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Fukuchi T, Sugawara H. Additional Bacteriological Examinations Might be Required for the Correct Identification of Staphylococcus warneri. Intern Med 2021; 60:821. [PMID: 32999236 PMCID: PMC7990647 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5675-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Fukuchi
- Division of General Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugawara
- Division of General Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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2
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Heo S, Lee JH, Jeong DW. Food-derived coagulase-negative Staphylococcus as starter cultures for fermented foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1023-1035. [PMID: 32670656 PMCID: PMC7347722 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is of significant concern to consumers and is a major issue for the food industry. As such, the industry is aware of the importance of safety assessments of starters used in the production of fermented foods. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the predominant bacteria found in fermented foods worldwide. Because of this, food-derived CNS are used as starters for cheese and meat fermentation, and have been investigated for use as starters in soybean fermentation. Although food-derived CNS are generally considered non-pathogenic, their safety remains uncertain following the isolation of CNS from skin infections in humans and animals, and because they belong to the same genus as the highly pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus. This review explores what is known about the safety of food-derived CNS, focusing on antibiotic resistance, enterotoxin genes, and biogenic amine production, to aid in the selection of starter candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Nicolosi D, Cinà D, Di Naso C, D’Angeli F, Salmeri M, Genovese C. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in a Referral Center in South Italy: A Surveillance Study. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
CoNS are part of the normal flora of the skin, upper respiratory tract and human intestine. CoNS are able to colonize host tissues or inert materials such as prosthetics, heart valves, pacemakers, and urinary and venous catheters. They can also internalize in host cells, thus eluding immune defenses and attack by antibiotics.
Objective:
In this study, we collected the epidemiological data and determined the antibiotic susceptibility of 828 CoNS, collected in Garibaldi Hospital (Catania, Italy) between January 2016 and October 2018.
Methods:
Strains were evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method, according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of CoNS against eighteen antibiotics was determined.
Results:
For all the 828 clinical isolates, varying resistance rates were observed: ampicillin (87%), penicillin (86%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (71%), oxacillin (70%), erythromycin (69%), azithromycin (68%), levofloxacin (55%), ciprofloxacin (54%), gentamycin (47%), moxifloxacin (42%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30%), clindamycin (28%), tetracycline (24%), rifampicin (20%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (synercid) (4%). No strains investigated demonstrated resistance to teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid.
Conclusion:
Our results highlight the importance of monitoring the evolution of CoNS resistance in order to implement control measures and reduce the risk of spread in the population.
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Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Iqbal Yatoo M, Khurana SK, Khandia R, Munjal A, Munuswamy P, Kumar MA, Singh M, Singh R, Gupta VK, Chaicumpa W. Technological interventions and advances in the diagnosis of intramammary infections in animals with emphasis on bovine population-a review. Vet Q 2020; 39:76-94. [PMID: 31288621 PMCID: PMC6830988 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1642546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns envisages devising appropriate diagnostics of mastitis, which can offer rapid, accurate and confirmatory diagnosis. The various diagnostic tests of mastitis have been divided into general or phenotypic and specific or genotypic tests. General or phenotypic tests are those that identify general alterations, which are not specific to any pathogen. Genotypic tests are specific, hence confirmatory for diagnosis of mastitis and include specific culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its various versions (e.g. qRT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lateral flow assays, nucleotide sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and other molecular diagnostic methods. However, for highly specific and confirmatory diagnosis, pure cultures still provide raw materials for more sophisticated diagnostic technological interventions like PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Diagnostic ability of like infra-red thermography (IRT) has been shown to be similar to California mastitis test and also differentiates clinical mastitis from subclinical mastitis cases. As such, IRT can become a convenient and portable diagnostic tool. Of note, magnetic nanoparticles-based colorimetric biosensor assay was developed by using for instance proteolytic activity of plasmin or anti-S. aureus antibody. Last but not least, microRNAs have been suggested to be potential biomarkers for diagnosing bovine mastitis. This review summarizes the various diagnostic tests available for detection of mastitis including diagnosis through general and specific technological interventions and advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Srinagar , India
| | | | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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5
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Indoor Air Quality and Potential Health Risk Impacts of Exposure to Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in an Office Rooms in Southern Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112604. [PMID: 30469413 PMCID: PMC6267043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this article are to characterize: the quantity of culturable bacterial aerosol (QCBA) and the quality of culturable bacterial aerosol (QlCBA) in an office building in Southern Poland during the spring. The average concentration of culturable bacterial aerosol (CCBA) in this building ranged from 424 CFU m-3 to 821 CFU m-3, below Polish proposals for threshold limit values. Size distributions were unimodal, with a peak of particle bacterial aerodynamic diameters less than 3.3 μm, increasing potentially adverse health effects due to their inhalation. The spring office exposure dose (SPED) of bacterial aerosol was estimated. The highest value of SPED was in April (218 CFU kg-1), whereas the lowest was in June (113 CFU kg-1). Analysis was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance of isolated strains and their ability to form biofilms, which may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In the course of the study, it was found that Staphylococcus xylosus had the greatest ability to form biofilms, while the strains with the highest antibiotic resistance were Micrococcus luteus D and Macrococcus equipercicus. Given that mainly antibiotic-sensitive bacteria from bioaerosol were isolated, which transfers resistance genes to their plasmids, this shows the need for increased monitoring of indoor air quality in workplaces.
