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Takemoto K, Murakami M, Tabuchi M, Ohta T. Spectroscopic studies for identifying the chemical states of the periostracum of the Corbicula species in Lake Biwa. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107944. [PMID: 36841078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Corbicula clam shells consist of thin periostracum and calcareous layers made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Depending on habitat conditions, the shell exhibits various colorations, such as yellow, brown, and black. The chemical state of the periostracum of the Corbicula species in Lake Biwa was studied by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and Raman scattering spectroscopies. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) revealed that the Fe3+ intensity increases as the color of the shell changes from yellow to black. Raman spectra suggested that quinone-based polymers cover the yellow shell, and the black shell is further covered by dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) rings of amino acid derivatives. From Fe K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), it was found that Fe3+ in the periostracum was surrounded by five to six oxygen atoms with an average Fe-O ligand distance of 2.0 Å. Accordingly, a tris-DOPA-Fe3+ complex is formed, which is responsible for the periostracum's black color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Takemoto
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Masataka Murakami
- Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-3-7, Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Masao Tabuchi
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohta
- The SR Center, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Identification of a coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase gene and its correlation with nacre color in Hyriopsis cumingii. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265318. [PMID: 35312719 PMCID: PMC8936452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pearl color is an important factor influencing pearl value, and is affected by the nacre color of the shell in Hyriopsis cumingii. Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase (CPOX) is a key enzyme in porphyrin synthesis, and porphyrins are involved in color formation in different organisms, including in the nacre color of mussels. In this study, a CPOX gene (HcCPOX) was identified from H. cumingii, and its amino acid sequence was found to contain a coprogen-oxidase domain. HcCPOX mRNA was expressed widely in the tissues of white and purple mussels, and the highest expression was found in the gill, followed by the fringe mantle. The expression of HcCPOX in all tissues of purple mussels (except in the middle mantle) was higher than that of white mussels. Strong hybridization signals for HcCPOX were observed in the dorsal epithelial cells of the outer fold of the mantle. The activity of CPOX in the gill, fringe mantle, and foot of purple mussels was significantly higher than that in white mussels. Moreover, the expression of HcCPOX and CPOX activity were decreased in RNA interference experiments. The findings indicate that HcCPOX might contributes to nacre color formation in H. cumingii by being involved in porphyrin synthesis.
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3
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Shen J, Huang D, Li J, Ye W, Wang Z, Bai Z. Identification of a uroporphyrinogen III synthetase gene and characterization of its role in pearl sac formation in Hyriopsis cumingii. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H. RNA Interference by Ingested Dsrna-Expressing Bacteria to Study Porphyrin Pigmentation in Crassostrea gigas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116120. [PMID: 34204154 PMCID: PMC8201132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins are a widespread group of pigments in nature which are believed to contribute to shell colors in mollusks. Previous studies have provided candidate genes for porphyrin shell coloration, however, the linkage analysis between functional genes and porphyrin pigmentation remains unclear in mollusks. RNA interference is a powerful molecular tool for analyzing the loss of functions of genes in vivo and alter gene expression. In this study, we used unicellular alga Platymonas subcordiformis and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima as vectors to feed oysters with Escherichia coli strain HT115 engineered to express double-stranded RNAs targeting specific genes involved in porphyrin synthesis. A strain of Crassostrea gigas with orange shell was used to target key haem pathway genes expression using the aforementioned approach. We show here that feeding the oysters with E. coli, containing dsRNA targeting pigmentation genes, can cause changes in the color of the newly deposited shell. For example, the RNAi knockdown of CgALAS and CgPBGD resulted in the loss of uroporphyrin pigmentation from the shell due to the accumulation of the pigment in the oyster's mantle. The study probed the crucial role of ALAS and PBGD genes potential functions of uroporphyrin production and shell color pigmentation in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
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5
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H, Du S. Identification and characterization of key haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110595. [PMID: 33753220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs exhibit diverse shell colors. The molecular regulation of shell coloration is however not well understood. To investigate the connection of shell coloration with pigment synthesis, we analyzed the distribution of porphyrins, a widespread group of pigments in nature, in four Pacific oyster strains of different shell colors including black, orange, golden, and white. The porphyrin distribution was analyzed in oyster mantles and shells by fluorescence imaging and UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that red fluorescence emitted by porphyrins under the UV light was detected only on the nacre of the orange-shell strain and mantles of orange, black and white-shell strains. Extracts from newly deposit shell, nacre and mantle tissue from orange-shell specimens showed peaks in UV-vis spectra that are characteristic of porphyrins, but these were not observed for the other shell-color strains. In addition, genes of the haem synthetic pathway were isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of CgALAS, CgALAD, CgPBGD, CgUROS, and CgUROD provide further evidence for a conserved genetic pathway of haem synthesis during evolution. Differential expression of the haem genes expressed in mantle tissues support these findings and are consistent with porphyrins being produced by the orange strain only. Tissue in situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of these candidate genes at the outer fold of C. gigas mantles where shell is deposited. Our studies provide a better understanding of shell pigmentation in C. gigas and candidate genes for future mechanistic analysis of shell color formation in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Molecular Pathways and Pigments Underlying the Colors of the Pearl Oyster Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii (Linnaeus 1758). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030421. [PMID: 33804186 PMCID: PMC7998362 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The shell color of the Mollusca has attracted naturalists and collectors for hundreds of years, while the molecular pathways regulating pigment production and the pigments themselves remain poorly described. In this study, our aim was to identify the main pigments and their molecular pathways in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera—the species displaying the broadest range of colors. Three inner shell colors were investigated—red, yellow, and green. To maximize phenotypic homogeneity, a controlled population approach combined with common garden conditioning was used. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes (RNA-seq) of P. margaritifera with different shell colors revealed the central role of the heme pathway, which is involved in the production of red (uroporphyrin and derivates), yellow (bilirubin), and green (biliverdin and cobalamin forms) pigments. In addition, the Raper–Mason, and purine metabolism pathways were shown to produce yellow pigments (pheomelanin and xanthine) and the black pigment eumelanin. The presence of these pigments in pigmented shell was validated by Raman spectroscopy. This method also highlighted that all the identified pathways and pigments are expressed ubiquitously and that the dominant color of the shell is due to the preferential expression of one pathway compared with another. These pathways could likely be extrapolated to many other organisms presenting broad chromatic variation.
