1
|
García-González I, Souto-Herrero M. Earlywood Anatomy Highlights the Prevalent Role of Winter Conditions on Radial Growth of Oak at Its Distribution Boundary in NW Iberia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 36904045 PMCID: PMC10007082 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared climate-growth relationships (1956-2013) of two natural pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands with different water-holding capacities growing at the species distribution limit of the Mediterranean Region in NW Iberia. For this, tree-ring chronologies of earlywood vessel size (separating the first row from the other vessels) and latewood width were obtained. Earlywood traits were coupled to conditions during dormancy, whereby an elevated winter temperature appears to induce a high consumption of carbohydrates, resulting in smaller vessels. This effect was reinforced by waterlogging at the wettest site, whose correlation to winter precipitation was strongly negative. Soil water regimes caused differences between vessel rows, since all earlywood vessels were controlled by winter conditions at the wettest site, but only the first row at the driest one; radial increment was related to water availability during the previous rather than the current season. This confirms our initial hypothesis that oak trees near their southern distribution boundary adopt a conservative strategy, prioritizing reserve storage under limiting conditions during the growing period. We believe that wood formation is highly dependent on the balance between the previous accumulation of carbohydrates and their consumption to maintain both respiration during dormancy and early spring growth.
Collapse
|
2
|
D'Andrea R, Corona C, Poszwa A, Belingard C, Domínguez-Delmás M, Stoffel M, Crivellaro A, Crouzevialle R, Cerbelaud F, Costa G, Paradis-Grenouillet S. Combining conventional tree-ring measurements with wood anatomy and strontium isotope analyses enables dendroprovenancing at the local scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159887. [PMID: 36351500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dendroprovenancing provides critical information regarding the origin of wood, allowing further insights into economic exploitation strategies and source regions of timber products. Traditionally, dendroprovenancing relies on pattern-matching of tree rings, but its spatial resolution is limited by the geographical coverage of species-specific chronologies available for crossdating and, in the case of short-distance trades, by scarce environmental variability. Here, we present an approach to provenance timber with high spatial resolution from forested areas that have been exploited intensively throughout history, with the aim to understand the sustainability of the various woodland management practices used to supply timber products. To this end, we combined tree-ring width (TRW), wood anatomical and geochemical analyses in addition to multivariate statistical validation procedures to trace the origin of living oak trees (Quercus robur) sampled in four stands located within a 30-km radius around the city of Limoges (Haute-Vienne, France). We demonstrate that TRW and wood anatomical variables (and in particular cell density) robustly discriminate the eastern from the western site, while failing to trace the origin of trees from the northern and southern sites. Here, strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Ca concentrations identify clusters of trees which could not be identified with TRW or wood anatomy. Ultimately, our study demonstrates that the coupling of wood anatomy with geochemical signatures allows to correctly pinpoint the origin of trees. Given the small geographic scale of our study and the limited differences in elevation and climate between study sites, our results are particularly promising for future dendroprovenancing studies. We thus conclude that the combination of multiple approaches will not only increase the accuracy of dendroprovenancing studies at local scales, but could also be implemented at much larger scales to identify trends in historic timber supply throughout Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D'Andrea
- GEOLAB, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - C Corona
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042 CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Poszwa
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - C Belingard
- GEOLAB, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - M Domínguez-Delmás
- Amsterdam School for Heritage and Memory Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Stoffel
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Crivellaro
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, University of Suceava, Suceava, Ukraine; Éveha, Bureau d'étude archéologique, Limoges, France
| | | | - F Cerbelaud
- GEOLAB, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - G Costa
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - S Paradis-Grenouillet
- GEOLAB, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Éveha, Bureau d'étude archéologique, Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dobbert S, Pape R, Löffler J. Contrasting growth response of evergreen and deciduous arctic‐alpine shrub species to climate variability. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Dobbert
- Department of Geography University of Bonn Meckenheimer Allee 166 Bonn D‐53115 Germany
| | - Roland Pape
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South‐Eastern Norway Gullbringvegen 36 Bø N‐3800 Norway
| | - Jörg Löffler
- Department of Geography University of Bonn Meckenheimer Allee 166 Bonn D‐53115 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miodek A, Gizińska A, Włoch W, Kojs P. What do we know about growth of vessel elements of secondary xylem in woody plants? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2911-2924. [PMID: 34374202 PMCID: PMC9291787 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive knowledge about vessel element growth and the determination of the axial course of vessels, these processes are still not fully understood. They are usually explained as resulting primarily from hormonal regulation in stems. This review focuses on an increasingly discussed aspect - mechanical conditions in the vascular cambium. Mechanical conditions in cambial tissue are important for the growth of vessel elements, as well as other cambial derivatives. In relation to the type of stress acting on cambial cells (compressive versus tensile stress) we: (i) discuss the shape of the enlarging vessel elements observed in anatomical sections; (ii) present hypotheses regarding the location of intrusive growth of vessel elements and cambial initials; (iii) explain the relationship between the growth of vessel elements and fibres; and (iv) consider the effect of mechanical stress in determining the course of a vessel. We also highlight the relationship between mechanical stress and transport of the most extensively studied plant hormone - auxin. We conclude that the integration of a biomechanical factor with the commonly acknowledged hormonal regulation could significantly enhance the analysis of the formation of vessel elements as well as entire vessels, which transport water and minerals in numerous plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Miodek
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Aldona Gizińska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Wiesław Włoch
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kojs
