1
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Andresen LC, Bodé S, Björk RG, Michelsen A, Aerts R, Boeckx P, Cornelissen JHC, Klanderud K, van Logtestijn RSP, Rütting T. Patterns of free amino acids in tundra soils reflect mycorrhizal type, shrubification, and warming. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:305-313. [PMID: 35307782 PMCID: PMC9184409 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The soil nitrogen (N) cycle in cold terrestrial ecosystems is slow and organically bound N is an important source of N for plants in these ecosystems. Many plant species can take up free amino acids from these infertile soils, either directly or indirectly via their mycorrhizal fungi. We hypothesized that plant community changes and local plant community differences will alter the soil free amino acid pool and composition; and that long-term warming could enhance this effect. To test this, we studied the composition of extractable free amino acids at five separate heath, meadow, and bog locations in subarctic and alpine Scandinavia, with long-term (13 to 24 years) warming manipulations. The plant communities all included a mixture of ecto-, ericoid-, and arbuscular mycorrhizal plant species. Vegetation dominated by grasses and forbs with arbuscular and non-mycorrhizal associations showed highest soil free amino acid content, distinguishing them from the sites dominated by shrubs with ecto- and ericoid-mycorrhizal associations. Warming increased shrub and decreased moss cover at two sites, and by using redundancy analysis, we found that altered soil free amino acid composition was related to this plant cover change. From this, we conclude that the mycorrhizal type is important in controlling soil N cycling and that expansion of shrubs with ectomycorrhiza (and to some extent ericoid mycorrhiza) can help retain N within the ecosystems by tightening the N cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Andresen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Rien Aerts
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Hans C Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Tobias Rütting
- Department of Earth Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Isolation and Characterization of Serratiopeptidase Producing Bacteria from Mulberry Phyllosphere. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:351-357. [PMID: 33179157 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serratiopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.40), a proteolytic enzyme, is one of the most promising enzymes being used in biopharmaceutical industry. Mulberry phyllosphere, being an unexplored niche for exploration of protease production, was chosen for the present study. Protease producing bacteria were isolated from the tissues of mulberry plant as well as its rhizospheric soil. Two protease producing bacteria belonging to Serratia genus were found to be potential serratiopeptidase producers. Among them, the endophyte, i.e., Serratia marcescens MES-4 presented 95 Units/mL activity, while the soil isolate i.e., Serratia marcescens MRS-11 presented 156 Units/mL activity.
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3
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Yu Y, Xu J, Huang T, Zhong J, Yu H, Qiu J, Guo J. Combination of beneficial bacteria improves blueberry production and soil quality. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5776-5784. [PMID: 33282230 PMCID: PMC7684628 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry is an important agricultural crop with high nutritional, health, and economic value. Despite the well-studied blueberry cultivation methods and soil requirements, little is known about how beneficial bacteria function in organic blueberry cultivation systems and their effects on acidic soils. In this study, a single bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JC65 and three biocontrol bacteria consortiums containing JC65 were applied to organic system. The effect of bacteria to blueberry growth, yield, fruit quality, and soil quality was investigated. A consortium of three mixed Bacillus (B. amyloliquefaciens JC65, B. licheniforims HS10 and B. subtilis 7ze3) showed the highest growth improvement efficiency. The bacterial inoculation increased blueberry leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate by 21.50%, 13.21% at 30 days, and increased average plant height by 2.72% at 69 days. Compared with the control, the inoculated plants showed an increased yield of 14.56%. Interestingly, blueberry fruit quality was also improved with supplement of the bacterial consortium. Fruit anthocyanin, soluble sugar, vitamin C, soluble solids, and soluble protein content were increased by 5.99%, 4.21%, 17.31%, 2.41%, and 21.65%, respectively. Besides, beneficial bacterial consortium also enables sustainable agriculture by improving soil ammonium nitrogen and organic matter by 3.77% and 2.96% after blueberry planting. In conclusion, the combination of beneficial bacteria showed a synergistic activity in organic system to promote the blueberry yield, fruit quality, and soil nutrient preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Yang Yu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest InsectsMinistry of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing‐Da Xu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest InsectsMinistry of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tao‐Xiang Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest InsectsMinistry of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest InsectsMinistry of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hong Yu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of ScienceNanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat‐SenNanjingChina