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Vivid biofluorescence discovered in the nocturnal Springhare (Pedetidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:4125. [PMID: 33603032 PMCID: PMC7892538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofluorescence has been detected in several nocturnal-crepuscular organisms from invertebrates to birds and mammals. Biofluorescence in mammals has been detected across the phylogeny, including the monotreme duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhyncus anatinus), marsupial opossums (Didelphidae), and New World placental flying squirrels (Gluacomys spp.). Here, we document vivid biofluorescence of springhare (Pedetidae) in both museum specimens and captive individuals—the first documented biofluorescence of an Old World placental mammal. We explore the variation in biofluorescence across our sample and characterize its physical and chemical properties. The striking visual patterning and intensity of color shift was unique relative to biofluorescence found in other mammals. We establish that biofluorescence in springhare likely originates within the cuticle of the hair fiber and emanates, at least partially, from several fluorescent porphyrins and potentially one unassigned molecule absent from our standard porphyrin mixture. This discovery further supports the hypothesis that biofluorescence may be ecologically important for nocturnal-crepuscular mammals and suggests that it may be more broadly distributed throughout Mammalia than previously thought.
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Saenko SV, Schilthuizen M. Evo-devo of shell colour in gastropods and bivalves. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:1-5. [PMID: 33388521 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent technical innovations are revealing surprising patterns in mollusc shell pigmentation, such as an unexpectedly modest role for melanins and rapid divergences in the mix of pigments used to achieve similar colour patterns. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of shell pigmentation has been slow, probably because of the high genome complexity of gastropods and bivalves. Recent work within the old field of evolutionary ecology of shell pigmentation allows a greater role for the analysis of large-geographic-scale patterns (sometimes employing citizen-science data), as well as experimental field studies. However, the field remains dominated by land snails as model organisms, while colour pattern evolution in marine gastropods and bivalves, particularly those not exposed to visual predators, remains mysterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Saenko
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Wu Y, Guo J, Wang T, Cao F, Wang G. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of mutant yellow leaves provide insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo biloba. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:858. [PMID: 33267778 PMCID: PMC7709416 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is an excellent landscape species. Its yellow-green leaf mutants are ideal materials for research on pigment synthesis, but the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in these ginkgo mutants remains unclear. RESULTS We compared the metabolomes and transcriptomes of green and mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo over the same period in this study. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of normal green leaves was significantly higher than that of mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo. We obtained 931.52M clean reads from different color leaves of ginkgo. A total of 283 substances in the metabolic profiles were finally detected, including 50 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). We identified these DEMs and 1361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 37, 4, 3 and 13 DEGs involved in the photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Moreover, integrative analysis of the metabolomes and transcriptomes revealed that the flavonoid pathway contained the upregulated DEM (-)-epicatechin. Fourteen DEGs from the photosynthesis pathway were positively or negatively correlated with the DEMs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a complex metabolic network in mutant yellow leaves. This study will provide a basis for studies of leaf color variation and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No.1, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Liñán-Cabello MA, Liñán-Rico V, Ortega-Ortíz C, Verduzco-Zapata M. Pathological evidence in Plicopurpura pansa associated with the stranding of a bulk carrier ship during Hurricane "Patricia" in the Mexican Central Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38370-38380. [PMID: 32803581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the effects of Hurricane Patricia (2015), the bulk freighter "El Llanitos" ran aground in the rocky intertidal zone of Colima, Mexico. We assessed the impact of this ship's stranding on a population of the gastropod Plicopurpura pansa. Toxic elements, hydrocarbons, shell deformities, presence of tumors, imposex, and morphological relationships were analyzed. Two years after the stranding occurred, high cyanide concentrations (0.0363 mg/l) and Ni concentrations above permissible limits (3.35 mg/l) were found in surface seawater. Hydrocarbon concentrations were high in the aft zone of the ship and decreased towards the bow area of the freighter. The P. pansa specimens collected closest to the ship structure presented a high prevalence of tumorations in the structure of the foot and morphological anomalies in the shell structure; imposex was 32% and there was evidence of effects on the growth indicator. The evidence presented here supports the existence of a significant impact from the grounding of the ship on a protected gastropod species associated with the rocky intertidal zone on the coast of Colima. The potential of P. pansa as a bioindicator species of pollution caused by toxic elements and hydrocarbons associated with stranding events in the tropical Pacific is documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Liñán-Cabello
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Km 19.5 Carretera Manzanillo-Barra de Navidad, C.P 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.