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shtein I, Wolberg S, Munitz S, Zait Y, Rosenzweig T, Grünzweig JM, Ohana-Levi N, Netzer Y. Multi-seasonal water-stress memory versus temperature-driven dynamic structural changes in grapevine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1199-1211. [PMID: 33416079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perennial plants perpetually adapt to environmental changes in complex and yet insufficiently understood manner. We aimed to separate the intra-seasonal temperature effects on structure and function from perennial and annual water stress effects. This study focused on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. 'Cabernet Sauvignon') petioles, which being a continuously produced organ, represent the current status of the plant. Field-grown mature plants subjected to multi-annual irrigation treatments (severe water stress, mild water stress and non-stressed) throughout the growing season were compared with greenhouse-grown plants under three temperature regimes (22, 28 and 34 °C). Physiological and functional anatomy parameters were measured. A generalized additive model (GAM) based on meteorological and lysimeter-based field data was applied to determine the relative influence of various meteorological parameters on evapotranspiration (ETc) during the growing season in the field experiment. At the beginning of the growing season, in May, petioles in the severe stress treatment showed a stress-related structure (decreased length, safer hydraulic structure and increased lignification), though having high values of stem water potential (SWP). As the season progressed and temperatures increased, all water availability treatments petioles showed similar changes, and at the end of season, in August, were structurally very similar. Those changes were independent of SWP and were comparable to high temperature-induced changes in the greenhouse. In contrast, stems hydraulic structure was strongly influenced by water availability. Regression analyses indicated a relationship between petioles xylem structure and stomatal conductance (gs), whereas gs (but not SWP) was temperature-dependent. The GAM showed that ETc was mainly dependent on temperature. Our results indicate a perennial water-stress memory response, influencing the petiole structure at the beginning of the following season. Intra-seasonally, the petiole's structure becomes independent of water status, whereas temperature drives the structural changes. Thus, ongoing climate change might disrupt plant performance by purely temperature-induced effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Shunamit Wolberg
- Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
- The Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Yotam Zait
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- The Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Yishai Netzer
- Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Department of Chemistry & Biotech Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Klesse S, von Arx G, Gossner MM, Hug C, Rigling A, Queloz V. Amplifying feedback loop between growth and wood anatomical characteristics of Fraxinus excelsior explains size-related susceptibility to ash dieback. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:683-696. [PMID: 32705118 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused severe crown dieback and high mortality rates in Fraxinus excelsior in Europe. In addition to a strong genetic control of tolerance to the fungus, previous studies have found landscape heterogeneity to be an additional driver of variability in the severity of dieback symptoms. However, apart from climatic conditions related to heat and humidity influencing fungal infection success, the mechanistic understanding of why smaller or slower-growing trees are more susceptible to dieback remains less well understood. Here, we analyzed three stands in Switzerland with a unique setting of 8 years of data availability of intra-annual diameter growth and annual crown health assessments. We complemented this by ring width and quantitative wood anatomical measurements extending back before the monitoring started to investigate if wood anatomical adjustments can help better explain the size-related dieback phenomenon. We found that slower-growing trees or trees with smaller crowns already before the arrival of the fungus were more susceptible to dieback and mortality. Defoliation directly reduced growth as well as maximum earlywood vessel size, and the positive relationship between vessel size and growth rate caused a positive feedback amplifying and accelerating crown dieback. Measured non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in the outermost five rings did not significantly vary between healthy and weakened trees, which translate into large differences in absolute available amount of NSCs. Thus, we hypothesize that a lack of NSCs (mainly sugars) leads to lower turgor pressure and smaller earlywood vessels in the following year. This might impede efficient water transport and photosynthesis, and be responsible for stronger symptoms of dieback and higher mortality rates in smaller and slower-growing trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klesse
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitätstrasse 8-22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Queloz
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takahashi S, Takahashi E. Relationship between Vessel Formation and Seasonal Changes in Leaf Area of Evergreen and Deciduous Species with Different Vessel Arrangements. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010100. [PMID: 33418961 PMCID: PMC7825128 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To discuss the diversity of morphological traits and life strategies of trees, the functional relationship between leaf expansion and vessel formation must be clarified. We compared the temporal relationship among tree species with different leaf habits and vessel arrangements. Twigs, leaves, and trunk core samples were periodically acquired from 35 sample trees of nine species in a temperate forest in Japan. We quantitatively estimated leaf expansion using a nonlinear regression model and observed thin sections of twigs and trunks with a light microscope. Almost all of the first-formed vessels in twigs, which formed adjacent to the annual ring border, were lignified with a leaf area between 0% and 70% of the maximum in all species. The first-formed vessels in trunks lignified between 0% and 95% of the maximum leaf area in ring-porous deciduous Quercus serrata and ring-(radial-)porous evergreen Castanopsis cuspidate. Their lignification occurred earlier than in diffuse-porous deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua, diffuse-porous evergreen Cinnamomum camphora and Symplocos prunifolia, and radial-porous evergreen Quercus glauca and Quercus myrsinifolia. The timing varied in semi-ring-porous deciduous Acanthopanax sciadophylloides and diffuse-porous evergreen Ilex pedunculosa. The observed differences in the timing of vessel formation after leaf appearance were reflected in their differing vessel porosities and were connected to the different life strategies among tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Takahashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-852-32-6513
| | - Erina Takahashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Wang A, Wu J, Jin C, Tian J, Zhu K, Li W, Zhang Y, Yuan F, Guan D. Divergences in hydraulic conductance and anatomical traits of stems and leaves in three temperate tree species coping with drought, N addition and their interactions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:230-244. [PMID: 31860728 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought and nitrogen (N) addition have been shown to affect tree hydraulic traits, but few studies have been made on their interactions across species with different wood types or leaf forms. We examined the responses of hydraulic conductance and xylem anatomical traits of Quercus mongolica (ring porous with simple leaves), Fraxinus mandshurica (ring porous with compound leaves) and Tilia amurensis (diffuse porous with simple leaves) to drought, N addition and their interactions. Drought stress decreased current-year xylem-specific conductivity in stems (Ksx) and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), but N addition affected Ksx and Kleaf differently among species and watering regimes. These divergent effects were associated with different responses of anatomical traits and leaf forms. Higher mean vessel diameter in stems and lower vessel density in leaves were observed with N addition. The three-way interactive effects of drought, N addition and tree species were significant for most values of anatomical traits. These results were also reflected in large differences in vessel diameter and density among species with different wood types or leaf forms. The two-way interactive effects of drought and N addition were significant on Kleaf and predawn water potential, but not Ksx, indicating that leaves were more sensitive than stems to a combination of drought stress and N addition. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the variable responses of xylem water transport to the interactions of drought and N availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013, USA
