsing the social-affiliative function of mimicry already present in infancy: emotional mimicry occurs as an automatic parent-infant shared behavior and early manifestation of empathy only when strangers’ emotional displays are positive, and thus perceived as affiliative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliala A. Salvadori
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.); (H.S.V.); (F.J.O.); (E.A.)
- Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-633-853-534
| | - Cristina Colonnesi
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.); (H.S.V.); (F.J.O.); (E.A.)
- Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen S. Vonk
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.); (H.S.V.); (F.J.O.); (E.A.)
| | - Frans J. Oort
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.); (H.S.V.); (F.J.O.); (E.A.)
- Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evin Aktar
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.); (H.S.V.); (F.J.O.); (E.A.)
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
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Farmer H, Mahmood R, Gregory SEA, Tishina P, Hamilton AFDC. Dynamic emotional expressions do not modulate responses to gestures. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 212:103226. [PMID: 33310344 PMCID: PMC7755647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency to imitate the actions of others appears to be a fundamental aspect of human social interaction. Emotional expressions are a particularly salient form of social stimuli (Vuilleumier & Schwartz, 2001) but their relationship to imitative behaviour is currently unclear. In this paper we report the results of five studies which investigated the effect of a target's dynamic emotional stimuli on participants' tendency to respond compatibly to the target's actions. Experiment one examined the effect of dynamic emotional expressions on the automatic imitation of opening and closing hand movements. Experiment two used the same basic paradigm but added gaze direction as an additional factor. Experiment three investigated the effect of dynamic emotional expressions on compatibility responses to handshakes. Experiment four investigated whether dynamic emotional expressions modulated response to valenced social gestures. Finally, experiment five compared the effects of dynamic and static emotional expressions on participants' automatic imitation of finger lifting. Across all five studies we reliably elicited a compatibility effect however, none of the studies found a significant modulating effect of emotional expression. This null effect was also supported by a random effects meta-analysis and a series of Bayesian t-tests. Nevertheless, these results must be caveated by the fact that our studies had limited power to detect effect sizes below d = 0.4. We conclude by situating our findings within the literature, suggesting that the effect of emotional expressions on automatic imitation is, at best, minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Farmer
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Raqeeb Mahmood
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Polina Tishina
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
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Dvir M, Kelly JR, Williams KD. The effects of ostracism on perceptions and interpretations of catcalls. SELF AND IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2020.1857301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Dvir
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Education, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Janice R. Kelly
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kipling D. Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Abstract
Imitation is a deeply social process. Here, I review evidence that children use imitation as a means by which to affiliate with others. For example, children imitate the actions of others more closely when they seek a positive social relationship with them and respond positively to being imitated. Furthermore, children infer something of the relationships between third parties by observing their imitative exchanges. Understanding the social nature of imitation requires exploring the nature of the social relationships between children and the individuals they imitate. Thus, in addition to discussing children's own goals in imitative situations, I review the social pressures children experience to imitate in particular ways, learning to conform to the conventions and rituals of their group. In the latter part of this article, I discuss the extent to which this perspective on imitation can help us to understand broader topics within social development, including the origins of human cultural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Over
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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48
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Papousek I, Reiter-Scheidl K, Lackner HK, Weiss EM, Perchtold-Stefan CM, Aydin N. The Impacts of the Presence of an Unfamiliar Dog on Emerging Adults' Physiological and Behavioral Responses Following Social Exclusion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10120191. [PMID: 33327481 PMCID: PMC7764974 DOI: 10.3390/bs10120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that non-human attachment figures may mitigate the negative consequences of social exclusion. In the current experiment, we examined how the presence of an unfamiliar companion dog in the laboratory effects physiological and behavioral reactions in female emerging adults after social exclusion compared to inclusion. Results revealed the beneficial effects of the dog: Socially excluded participants in the company of a dog showed less aggressive behavior in response to the hot sauce paradigm compared to excluded participants in the control condition. Furthermore, cardiac responses indicated mitigated perception of threat in a subsequent insult episode when a dog was present. The presence of a dog did not impact the most instantaneous, "reflexive" response to the social exclusion as revealed by characteristic cardiac changes. Together, the findings indicate that the presence of a companion dog takes effect in a later, reflective period following a social exclusion experience, which implicates relevant social elaboration and appraisal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Papousek
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-3805121
| | - Katharina Reiter-Scheidl
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
| | - Helmut K. Lackner
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Elisabeth M. Weiss
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Corinna M. Perchtold-Stefan
- Biological Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.R.-S.); (C.M.P.-S.)
| | - Nilüfer Aydin
- Social Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;
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49
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Klauke F, Kauffeld S. Does It Matter What I Say? Using Language to Examine Reactions to Ostracism as It Occurs. Front Psychol 2020; 11:558069. [PMID: 33304292 PMCID: PMC7693538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge related to how social exclusion affects those who ostracize and those who are being ostracized is based on questionnaires administered after the ostracism situation is over. In this research, we strived to further our understanding of the internal dynamics of an ostracism situation. We therefore examined individuals' language-specifically, function words-as a behavior indicative of psychological processes and emergent states that can be unobtrusively recorded right in the situation. In online chats, 128 participants talked about a personal topic in groups of three. In the experimental group (n = 79), two conversation partners ignored every contribution by the third. We found that, compared to the control group, these targets of ostracism used language indicative of a self-focus and worsened mood, but not of social focus or positivity, although positivity was related to a writer's likeability. Sources of ostracism used language suggesting that they were distancing themselves from the situation, and they further engaged in victim derogation. We discuss how our results highlight the severity and potential self-sustainability of ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Klauke
- Department for Work, Organizational, and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Kauffeld
- Department for Work, Organizational, and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Guo Y, Zhang P, Liao J, Wu F. Social Exclusion and Green Consumption: A Costly Signaling Approach. Front Psychol 2020; 11:535489. [PMID: 33250801 PMCID: PMC7673267 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.535489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is dedicated to examine the impact of social exclusion (i.e., being rejected, isolated, excluded or ignored by other individuals or groups in society) on consumers’ intention of green consumption. Based on Costly Signaling Theory, three experiments have been conducted to explore one main effect and the corresponding mechanism together with two boundary conditions. Specifically, the first study tests the main effect and internal mechanism by manipulating the state of social exclusion. The results show that social exclusion enhances consumers’ intention to buy green products and consumers’ desire for self-sacrifice mediates that relationship. Study 2 manipulates audience state to examine the first boundary condition. The findings show that the effect of social exclusion on green consumption exists only in public purchasing scenarios. Study 3 tests the second boundary condition by manipulating the stability of exclusion causes. The results indicate that the main effect is significant only when causes of exclusion are not stable. The final part discusses theoretical contributions and practical implications of this study in the field of both social exclusion and green consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulang Guo
- School of Business Administration, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyun Liao
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wu
- School of Accounting, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
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