| | - Viridiana Liñán-Rico
- Departamento de Estudios para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Zonas Costeras Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Gómez Farías 82, CP 48980, San Patricio-Melaque, Mexico
| | - Christian Ortega-Ortíz
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Km 19.5 Carretera Manzanillo-Barra de Navidad, C.P 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico
| | - Manuel Verduzco-Zapata
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Km 19.5 Carretera Manzanillo-Barra de Navidad, C.P 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico
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Chemical evidence of rare porphyrins in purple shells of Crassostrea gigas oyster. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12150. [PMID: 32699240 PMCID: PMC7376061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The colour of oyster shells is a very diverse characteristic morphotype, forming intriguing vivid patterns both on the inside and outside of the shell. In the present study, we have identified for the first time, the presence of several porphyrins as constituents of the shell pigmentation of the Crassostrea gigas oyster consumed worldwide. The precise molecular structures of halochromic, fluorescent and acid-soluble porphyrins, such as uroporphyrin and turacin, are unambiguously determined by reverse phase liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. Their presence account for the purple colouration of shells but also for the dark colouration of adductor muscle scars. We have also defined the endogenous origin of these porphyrins, specifically secreted or accumulated by the shell forming tissue. These findings are pioneering analytical proofs of the existence of the haem pathway in the edible oyster Crassostrea gigas, evidenced by the chemical identification of haem side-products and supported by the recent publication of the corresponding oyster genome.
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12
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Macel ML, Ristoratore F, Locascio A, Spagnuolo A, Sordino P, D’Aniello S. Sea as a color palette: the ecology and evolution of fluorescence. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2020; 6:9. [PMID: 32537244 PMCID: PMC7288533 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-020-00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence and luminescence are widespread optical phenomena exhibited by organisms living in terrestrial and aquatic environments. While many underlying mechanistic features have been identified and characterized at the molecular and cellular levels, much less is known about the ecology and evolution of these forms of bioluminescence. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the evolutionary history and ecological functions of fluorescent proteins (FP) and pigments. Evidence for green fluorescent protein (GFP) orthologs in cephalochordates and non-GFP fluorescent proteins in vertebrates suggests unexplored evolutionary scenarios that favor multiple independent origins of fluorescence across metazoan lineages. Several context-dependent behavioral and physiological roles have been attributed to fluorescent proteins, ranging from communication and predation to UV protection. However, rigorous functional and mechanistic studies are needed to shed light on the ecological functions and control mechanisms of fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lyne Macel
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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Nie H, Jiang K, Jiang L, Huo Z, Ding J, Yan X. Transcriptome analysis reveals the pigmentation related genes in four different shell color strains of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Genomics 2020; 112:2011-2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jiang K, Jiang L, Nie H, Huo Z, Yan X. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tyrosinases ( tyr) in four shell-color strains of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8641. [PMID: 32110498 PMCID: PMC7032058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is an economically important molluscan bivalve with variation in pigmentation frequently observed in the shell. In nature, tyrosinase is widely distributed in invertebrates and vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological activities. In this study, a tyrosinase gene (tyr 9) was cloned and the expression level of tyr genes (tyr 6, tyr 9, tyr 10, and tyr 11) were investigated in different shell colors. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that tyr genes were significantly expressed in the mantle, a shell formation and pigmentation-related tissue. Moreover, the expression pattern of the tyr genes in the mantle of different shell-color strains was different, suggesting that tyrosinases might be involved in different shell-color formation. In addition, the expression profile of tyr 6, tyr 9, tyr 10, and tyr 11 genes were detected at different early developmental stages and the expression level varied with embryonic and larval growth. RNA interference (RNAi) results showed that the expression level of tyr 9 in the RNAi group was significantly down-regulated compared to control and negative control groups, indicating that Rptyr 9 might participate in shell-color formation. Our results indicated that tyr genes were likely to play vital roles in the formation of shell and shell-color in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Affenzeller S, Wolkenstein K, Frauendorf H, Jackson DJ. Challenging the concept that eumelanin is the polymorphic brown banded pigment in Cepaea nemoralis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2442. [PMID: 32051478 PMCID: PMC7016172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The common grove snail Cepaea nemoralis displays a stable pigmentation polymorphism in its shell that has held the attention of scientists for decades. While the details of the molecular mechanisms that generate and maintain this diversity remain elusive, it has long been employed as a model system to address questions related to ecology, population genetics and evolution. In order to contribute to the ongoing efforts to identify the genes that generate this polymorphism we have tested the long-standing assumption that melanin is the pigment that comprises the dark-brown bands. Surprisingly, using a newly established analytical chemical method, we find no evidence that eumelanin is differentially distributed within the shells of C. nemoralis. Furthermore, genes known to be responsible for melanin deposition in other metazoans are not differentially expressed within the shell-forming mantle tissue of C. nemoralis. These results have implications for the continuing search for the supergene that generates the various pigmentation morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Affenzeller
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wolkenstein
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Affenzeller S, Wolkenstein K, Frauendorf H, Jackson DJ. Eumelanin and pheomelanin pigmentation in mollusc shells may be less common than expected: insights from mass spectrometry. Front Zool 2019; 16:47. [PMID: 31889966 PMCID: PMC6929474 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geometric patterns that adorn the shells of many phylogenetically disparate molluscan species are comprised of pigments that span the visible spectrum. Although early chemical studies implicated melanin as a commonly employed pigment, surprisingly little evidence generated with more recent and sensitive techniques exists to support these observations. RESULTS Here we present the first mass spectrometric investigations for the presence of eumelanin and pheomelanin in 13 different molluscan species from three conchiferan classes: Bivalvia, Cephalopoda and Gastropoda. In the bivalve Mytilus edulis we demonstrate that eumelanin mainly occurs in the outermost, non-mineralised and highly pigmented layer of the shell (often referred to as the periostracum). We also identified eumelanin in the shells of the cephalopod Nautilus pompilius and the marine gastropods Clanculus pharaonius and Steromphala adriatica. In the terrestrial gastropod Cepaea nemoralis we verify the presence of pheomelanin in a mollusc shell for the first time. Surprisingly, in a large number of brown/black coloured shells we did not find any evidence for either type of melanin. CONCLUSIONS We recommend methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of complex biological samples to avoid potential false-positive identification of melanin. Our results imply that many molluscan species employ as yet unidentified pigments to pattern their shells. This has implications for our understanding of how molluscs evolved the ability to pigment and pattern their shells, and for the identification of the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Affenzeller