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Impact of Climate, Stand Growth Parameters, and Management on Isotopic Composition of Tree Rings in Chestnut Coppices. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Chestnut trees’ (Castanea sativa Mill.) growth and their responses to climate are influenced by stand-characteristics and managements. This study highlighted that chestnut tree-ring growth is not particularly influenced by climate, while minimum temperature showed a positive relation with both intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) and δ¹8O. Background and Objectives: The aim is to check the responses of chestnut trees to climate conditions and the role of stand structure and management. Materials and Methods: Stands with 12–14-year-old shoots were studied using dendrochronological and isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) approaches. Correlations with climate parameters were investigated and principal component analysis was performed using site-characteristics and tree growth parameters as variables. Results: Correlations between tree-ring width (TRW), tree-ring δ18O, and δ13C-derived intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) revealed stand-dependent effects. The highest Correlations were found between climate and tree-rings’ isotopic composition. Chestnut was sensitive to high-minimum temperature in March and April, with a negative relationship with TRW and a positive relationship with WUEi. δ18O signals were not significantly different among stands. Stand thinning had a positive effect on WUEi after 1–2 years. Stand competition (indicated by shoots/stump and stumps/ha) positively influenced both WUEi and δ¹8O.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nechita C, Macovei I, Popa I, Badea ON, Apostol EN, Eggertsson Ó. Radial growth-based assessment of sites effects on pedunculate and greyish oak in southern Romania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133709. [PMID: 31394332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the climate growth drivers of Quercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) and Q. robur subsp. pedunculiflora K. Koch. (greyish oak), occurring in the biodiversity of three sites in southern Romania. We determined the degree of tolerance of the greyish oak, between the tardive and praecox varieties, to environmental stress, between 1951 and 2016. Total tree ring-width (RW), and earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) measurements were subject of periodical and monthly climate-growth analysis. Our results revealed a moderate relationship between climate and tree-growth. A significant and positive relationship was observed between RW and previous growing season precipitation. Mean and minimum temperatures affected both positive and negative tree-rings during the growing season. We also observed that winter and spring represent key seasons for differentiating tardive from praecox varieties, affecting the intra-annual variability of ring-width, and EW and LW parameters. The correlation between the tree-ring measurements and daily climate data shows a clear offset of the starting growth between greyish oak varieties. A weak influence of stressors on tree-growth at the sites was observed through pointer year and resilience components analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Nechita
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania; Department of Geography, Universității 13, 720229, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
| | - Irina Macovei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania; INCE- Mountain Economy Center CE-MONT, Vatra Dornei, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Nicolae Badea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Nicoleta Apostol
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xin H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu C, Feng W, Gai S. Morphological, anatomical and DNA methylation changes of tree peony buds during chilling induced dormancy release. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:64-72. [PMID: 31561199 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bud endodormancy in tree peony is a growth cessation-like state, and sufficient chilling perception is necessary to break it. In this study, 120 plants were subjected to 0-4 °C climate chamber for 0-28 d with a weekly interval, morphology and structure changes of buds were studied with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and paraffin sections during the dormancy process. Dormancy status was evaluated after being transferred to greenhouse for 30 d. Results showed that the diameter of the buds gradually expanded, along with continuous elongation of sepals, petals, stamens and carpels in the chilling accumulation process. Notably, dormancy release was marked with the establishment of xylem vessels in lateral vein of the petal. Meanwhile, DNA methylation was detected by HPLC and immunochemical technology, aimed to illuminate the role of DNA methylation in the dormancy release, we found that 5 mC level fell from 39.4% to 24.2% after exposed to 28 d chilling. These results were consistent with the immunochemical analysis, and inversely related to the sprouting rate after being moved to greenhouse for 30 d. Exogenous application of 5azaC (5-azacytidine) decreased DNA methylation level, accompanied by an improved bud sprouting capacity, while the effect of SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) was the opposite. In summary, prolonged chilling was accompanied by further differentiation and development of the compound bud, which resulted in DNA hypomethylation and promoted dormancy release in tree peony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xueting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Weirong Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Shupeng Gai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Copini P, Vergeldt FJ, Fonti P, Sass-Klaassen U, den Ouden J, Sterck F, Decuyper M, Gerkema E, Windt CW, Van As H. Magnetic resonance imaging suggests functional role of previous year vessels and fibres in ring-porous sap flow resumption. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1009-1018. [PMID: 30896019 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of axial water flow in ring-porous species is a complex process related to stem water content and developmental stage of both earlywood-vessel and leaf formation. Yet empirical evidence with non-destructive methods on the dynamics of water flow resumption in relation to these mechanisms is lacking. Here we combined in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and wood-anatomical observations to monitor the dynamic changes in stem water content and flow during spring reactivation in 4-year-old pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur L.) saplings. We found that previous year latewood vessels and current year developing earlywood vessels form a functional unit for water flow during growth resumption. During spring reactivation, water flow shifted from latewood towards the new earlywood, paralleling the formation of earlywood vessels and leaves. At leaves' full expansion, volumetric water content of previous rings drastically decreased due to the near-absence of water in fibre tissue. We conclude (i) that in ring-porous oak, latewood vessels play an important hydraulic role for bridging the transition between old and new water-conducting vessels and (ii) that fibre and parenchyma provides a place for water storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Vergeldt
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Gerkema
