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Ma W, Zhu M, Wan Y, Cai H, Sun Y, Jiao P, Liu Y. Mitochondrial pathway of programmed cell death in Paeonia lactiflora pollen cryopreservation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112107. [PMID: 38685455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important factor to reduces the viability of plant germplasm after cryopreservation. However, the pathways by which PCD occurs is not fully understood. To investigate whether there is a mitochondrial pathway for pollen PCD after cryopreservation, the pollen of Paeonia lactiflora two cultivars with different PCD levels after cryopreservation was used as test material and the changes of mitochondrial calcium ions (Ca2+), structure, function and their relationship with PCD were compared. The results showed that compared with fresh pollen, the PCD of 'Feng Huang Nie Pan' was significantly reduced after cryopreservation. Their mitochondrial Ca2+ content decreased by 74.27%, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening reduced by 25.41%, mitochondrial membrane potential slightly decreased by 5.02%, cardiolipin oxidation decreased by 65.31%, and oxygen consumption remained stable, with a slightly ATP production increase. On the contrary, compared with fresh pollen, 'Zi Feng Chao Yang' showed severe PCD after cryopreservation. The decline in mitochondrial Ca2+-ATPase activity led to an accumulation of excessive Ca2+ within mitochondria, triggering widespread opening of MPTP, significantly affecting mitochondrial respiration and energy synthesis. These results suggest the mitochondrial pathway of PCD exists in pollen cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingling Wan
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Cell Biology Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiao
- Core Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
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Ye T, Ma T, Chen Y, Liu C, Jiao Z, Wang X, Xue H. The role of redox-active small molecules and oxidative protein post-translational modifications in seed aging. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108810. [PMID: 38857563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Seed vigor is a crucial indicator of seed quality. Variations in seed vigor are closely associated with seed properties and storage conditions. The vigor of mature seeds progressively declines during storage, which is called seed deterioration or aging. Seed aging induces a cascade of cellular damage, including impaired subcellular structures and macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules during seed aging causing oxidative damage and triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Mitochondria are the main site of ROS production and change morphology and function before other organelles during aging. The roles of other small redox-active molecules in regulating cell and seed vigor, such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), were identified later. ROS, NO, and H2S typically regulate protein function through post-translational modifications (PTMs), including carbonylation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and S-sulfhydration. These signaling molecules as well as the PTMs they induce interact to regulate cell fate and seed vigor. This review was conducted to describe the physiological changes and underlying molecular mechanisms that in seed aging and provides a comprehensive view of how ROS, NO, and H2S affect cell death and seed vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Tianxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Cao MX, Li SZ, Li HJ. MpMLO1 controls sperm discharge in liverwort. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1027-1038. [PMID: 38831045 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In bryophytes, sexual reproduction necessitates the release of motile sperm cells from a gametophyte into the environment. Since 1856, this process, particularly in liverworts, has been known to depend on water. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon has remained elusive. Here we identify the plasma membrane protein MpMLO1 in Marchantia polymorpha, a model liverwort, as critical for sperm discharge from antheridia. The MpMLO1-expressing tip cells among the sperm-wrapping jacket cells undergo programmed cell death upon antheridium maturation to facilitate sperm discharge after the application of water and even hypertonic solutions. The absence of MpMLO1 leads to reduced cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in tip cells, preventing cell death and consequently sperm discharge. Our findings reveal that MpMLO1-mediated programmed cell death in antheridial tip cells, regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics, is essential for sperm release, elucidating a key mechanism in bryophyte sexual reproduction and providing insights into terrestrial plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Center for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang P, Jiang Y, Schwab F, Monikh FA, Grillo R, White JC, Guo Z, Lynch I. Strategies for Enhancing Plant Immunity and Resilience Using Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9051-9060. [PMID: 38742946 PMCID: PMC11137868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Research on plant-nanomaterial interactions has greatly advanced over the past decade. One particularly fascinating discovery encompasses the immunomodulatory effects in plants. Due to the low doses needed and the comparatively low toxicity of many nanomaterials, nanoenabled immunomodulation is environmentally and economically promising for agriculture. It may reduce environmental costs associated with excessive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can lead to soil and water pollution. Furthermore, nanoenabled strategies can enhance plant resilience against various biotic and abiotic stresses, contributing to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and the reduction of crop losses due to environmental factors. While nanoparticle immunomodulatory effects are relatively well-known in animals, they are still to be understood in plants. Here, we provide our perspective on the general components of the plant's immune system, including the signaling pathways, networks, and molecules of relevance for plant nanomodulation. We discuss the recent scientific progress in nanoenabled immunomodulation and nanopriming and lay out key avenues to use plant immunomodulation for agriculture. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK or CPK) pathway are of particular interest due to their interconnected function and significance in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, we underscore that understanding the plant hormone salicylic acid is vital for nanoenabled applications to induce systemic acquired resistance. It is suggested that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating environmental impact assessments and focusing on scalability, can expedite the realization of enhanced crop yields through nanotechnology while fostering a healthier environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaqi Jiang