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wolkenstein
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Quantitation of eumelanin and pheomelanin markers in diverse biological samples by HPLC-UV-MS following solid-phase extraction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223552. [PMID: 31622353 PMCID: PMC6797180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eumelanin and pheomelanin are well known and common pigments found in nature. However, their complex polymer structure and high thermostability complicate their direct chemical identification. A widely used analytical method is indirect determination using HPLC with UV detection of both types of melanin by their most abundant oxidation products: pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA), pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (TDCA), and thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA). An increasing interest in pigmentation in biological research led us to develop a highly sensitive and selective method to identify and quantify these melanin markers in diverse biological samples with complex matrices. By introducing solid-phase extraction (SPE, reversed-phase) following alkaline oxidation we could significantly decrease background signals while maintaining recoveries greater than 70%. Our HPLC-UV-MS method allows for confident peak identification via exact mass information in corresponding UV signals used for quantitation. In addition to synthetic melanin and Sepia officinalis ink as reference compounds eumelanin markers were detected in brown human hair and a brown bivalve shell (Mytilus edulis). Brown feathers from the common chicken (Gallus g. domesticus) yielded all four eumelanin and pheomelanin markers. The present method can be easily adapted for a wide range of future studies on biological samples with unknown melanin content.
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Vafiadis P, Burn R. Internal embryonic brooding and development in the southern Australian micro-snail Tricolia rosea (Angas, 1867) (Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricoliinae). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2019.1672251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Platon Vafiadis
- Marine Research Group of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Malacological Society of Australasia, Victorian Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Volunteer in Marine Invertebrates, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Burn
- Marine Research Group of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Malacological Society of Australasia, Victorian Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Honorary Associate in Marine Invertebrates, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Mao J, Zhang W, Wang X, Song J, Yin D, Tian Y, Hao Z, Han B, Chang Y. Histological and Expression Differences Among Different Mantle Regions of the Yesso Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) Provide Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Biomineralization and Pigmentation. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:683-696. [PMID: 31385168 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of shell formation and pigmentation are issues of great interest in molluscan studies due to the unique physical and biological properties of shells. The Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, is one of the most important maricultural bivalves in Asian countries, and its shell color shows polymorphism. To gain more information about the underlying mechanisms of shell formation and pigmentation, this study presents the first analyses of histological and transcriptional differences between different mantle regions of the Yesso scallop, which are thought to be responsible for the formation of different shell layers. The results showed major microstructural differences between the edge and central mantles, which were closely associated with their functions. Different biomineralization-related GO functions, which might participate in the formation of different shell layers, were significantly enriched in the different mantle regions, indicating the different molecular functions of the two mantle regions in shell formation. The melanogenesis pathway, which controls melanin biosynthesis, was the most significantly enriched pathway in the DEGs between the two mantle regions, indicating its important role in shell pigmentation. Tyr, the key and rate-limiting gene in melanogenesis, was expressed at a remarkably high level in the central mantle, while the upstream regulatory genes included in melanogenesis were mainly upregulated in the edge mantle, suggesting the different molecular functions of the two mantle regions in shell pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Mao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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20
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Hu Z, Song H, Yang MJ, Yu ZL, Zhou C, Wang XL, Zhang T. Transcriptome analysis of shell color-related genes in the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Gaspard D, Paris C, Loubry P, Luquet G. Raman investigation of the pigment families in recent and fossil brachiopod shells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:73-84. [PMID: 30292906 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shells of the three subphyla of extant and extinct representatives of the phylum Brachiopoda display coloured patterns with diverse shapes and at different degrees. These colourations are readily visible in natural light but are best revealed under UV light for the fossils concerned. To identify these pigments, Raman spectroscopy has been used for the first time on brachiopod shells. The widespread identified pigments belong to the carotenoid family, best represented in all the animal kingdom, the second one concerns the melanin/melanin-like pigments and, surprisingly, additional molecules of the cytochrome family are revealed for the first time in one of the brachiopod shells studied. The putative functions of shell pigmentation, still under debate, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Gaspard
- CR2P, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 8 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Céline Paris
- MONARIS, De la Molécule aux Nano-Objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies, UMR 8233, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Loubry
- CR2P, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 8 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gilles Luquet
- BOREA, Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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22
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Breaking the long-standing morphological paradigm: Individual prisms in the pearl oyster shell grow perpendicular to the c-axis of calcite. J Struct Biol 2019; 205:121-132. [PMID: 30685338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sections of calcitic prismatic layers in mollusk shells, cut perpendicular to growth direction, reveal well-defined polygonal shapes of individual "grains" clearly visible by light and electron microscopy. For several kinds of shells, it was shown that the average number of edges in an individual prism approaches six during the growth process. Taking into account the rhombohedral symmetry of calcite, often presented in hexagonal axes, all this led to the long-standing opinion that calcitic prisms grow along the c-axis of calcite. In this paper, using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), we unambiguously show that calcitic prisms in pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera predominantly grow perpendicular to the c-axis. The obtained results imply that the hexagon-like habitus of growing crystallites may be not necessarily connected to calcite crystallography and, therefore, other factors should be taken into consideration. We analyze this phenomenon by comparing the organic contents in Pinctada margaritifera and Pinna nobilis shells, the later revealing regular growth of calcitic prisms along the c-axis.