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Islam M, Rahman M, Bräuning A. Long-Term Hydraulic Adjustment of Three Tropical Moist Forest Tree Species to Changing Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1761. [PMID: 30564255 PMCID: PMC6288455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic adjustment to global climatic changes was reported from temperate, boreal, and Mediterranean tree species. Yet, the long-term hydraulic adjustment in tropical tree species has not been studied so far. Here we developed the first standard chronologies of three hydraulic trait variables for three South Asian moist forest tree species to analyze their long-term hydraulic responses to changing climate. Based on wood anatomical measurements, we calculated Hagen-Poiseuille hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (DH), potential specific hydraulic conductivity (KS), and vulnerability index (VX) and developed standard chronologies of these variables for Chukrasia tabularis, Toona ciliata, and Lagerstroemia speciosa which are different in their xylem structure, wood density, shade tolerance, growth rates, and habitat preferences. Bootstrap correlation analysis revealed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) strongly positively influenced the xylem water transport capacity in C. tabularis, whereas T. ciliata was affected by both temperature and precipitation. The hydraulic conductivity of L. speciosa was mainly affected by temperature. Different adjustment strategies were observed among the species, probably due to the differences in life history strategies and xylem properties. No positive relationship of conductivity and radial growth was found, but a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency was observed in all studied species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Islam
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ackerman D, Griffin D, Hobbie SE, Finlay JC. Arctic shrub growth trajectories differ across soil moisture levels. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4294-4302. [PMID: 28267242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The circumpolar expansion of woody deciduous shrubs in arctic tundra alters key ecosystem properties including carbon balance and hydrology. However, landscape-scale patterns and drivers of shrub expansion remain poorly understood, inhibiting accurate incorporation of shrub effects into climate models. Here, we use dendroecology to elucidate the role of soil moisture in modifying the relationship between climate and growth for a dominant deciduous shrub, Salix pulchra, on the North Slope of Alaska, USA. We improve upon previous modeling approaches by using ecological theory to guide model selection for the relationship between climate and shrub growth. Finally, we present novel dendroecology-based estimates of shrub biomass change under a future climate regime, made possible by recently developed shrub allometry models. We find that S. pulchra growth has responded positively to mean June temperature over the past 2.5 decades at both a dry upland tundra site and an adjacent mesic riparian site. For the upland site, including a negative second-order term in the climate-growth model significantly improved explanatory power, matching theoretical predictions of diminishing growth returns to increasing temperature. A first-order linear model fit best at the riparian site, indicating consistent growth increases in response to sustained warming, possibly due to lack of temperature-induced moisture limitation in mesic habitats. These contrasting results indicate that S. pulchra in mesic habitats may respond positively to a wider range of temperature increase than S. pulchra in dry habitats. Lastly, we estimate that a 2°C increase in current mean June temperature will yield a 19% increase in aboveground S. pulchra biomass at the upland site and a 36% increase at the riparian site. Our method of biomass estimation provides an important link toward incorporating dendroecology data into coupled vegetation and climate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ackerman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Griffin
- Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacques C Finlay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martínez-Sancho E, Dorado-Liñán I, Heinrich I, Helle G, Menzel A. Xylem adjustment of sessile oak at its southern distribution limits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:903-914. [PMID: 28402468 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a key limiting factor for tree growth in the Mediterranean Basin. However, the variability in acclimation via xylem traits is largely unknown. We studied tree growth and vessel features of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Lieb. in five marginal stands across southern Europe. Tree-ring width (TRW), mean earlywood vessel area (MVA) and number of earlywood vessels (NV) as well as theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) chronologies were developed for the period 1963-2012. Summer drought signals were consistent among TRW chronologies; however, climatic responses of vessel features differed considerably among sites. At the three xeric sites, previous year's summer drought had a negative effect on MVA and a positive effect on NV. In contrast, at the two mesic sites, current year's spring drought negatively affected NV, while exerting a positive influence on MVA. In both cases, Kh was not altered by this xylem adjustment. All variables revealed identical east-west geographical patterns in growth and anatomical features. Sessile oak copes with drought in different ways: at xeric sites and after unfavourable previous summer conditions more but smaller vessels are built, lowering vulnerability to cavitation, whereas at mesic sites, dry springs partly lead to tree-rings with wider but fewer vessels. The variability of vessel-related features displays a similar geographical dipole in the Mediterranean Basin previously described for tree growth by other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, CIFOR-INIA, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Department 5 Geoarchives, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gerhard Helle
- Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McCulloh KA, Petitmermet J, Stefanski A, Rice KE, Rich RL, Montgomery RA, Reich PB. Is it getting hot in here? Adjustment of hydraulic parameters in six boreal and temperate tree species after 5 years of warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:4124-4133. [PMID: 27122300 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Global temperatures (T) are rising, and for many plant species, their physiological response to this change has not been well characterized. In particular, how hydraulic parameters may change has only been examined experimentally for a few species. To address this, we measured characteristics of the hydraulic architecture of six species growing in ambient T and ambient +3.4 °C T plots in two experimentally warmed forest sites in Minnesota. These sites are at the temperate-boreal ecotone, and we measured three species from each forest type. We hypothesized that relative to boreal species, temperate species near their northern range border would increase xylem conduit diameters when grown under elevated T. We also predicted a continuum of responses among wood types, with conduit diameter increases correlating with increases in the complexity of wood structure. Finally, we predicted that increases in conduit diameter and specific hydraulic conductivity would positively affect photosynthetic rates and growth. Our results generally supported our hypotheses, and conduit diameter increased under elevated T across all species, although this pattern was driven predominantly by three species. Two of these species were temperate angiosperms, but one was a boreal conifer, contrary to predictions. We observed positive relationships between the change in specific hydraulic conductivity and both photosynthetic rate (P = 0.080) and growth (P = 0.012). Our results indicate that species differ in their ability to adjust hydraulically to increases in T. Specifically, species with more complex xylem anatomy, particularly those individuals growing near the cooler edge of their range, appeared to be better able to increase conduit diameters and specific hydraulic conductivity, which permitted increases in photosynthesis and growth. Our data support results that indicate individual's ability to physiologically adjust is related to their location within their species range, and highlight that some wood types may adjust more easily than others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Petitmermet
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Karen E Rice