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation,
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fabienne Schwab
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Grillo
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Jason C. White
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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Banerjee S, Mondal S, Islam J, Sarkar R, Saha B, Sen A. Rhizospheric nano-remediation salvages arsenic genotoxicity: Zinc-oxide nanoparticles articulate better oxidative stress management, reduce arsenic uptake, and increase yield in Pisum sativum (L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169493. [PMID: 38151134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a legume, has a high nutritional content, but arsenic (As) in the agro-ecosystem poses a significant bottleneck to its yield, especially in South East Asia, by severely hampering ontogeny. The present study proposes a rhizospheric nano-remediation strategy to evade As-genotoxicity and improve crop yield using biogenic zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). Similar to any other source of environmental stress, As-toxicity caused rapid oxidative bursts with deterioration in morpho-physiological attributes (germination rate, shoot length, and root length decreased by 62 %, 16 %, and 14.9 % respectively in the negative control, over normal control). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (12.8 and 9-fold increase in leaves and roots) overburdened antioxidative defense, and loss of cellular homeostasis resulted in membrane damage (82.75 % increase) and electrolyte-leakage (2.6-fold increase) in negative control. The study also reveals a significant increase in nuclear area, nuclear fragmentation, and micronuclei formation in root tip cells under As-stress, indicating severe genomic instability and increased programmed cell death (3.3-fold increase in early apoptotic cells) due to leaky plasma membrane and unrepaired DNA damage. Application of ZnONPs significantly reduced As-toxicity in peas due to its adsorption in the rhizosphere, causing diminished As-uptake and better antioxidant response. Improved phytochelatin synthesis enhanced vacuolar sequestration of arsenic, which reduced As-interference. Comparatively better flowering time (7.74-19.36 % reduction in flowering delay) with greater transcript abundance of GIGANTIA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes; better photosynthetic activity (1.3-1.9-fold increased chlorophyll autofluorescence); increased pollen viability; lesser genotoxicity (decreased tail DNA in comet assay) was noticed. A maximum increase of 37.5 % in pod number and seed zinc content (1.67-fold) was observed while seed arsenic content decreased under ZnONPs treatment. However, the highest dose of ZnONPs (400 mg L-1) induced NP-toxicity in pea plants under our experimental conditions, while optimum stress-alleviation was observed up to 300 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendra Banerjee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India
| | - Sourik Mondal
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India
| | - Jarzis Islam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India
| | - Rajarshi Sarkar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India
| | - Bedabrata Saha
- Plant Pathology and Weed Research Department, Newe Ya'ar Research Centre, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India.
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Souza ADS, Leal JFL, Montgomery JS, Ortiz MF, Simões Araujo AL, Morran S, de Figueiredo MRA, Langaro AC, Zobiole LHS, Nissen SJ, Gaines TA, de Pinho CF. Nontarget-site resistance due to rapid physiological response in 2,4-D resistant Conyza sumatrensis: reduced 2,4-D translocation and auxin-induced gene expression. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3581-3592. [PMID: 37178347 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been reported in several weed species since the 1950s; however, a biotype of Conyza sumatrensis showing a novel physiology of the rapid response minutes after herbicide application was reported in 2017. The objective of this research was to investigate the mechanisms of resistance and identify transcripts associated with the rapid physiological response of C. sumatrensis to 2,4-D herbicide. RESULTS Differences were found in 2,4-D absorption between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. Herbicide translocation was reduced in the resistant biotype compared to the susceptible. In resistant plants 98.8% of [14 C] 2,4-D was found in the treated leaf, whereas ≈13% translocated to other plant parts in the susceptible biotype at 96 h after treatment. Resistant plants did not metabolize [14 C] 2,4-D and had only intact [14 C] 2,4-D at 96 h after application, whereas susceptible plants metabolized [14 C] 2,4-D into four detected metabolites, consistent with reversible conjugation metabolites found in other 2,4-D sensitive plant species. Pre-treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion did not enhance 2,4-D sensitivity in either biotype. Following treatment with 2,4-D, resistant plants showed increased expression of transcripts within plant defense response and hypersensitivity pathways, whereas both sensitive and resistant plants showed increased expression of auxin-response transcripts. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that reduced 2,4-D translocation contributes to resistance in the C. sumatrensis biotype. The reduction in 2,4-D transport is likely to be a consequence of the rapid physiological response to 2,4-D in resistant C. sumatrensis. Resistant plants had increased expression of auxin-responsive transcripts, indicating that a target-site mechanism is unlikely. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Morran
- Colorado State University, Department of Agricultural Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ana Claudia Langaro
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Crop, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Scott Jay Nissen
- Colorado State University, Department of Agricultural Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd Adam Gaines