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23
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Grant HE, Williams ST. Phylogenetic distribution of shell colour in Bivalvia (Mollusca). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Grant
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
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24
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Feng D, Li Q, Yu H, Kong L, Du S. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs in mantle of Crassostrea gigas and their association with shell pigmentation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1436. [PMID: 29362405 PMCID: PMC5780484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in diverse biological processes and have drawn extensive attention in the past few years. However, lncRNAs remain poorly understood about expression and roles in Crassostrea gigas, a potential model organism for marine molluscan studies. Here, we systematically identified lncRNAs in the mantles of C. gigas from four full-sib families characterized by white, black, golden, and partially pigmented shell. Using poly(A)-independent and strand-specific RNA-seq, a total of 441,205,852 clean reads and 12,243 lncRNA transcripts were obtained. LncRNA transcripts were relatively short with few exons and low levels of expression in comparison to protein coding mRNA transcripts. A total of 427 lncRNAs and 349 mRNAs were identified to differentially express among six pairwise groups, mainly involving in biomineralization and pigmentation through functional enrichment. Furthermore, a total of 6 mRNAs and their cis-acting lncRNAs were predicted to involve in synthesis of melanin, carotenoid, tetrapyrrole, or ommochrome. Of them, chorion peroxidase and its cis-acting lincRNA TCONS_00951105 are implicated in playing an essential role in the melanin synthetic pathway. Our studies provided the first systematic characterization of lncRNAs catalog expressed in oyster mantle, which may facilitate understanding the molecular regulation of shell colour diversity and provide new insights into future selective breeding of C. gigas for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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25
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Rodriguez S, Brañez LE, Torres FG, Fernández-García M, López D. Revisiting the role of calcite in Spondylus crassisquama shell. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.16.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spondylus crassisquama (princeps) is a bivalve mollusc inhabiting the coast of Central and South Americas. Its shell uses a two-layer armour system to protect the inner soft tissues from the environment. The external layer is composed of a calcite-based composite, and the internal layer is composed of an aragonite-based composite. For the first time, the structural characterisation of the S. crassisquama shell is reported. The results show similarities with those for other shells such as that of red abalone. As expected, microhardness tests demonstrate that the internal nacreous layer is stiffer and harder than the external calcitic layer. However, the amount of energy dissipated during the indentation tests of the calcitic layer is similar to the amount of energy dissipated by the nacreous layers. Despite the highly ordered structure of the nacreous layer, the characterisation conducted shows that the calcitic layer can also be used as a model for the development of bioinspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Luz E Brañez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Knigge T, Di Lellis MA, Monsinjon T, Köhler HR. Relevance of body size and shell colouration for thermal absorption and heat loss in white garden snails, Theba pisana (Helicidae), from Northern France. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:54-63. [PMID: 29037405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The internal temperature of land snails depends on environmental factors, such as exposure to electromagnetic radiation and airflow as well as biotic factors including shell size, shell colouration and thickness or the resting position of the snail. In controlled field experiments, we quantified heating by thermal absorption of light and airflow-induced heat loss in the white garden snail, Theba pisana, from Normandy, France. Heating experiments revealed a significant positive relation of the internal body temperature with illumination period, shell temperature and air temperature at different times of day. The size of the snails was negatively related with both of the given illumination times: smaller animals heated up stronger than larger ones. The temperature at the surface of the shell significantly depended on the illumination period and the time of day. An AIC-based quality assessment of multiple linear modelling showed that, for explaining both shell surface and internal temperature of the soft body, several factors, i.e., exposure time, daytime, shell size and colouration contributed to the best models, respectively. Similarly, heat loss of the soft body after and during exposure of the snails to sunlight by a constant airflow depended on the initial body temperature, shell size, colouration and ambient air temperature. Our study revealed also the importance of both shell size and colouration for the loss of body temperature under natural conditions: small and banded animals that had heated up to temperatures above 30°C cooled down faster than large and un-banded ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Maddalena A Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Zhao L, Li Y, Li Y, Yu J, Liao H, Wang S, Lv J, Liang J, Huang X, Bao Z. A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies the Genomic Region Associated with Shell Color in Yesso Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:301-309. [PMID: 28527015 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The shell color polymorphism widely exists in economic shellfish, which not only results in a better visual perception but also shows great value as an economic trait for breeding. Small numbers of reddish-orange shell Yesso scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, were found in cultured populations compared to the brown majority. In this study, a genome-wide association study was conducted to understand the genetic basis of shell color. Sixty-six 2b-RAD libraries with equal numbers of reddish-orange and brown shell individuals were constructed and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. A total of 322,332,684 high-quality reads were obtained, and the average sequencing depth was 18.4×. One genomic region on chromosome 11 that included 239 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was identified as significantly associated with shell color. After verification by high-resolution melting in another population, two SNPs were selected as specific loci for reddish-orange shell color. These two SNPs could be used to improve the selective breeding progress of true-breeding strains with complete reddish-orange scallops. In addition, within the significantly associated genomic region, candidate genes were identified using marker sequences to search the draft genome of Yesso scallop. Three genes (LDLR, FRIS, and FRIY) with known functions in carotenoid metabolism were identified. Further study using high-performance liquid chromatography proved that the relative level of carotenoids in the reddish-orange shells was 40 times higher than that in the brown shells. These results suggested that the accumulation of carotenoids contributes to the formation of reddish-orange shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangping Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiachen Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Liao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Dalian Zhangzidao Fishery Group Co., Ltd., Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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28