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Roy L Rich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Puchałka R, Koprowski M, Przybylak J, Przybylak R, Dąbrowski HP. Did the late spring frost in 2007 and 2011 affect tree-ring width and earlywood vessel size in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in northern Poland? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1143-50. [PMID: 26607274 PMCID: PMC4961729 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trees are sensitive to extreme weather and environmental conditions. This sensitivity is visible in tree-ring widths and cell structure. In our study, we hypothesized that the sudden frost noted at the beginning of May in both 2007 and 2011 affected cambial activity and, consequently, the number and size of vessels in the tree rings. It was decided to test this hypothesis after damage to leaves was observed. The applied response function model did not show any significant relationships between spring temperature and growth. However, this method uses average values for long periods and sometimes misses the short-term effects. This is why we decided to study each ring separately, comparing them with rings unaffected by the late frost. Our study showed that the short-term effect of sudden frost in late spring did not affect tree rings and selected cell parameters. The most likely reasons for this are (i) cambial activity producing the earlywood vessels before the occurrence of the observed leaf damage, (ii) the forest micro-climate protecting the trees from the harsh frost and (iii) the temperature decline being too short-lived an event to affect the oaks. On the other hand, the visible damage may be occasional and not affect cambium activity and tree vitality at all. We conclude that oak is well-adapted to this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Puchałka
- Herbarium TRN, Chair of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Marcin Koprowski
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Julia Przybylak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University Academic Secondary School, Szosa Chełmińska 83, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
- Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Rajmund Przybylak
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
von Arx G, Crivellaro A, Prendin AL, Čufar K, Carrer M. Quantitative Wood Anatomy-Practical Guidelines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:781. [PMID: 27375641 PMCID: PMC4891576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative wood anatomy analyzes the variability of xylem anatomical features in trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species to address research questions related to plant functioning, growth, and environment. Among the more frequently considered anatomical features are lumen dimensions and wall thickness of conducting cells, fibers, and several ray properties. The structural properties of each xylem anatomical feature are mostly fixed once they are formed, and define to a large extent its functionality, including transport and storage of water, nutrients, sugars, and hormones, and providing mechanical support. The anatomical features can often be localized within an annual growth ring, which allows to establish intra-annual past and present structure-function relationships and its sensitivity to environmental variability. However, there are many methodological challenges to handle when aiming at producing (large) data sets of xylem anatomical data. Here we describe the different steps from wood sample collection to xylem anatomical data, provide guidance and identify pitfalls, and present different image-analysis tools for the quantification of anatomical features, in particular conducting cells. We show that each data production step from sample collection in the field, microslide preparation in the lab, image capturing through an optical microscope and image analysis with specific tools can readily introduce measurement errors between 5 and 30% and more, whereby the magnitude usually increases the smaller the anatomical features. Such measurement errors-if not avoided or corrected-may make it impossible to extract meaningful xylem anatomical data in light of the rather small range of variability in many anatomical features as observed, for example, within time series of individual plants. Following a rigid protocol and quality control as proposed in this paper is thus mandatory to use quantitative data of xylem anatomical features as a powerful source for many research topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Georg von Arx
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carrer M, von Arx G, Castagneri D, Petit G. Distilling allometric and environmental information from time series of conduit size: the standardization issue and its relationship to tree hydraulic architecture. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:27-33. [PMID: 25576756 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees are among the best natural archives of past environmental information. Xylem anatomy preserves information related to tree allometry and ecophysiological performance, which is not available from the more customary ring-width or wood-density proxy parameters. Recent technological advances make tree-ring anatomy very attractive because time frames of many centuries can now be covered. This calls for the proper treatment of time series of xylem anatomical attributes. In this article, we synthesize current knowledge on the biophysical and physiological mechanisms influencing the short- to long-term variation in the most widely used wood-anatomical feature, namely conduit size. We also clarify the strong mechanistic link between conduit-lumen size, tree hydraulic architecture and height growth. Among the key consequences of these biophysical constraints is the pervasive, increasing trend of conduit size during ontogeny. Such knowledge is required to process time series of anatomical parameters correctly in order to obtain the information of interest. An appropriate standardization procedure is fundamental when analysing long tree-ring-related chronologies. When dealing with wood-anatomical parameters, this is even more critical. Only an interdisciplinary approach involving ecophysiology, wood anatomy and dendrochronology will help to distill the valuable information about tree height growth and past environmental variability correctly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
López J, Del Valle JI, Giraldo JA. Flood-promoted vessel formation in Prioria copaifera trees in the Darien Gap, Colombia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1079-1089. [PMID: 25361996 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees growing in floodplains develop mechanisms by which to overcome anoxic conditions. Prioria copaifera Griseb. grows on the floodplains of the Atrato River, Colombia, and monodominant communities of this species remain flooded for at least 6 months a year. The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to compare variations in tree-ring structure with varying river water levels; and (ii) to reconstruct variations in water levels from the chronology of variations in the porosity of the tree rings. Discs were taken from 12 trees, and the number of vessels along 3-mm-wide radial transects was counted. Standard dendrochronological techniques were used to determine the mean number of vessels over 130 years, between 1877 and 2006; the signal-to-noise ratio was 13.3 and the expressed population signal 0.93. Furthermore, this series of vessel numbers was calibrated against variations in the water levels between 1977 and 2000; positive correlations were found with the mean for both the annual river water level and the level from June to August. The transfer function between the principal components of the mean annual water level and those of chronology allowed us to reconstruct the river levels over 130 years. Our conclusions are as follows: (i) the number of vessels per ring is an appropriate proxy for determining variations in water levels; and (ii) P. copaifera grows thicker and produces more vessels when water levels rise. The probable ecophysiological causes of this interesting behaviour are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janeth López
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Apartado Aéreo 568, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge I Del Valle
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Apartado Aéreo 568, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge A Giraldo