| | - Jing‐Ping Qiu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of ScienceNanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat‐SenNanjingChina
| | - Jian‐Hua Guo
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest InsectsMinistry of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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4
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Schrijvers-Gonlag M, Skarpe C, Andreassen HP. Influence of light availability and soil productivity on insect herbivory on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaves following mammalian herbivory. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230509. [PMID: 32218604 PMCID: PMC7100976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetative parts of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) are important forage for many boreal forest mammal, bird and insect species. Plant palatability to insects is affected by concentration of nutrients and defense compounds in plants. We expected that palatability of bilberry leaves to insect herbivores is influenced by light availability and soil productivity (both affecting nitrogen concentration and constitutive carbon-based defense compound concentration) and herbivory by mammals (affecting nitrogen concentration and induced carbon-based defense compound concentration). We studied bilberry leaf herbivory under different light availability, soil productivity and mammalian herbivory pressure in small sampling units (1m x 1m) in boreal forest in Norway. We used generalized linear mixed models and generalized additive mixed models to model insect herbivory on bilberry leaves as a function of shade, soil productivity and mammalian herbivory. Observed insect herbivory on bilberry leaves increased with increasing shade levels. Predicted insect herbivory increased with increasing previous mammalian herbivory at high shade levels and this response was magnified at higher soil productivity levels. At low to intermediate shade levels, this response was only present under high soil productivity levels. Our results indicate that light availability is more important for variation in bilberry leaf palatability than soil nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schrijvers-Gonlag
- Campus Evenstad, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Christina Skarpe
- Campus Evenstad, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Harry Peter Andreassen
- Campus Evenstad, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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5
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Gallart M, Adair KL, Love J, Meason DF, Clinton PW, Xue J, Turnbull MH. Genotypic variation in Pinus radiata responses to nitrogen source are related to changes in the root microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4982773. [PMID: 29688427 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in traits within a plant species contributes to differences in soil physicochemistry and rhizosphere microbial communities. However, how intraspecific variation in plant responses to nitrogen (N) shapes these communities remains unclear. We studied whether plant responses to organic and inorganic N forms vary among genotypes, and if these responses were associated with variation in root-associated communities. We investigated how the root microbiomes of two Pinus radiata D. Don genotypes were altered by two years of N-fertilisation in field conditions. We characterised rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, as well as root-associated fungal communities, of trees receiving yearly additions of NH4NO3 or L-arginine, and control trees. We also measured plant traits and rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties. Two main findings emerged: (i) N form and tree genotype affected soil physicochemical properties as well as plant measures, and these responses were associated with variation in microbial communities, and (ii) rhizosphere and root-associated communities differed in their responses to N form and host genotype. Our results suggest that N forms have different influences on N and carbon dynamics at the plant-soil interface by inducing root-mediated responses that are associated with shifts in the root microbiome such that communities more closely associated with roots are more sensitive to genotype-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gallart
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.,Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Karen L Adair
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jianming Xue
- Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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6
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Farrell M, Hill PW, Farrar J, DeLuca TH, Roberts P, Kielland K, Dahlgren R, Murphy DV, Hobbs PJ, Bardgett RD, Jones DL. Oligopeptides Represent a Preferred Source of Organic N Uptake: A Global Phenomenon? Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Experiments suggest that plants and soil microorganisms are both limited by inorganic nitrogen, even on relatively fertile sites. Consequently, plants and soil microorganisms may compete for nitrogen. While past research has focused on competition for inorganic nitrogen, recent studies have found that plants/mycorrhizae in a wide range of ecosystems can use organic nitrogen. A new view of competitive interactions between plants and soil microorganisms is necessary in ecosystem where plant uptake of organic nitrogen is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kaye
- School of Forestry, College of Ecosystem Science and Management, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018, USA