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Integration of Next Generation Sequencing and EPR Analysis to Uncover Molecular Mechanism Underlying Shell Color Variation in Scallops. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161876. [PMID: 27563719 PMCID: PMC5001709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis displays polymorphism in shell colors, which is of great interest for the scallop industry. To identify genes involved in the shell coloration, in the present study, we investigate the transcriptome differences by Illumina digital gene expression (DGE) analysis in two extreme color phenotypes, Red and White. Illumina sequencing yields a total of 62,715,364 clean sequence reads, and more than 85% reads are mapped into our previously sequenced transcriptome. There are 25 significantly differentially expressed genes between Red and White scallops. EPR (Electron paramagnetic resonance) analysis has identified EPR spectra of pheomelanin and eumelanin in the red shells, but not in the white shells. Compared to the Red scallops, the White scallops have relatively higher mRNA expression in tyrosinase genes, but lower expression in other melanogensis-associated genes. Meantime, the relatively lower tyrosinase protein and decreased tyrosinase activity in White scallops are suggested to be associated with the lack of melanin in the white shells. Our findings highlight the functional roles of melanogensis-associated genes in the melanization process of scallop shells, and shed new lights on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the regulation of tyrosinase activity during the process of melanin synthesis. The present results will assist our molecular understanding of melanin synthesis underlying shell color polymorphism in scallops, as well as other bivalves, and also help the color-based breeding in shellfish aquaculture.
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29
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Williams ST, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Goral T, Edwards NP, Wogelius RA, Henkel T, de Oliveira LFC, Maia LF, Strekopytov S, Jeffries T, Speiser DI, Marsden JT. Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156664. [PMID: 27367426 PMCID: PMC4930200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and attraction. Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of colour in nature, it is important to identify and, where possible, fully characterise pigments using biochemical methods. The phylum Mollusca includes some of the most beautiful exemplars of biological pigmentation, with the vivid colours of sea shells particularly prized by collectors and scientists alike. Biochemical studies of molluscan shell colour were fairly common in the last century, but few of these studies have been confirmed using modern methods and very few shell pigments have been fully characterised. Here, we use modern chemical and multi-modal spectroscopic techniques to identify two porphyrin pigments and eumelanin in the shell of marine snails Clanculus pharaonius and C margaritarius. The same porphyrins were also identified in coloured foot tissue of both species. We use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to show definitively that these porphyrins are uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III. Evidence from confocal microscopy analyses shows that the distribution of porphyrin pigments corresponds to the striking pink-red of C. pharaonius shells, as well as pink-red dots and lines on the early whorls of C. margaritarius and yellow-brown colour of later whorls. Additional HPLC results suggest that eumelanin is likely responsible for black spots. We refer to the two differently coloured porphyrin pigments as trochopuniceus (pink-red) and trochoxouthos (yellow-brown) in order to distinguish between them. Trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found in the shell of a third species of the same superfamily, Calliostoma zizyphinum, despite its superficially similar colouration, suggesting that this species has different shell pigments. These findings have important implications for the study of colour and pattern in molluscs specifically, but in other taxa more generally, since this study shows that homology of visible colour cannot be assumed without identification of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Williams
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - S. Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - K. Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - T. Goral
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. P. Edwards
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Wogelius
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T. Henkel
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - L. F. C. de Oliveira
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - L. F. Maia
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - S. Strekopytov
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Jeffries
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. I. Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. T. Marsden
- Viapath, Reference Biochemistry Laboratories, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Williams ST. Molluscan shell colour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1039-1058. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Verdes A, Cho W, Hossain M, Brennan PLR, Hanley D, Grim T, Hauber ME, Holford M. Nature's Palette: Characterization of Shared Pigments in Colorful Avian and Mollusk Shells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143545. [PMID: 26650398 PMCID: PMC4674117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life. For example, calcareous avian eggs are natural structures that vary greatly in color, yet just a handful of tetrapyrrole pigment compounds are responsible for generating this myriad of colors. To fully understand the diversity and constraints shaping nature's palette, it is imperative to characterize the similarities and differences in the types of compounds involved in color production across diverse lineages. Pigment composition was investigated in eggshells of eleven paleognath bird taxa, covering several extinct and extant lineages, and shells of four extant species of mollusks. Birds and mollusks are two distantly related, calcareous shell-building groups, thus characterization of pigments in their calcareous structures would provide insights to whether similar compounds are found in different phyla (Chordata and Mollusca). An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction protocol was used to analyze the presence and concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, two known and ubiquitous tetrapyrrole avian eggshell pigments, in all avian and molluscan samples. Biliverdin was solely detected in birds, including the colorful eggshells of four tinamou species. In contrast, protoporphyrin was detected in both the eggshells of several avian species and in the shells of all mollusks. These findings support previous hypotheses about the ubiquitous deposition of tetrapyrroles in the eggshells of various bird lineages and provide evidence for its presence also across distantly related animal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Verdes
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wooyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marouf Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. R. Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mandë Holford