- Colorado State University, Department of Agricultural Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Schwarze J, Carolan JC, Stewart GS, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. The boundary of life and death: changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with programmed cell death of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194866. [PMID: 37593044 PMCID: PMC10431908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the critical role of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant development and defense responses, its regulation is not fully understood. It has been proposed that mitochondria may be important in the control of the early stages of plant PCD, but the details of this regulation are currently unknown. Methods We used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture, a model system that enables induction and precise monitoring of PCD rates, as well as chemical manipulation of this process to generate a quantitative profile of the alterations in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with early stages of plant PCD induced by heat stress. The cells were subjected to PCD-inducing heat levels (10 min, 54°C), with/without the calcium channel inhibitor and PCD blocker LaCl3. The stress treatment was followed by separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis. Results Heat stress induced rapid and extensive changes in protein abundance in both fractions, with release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol upon PCD induction. In our system, LaCl3 appeared to act downstream of cell death initiation signal, as it did not affect the release of mitochondrial proteins, but instead partially inhibited changes occurring in the cytosolic fraction, including upregulation of proteins with hydrolytic activity. Discussion We characterized changes in protein abundance and localization associated with the early stages of heat stress-induced PCD. Collectively, the generated data provide new insights into the regulation of cell death and survival decisions in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin S. Stewart
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Manzari Tavakoli G, Mirzapour MH, Razi S, Rezaei N. Targeting ferroptosis as a cell death pathway in Melanoma: From molecular mechanisms to skin cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110215. [PMID: 37094541 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of human skin cancer, has been under investigation to reach the most efficient treatment. Surgical resection for early-diagnosed primary melanoma, targeted therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced/metastatic melanoma is the best clinical approach. Ferroptosis, a newly identified iron-dependent cell death pathway, which is morphologically and biochemically different from apoptosis and necrosis, has been reported to be involved in several cancers. Ferroptosis inducers could provide therapeutic options in case of resistance to conventional therapies for advanced/metastatic melanoma. Recently developed ferroptosis inducers, MEK and BRAF inhibitors, miRNAs such as miR-137 and miR-9, and novel strategies for targeting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in melanoma can provide new opportunities for melanoma treatment. Combining ferroptosis inducers with targeted therapies or immune checkpoint inhibitors increases patient response rates. Here we review the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its environmental triggers. We also discuss the pathogenesis and current treatments of melanoma. Moreover, we aim to elucidate the relationship between ferroptosis and melanoma and ferroptosis implications to develop new therapeutic strategies against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Manzari Tavakoli
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirzapour
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Kushalappa AC, Hegde NG, Gunnaiah R, Sathe A, Yogendra KN, Ajjamada L. Apoptotic-like PCD inducing HRC gene when silenced enhances multiple disease resistance in plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20402. [PMID: 36437285 PMCID: PMC9701806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in plant environmental stress and has the potential to be manipulated to enhance disease resistance. Plants have innate immunity and, following pathogen perception, the host induces a Hypersensitive Response PCD (HR-PCD), leading to pattern (PTI) or effector triggered immunity (ETI). Here we report a non-HR type or Apoptotic-Like PCD (AL-PCD) in pathogen infected wheat and potato based on apoptotic-like DNA fragmentation. A deletion mutation in the gene encoding histidine rich calcium binding protein (TaHRC) in FHB-resistant wheat (R-NIL) failed to induce AL-PCD. Similarly, the CRISPR-Cas9 based silencing of StHRC gene in Russet Burbank potato failed to induce apoptotic-like DNA fragmentation, proved based on DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. The absence of AL-PCD in wheat R-NIL reduced pathogen biomass and mycotoxins, increasing the accumulation of resistance metabolites and FHB-resistance, and in potato it enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens. In addition, the reduced expressions of metacaspase (StMC7) and Ca2+ dependent endonuclease 2 (StCaN2) genes in potato with Sthrc indicated an involvement of a hierarchy of genes in the induction of AL-PCD. The HRC in commercial varieties of different crops, if functional, can be silenced by genome editing possibly to enhance resistance to multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Kushalappa
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - N. G. Hegde
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - R. Gunnaiah
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada ,grid.449749.30000 0004 1772 7097Present Address: University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka India
| | - A. Sathe
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9 Canada
| | - K. N. Yogendra
- grid.419337.b0000 0000 9323 1772International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - L. Ajjamada
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Division of Hematology-OncologyJewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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10