- Maestría en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Apartado Aéreo 568, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kudo K, Nabeshima E, Begum S, Yamagishi Y, Nakaba S, Oribe Y, Yasue K, Funada R. The effects of localized heating and disbudding on cambial reactivation and formation of earlywood vessels in seedlings of the deciduous ring-porous hardwood, Quercus serrata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1021-7. [PMID: 24685716 PMCID: PMC3997643 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The networks of vessel elements play a vital role in the transport of water from roots to leaves, and the continuous formation of earlywood vessels is crucial for the growth of ring-porous hardwoods. The differentiation of earlywood vessels is controlled by external and internal factors. The present study was designed to identify the limiting factors in the induction of cambial reactivation and the differentiation of earlywood vessels, using localized heating and disbudding of dormant stems of seedlings of a deciduous ring-porous hardwood, Quercus serrata. METHODS Localized heating was achieved by wrapping an electric heating ribbon around stems. Disbudding involved removal of all buds. Three treatments were initiated on 1 February 2012, namely heating, disbudding and a combination of heating and disbudding, with untreated dormant stems as controls. Cambial reactivation and differentiation of vessel elements were monitored by light and polarized-light microscopy, and the growth of buds was followed. KEY RESULTS Cambial reactivation and differentiation of vessel elements occurred sooner in heated seedlings than in non-heated seedlings before bud break. The combination of heating and disbudding of seedlings also resulted in earlier cambial reactivation and differentiation of first vessel elements than in non-heated seedlings. A few narrow vessel elements were formed during heating after disbudding, while many large earlywood vessel elements were formed in heated seedlings with buds. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that, in seedlings of the deciduous ring-porous hardwood Quercus serrata, elevated temperature was a direct trigger for cambial reactivation and differentiation of first vessel elements. Bud growth was not essential for cambial reactivation and differentiation of first vessel elements, but might be important for the continuous formation of wide vessel elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Kudo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
| | - Eri Nabeshima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790–8566, Japan
| | - Shahanara Begum
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yusuke Yamagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakaba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oribe
- Tohoku Regional Breeding Office, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Takizawa, Iwate 020–0173, Japan
| | - Koh Yasue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-Minowa, Nagano 399–4598, Japan
| | - Ryo Funada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446–701, Korea
- For correspondence. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mirchev S, Lyubenova M, Dimitrova V, Bratanova-Doncheva S. Dendrochronological Investigation on Castanea SativaMill. in Belasitza Mountain and Western Balkans (Berkovitza Mountain). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10818443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
23
|
Kuster TM, Dobbertin M, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Schaub M, Arend M. A phenological timetable of oak growth under experimental drought and air warming. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89724. [PMID: 24586988 PMCID: PMC3933646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase temperature and decrease summer precipitation in Central Europe. Little is known about how warming and drought will affect phenological patterns of oaks, which are considered to possess excellent adaptability to these climatic changes. Here, we investigated bud burst and intra-annual shoot growth of Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens grown on two different forest soils and exposed to air warming and drought. Phenological development was assessed over the course of three growing seasons. Warming advanced bud burst by 1-3 days °C⁻¹ and led to an earlier start of intra-annual shoot growth. Despite this phenological shift, total time span of annual growth and shoot biomass were not affected. Drought changed the frequency and intensity of intra-annual shoot growth and advanced bud burst in the subsequent spring of a severe summer drought by 1-2 days. After re-wetting, shoot growth recovered within a few days, demonstrating the superior drought tolerance of this tree genus. Our findings show that phenological patterns of oaks are modified by warming and drought but also suggest that ontogenetic factors and/or limitations of water and nutrients counteract warming effects on the biomass and the entire span of annual shoot growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Kuster
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ITES, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Soil and Ecosystem Ecology Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Dobbertin
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Olano JM, Almería I, Eugenio M, von Arx G. Under pressure: how a Mediterranean high-mountain forb coordinates growth and hydraulic xylem anatomy in response to temperature and water constraints. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales; EU de Ingenierías Agrarias; Universidad de Valladolid; Los Pajaritos s/n Soria E-42004 Spain
| | - Iván Almería
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales; EU de Ingenierías Agrarias; Universidad de Valladolid; Los Pajaritos s/n Soria E-42004 Spain
| | - Màrcia Eugenio
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales; EU de Ingenierías Agrarias; Universidad de Valladolid; Los Pajaritos s/n Soria E-42004 Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest; Snow and Landscape Research WSL; Zuercherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Olano JM, Arzac A, García-Cervigón AI, von Arx G, Rozas V. New star on the stage: amount of ray parenchyma in tree rings shows a link to climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:486-495. [PMID: 23316689 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring anatomy reflects the year-by-year impact of environmental factors on tree growth. Up to now, research in this field has mainly focused on the hydraulic architecture, with ray parenchyma neglected despite the growing recognition of its relevance for xylem function. Our aim was to address this gap by exploring the potential of the annual patterns of xylem parenchyma as a climate proxy. We constructed ring-width and ray-parenchyma chronologies from 1965 to 2004 for 20 Juniperus thurifera trees growing in a Mediterranean continental climate. Chronologies were related to climate records by means of correlation, multiple regression and partial correlation analyses. Ray parenchyma responded to climatic conditions at critical stages during the xylogenetic process; namely, at the end of the previous year's xylogenesis (October) and at the onset of earlywood (May) and latewood formation (August). Ray parenchyma-based chronologies have potential to complement ring-width chronologies as a tool for climate reconstructions. Furthermore, medium- and low-frequency signals in the variation of ray parenchyma may improve our understanding of how trees respond to environmental fluctuations and to global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, Los Pajaritos s/n, Soria, E-42004, Spain
| | - Alberto Arzac
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Cervigón