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Mahmmod YS, Klaas IC, Svennesen L, Pedersen K, Ingmer H. Communications of Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus Staphylococcus species from bovine intramammary infections and teat apex colonization. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7322-7333. [PMID: 29778469 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in the risk of acquisition of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus is vague and still under debate. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the distribution patterns of NAS species from milk and teat skin in dairy herds with automatic milking systems, and (2) examine if the isolated NAS influences the expression of S. aureus virulence factors controlled by the accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system. In 8 herds, 14 to 20 cows with elevated somatic cell count were randomly selected for teat skin swabbing and aseptic quarter foremilk samples from right hind and left front quarters. Teat skin swabs were collected using the modified wet-dry method and milk samples were taken aseptically for bacterial culture. Colonies from quarters with suspicion of having NAS in milk or teat skin samples (or both) were subjected to MALDI-TOF assay for species identification. To investigate the interaction between S. aureus and NAS, 81 isolates NAS were subjected to a qualitative β-galactosidase reporter plate assay. In total, 373 NAS isolates were identified representing 105 from milk and 268 from teat skin of 284 quarters (= 142 cows). Sixteen different NAS species were identified, 15 species from teat skin and 10 species from milk. The most prevalent NAS species identified from milk were Staphylococcus epidermidis (50%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (15%), and Staphylococcus chromogenes (11%), accounting for 76%. Meanwhile, the most prevalent NAS species from teat skin were Staphylococcus equorum (43%), S. haemolyticus (16%), and Staphylococcus cohnii (14%), accounting for 73%. Using reporter gene fusions monitoring transcriptional activity of key virulence factors and regulators, we found that out of 81 supernatants of NAS isolates, 77% reduced expression of hla, encoding a-hemolysin, 70% reduced expression of RNAIII, the key effector molecule of agr, and 61% reduced expression of spa encoding protein A of S. aureus, respectively. Our NAS isolates showed 3 main patterns: (1) downregulation effect such as S. chromogenes (milk) and Staphylococcus xylosus (milk and teat), (2) no effect such as Staphylococcus sciuri (teat) and S. vitulinus (teat), and the third pattern (c) variable effect such as S. epidermidis (milk and teat) and S. equorum (milk and teat). The pattern of cross-talk between NAS species and S. aureus virulence genes varied according to the involved NAS species, habitat type, and herd factors. The knowledge of how NAS influences S. aureus virulence factor expression could explain the varying protective effect of NAS on S. aureus intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Ilka Christine Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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7
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Adkins PRF, Dufour S, Spain JN, Calcutt MJ, Reilly TJ, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. Cross-sectional study to identify staphylococcal species isolated from teat and inguinal skin of different-aged dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3213-3225. [PMID: 29397170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of staphylococcal species on the teat and inguinal skin of dairy heifers across the various stages of the heifer life cycle. The cross-sectional study included 106 Holstein heifers with an age range of 0 d to 27 mo that were selected from 11 different groups, based on housing type and age, on a single dairy operation. A composite swabbing sample including all 4 teats and a second composite sample including both inguinal regions of each heifer were collected using gas-sterilized electrostatic dusters (Swiffers; Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, OH). Swabbing samples were mixed with 10 mL of sterile saline, agitated, and cultured on mannitol salt agar plates. At 24 h, plates were read and up to 10 staphylococcal colonies were saved for further analysis. Staphylococcal isolates were speciated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or PCR amplification and partial sequencing of rpoB or tuf. The prevalence of staphylococci was compared between the inguinal and teat regions using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test, as applicable. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between a heifer's age (treated as a quantitative continuous variable) and the probability of isolating a given staphylococcal species from a given body site (inguinal region or teats). Overall, the most common species identified were Staphylococcus haemolyticus followed by Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus devriesei, and Staphylococcus sciuri. Staphylococcus aureus was more prevalent on the teat than in the inguinal region, whereas Staphylococcus arlettae was more prevalent in the inguinal region than on the teat. All other staphylococcal species were as likely to be found on the teat skin as the inguinal region skin. Isolation from the inguinal and teat skin was associated with age for Staphylococcus agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. devriesei, Staphylococcus equorum, S. haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, S. sciuri, Staphylococcus vitulinus, and S. xylosus. The probability of finding S. chromogenes and S. agnetis on the teat and inguinal region increased with age, whereas the probability of S. devriesei and S. haemolyticus decreased with age. This study provides further insight into the ecology of staphylococcal species involved in heifer mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - S Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - J N Spain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - T J Reilly
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - G C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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8
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Campoccia D, Baldassarri L, An YH, Kang QK, Pirini V, Gamberini S, Pegreffi F, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. Automated Ribotyping to Distinguish the Different nonSau/ nonSep Staphylococcal Emerging Pathogens in Orthopedic Implant Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:421-9. [PMID: 16705611 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several species belonging to Staphylococcus genus, other than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (nonSau/ nonSep species), exhibit increasing abilities as opportunistic pathogens in the colonisation of periprosthetic tissues. Consequently, the availability of means for accurate identification is crucial to assess the pathogenic characteristics and to clarify clinical relevance of the individual species. Here, 146 clinical staphylococcal isolates belonging to nonSau/ nonSep species from prosthesis-associated orthopedic infections were analyzed by conventional enzymatic galleries and by automated ribotyping. Twelve different species were recognised: S. capitis, S. caprae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri, S. xylosus. Ribotype identifications were compared with the phenotypes obtained by the Api 20 Staph system and/or ID 32 Staph system. ID 32 Staph profiles were more consistent with ribotyping results than Api Staph profiles. Across the different staphylococcal species investigated, correct identifications with Api Staph were 45%, while with ID 32 Staph they were 59%. It has, however, to be mentioned that ID 32 Staph was mostly applied to discriminate unmatched ribotyping and Api Staph identifications, thus to a subpopulation of strains with “atypical” metabolic profile. Automated ribotyping provided a correct identification for 91% of the isolates. These results confirm automated ribotyping as a convenient rapid technique, still subject to improvements, which will accurately and rapidly recognise the newly emerging staphylococcal pathogens in implant-related orthopedic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Bacterial Diversity in Feline Conjunctiva Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis: A Pilot Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3710404. [PMID: 29279847 PMCID: PMC5723937 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3710404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the microbial populations in the conjunctival sacs of animals have traditionally been evaluated using conventional microbiology techniques. The goal of this study was to examine the suitability of a methodology which may reveal a previously unknown microbiome inhabiting feline conjunctival membranes. In the present study, we determined the microbial diversity in feline conjunctivas based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Five taxa not described earlier in veterinary ophthalmology (i.e., Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus succinus, Propionibacterium acnes, Psychrobacter faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis) were identified in feline conjunctivas with a high similarity (99-100%). The study demonstrates that the feline conjunctival sacs are inhabited by much more rich and diverse microbial communities than previously thought using culture-based methods. From the clinical perspective, this could suggest that other laboratory procedures (e.g., extended incubation time in the case of Actinobacteria, formerly order Actinomycetales) or a new tool like culture-independent approaches (next-generation DNA sequencing) should be taken into account.