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Kushalappa AC, Hegde NG, Yogendra KN. Metabolic pathway genes for editing to enhance multiple disease resistance in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:705-722. [PMID: 36036859 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are one of the major constraints in commercial crop production. Genetic diversity in varieties is the best option to manage diseases. Molecular marker-assisted breeding has produced hundreds of varieties with good yields, but the resistance level is not satisfactory. With the advent of whole genome sequencing, genome editing is emerging as an excellent option to improve the inadequate traits in these varieties. Plants produce thousands of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, which as polymers and conjugates are deposited to reinforce the secondary cell walls to contain the pathogen to an initial infection area. The resistance metabolites or the structures produced from them by plants are either constitutive (CR) or induced (IR), following pathogen invasion. The production of each resistance metabolite is controlled by a network of biosynthetic R genes, which are regulated by a hierarchy of R genes. A commercial variety also has most of these R genes, as in resistant, but a few may be mutated (SNPs/InDels). A few mutated genes, in one or more metabolic pathways, depending on the host-pathogen interaction, can be edited, and stacked to increase resistance metabolites or structures produced by them, to achieve required levels of multiple pathogen resistance under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Niranjan G Hegde
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kalenahalli N Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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11
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Reim S, Winkelmann T, Cestaro A, Rohr AD, Flachowsky H. Identification of Candidate Genes Associated With Tolerance to Apple Replant Disease by Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888908. [PMID: 35615498 PMCID: PMC9125221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a worldwide economic risk in apple cultivation for fruit tree nurseries and fruit growers. Several studies on the reaction of apple plants to ARD are documented but less is known about the genetic mechanisms behind this symptomatology. RNA-seq analysis is a powerful tool for revealing candidate genes that are involved in the molecular responses to biotic stresses in plants. The aim of our work was to find differentially expressed genes in response to ARD in Malus. For this, we compared transcriptome data of the rootstock ‘M9’ (susceptible) and the wild apple genotype M. ×robusta 5 (Mr5, tolerant) after cultivation in ARD soil and disinfected ARD soil, respectively. When comparing apple plantlets grown in ARD soil to those grown in disinfected ARD soil, 1,206 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on a log2 fold change, (LFC) ≥ 1 for up– and ≤ −1 for downregulation (p < 0.05). Subsequent validation revealed a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.91; p < 0.0001) between RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results indicating a high reliability of the RNA-seq data. PageMan analysis showed that transcripts of genes involved in gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis were significantly enriched in the DEG dataset. Most of these GA biosynthesis genes were associated with functions in cell wall stabilization. Further genes were related to detoxification processes. Genes of both groups were expressed significantly higher in Mr5, suggesting that the lower susceptibility to ARD in Mr5 is not due to a single mechanism. These findings contribute to a better insight into ARD response in susceptible and tolerant apple genotypes. However, future research is needed to identify the defense mechanisms, which are most effective for the plant to overcome ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reim
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefanie Reim,
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Computational Biology Unit, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Annmarie-Deetja Rohr
- Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Tsioli S, Koutalianou M, Gkafas GA, Exadactylos A, Papathanasiou V, Katsaros CI, Orfanidis S, Küpper FC. Responses of the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to combined temperature and salinity stress at the ionomic, transcriptomic, ultrastructural and photosynthetic levels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 175:105512. [PMID: 35176528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Little Neptune grass Cymodocea nodosa is a key seagrass species in the Mediterranean Sea, forming extensive and patchy meadows in shallow coastal and transitional ecosystems. In such habitats, high temperatures and salinities, separately and in combination, can be significant stressors in the context of climate change, particularly during heatwave events, and seawater desalination plant effluents. Despite well-documented negative, macroscopic effects, the underlying cellular and molecular processes of the combined effects of increasing temperature and salinities have remained largely elusive in C. nodosa - which are addressed by the present study. High salinity and high temperature, alone and in combination, affected ion equilibrium in the plant cells. Non-synonymous mutations marked the transcriptomic response to salinity and temperature stress at loci related to osmotic stress. Cell structure, especially the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria and organization of the MT cytoskeleton, was also altered. Both temperature and salinity stress negatively affected photosynthetic activity as evidenced by ΔF/Fm', following an antagonistic interaction type. Overall, this study showed that all biological levels investigated were strongly affected by temperature and salinity stress, however, with the latter having more severe effects. The results have implications for the operation of desalination plants and for assessing the impacts of marine heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soultana Tsioli
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece; Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Maria Koutalianou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Georgios A Gkafas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 384 46, Volos, Greece
| | - Athanasios Exadactylos
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 384 46, Volos, Greece
| | - Vasilis Papathanasiou
- Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Christos I Katsaros
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Sotiris Orfanidis
- Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Frithjof C Küpper
- School of Biological Sciences, Cruickshank Bldg., University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK; Marine Biodiversity Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, CA, 92182-1030, USA.