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8
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Rennenberg H, Wildhagen H, Ehlting B. Nitrogen nutrition of poplar trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:275-91. [PMID: 20398235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many forest ecosystems have evolved at sites with growth-limiting nitrogen (N) availability, low N input from external sources and high ecosystem internal cycling of N. By contrast, many poplar species are frequent constituents of floodplain forests where they are exposed to a significant ecosystem external supply of N, mainly nitrate, in the moving water table. Therefore, nitrate is much more important for N nutrition of these poplar species than for many other tree species. We summarise current knowledge of nitrate uptake and its regulation by tree internal signals, as well as acquisition of ammonium and organic N from the soil. Unlike herbaceous plants, N nutrition of trees is sustained by seasonal, tree internal cycling. Recent advances in the understanding of seasonal storage and mobilisation in poplar bark and regulation of these processes by temperature and daylength are addressed. To explore consequences of global climate change on N nutrition of poplar trees, responses of N uptake and metabolism to increased atmospheric CO(2) and O(3) concentrations, increased air and soil temperatures, drought and salt stress are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rennenberg
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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McFarland JW, Ruess RW, Kielland K, Pregitzer K, Hendrick R, Allen M. Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons of In Situ Plant Uptake of Amino Acid-N and NH4 +. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Languishing for many years in the shadow of plant inorganic nitrogen (N) nutrition research, studies of organic N uptake have attracted increased attention during the last decade. The capacity of plants to acquire organic N, demonstrated in laboratory and field settings, has thereby been well established. Even so, the ecological significance of organic N uptake for plant N nutrition is still a matter of discussion. Several lines of evidence suggest that plants growing in various ecosystems may access organic N species. Many soils display amino acid concentrations similar to, or higher than, those of inorganic N, mainly as a result of rapid hydrolysis of soil proteins. Transporters mediating amino acid uptake have been identified both in mycorrhizal fungi and in plant roots. Studies of endogenous metabolism of absorbed amino acids suggest that L- but not D-enantiomers are efficiently utilized. Dual labelled amino acids supplied to soil have provided strong evidence for plant uptake of organic N in the field but have failed to provide information on the quantitative importance of this process. Thus, direct evidence that organic N contributes significantly to plant N nutrition is still lacking. Recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant organic N uptake may open new avenues for the exploration of this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Knut Kielland
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-0180, USA
| | - Ulrika Ganeteg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Vohník M, Burdíková Z, Albrechtová J, Vosátka M. Testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida) vs. Ericoid mycorrhizal and DSE fungi: a possible novel interaction in the mycorrhizosphere of ericaceous plants? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 57:203-214. [PMID: 18604649 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Common occurrence of testate amoebae (TA) in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants indicates existence of yet undocumented ecological interactions, involving three distinct groups of organisms: soil protists, mycorrhizal fungi, and their host plants. This tripartite relationship was to date investigated only to a limited extent, despite its probable importance for processes taking place in the mycorrhizosphere. In this study, we (1) explored spectra of different TA genera naturally associated with the rhizoplane of three autochthonous European Rhododendron species, (2) screened natural fungal colonization of the TA shells occupying the rhizoplane of selected rhododendrons, and (3) carried out two in vitro experiments addressing the question whether TA shells may serve as a nutrient source for ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE). Our field observations indicated that TA regularly associated with the rhizoplane of all screened rhododendrons and that ErMF and/or DSE associated with their roots possibly exploited the TA shells as a nutrient source. We were unable to detect any major differences among the TA spectra from the rhizoplanes with respect to the three Rhododendron species. The spectra were dominated by Diplochlamys, Centropyxis, Cyclopyxis, Euglypha, Trinema, and Assulina. Positive, neutral, and negative associations were found for various TA genera x Rhododendron species combinations. The highest fungal colonization was observed in Centropyxidae and Trigonopyxidae, reaching up to 45% of the shells in the case of Trigonopyxis. In the in vitro experiments, both ErMF Rhizoscyphus ericae and DSE Phialocephala fortinii regularly colonized TA shells, utilizing them as a source of nutrients. We hypothesize a complex relationship between ErMF-DSE and TA. If corroborated, it would represent an interesting nutrient loop in the mycorrhizosphere of ericaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Lesní 323, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic.