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Švec P, Petráš P, Pantůček R, Doškař J, Sedláček I. High intraspecies heterogeneity within Staphylococcus sciuri and rejection of its classification into S. sciuri subsp. sciuri, S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus and S. sciuri subsp. rodentium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:5181-5186. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Švec
- Department of Experimental Biology, Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Bld. A25, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Bld. A25, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Duarte CM, Freitas PP, Bexiga R. Technological advances in bovine mastitis diagnosis: an overview. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:665-72. [PMID: 26450837 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715603087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an economic burden for dairy farmers and preventive control measures are crucial for the sustainability of any dairy business. The identification of etiological agents is necessary in controlling the disease, reducing risk of chronic infections and targeting antimicrobial therapy. The suitability of a detection method for routine diagnosis depends on several factors, including specificity, sensitivity, cost, time in producing results, and suitability for large-scale sampling of milk. This article focuses on current methodologies for identification of mastitis pathogens and for detection of inflammation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Emerging technologies, such as transcriptome and proteome analyses and nano- and microfabrication of portable devices, offer promising, sensitive methods for advanced detection of mastitis pathogens and biomarkers of inflammation. The demand for alternative, fast, and reliable diagnostic procedures is rising as farms become bigger. Several examples of technological and scientific advances are summarized which have given rise to more sensitive, reliable and faster diagnostic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Duarte
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Bexiga)Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering-Microsystems and Nanotechnology (INESC-MN), Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Freitas)International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal (Freitas)
| | - Paulo P Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Bexiga)Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering-Microsystems and Nanotechnology (INESC-MN), Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Freitas)International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal (Freitas)
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Bexiga)Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering-Microsystems and Nanotechnology (INESC-MN), Lisbon, Portugal (Duarte, Freitas)International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal (Freitas)
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12
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Seng P, Barbe M, Pinelli P, Gouriet F, Drancourt M, Minebois A, Cellier N, Lechiche C, Asencio G, Lavigne J, Sotto A, Stein A. Staphylococcus caprae bone and joint infections: a re-emerging infection? Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1052-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Pérez-Ayala M, Oliver P, Rodríguez Cantalejo F. Prevalence of bacterial contamination of glucose test strips in individual single-use packets versus multiple-use vials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:854-62. [PMID: 23911166 PMCID: PMC3879749 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose measurement is the cornerstone of diabetes control. In the hospital setting, the same device and package of test strips (50 or 100 strips) can be used to monitor glucose in several patients, which can increase cross contamination. The objective of our study is to measure bacterial contamination in glucose test strips, comparing results in individual single-use packets (one hospital) versus multi-use vials (two hospitals) in Spain. METHODS Test strips were collected from five different wards. Each hospital also collected two unopened vials from a single ward as controls. They were sent to a reference laboratory for microbiologic study. A number equal or higher than two colony forming units per strip was considered as a positive result. RESULTS Out of 423 glucose test strips collected and cultured, 146 were contaminated (34%); only 7% of individually packed strips were contaminated versus 45% of strips packed in multi-use vials, with a high statistical significance (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS In the strips from multi-use vials, a high contamination rate was found and highly pathogenic organisms were identified, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus hemolyticus. In contrast, in strips packed individually, there was a much lower contamination rate and no such pathogen organisms were found. Therefore, in the hospital setting, the use of blood glucose test strips in individual packages would be more advantageous (mainly from a clinical point of view, but also from a financial one) than those packed in multi-use vials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millán Pérez-Ayala
- Department of Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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14
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Staphylococcus Lugdunensis, An Aggressive Coagulase-Negative Pathogen not to be Underestimated. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:742-53. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The new emerging coagulase-negative pathogen Staphylococcus lugdunensis is responsible for severe cardiac and joint infections. Since the biochemical phenotypic systems designed for the identification of CoNS do not appear to be species specific and are hardly reliable for the discrimination of S. lugdunensis from other staphylococci, its precise identification requires fine molecular methods. The pathogenic mechanisms by which S. lugdunensis causes severe infections are not yet completely elucidated and in this review its virulence and toxic determinants are surveyed as well as its adhesins and biofilm production.
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15
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Comparison of the Staphylococcus QuickFISH BC test with the tube coagulase test performed on positive blood cultures for evaluation and application in a clinical routine setting. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:131-5. [PMID: 23100336 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02103-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies demonstrate that delayed proper therapy in bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus increases the mortality rate, emphasizing the need to shorten the turnaround time for positive blood cultures. Different techniques are currently available, from phenotypic methods to more complex tests such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes (PNA FISH). This study evaluated the performance of the Staphylococcus QuickFISH BC test (QFT), a novel FISH methodology, compared with the direct tube coagulase test (DTCT) on blood cultures exhibiting Gram-positive cocci in clusters. A total of 173 blood cultures collected from 128 different patients were analyzed using the DTCT, evaluated after both 4 and 24 h, and the QFT. A total of 179 isolates were identified using the Vitek2 system. Thirty-five out of 35 Staphylococcus aureus were correctly identified by the QFT (sensitivity = 100%), with a specificity of 100% (no green fluorescence was detected for strains different from S. aureus). The DTCT was positive after 4 h for 28 out of the 35 samples (sensitivity = 80%) and after 24 h for 31 out of the 35 samples (sensitivity = 88.57%). Among the remaining 144 isolates, one was then identified as Corynebacterium striatum and two as Micrococcus luteus. QFT identified 139 out of the 141 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (sensitivity = 98.58%), showing again a specificity of 100% (no fluorescent red signals were detected for strains different from CoNS). We also discuss also the implementation process of this methodology in our setting, with particular emphasis on the workflow and the cost-effectiveness.