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13
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Whelehan LM, Funnekotter B, Bunn E, Mancera RL. Review: The case for studying mitochondrial function during plant cryopreservation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111134. [PMID: 35067304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation has several advantages over other ex situ conservation methods, and indeed is the only viable storage method for the long term conservation of most plant species. However, despite many advances in this field, it is increasingly clear that some species are ill-equipped to overcome the intense stress imposed by the cryopreservation process, making protocol development incredibly difficult using traditional trial and error methods. Cryobiotechnology approaches have been recently recognised as a strategic way forward, utilising intimate understanding of biological systems to inform development of more effective cryopreservation protocols. Mitochondrial function is a model candidate for a cryobiotechnological approach, as it underpins not only energy provision, but also several other key determinants of germplasm outcome, including stress response, reduction-oxidation status, and programmed cell death. Extensive research in animal cell and tissue cryopreservation has established a clear link between mitochondrial health and cryopreservation survival, but also indicates that mitochondria are routinely subject to damage from multiple aspects of the cryopreservation process. Evidence is already emerging that mitochondrial dysfunction may also occur in plant cryopreservation, and this research can be greatly expanded by using considered applications of innovative technologies. A range of mitochondria-targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions already exist with potential to improve cryopreservation outcomes through mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M Whelehan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Bryn Funnekotter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Eric Bunn
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
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14
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Ren L, Wang MR, Wang QC. ROS-induced oxidative stress in plant cryopreservation: occurrence and alleviation. PLANTA 2021; 254:124. [PMID: 34800184 PMCID: PMC8605965 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress results in low success or even total failure of cryopreservation. Better understanding of how the plant establishes resistance/tolerance to ROS-induced oxidative stress facilitates developments of robust cryopreservation procedures. Cryopreservation provides a safe and efficient strategy for long-term preservation of plant genetic resources. ROS-induced oxidative stress caused damage to cells and reduced the ability of the plant to survive following cryopreservation, eventually resulting in low success or even total failure. This paper provides updated and comprehensive information obtained in the past decade, including the following: (1) ROS generations and adaptive responses of antioxidant systems during cryopreservation; (2) expressions of oxidative stress-associated genes and proteins during cryopreservation; (3) ROS-triggered programmed cell death (PCD) during cryopreservation; and (4) exogenous applications of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in improving success of cryopreservation. Prospects for further studies are proposed. The goal of the present study was to facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms by which the plant establishes resistance/tolerance to oxidative stress during cryopreservation and promote further studies toward the developments of robust cryopreservation procedures and wider application of plant cryobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Region, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Region, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Region, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yagi N, Yoshinari A, Iwatate RJ, Isoda R, Frommer WB, Nakamura M. Advances in Synthetic Fluorescent Probe Labeling for Live-Cell Imaging in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1259-1268. [PMID: 34233356 PMCID: PMC8579277 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are powerful tools for visualizing cellular and subcellular structures, their dynamics and cellular molecules in living cells and enable us to monitor cellular processes in a spatiotemporal manner within complex and crowded systems. In addition to popular fluorescent proteins, a wide variety of small-molecule dyes have been synthesized through close association with the interdisciplinary field of chemistry and biology, ranging from those suitable for labeling cellular compartments such as organelles to those for labeling intracellular biochemical and biophysical processes and signaling. In recent years, self-labeling technologies including the SNAP-tag system have allowed us to attach these dyes to cellular domains or specific proteins and are beginning to be employed in plant studies. In this mini review, we will discuss the current range of synthetic fluorescent probes that have been exploited for live-cell imaging and the recent advances in the application that enable genetical tagging of synthetic probes in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Yagi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryu J Iwatate
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Universitätsstr. 1, Showa, Nagoya 466−8550, Japan
| | - Reika Isoda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- *Corresponding authors: Wolf B. Frommer, E-mail, ; Masayoshi Nakamura, E-mail,
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- *Corresponding authors: Wolf B. Frommer, E-mail, ; Masayoshi Nakamura, E-mail,
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu M, Zou X. Ceramide-1-phosphate and its transfer proteins in eukaryotes. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 240:105135. [PMID: 34499882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is a bioactive phosphorylated sphingolipid (SL), produced through the direct phosphorylation of ceramide by ceramide kinase. It plays important roles in regulating cell survival, migration, apoptosis and autophagy and is involved in inflammasome assembly/activation, which can stimulate group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2α and subsequently increase the levels of arachidonic acid and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Human C1P transfer protein (CPTP) can selectively transport C1P from the Golgi apparatus to specific cellular sites through a non-vesicular mechanism. Human CPTP also affects specific SL levels, thus regulating cell SL homeostasis. In addition, human CPTP plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy, inflammation and cell death; thus, human CPTP is closely associated with autophagy and inflammation-related diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. Therefore, illustrating the functions and mechanisms of human CPTP is important for providing the research foundations for targeted therapy. The key human CPTP residues for C1P recognition and binding are highly conserved in eukaryotic orthologs, while the human CPTP homolog in Arabidopsis (accelerated cell death 11) also exhibits selective inter-membrane transfer of phyto-C1P. These results demonstrate that C1P transporters play fundamental roles in SL metabolism in cells. The present review summarized novel findings of C1P and its TPs in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Mengyun Lu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, PR China.