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12
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Nordin A, Strengbom J, Ericson L. Responses to ammonium and nitrate additions by boreal plants and their natural enemies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:167-74. [PMID: 16199116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Separate effects of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) on boreal forest understorey vegetation were investigated in an experiment where 12.5 and 50.0 kg nitrogen (N) ha(-1) year(-1) was added to 2 m2 sized plots during 4 years. The dwarf-shrubs dominating the plant community, Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea, took up little of the added N independent of the chemical form, and their growth did not respond to the N treatments. The grass Deschampsia flexuosa increased from the N additions and most so in response to NO3-. Bryophytes took up predominately NH4+ and there was a negative correlation between moss N concentration and abundance. Plant pathogenic fungi increased from the N additions, but showed no differences in response to the two N forms. Because the relative contribution of NH4+ and NO3- to the total N deposition on a regional scale can vary substantially, the N load a habitat can sustain without substantial changes in the biota should be set considering specific vegetation responses to the predominant N form in deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Nordin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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13
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14
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Watanabe T, Okamoto M, Misawa S, Urayama M, Osaki M. Different characteristics of nitrogen utilization between lupin and soybean: can lupin utilize organic nitrogen in soils? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that lupin forms cluster roots, which help in dissolving insoluble P in soils. In nonleguminous species, cluster roots also appear to contribute to the utilization of organic N in soils. In white lupin ( Lupinus albus L.), however, the characteristics of its organic N utilization have not been studied. Therefore, we examined whether white lupin can utilize organic N in soils. Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.), which does not form cluster roots, was used as a control plant. Seedlings of lupin and soybean were cultivated in soils with different N sources (non-N, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphate plus cattle farmyard manure, or cattle farmyard manure). The rate of glycine uptake by excised roots was determined in a hydroponic experiment to investigate the ability of lupin and soybean to directly utilize amino acids. Nitrogen accumulation in soybean corresponded to the decrease in inorganic N in the soils. In contrast, N accumulation in lupin was higher than the decrease in inorganic N in the soil, especially with the cattle farmyard manure treatment, indicating that lupin derived more N from an organic N source. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated with lupin in a pot accessed more available N than wheat with soybean or wheat in monoculture, suggesting that lupin roots themselves or the lupin rhizosphere microorganisms were able to decompose organic N in soils. Excised roots of lupin, especially cluster roots, exhibited higher rates of glycine uptake than roots of soybean. In conclusion, lupin decomposed organic N in the rhizosphere and was able to absorb amino acids from decomposition in addition to any inorganic N produced by further microbial decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Miwa Okamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Misawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Urayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Osaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Soil nutrients are distributed in a non-uniform or 'patchy' manner. It is well established that the modular nature of root systems allows them to show both morphological and/or physiological plasticity upon encountering nutrient-rich patches. These plastic responses are widely believed to be foraging mechanisms by the plant to enhance nutrient resource capture. Although morphological plasticity has traditionally been viewed as the more expensive option as it requires new root construction, more recent evidence suggests this may not necessarily be the case. Moreover, plants may be able to recapture most of the initial outlay involved in new root construction, again lowering the overall cost to the plant. Under natural conditions the roots of most plant species have an additional nutrient acquisition mechanism namely mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, the impact of these important symbiotic associations upon the host plant's response to nutrient patches has received relatively little attention. The mycorrhizal fungal symbiont should, in theory, be better able to compete directly with the rest of the microbial community for the nutrients in the patch. This could potentially be important to the host plant, as generally, root proliferation responses are more important for interspecific plant, than plant-microbial, competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hodge
- Department of Biology, Area 14, PO Box 373, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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16
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Shevtsova A, Nilsson MC, Gallet C, Zackrisson O, Jäderlund A. Effects of long-term alleviation of nutrient limitation on shoot growth and foliar phenolics ofEmpetrum hermaphroditum. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Clark BR, Hartley SE, Suding KN, de Mazancourt C. The Effect of Recycling on Plant Competitive Hierarchies. Am Nat 2005; 165:609-22. [PMID: 15937742 DOI: 10.1086/430074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from field studies suggests that some plant species enhance their persistence by reinforcing patterns of N availability through differences in litter quality. Using mathematical models of nutrient flow, we explore whether and how recycling affects plant growth, competition, and coexistence and whether it leads to positive feedbacks. Two mechanisms are considered: the ability of plants to access two forms of soil N, complex (e.g., organic) and simple (e.g., nitrate), and the effect of density-dependent limitation of growth. Except in the trivial case of limitation by N in one form without density dependence, differences in litter quality can prevent the establishment of competitors. Feedback can, conversely, facilitate the invasion of competitors. At equilibrium, the rate of decomposition does not affect the outcome of competition. Species affect their long-term persistence if they alter the fraction of nitrogen that is returned to the soil and becomes available for plant uptake. Increasing the fraction of N that is recycled favors specialists in complex nitrogen and species that suppress the growth of others at high nitrogen availability. Increasing the rate of microbial decomposition of complex nitrogen favors specialists in simple nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom.