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Hirotaki S, Sasaki T, Kuwahara-Arai K, Hiramatsu K. Rapid and accurate identification of human-associated staphylococci by use of multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3627-31. [PMID: 21832022 PMCID: PMC3187289 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00488-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although staphylococci are identified by phenotypic analysis in many clinical laboratories, these results are often incorrect because of phenotypic variation. Genetic analysis is necessary for definitive species identification. In the present study, we developed a simple multiplex-PCR (M-PCR) for species identification of human-associated staphylococci, which were as follows: Staphylococcus aureus, S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophyticus, and S. warneri. This method was designed on the basis of nucleotide sequences of the thermonuclease (nuc) genes that were universally conserved in staphylococci except the S. sciuri group and showed moderate sequence diversity. In order to validate this assay, 361 staphylococcal strains were studied, which had been identified at the species levels by sequence analysis of the hsp60 genes. In consequence, M-PCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100%. By virtue of simplicity and accuracy, this method will be useful in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hirotaki
- Department of Infection Control Science, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Widerström M, Wiström J, Sjöstedt A, Monsen T. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: update on the molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation, with a focus on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:7-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Savini V, Catavitello C, Carlino D, Bianco A, Pompilio A, Balbinot A, Piccolomini R, Di Bonaventura G, D'Antonio D. Staphylococcus pasteuri bacteraemia in a patient with leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62:957-8. [PMID: 19542075 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.067041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kim M, Heo SR, Choi SH, Kwon H, Park JS, Seong MW, Lee DH, Park KU, Song J, Kim EC. Comparison of the MicroScan, VITEK 2, and Crystal GP with 16S rRNA sequencing and MicroSeq 500 v2.0 analysis for coagulase-negative Staphylococci. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:233. [PMID: 19105808 PMCID: PMC2633347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three phenotypic identification systems (MicroScan, VITEK 2, and Crystal GP) were evaluated for their accuracy to identify coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). A total of 120 clinical isolates confirmed to be CNS via 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis with the MicroSeq 500 v2.0 database were assessed. Results The MicroScan, VITEK 2, and Crystal GP systems correctly identified 82.5%, 87.5%, and 67.5% of the isolates, respectively. Misidentification was the main problem in MicroScan (10.8%) and Crystal GP (23.3%) systems, whereas the main problem of VITEK 2 was low-level discrimination (7.5%). Conclusion None of the 3 phenotypic systems tested could accurately and reliably identify CNS at the species level. Further verifications such as biochemical testing or 16S rRNA sequencing together with analysis using a comparable database might be helpful in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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From clinical microbiology to infection pathogenesis: how daring to be different works for Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:111-33. [PMID: 18202439 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00036-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis has gained recognition as an atypically virulent pathogen with a unique microbiological and clinical profile. S. lugdunensis is coagulase negative due to the lack of production of secreted coagulase, but a membrane-bound form of the enzyme present in some isolates can result in misidentification of the organism as Staphylococcus aureus in the clinical microbiology laboratory. S. lugdunensis is a skin commensal and an infrequent pathogen compared to S. aureus and S. epidermidis, but clinically, infections caused by this organism resemble those caused by S. aureus rather than those caused by other coagulase-negative staphylococci. S. lugdunensis can cause acute and highly destructive cases of native valve endocarditis that often require surgical treatment in addition to antimicrobial therapy. Other types of S. lugdunensis infections include abscess and wound infection, urinary tract infection, and infection of intravascular catheters and other implanted medical devices. S. lugdunensis is generally susceptible to antimicrobial agents and shares CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints with S. aureus. Virulence factors contributing to this organism's heightened pathogenicity remain largely unknown. Those characterized to date suggest that the organism has the ability to bind to and interact with host cells and to form biofilms on host tissues or prosthetic surfaces.