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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Huang RL, Zheng Z, Wang QH, Zhao XX, Deng YW, Jiao Y, Du XD. Mantle Branch-Specific RNA Sequences of Moon Scallop Amusium pleuronectes to Identify Shell Color-Associated Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141390. [PMID: 26496197 PMCID: PMC4619886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus) that secretes red- and white-colored valves in two branches of mantle tissues is an excellent model for shell color research. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing and profiling were applied in this project to reveal the detailed molecular mechanism of this phenotype differentiation. In this study, 50,796,780 and 54,361,178 clean reads were generated from the left branch (secreting red valve, RS) and right branch (secreting white valve, WS) using the Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. De novo assembly generated 149,375 and 176,652 unigenes with an average length of 764 bp and 698 bp in RS and WS, respectively. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were involved in 228 signaling pathways, and 43 genes were significantly enriched (P<0.01). Nineteen of 20 differentially expressed vitellogenin genes showed significantly high expression in RS, which suggested that they probably played a crucial role in organic pigment assembly and transportation of the shell. Moreover, 687 crystal formation-related (or biomineralization-related) genes were detected in A. pleuronectes, among which 144 genes exhibited significant difference between the two branches. Those genes could be classified into shell matrix framework participants, crystal nucleation and growth-related elements, upstream regulation factors, Ca level regulators, and other classifications. We also identified putative SNP and SSR markers from these samples which provided the markers for genetic diversity analysis, genetic linkage, QTL analysis. These results provide insight into the complexity of shell color differentiation in A. pleuronectes so as valuable resources for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-lian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qing-heng Wang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao-xia Zhao
- Environment Protection Monitoring Station, Environmental Protection Agency of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue-wen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-dong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
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Characterization of the mantle transcriptome of yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): identification of genes potentially involved in biomineralization and pigmentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122967. [PMID: 25856556 PMCID: PMC4391921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis is an economically important marine bivalve species in aquaculture and fishery in Asian countries. However, limited genomic resources are available for this scallop, which hampers investigations into molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biological characteristics, such as shell formation and pigmentation. Mantle is the special tissue of P. yessoensis that secretes biomineralization proteins inducing shell deposition as well as pigmentation on the shells. However, a current deficiency of transcriptome information limits insight into mechanisms of shell formation and pigmentation in this species. In this study, the transcriptome of the mantle of P. yessoensis was deeply sequenced and characterized using Illumina RNA-seq technology. A total of 86,521 unique transcripts are assembled from 55,884,122 reads that passed quality filters, and annotated, using Gene Ontology classification. A total of 259 pathways are identified in the mantle transcriptome, including the calcium signaling and melanogenesis pathways. A total of 237 unigenes that are homologous to 102 reported biomineralization genes are identified, and 121 unigenes that are homologous to 93 known proteins related to melanin biosynthesis are found. Twenty-three annotated unigenes, which are mainly homologous to calmodulin and related proteins, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, adenylate/guanylate cyclase, and tyrosinase family are potentially involved in both biomineralization and melanin biosynthesis. It is suggested that these genes are probably not limited in function to induce shell deposition by calcium metabolism, but may also be involved in pigmentation of the shells of the scallop. This potentially supports the idea that there might be a link between calcium metabolism and melanin biosynthesis, which was previously found in vertebrates. The findings presented here will notably advance the understanding of the sophisticated processes of shell formation as well as shell pigmentation in P. yessoensis and other bivalve species, and also provide new evidence on gene expression for the understanding of pigmentation and biomineralization not only in invertebrates but also probably in vertebrates.
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Hendricks JR. Glowing seashells: diversity of fossilized coloration patterns on coral reef-associated cone snail (Gastropoda: Conidae) shells from the Neogene of the Dominican Republic. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120924. [PMID: 25830769 PMCID: PMC4382297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of modern Conidae (cone snails)—which includes the hyperdiverse genus Conus—has been intensively studied, but the fossil record of the clade remains poorly understood, particularly within an evolutionary framework. Here, ultraviolet light is used to reveal and characterize the original shell coloration patterns of 28 species of cone snails from three Neogene coral reef-associated deposits from the Cibao Valley, northern Dominican Republic. These fossils come from the upper Miocene Cercado Fm. and lower Pliocene Gurabo Fm., and range in age from about 6.6-4.8 Ma. Comparison of the revealed coloration patterns with those of extant species allow the taxa to be assigned to three genera of cone snails (Profundiconus, Conasprella, and Conus) and at least nine subgenera. Thirteen members of these phylogenetically diverse reef faunas are described as new species. These include: Profundiconus? hennigi, Conasprella (Ximeniconus) ageri, Conus anningae, Conus lyelli, Conus (Atlanticonus?) franklinae, Conus (Stephanoconus) gouldi, Conus (Stephanoconus) bellacoensis, Conus (Ductoconus) cashi, Conus (Dauciconus) garrisoni, Conus (Dauciconus?) zambaensis, Conus (Spuriconus?) kaesleri, Conus (Spuriconus?) lombardii, and Conus (Lautoconus?) carlottae. Each of the three reef deposits contain a minimum of 14–16 cone snail species, levels of diversity that are similar to modern Indo-Pacific reef systems. Finally, most of the 28 species can be assigned to modern clades and thus have important implications for understanding the biogeographic and temporal histories of these clades in tropical America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hendricks
- Department of Geology, San José State University, California, United States of America and Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Budd A, McDougall C, Green K, Degnan BM. Control of shell pigmentation by secretory tubules in the abalone mantle. Front Zool 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s12983-014-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Maurer G, Portugal SJ, Hauber ME, Mikšík I, Russell DGD, Cassey P. First light for avian embryos: eggshell thickness and pigmentation mediate variation in development and