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18
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Frequency and Intensity of Root Colonization by Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi in Nursery Production of Blueberry Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j301v04n04_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Grelet GA, Meharg AA, Alexander IJ. Carbon availability affects nitrogen source utilisation by Hymenoscyphus ericae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 109:469-77. [PMID: 15912935 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We compared the ability of five strains of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae to utilise glutamine, ammonium or nitrate at high or low carbon (C) availability. The pattern of intraspecific variation in growth was affected by C availability. When C supply was high, growth differences between strains were explained by the total amount of nitrogen (N) taken up, suggesting variation in uptake kinetics. Under C-limiting conditions, strain differences were linked with their nitrogen use efficiency, implying intraspecific differences in N metabolism. The relationship between growth on glutamine and pH shifts in the media indicated that there was intraspecific variation in glutamine transporters. In addition, the correlation between pH changes and the amount of glutamine-N recovered as ammonium in the media indicated that there were intraspecific variations within the enzymatic pathways involved in glutamine metabolism. Our findings, compared with those of a previous study involving the same ericoid strains, draw attention to the temporal variation in nitrogen source utilisation by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi when maintained in axenic culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen-Aëlle Grelet
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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Weigelt A, Bol R, Bardgett RD. Preferential uptake of soil nitrogen forms by grassland plant species. Oecologia 2004; 142:627-35. [PMID: 15549402 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed whether a range of temperate grassland species showed preferential uptake for different chemical forms of N, including inorganic N and a range of amino acids that commonly occur in temperate grassland soil. Preferential uptake of dual-labelled (13C and 15N) glycine, serine, arginine and phenylalanine, as compared to inorganic N, was tested using plants growing in pots with natural field soil. We selected five grass species representing a gradient from fertilised, productive pastures to extensive, low productivity pastures (Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, and Nardus stricta). Our data show that all grass species were able to take up directly a diversity of soil amino acids of varying complexity. Moreover, we present evidence of marked inter-species differences in preferential use of chemical forms of N of varying complexity. L. perenne was relatively more effective at using inorganic N and glycine compared to the most complex amino acid phenylalanine, whereas N. stricta showed a significant preference for serine over inorganic N. Total plant N acquisition, measured as root and shoot concentration of labelled compounds, also revealed pronounced inter-species differences which were related to plant growth rate: plants with higher biomass production were found to take up more inorganic N. Our findings indicate that species-specific differences in direct uptake of different N forms combined with total N acquisition could explain changes in competitive dominance of grass species in grasslands of differing fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weigelt
- Chair of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Bennett JN, Prescott CE. Organic and inorganic nitrogen nutrition of western red cedar, western hemlock and salal in mineral N-limited cedar-hemlock forests. Oecologia 2004; 141:468-76. [PMID: 15322895 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarge) and salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh) are the main species growing in cedar-hemlock forests on Vancouver Island, Canada. Based on the dominance of organic N in these systems, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) organic N can be utilized by the three plant species; and (2) salal, which is ericoid mycorrhizal and has high tannin concentration in its tissues, would absorb more N from the complex organic N compounds than the other two species. The abilities of cedar, hemlock and salal to take up 15N,13C-labelled glutamic acid were measured and the capacities of the three species to use nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), glutamic acid, protein and protein-tannin N were compared over a 20-day period. Based on 13C enrichment, all three species absorbed at least a portion of glutamic acid intact. Cedar, hemlock and salal also showed similar patterns of N uptake from the NO3-, NH4+, glutamic acid, protein and protein-tannin treatments. The largest proportions of applied N were taken up from the NO3- and NH4+ treatments while smaller amounts of N were absorbed from the organic N compounds. Thus organic N was accessed to a modest degree by all three species, and salal did not have a greater capacity to utilize protein and protein-tannin-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Bennett
- Forestry Department, North Carolina State University, 3106 Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27601-8008, USA.