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, Los Pajaritos s/n, Soria, E-42004, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Michelot A, Simard S, Rathgeber C, Dufrêne E, Damesin C. Comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1033-45. [PMID: 22718524 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics is a useful approach for characterizing the tree growth response to climate change. However, there have been few reports concerning intra-annual wood formation in lowland temperate forests with high time resolution, especially for the comparison between deciduous and coniferous species. The main objective of this study was to determine how the timing, duration and rate of radial growth change between species as related to leaf phenology and the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) under the same climatic conditions. We studied two deciduous species, Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and an evergreen conifer, Pinus sylvestris L. During the 2009 growing season, we weekly monitored (i) the stem radial increment using dendrometers, (ii) the xylem growth using microcoring and (iii) the leaf phenology from direct observations of the tree crowns. The NSC content was also measured in the eight last rings of the stem cores in April, June and August 2009. The leaf phenology, NSC storage and intra-annual growth were clearly different between species, highlighting their contrasting carbon allocation. Beech growth began just after budburst, with a maximal growth rate when the leaves were mature and variations in the NSC content were low. Thus, beech radial growth seemed highly dependent on leaf photosynthesis. For oak, earlywood quickly developed before budburst, which probably led to the starch decrease quantified in the stem from April to June. For pine, growth began before the needles unfolding and the lack of NSC decrease during the growing season suggested that the substrates for radial growth were new assimilates of the needles from the previous year. Only for oak, the pattern determined from the intra-annual growth measured using microcoring differed from the pattern determined from dendrometer data. For all species, the ring width was significantly influenced by growth duration and not by growth rate, which differs from previous studies. The observed between-species difference at the intra-annual scale is key information for anticipating suitability of future species in temperate forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michelot
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR8079, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arbellay E, Corona C, Stoffel M, Fonti P, Decaulne A. Defining an adequate sample of earlywood vessels for retrospective injury detection in diffuse-porous species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38824. [PMID: 22761707 PMCID: PMC3383697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessels of broad-leaved trees have been analyzed to study how trees deal with various environmental factors. Cambial injury, in particular, has been reported to induce the formation of narrower conduits. Yet, little or no effort has been devoted to the elaboration of vessel sampling strategies for retrospective injury detection based on vessel lumen size reduction. To fill this methodological gap, four wounded individuals each of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were harvested in an avalanche path. Earlywood vessel lumina were measured and compared for each tree between the injury ring built during the growing season following wounding and the control ring laid down the previous year. Measurements were performed along a 10 mm wide radial strip, located directly next to the injury. Specifically, this study aimed at (i) investigating the intra-annual duration and local extension of vessel narrowing close to the wound margin and (ii) identifying an adequate sample of earlywood vessels (number and intra-ring location of cells) attesting to cambial injury. Based on the results of this study, we recommend analyzing at least 30 vessels in each ring. Within the 10 mm wide segment of the injury ring, wound-induced reduction in vessel lumen size did not fade with increasing radial and tangential distances, but we nevertheless advise favoring early earlywood vessels located closest to the injury. These findings, derived from two species widespread across subarctic, mountainous, and temperate regions, will assist retrospective injury detection in Alnus, Betula, and other diffuse-porous species as well as future related research on hydraulic implications after wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Arbellay
- Laboratory of Dendrogeomorphology, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Voelker SL, Noirot-Cosson PE, Stambaugh MC, McMurry ER, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Guyette RP. Spring temperature responses of oaks are synchronous with North Atlantic conditions during the last deglaciation. ECOL MONOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
Arbellay E, Fonti P, Stoffel M. Duration and extension of anatomical changes in wood structure after cambial injury. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3271-7. [PMID: 22378953 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cambial injury has been reported to alter wood structure in broad-leaved trees. However, the duration and extension of associated anatomical changes have rarely been analysed thoroughly. A total of 18 young European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) trees injured on the stem by a spring flood were sampled with the aim of comparing earlywood vessels and rays formed prior to and after the scarring event. Anatomical and hydraulic parameters were measured in five successive rings over one-quarter of the stem circumference. The results demonstrate that mechanical damage induces a decrease in vessel lumen size (up to 77%) and an increase in vessel number (up to 475%) and ray number (up to 115%). The presence of more earlywood vessels and rays was observed over at least three years after stem scarring. By contrast, abnormally narrow earlywood vessels mainly developed in the first ring formed after the event, increasing the thickness-to-span ratio of vessels by 94% and reducing both xylem relative conductivity and the index for xylem vulnerability to cavitation by 54% and 32%, respectively. These vessels accumulated in radial groups in a 30° sector immediately adjacent to the wound, raising the vessel grouping index by 28%. The wound-induced anatomical changes in wood structure express the functional need of trees to improve xylem hydraulic safety and mechanical strength at the expense of water transport. Xylem hydraulic efficiency was restored in one year, while xylem mechanical reinforcement and resistance to cavitation and decay lasted over several years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Arbellay
- Laboratory of Dendrogeomorphology, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lupi C, Morin H, Deslauriers A, Rossi S. Xylogenesis in black spruce: does soil temperature matter? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:74-82. [PMID: 22210529 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In boreal ecosystems, an increase in soil temperature can stimulate plant growth. However, cambium phenology in trees was better explained by air than soil temperature, which suggested that soil temperature is not the main limiting factor affecting xylogenesis. Since soil temperature and snowmelt are correlated to air temperature, the question whether soil temperature directly limits xylogenesis in the stem will remain unresolved without experiments disentangling air and soil temperatures. This study investigated the effects of an increase of 4 °C in soil temperature and a consequent 1-week earlier snowmelt on growth of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. The soil of two natural stands at different altitudes was warmed up with heating cables during 2008-2010 and cambial phenology and xylem production were monitored weekly from April to October. The results showed no significant effect of the treatment on the phenological phases of cell enlargement and wall thickening and lignification. The number of cells produced in the xylem also did not differ between control and heated trees. These findings allowed the hypothesis of a direct influence of soil temperature on stem growth to be rejected and supported the evidence that, in the short term, air temperature is the main limiting factor for xylogenesis in trees of these environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lupi