UV
exposure in wild bird eggs. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golo Maurer
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide South Australia5005 Australia
| | - Steven J. Portugal
- Structure and Motion Lab Royal Veterinary College University of London Hawkshead LaneNorth MymmsHertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology Hunter College and the Graduate Center City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York New York10065 USA
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Videnska 1083 142 20 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Douglas G. D. Russell
- Bird Group Department of Zoology The Natural History Museum Tring Hertfordshire HP23 6AP UK
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide South Australia5005 Australia
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Shell colouration and parasite tolerance in two helicoid snail species. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 117:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Oliveira LN, de Oliveira VE, D'ávila S, Edwards HGM, de Oliveira LFC. Raman spectroscopy as a tool for polyunsaturated compound characterization in gastropod and limnic terrestrial shell specimens. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 114:541-546. [PMID: 23792293 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The colours of mollusc shells were determined using the Raman spectroscopy and these analyses suggest that the conjugated polyenes (carotenoids) and psittacofulvins are the organic pigments incorporated into their skeletal structures responsible by their colorations. The symmetric stretching vibration of the carbonate ion gives rise to a very strong Raman band at ca. 1089 cm(-1) and a weak band at 705 cm(-1), for all samples; the second band characterizes the aragonite as the inorganic matrix and can be used as a marker. The specimens show bands at 1523-1500 and at 1130-1119 cm(-1), assigned to the ν1 and ν2 modes of the polyenic chain vibrations, respectively. Another band at 1293 cm(-1), assigned to the CH=CH in-plane rocking mode of the olefinic hydrogen is also observed in all samples, which reinforces the psittacofulvin compound as the main pigment present in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra N de Oliveira
- NEEM-Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Shell colour polymorphism, injuries and immune defense in three helicid snail species, Cepaea hortensis, Theba pisana and Cornu aspersum maximum. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:73-8. [PMID: 24600561 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shell colour polymorphism is a widespread feature of various land snail species. In our study we aimed at elucidating the question whether there is a correlation between shell colouration and immune defense in three land snail species by comparing phenoloxidase (PO) activity levels of different morphs after immunostimulation via Zymosan A-injection. Since phenoloxidase is involved both in immune defense as well as in melanin production, the PO activity level is particularly interesting when trying to resolve this question. Even though Zymosan A failed to induce PO activity rendering a comparison of inducible PO activity impossible, an interesting difference between pale and dark morphs of all tested species could be observed: dark snails were less affected by hemolymph withdrawal and were able to maintain or regenerate a significantly higher PO activity level after hemolymph withdrawal than pale snails. Possible implications of this observation are discussed.
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CASSEY PHILLIP, THOMAS GAVINH, PORTUGAL STEVENJ, MAURER GOLO, HAUBER MARKE, GRIM TOMÁŠ, LOVELL PGEORGE, MIKŠÍK IVAN. Why are birds' eggs colourful? Eggshell pigments co-vary with life-history and nesting ecology among British breeding non-passerine birds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cai Z, Wu J, Chen L, Guo W, Li J, Wang J, Zhang Q. Purification and characterisation of aquamarine blue pigment from the shells of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino). Food Chem 2011; 128:129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maurer G, Portugal SJ, Mikšík I, Cassey P. Speckles of cryptic black-headed gull eggs show no mechanical or conductance structural function. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soldati AL, Goettlicher J, Jacob DE, Vilas VV. Manganese speciation in Diplodon chilensis patagonicus shells: a XANES study. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2010; 17:193-201. [PMID: 20157271 DOI: 10.1107/s090904950905465x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the Mn K-edge was used to investigate the environment of Mn in situ within the growth increments of the long-lived freshwater bivalve species Diplodon chilensis patagonicus. Single XANES spectra and Mn Kalpha fluorescence distributions were acquired at submillimetre resolution (up to 100 microm x 50 microm), at Mn concentrations below the weight percent range (100-1000 microg g(-1)) in a high Ca matrix. The position and intensity of the pre-edge feature in the shell spectrum resembles best that of the Mn(II)-bearing reference compounds, suggesting that this is the oxidation state of Mn in the bivalve shells. By comparison with the XANES spectra of selected standard compounds, hypotheses about Mn speciation in the shell are also reported. In particular, different factors, such as provenance, ontogenetic age, variable Mn-concentrations or seasonal shell deposition seem not to influence the speciation of the metal in this bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Soldati
- Department of Geosciences, and Earth System Science Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Goodfriend GA. Convergent evolution of shell colour patterns in two Caribbean terrestrial prosobranch snails. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A. Goodfriend
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, U.S.A
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Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Marine animals, especially those from tropical waters, are often brilliantly coloured, and bright colouration is widespread in both sessile and non-sessile invertebrates. These spectacular natural colours are common in species inhabiting shallow waters, and appear not only in animals exposed to bright light, but also in those living in dark areas where colours are visible only with artificial illumination. Marine organisms also show variation in colour with depth and geographical location, and display great variety in colour patterning. These colour characteristics are the result of several different processes, and serve various purposes - the distribution and function of pigments seems to vary between invertebrate groups. In addition to playing an important role in how marine organisms interact, pigments may be involved in physiological processes. Although nitrogenous pigments predominate, marine organisms contain pigments belonging to all the major structural classes of natural products, as well as some that are unique to the marine environment. This review discusses the nature and significance of such pigments, the chemical and biological processes involved, the factors responsible for and affecting bright colourations, as well as their evolution and speculation as to their function.
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Harte M. Chapter 1 Systematics and taxonomy. DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(01)80029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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