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22
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Jones MD, Smith SE. Exploring functional definitions of mycorrhizas: Are mycorrhizas always mutualisms? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are considered to be classic mutualisms. Here, we define mutualism as a reciprocal increase in fitness of the symbionts, and we review the evidence for mycorrhizal mutualism at the community, whole-plant, and cellular scales. It is difficult to use results of most mycorrhizal studies because (i) fungal contribution to nutrient uptake is not accurately estimated, (ii) increased growth is not necessarily correlated with increased plant fecundity or survival, especially in communities, and (iii) benefits that occur only at certain times of year, or under specific extreme conditions, may not be detected. To produce the nonmycorrhizal controls required to study mutualism in the field, soil microflora and fauna must be severely perturbed; therefore, it is virtually impossible to evaluate effects of mycorrhizas on plant fitness under realistic conditions. Using the evidence available, we conclude that mycorrhizas can occupy various positions along the continuum from parasitism to mutualism, depending on the specific plant and fungal genotypes and their abiotic and biotic environments. Although we discuss the possibility of defining mycorrhizas by some physiological characteristic, we conclude that mycorrhizas should be defined on a structural or developmental basis and that any requirement to demonstrate mutualism be eliminated.Key words: mycorrhiza, mutualism, parasitism, physiology, fitness, community.
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Cairney JWG, Ashford AE. Biology of mycorrhizal associations of epacrids (Ericaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:305-326. [PMID: 33873430 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epacrids, a group of southern hemisphere plants formerly considered members of the separate family Epacridaceae, are in fact most closely allied to the Vaccinioid tribe (Ericaceae). Epacrids and other extant ericoid mycorrhiza-forming plants appear to have a monophyletic origin. In common with many Ericaceae they form ericoid mycorrhizas. ITS sequence data indicate that the fungi forming ericoid mycorrhizas with epacrids and other extant Ericaceae are broadly similar, belonging to a poorly defined group of ascomycetes with phylogenetic affinities to Helotiales. The basic development and structure of ericoid mycorrhizal infections in epacrids is similar to other Ericaceae. However, data are limited on the structure and physiology of both hair roots and ericoid mycorrhizas for all Ericaceae. Relatively little is known about the functional significance of ericoid mycorrhizas in epacrids in southern hemisphere habitats that are often poor in organic matter accumulation. However the abilities of fungal endophytes of epacrids to utilize organic N and P substrates equal those of endophytes from northern hemisphere heathland plant hosts. Investigations using 15 N/13 C-labelled organic N substrates suggest that mycorrhizal endophytes are important, at least, to the N nutrition of their epacrid hosts in some habitats. Contents Summary 305 I. Epacrid plant hosts 306 II. Evolution of ericoid mycorrhizas in epacrids 306 III. Epacrid hair roots and their mycorrhizal associations 307 IV. Seasonality and incidence of mycorrhizal infection 310 V. Structure and development of mycorrhizal associations 311 VI. Nature of the mycorrhizal fungal endophytes 315 VII. Community and population biology of mycorrhizal endophytes 318 VIII. Functional aspects of mycorrhizas in epacrids 319 IX. Conclusions 322 Acknowledgements 322 References 322.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W G Cairney
- Mycorrhiza Research Group, Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, PENRITH SOUTH DCL, NSW 1797, Australia
| | - Anne E Ashford
- School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Emmerton KS, Callaghan TV, Jones HE, Leake JR, Michelsen A, Read DJ. Assimilation and isotopic fractionation of nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi. NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Emmerton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - T. V. Callaghan
- Abisko Scientific Research Station, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, S‐981 07, Abisko, Sweden
- Sheffield Centre for Arctic Ecology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - H. E. Jones
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station, Grange‐over‐Sands, Cumbria LA11 6JU, UK
| | - J. R. Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - A. Michelsen
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2 D, DK‐1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - D. J. Read