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17
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Rojas-Méndez KJ, Sánchez Segura L, Chagolla A, Lino B, González de la Vara LE. Voltage-Dependent Anion-Selective Channels and Other Mitochondrial Membrane Proteins Form Diverse Complexes in Beetroots Subjected to Flood-Induced Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:714847. [PMID: 34567029 PMCID: PMC8457146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in both the development and the response to biotic and abiotic aggressions. In early stages of PCD, mitochondrial membranes are made permeable by the formation of permeability transition pores, whose protein composition is debated. Cytochrome c (cyt c) is then released from mitochondria, inducing the degradation of chromatin characteristic of PCD. Since flooding stress can produce PCD in several plant species, the first goal of this study was to know if flooding stress could be used to induce PCD in Beta vulgaris roots. To do this, 2-month-old beet plants were flood-stressed from 1 to 5 days, and the alterations indicating PCD in stressed beetroot cells were observed with a confocal fluorescence microscope. As expected, nuclei were deformed, and chromatin was condensed and fragmented in flooded beetroots. In addition, cyt c was released from mitochondria. After assessing that flood stress induced PCD in beetroots, the composition of mitochondrial protein complexes was observed in control and flood-stressed beetroots. Protein complexes from isolated mitochondria were separated by native gel electrophoresis, and their proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The spectra count of three isoforms of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDACs) increased after 1 day of flooding. In addition, the size of the complexes formed by VDAC was higher in flood-stressed beetroots for 1 day (∼200 kDa) compared with non-stressed ones (∼100 kDa). Other proteins, such as chaperonin CPN60-2, also formed complexes with different masses in control and flood-stressed beetroots. Finally, possible interactions of VDAC with other proteins were found performing a cluster analysis. These results indicate that mitochondrial protein complexes formed by VDAC could be involved in the process of PCD in flood-stressed beetroots. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J. Rojas-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Biomembranas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Lino Sánchez Segura
- Laboratorio de Microscopía, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Alicia Chagolla
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Lino
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Biomembranas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Luis E. González de la Vara
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Biomembranas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
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18
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Minina EA, Dauphinee AN, Ballhaus F, Gogvadze V, Smertenko AP, Bozhkov PV. Apoptosis is not conserved in plants as revealed by critical examination of a model for plant apoptosis-like cell death. BMC Biol 2021; 19:100. [PMID: 33980238 PMCID: PMC8117276 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals and plants diverged over one billion years ago and evolved unique mechanisms for many cellular processes, including cell death. One of the most well-studied cell death programmes in animals, apoptosis, involves gradual cell dismantling and engulfment of cellular fragments, apoptotic bodies, through phagocytosis. However, rigid cell walls prevent plant cell fragmentation and thus apoptosis is not applicable for executing cell death in plants. Furthermore, plants are devoid of the key components of apoptotic machinery, including phagocytosis as well as caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. Nevertheless, the concept of plant "apoptosis-like programmed cell death" (AL-PCD) is widespread. This is largely due to superficial morphological resemblances between plant cell death and apoptosis, and in particular between protoplast shrinkage in plant cells killed by various stimuli and animal cell volume decrease preceding fragmentation into apoptotic bodies. RESULTS Here, we provide a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of cytological and biochemical events occurring in plant cells subjected to heat shock at 40-55 °C and 85 °C, the experimental conditions typically used to trigger AL-PCD and necrotic cell death, respectively. We show that cell death under both conditions was not accompanied by membrane blebbing or formation of apoptotic bodies, as would be expected during apoptosis. Instead, we observed instant and irreversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane and ATP depletion. These processes did not depend on mitochondrial functionality or the presence of Ca2+ and could not be prevented by an inhibitor of ferroptosis. We further reveal that the lack of protoplast shrinkage at 85 °C, the only striking morphological difference between cell deaths induced by 40-55 °C or 85 °C heat shock, is a consequence of the fixative effect of the high temperature on intracellular contents. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that heat shock-induced cell death is an energy-independent process best matching definition of necrosis. Although the initial steps of this necrotic cell death could be genetically regulated, classifying it as apoptosis or AL-PCD is a terminological misnomer. Our work supports the viewpoint that apoptosis is not conserved across animal and plant kingdoms and demonstrates the importance of focusing on plant-specific aspects of cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
- COS, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florentine Ballhaus
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Gogvadze