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Stepanović S, Dakić I, Hauschild T, Vuković D, Morrison D, Jezek P, Cirković I, Petrás P. Supplementary biochemical tests useful for the differentiation of oxidase positive staphylococci. Syst Appl Microbiol 2007; 30:316-8. [PMID: 17207599 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of the oxidase positive staphylococci, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus vitulinus and Staphylococcus fleurettii, based on tributyrin, urease, caseinase, gelatinase and DNase activity is described. These tests may be used for preliminary identification of oxidase positive isolates of staphylococci resulting in more accurate identification of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Stepanović
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Dr. Subotića 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Carbonnelle E, Beretti JL, Cottyn S, Quesne G, Berche P, Nassif X, Ferroni A. Rapid identification of Staphylococci isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2156-61. [PMID: 17507519 PMCID: PMC1932985 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02405-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of intact bacteria yields a reproducible spectrum depending upon growth conditions, strain, or species. Using whole viable bacteria we describe here the application of MALDI-TOF-MS to the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Our aim was, once a bacterium has been recognized as Micrococcaceae, to identify peaks in the spectrum that can be used to identify the species or subspecies. MALDI-TOF-MS was performed using bacteria obtained from one isolated colony. One reference strain for each of the 23 clinically relevant species or subspecies of Micrococcaceae was selected. For each reference strain, the MALDI-TOF-MS profile of 10 colonies obtained from 10 different passages was analyzed. For each strain, only peaks that were conserved in the spectra of all 10 isolated colonies and with a relative intensity above 0.1 were retained, thus leading to a set of 3 to 14 selected peaks per strain. The MALDI-TOF-MS profile of 196 tested strains was then compared with that of the set of selected peaks of each of the 23 reference strains. In all cases the best hit was with the set of peaks of the reference strain belonging to the same species as that of the tested strain, thus demonstrating that the 23 sets of selected peaks can be used as a database for the rapid species identification of CoNS. Similar results were obtained using four different growth conditions. Extending this strategy to other groups of relevant pathogenic bacteria will allow rapid bacterial identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Carbonnelle
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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von Eiff C, Arciola CR, Montanaro L, Becker K, Campoccia D. Emerging Staphylococcus species as new pathogens in implant infections. Int J Artif Organs 2006; 29:360-7. [PMID: 16705604 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vast use of prosthetic materials in medicine over the last decades has been accompanied by the appearance of new opportunistic pathogens previously considered incapable of causing infections with significant morbidity and/or mortality. In this regard, the genus Staphylococcus enlisting numerous species usually characterized by a saprophytic habit covers a special role. Apart from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, well known for their large prevalence in implant-related infections, a number of further staphylococcal species are progressively being indicated for their pathogenic potential. The increasing attention on these opportunistic bacteria is due to an ever growing number of clinical reports, which is also deriving from a more accurate identification of these species with currently available techniques. This synopsis intends to offer an overview on recently emerging coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) as well as coagulase-positive/-variable staphylococci exhibiting distinct traits of virulence, pathogenicity, and epidemiologic impact depending among others on the medical field, the type of prosthetic device and its anatomic location.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Eiff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster Hospital and Clinics, Münster, Germany
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Shittu A, Lin J, Morrison D, Kolawole D. Identification and molecular characterization of mannitol salt positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci from nasal samples of medical personnel and students. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:317-324. [PMID: 16476796 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mannitol salt positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is often disregarded when Staphylococcus aureus is screened in clinical samples using mannitol salt agar. However, the emergence of CNS as important human pathogens has indicated that reliable methods for the identification of clinically significant CNS are of great importance in understanding the epidemiology of infections caused by them. The identification and molecular characterization of mannitol salt positive CNS from nasal samples of medical personnel and students is reported here. A total of 84 mannitol salt positive staphylococcal isolates were obtained from 240 nasal samples, of which 15 were CNS. The API STAPH system classified the CNS isolates into six species, and one-third of the isolates were identified with confidence levels of <80 %. 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis (ITS-PCR) identified only two species (Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus). This identification was confirmed by antibiotyping, species-specific PCR and PFGE. The results from this study indicate that ITS-PCR is a potentially useful and reliable tool, enabling hospital laboratories to obtain rapid, full and accurate identification of CNS at the species level.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Carrier State/microbiology
- Coagulase/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Humans
- Mannitol/metabolism
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Nose/microbiology
- Physicians
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
- Species Specificity
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcus/classification
- Staphylococcus/enzymology
- Staphylococcus/genetics
- Students, Medical
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Shittu
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - Donald Morrison
- Scottish MRSA Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, UK
| | - Deboye Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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May ER. Bacterial Skin Diseases: Current Thoughts on Pathogenesis and Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36:185-202, viii. [PMID: 16364784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R May
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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