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Falkengren-Grerup U, Månsson KF, Olsson MO. Uptake capacity of amino acids by ten grasses and forbs in relation to soil acidity and nitrogen availability. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 44:207-219. [PMID: 11064041 DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(00)00068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Uptake capacity of organic nitrogen was studied in solution experiments on eight grasses and two forbs growing in acid soils with relatively high nitrogen mineralisation in southern Sweden. Uptake of a mixture of amino acids (alanine, glutamine, glycine), that varied between 1.6 and 6.3 µmol g(-1) dw root h(-1), could not be explained by soil data from the species' field distributions (pH, total carbon and nitrogen, potential net mineralisation of ammonium and nitrate). The ratio between organic and inorganic nitrogen (methylamine) uptake was <0.05 for the forbs, higher for the grasses with a maximum of 1.42 for Deschampsia flexuosa. The ratio was negatively correlated with measures related to soil acidity (Ellenberg's R-value, soil nitrate and total carbon) but not, as hypothesised, with the total amount of mineralised nitrogen. The total demand on nitrogen by all components of the ecosystem would probably have described the extent to which competition among and between plants and microbes induced nitrogen limitation. In a methodological study two grasses were exposed to pH 3.8, 4.5 and 6.0 and to 50, 100 and 250 µmol l(-1) of three amino acids. Uptake was also compared between intact plants and excised roots. The treatment response varied considerably between the species which stresses the importance of studying intact plants at field-relevant pH and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Falkengren-Grerup
- Department of Ecology, Plant Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Raab TK, Lipson DA, Monson RK. Non-mycorrhizal uptake of amino acids by roots of the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides: implications for the alpine nitrogen cycle. Oecologia 1996; 108:488-494. [PMID: 28307865 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1995] [Accepted: 05/08/1996] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore K Raab
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, 80309-0334, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David A Lipson
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, 80309-0334, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, 80309-0334, Boulder, CO, USA
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Newsham K, Fitter A, Watkinson A. Multi-functionality and biodiversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas. Trends Ecol Evol 1995; 10:407-11. [PMID: 21237085 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chapin FS, Moilanen L, Kielland K. Preferential use of organic nitrogen for growth by a non-mycorrhizal arctic sedge. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/361150a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6 Carbon Metabolism in Mycorrhiza. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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Production, regulation and release of extracellular proteinase activity in basidiomycete fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bajwa R, Abuarghub S, Read DJ. THE BIOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZA IN THE ERICACEAE: X. THE UTILIZATION OF PROTEINS AND THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY THE MYCORRHIZAL ENDOPHYTE AND BY MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1985; 101:469-486. [PMID: 33874234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte to utilize a range of proteins as substrates for growth is assessed in liquid culture and in mycorrhizal association with host plants. Some aspects of proteolytic enzyme production are also investigated. The fungus readily utilizes the soluble protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) as sole nitrogen and carbon source, and produces lower yields on less soluble plant and animal proteins. Maximum yields of endophyte on all substrates were obtained in the pH range 3 to 5. Infection provides a significant enhancement of plant growth on agar over this pH range on most of the proteins. Yields and nitrogen contents of mycorrhizal plants grown on cellulose sheets with BSA as sole N source were significantly higher than those of the uninfected controls, which were unable to use protein. Using a chromogenic substrate it was shown that the pH optimum for enzyme activity is comparable with that for utilization of protein in pure culture and in mycorrhizal association. Non-mycorrhizal plants produced negligible proteolytic activity. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the nutrition of both host and fungus in the natural environment, and the broader ecological implications of the results are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bajwa
- Department of Botany, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - S Abuarghub
- Department of Botany, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - D J Read
- Department of Botany, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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