- Departement des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, Canada G7H 2B1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Julian C, Rodrigo J, Herrero M. Stamen development and winter dormancy in apricot (Prunus armeniaca). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:617-25. [PMID: 21474504 PMCID: PMC3170150 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In temperate woody perennials, flower bud development is halted during the winter, when the buds enter dormancy. This dormant period is a prerequisite for adequate flowering, is genetically regulated, and plays a clear role in possibly adapting species and cultivars to climatic areas. However, information on the biological events underpinning dormancy is lacking. Stamen development, with clear differentiated stages, appears as a good framework to put dormancy in a developmental context. Here, stamen developmental changes are characterized in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and are related to dormancy. METHODS Stamen development was characterized cytochemically from the end of August to March, over 4 years. Developmental changes were related to dormancy, using the existing empirical information on chilling requirements. KEY RESULTS Stamen development continued during the autumn, and the flower buds entered dormancy with a fully developed sporogenous tissue. Although no anatomical changes were observed during dormancy, breaking of dormancy occurred following a clear sequence of events. Starch accumulated in particular places, pre-empting further development in those areas. Vascular bundles developed and pollen mother cells underwent meiosis followed by microspore development. CONCLUSIONS Dormancy appears to mark a boundary between the development of the sporogenous tissue and the occurrence of meiosis for further microspore development. Breaking of dormancy occurs following a clear sequence of events, providing a developmental context in which to study winter dormancy and to evaluate differences in chilling requirements among genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Julian
- Unidad de Fruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Pomología, EEAD-CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. Rodrigo
- Unidad de Fruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Herrero
- Departamento de Pomología, EEAD-CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Keller M, Tarara JM. Warm spring temperatures induce persistent season-long changes in shoot development in grapevines. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:131-41. [PMID: 20513742 PMCID: PMC2889799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The influence of temperature on the timing of budbreak in woody perennials is well known, but its effect on subsequent shoot growth and architecture has received little attention because it is understood that growth is determined by current temperature. Seasonal shoot development of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) was evaluated following differences in temperature near budbreak while minimizing the effects of other microclimatic variables. METHODS Dormant buds and emerging shoots of field-grown grapevines were heated above or cooled below the temperature of ambient buds from before budbreak until individual flowers were visible on inflorescences, at which stage the shoots had four to eight unfolded leaves. Multiple treatments were imposed randomly on individual plants and replicated across plants. Shoot growth and development were monitored during two growing seasons. KEY RESULTS Higher bud temperatures advanced the date of budbreak and accelerated shoot growth and leaf area development. Differences were due to higher rates of shoot elongation, leaf appearance, leaf-area expansion and axillary-bud outgrowth. Although shoots arising from heated buds grew most vigorously, apical dominance in these shoots was reduced, as their axillary buds broke earlier and gave rise to more vigorous lateral shoots. In contrast, axillary-bud outgrowth was minimal on the slow-growing shoots emerging from buds cooled below ambient. Variation in shoot development persisted or increased during the growing season, well after temperature treatments were terminated and despite an imposed soil water deficit. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that bud-level differences in budbreak temperature may lead to marked differences in shoot growth, shoot architecture and leaf-area development that are maintained or amplified during the growing season. Although growth rates commonly are understood to reflect current temperatures, these results demonstrate a persistent effect of early-season temperatures, which should be considered in future growth models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fonti P, von Arx G, García-González I, Eilmann B, Sass-Klaassen U, Gärtner H, Eckstein D. Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:42-53. [PMID: 19780986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Variability in xylem anatomy is of interest to plant scientists because of the role water transport plays in plant performance and survival. Insights into plant adjustments to changing environmental conditions have mainly been obtained through structural and functional comparative studies between taxa or within taxa on contrasting sites or along environmental gradients. Yet, a gap exists regarding the study of hydraulic adjustments in response to environmental changes over the lifetimes of plants. In trees, dated tree-ring series are often exploited to reconstruct dynamics in ecological conditions, and recent work in which wood-anatomical variables have been used in dendrochronology has produced promising results. Environmental signals identified in water-conducting cells carry novel information reflecting changes in regional conditions and are mostly related to short, sub-annual intervals. Although the idea of investigating environmental signals through wood anatomical time series goes back to the 1960s, it is only recently that low-cost computerized image-analysis systems have enabled increased scientific output in this field. We believe that the study of tree-ring anatomy is emerging as a promising approach in tree biology and climate change research, particularly if complemented by physiological and ecological studies. This contribution presents the rationale, the potential, and the methodological challenges of this innovative approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Dendro Sciences Unit, Zürcherstr. 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deslauriers A, Giovannelli A, Rossi S, Castro G, Fragnelli G, Traversi L. Intra-annual cambial activity and carbon availability in stem of poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1223-35. [PMID: 19696052 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cambial activity is influenced by many environmental and physiological factors and among them, carbon acts as a source of energy for the growing meristems. This work has focused on the intra-annual stem growth of poplar compared with the carbon available for xylogenesis processes in cambium and outer wood. The major stages of xylem production and differentiation in two poplar genotypes with different growth performances were considered. Monitoring of stem growth and leaf phenology combined with starch, nonstructural soluble sugars and water content in the stem was conducted from February to November 2006 in Populus x canadensis Moench 'I-214' and Populus deltoides Marsh. 'Dvina'. Anatomical analyses of wood formation were performed by measuring the width of the zones with differentiating and mature xylem. At the end of the growing period, wood density was assessed by microdensity analyses. Xylem differentiation at the top of the tree started at the beginning of April for both genotypes and proceeded down the stem at about 0.5 m day(-1), occurring almost at the same time as leaf opening. The rate of growth and wood density was superior in Dvina, but this higher productivity could not be explained by differences in the number of cambial initials and the duration of xylogenesis. However, the most productive poplar genotype showed higher glucose, fructose and sucrose content in the outer wood. The nonstructural soluble sugars available in the cambial zone followed the intra-annual pattern of xylem formation, with a higher concentration when the growth rate was maximum. The accumulations of nonstructural soluble sugars at a certain time during stem growth corresponded with a higher carbon availability to the actively growing meristems in the stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|