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei P Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Human, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Xiang G, Yin X, Niu W, Chen T, Liu R, Shang B, Fu Q, Liu G, Ma H, Xu Y. Characterization of CRN-Like Genes From Plasmopara viticola: Searching for the Most Virulent Ones. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632047. [PMID: 33868192 PMCID: PMC8044898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew is an insurmountable disease that endangers grapevine production and the wine industry worldwide. The causal agent of the disease is the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, for which the pathogenic mechanism remains largely unknown. Crinkling and necrosis proteins (CRN) are an ancient class of effectors utilized by pathogens, including oomycetes, that interfere with host plant defense reactions. In this study, 27 CRN-like genes were cloned from the P. viticola isolate YL genome, hereafter referred to as PvCRN genes, and characterized in silico and in planta. PvCRN genes in ‘YL’ share high sequence identities with their ortholog genes in the other three previously sequenced P. viticola isolates. Sequence divergence among the genes in the PvCRN family indicates that different PvCRN genes have different roles. Phylogenetic analysis of the PvCRN and the CRN proteins encoded by genes in the P. halstedii genome suggests that various functions might have been acquired by the CRN superfamily through independent evolution of Plasmopara species. When transiently expressed in plant cells, the PvCRN protein family shows multiple subcellular localizations. None of the cloned PvCRN proteins induced hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death on the downy mildew-resistant grapevine Vitis riparia. This was in accordance with the result that most PvCRN proteins, except PvCRN11, failed to induce necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by INF1 was hampered by several PvCRN proteins. In addition, 15 PvCRN proteins prevented Bax-induced plant programmed cell death. Among the cell death-suppressing members, PvCRN17, PvCRN20, and PvCRN23 were found to promote the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici, which is a semi-biotrophic oomycete. Moreover, the nucleus-targeting member, PvCRN19, promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to P. capsici. Therefore, these PvCRN proteins were estimated to be virulent effectors involved in the pathogenicity of P. viticola YL. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insight into the CRN effector repertoire of P. viticola YL, which will help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weili Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Sychta K, Słomka A, Kuta E. Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals-Discovering a Terra Incognita. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010065. [PMID: 33406697 PMCID: PMC7823951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed.
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21
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Bhattacharjee S, Mishra AK. The tale of caspase homologues and their evolutionary outlook: deciphering programmed cell death in cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4639-4657. [PMID: 32369588 PMCID: PMC7475262 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), a genetically orchestrated mechanism of cellular demise, is paradoxically required to support life. As in lower eukaryotes and bacteria, PCD in cyanobacteria is poorly appreciated, despite recent biochemical and molecular evidence that supports its existence. Cyanobacterial PCD is an altruistic reaction to stressful conditions that significantly enhances genetic diversity and inclusive fitness of the population. Recent bioinformatic analysis has revealed an abundance of death-related proteases, i.e. orthocaspases (OCAs) and their mutated variants, in cyanobacteria, with the larger genomes of morphologically complex strains harbouring most of them. Sequence analysis has depicted crucial accessory domains along with the proteolytic p20-like sub-domain in OCAs, predicting their functional versatility. However, the cascades involved in sensing death signals, their transduction, and the downstream expression and activation of OCAs remain to be elucidated. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the attempts to identify mechanisms of PCD and the existence and importance of OCAs based on in silico approaches. We also review the evolutionary and ecological significance of PCD in cyanobacteria. In the future, the analysis of cyanobacterial PCD will identify novel proteins that have varied functional roles in signalling cascades and also help in understanding the incipient mechanism of PCD morphotype(s) from where eukaryotic PCD might have originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samujjal Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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22
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Doronina TV, Sheval EV, Lazareva EM. Programmed Cell Death during Formation of the Embryo Sac and Seed. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Yeo IC, Devarenne TP. Screening for potential nuclear substrates for the plant cell death suppressor kinase Adi3 using peptide microarrays. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234011. [PMID: 32484825 PMCID: PMC7266335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato AGC protein kinase Adi3 is a Ser/Thr kinase that functions as a negative regulator of programmed cell death through cell death suppression (CDS) activity in the nucleus. In this study, to understand the mechanism of Adi3 CDS, peptide microarrays containing random Ser- and Thr-peptide phosphorylation substrates were used to screen for downstream phosphorylation substrates. In the microarray phosphorylation assay, Adi3 showed promiscuous kinase activity more toward Ser-peptides compared to Thr-peptides, and a preference for aromatic and cyclic amino acids on both Ser- and Thr-peptides was seen. The 63 highest phosphorylated peptide sequences from the Ser-peptide microarray were selected as queries for a BLAST search against the tomato proteome. As a result, 294 candidate nuclear Adi3 substrates were selected and categorized based on their functions. Many of these proteins were classified as DNA/RNA polymerases or regulators involved in transcription and translation events. The list of potential Adi3 substrates was narrowed to eleven and four candidates were tested for phosphorylation by Adi3. Two of these candidates, RNA polymerase II 2nd largest subunit (RPB2) and the pathogen defense related transcription factor Pti5, were confirmed as Adi3 phosphorylation substrates by in vitro kinase assays. Using a mutational approach two residues, Thr675 and Thr676, were identified as Adi3 phosphorylation sites on RPB2. This study provides the foundation for understanding Adi3 CDS mechanisms in the nucleus as well as other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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24
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Zhang M, Li W, Feng J, Gong Z, Yao Y, Zheng C. Integrative transcriptomics and proteomics analysis constructs a new molecular model for ovule abortion in the female-sterile line of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110462. [PMID: 32234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovule development is critical to plant reproduction and free nuclear mitosis of megagametophyte (FNMM) is vital for ovule development. However, most results of ovule development were based on the studies in angiosperms, and its molecular regulation remained largely unknown in gymnosperms, particularly, during FNMM. In this context, we studied the genome-wide difference between sterile line (SL) and fertile line (FL) ovules using transcriptomics and proteomics approaches in Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Comparative analyses revealed that genes involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair, Cell cycle, Apoptosis and Energy metabolism were highlighted. Further results showed the low expressions of MCM 2-7, RRM1, etc. perhaps led to abnormal DNA replication and damage repair, and the significantly different expressions of PARP2, CCs1, CCs3, etc. implied that the accumulated DNA double-stranded breaks were failed to be repaired and the cell cycle was arrested at G2/M in SL ovules, potentially resulting in the occurrence of apoptosis. Moreover, the deficiency of ETF-QO might hinder FNMM. Consequently, FNMM stopped and ovule aborted in SL ovules. Our results suggested a selective regulatory mechanism led to FNMM half-stop and ovule abortion in P. tabuliformis and these insights could be exploited to investigate the molecular regulations of ovule development in woody gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenhai Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Feng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zaixin Gong
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Caixia Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Eskandari H, Ehsanpour AA, Al-Mansour N, Bardania H, Sutherland D, Mohammad-Beigi H. Rosmarinic acid inhibits programmed cell death in Solanum tuberosum L. calli under high salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:54-65. [PMID: 31841962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by salinity is a prime cause of cell death when Na+ toxicity becomes unbearable. We explored the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree calli against salt-induced programmed cell death (PCD). We showed that PCD events were triggered in calli under 250 mM NaCl by the loss of plasma membrane integrity as measured by the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cytoplasm, the degree of DNA degradation resulting from the cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments in apoptotic cells, the presence of TUNEL-positive nuclei (90 ± 0.005%) damage in genomic DNA, and activation of caspase 3-like protease. Callus Formation Medium (CFM) supplemented with RA led to the suppression of salt-induced cell death and a dramatic decrease in the MDA level and frequency of TUNEL-positive nuclei under salinity to 4 ± and 7.3 ± % in the presence of 50 and 350 μM RA, respectively. The application of RA also resulted in an increase in GSH content and maintenance of a high GSH/GSSG ratio. Interestingly, these reductions in PCD were accompanied by inhibiting caspase 3-like protease activities due to RA under salinity. Molecular docking predicted high binding energies of RA for binding to subtilisin-like protease (StSCTc-3), which has caspase-3 like activity in Solanum tuberosum, near the active site. This finding supports the notion of a role for RA in PCD protection in plants, which is consistent with earlier reports in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Eskandari
- Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Naemah Al-Mansour
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kuwait, Kuwait.
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Duncan Sutherland
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Hossein Mohammad-Beigi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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26
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John SP, Hasenstein KH. Desiccation Mitigates Heat Stress in the Resurrection Fern, Pleopeltis polypodioides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:597731. [PMID: 33329661 PMCID: PMC7733933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although heat and desiccation stresses often coincide, the response to heat especially in desiccation tolerant plants is rarely studied. We subjected hydrated Pleopeltis polypodioides fronds to temperatures up to 50°C and dehydrated fronds up to 65°C for 24 h. The effect of heat stress was evaluated using morphological changes, photosystem (PS) II efficiency, and metabolic indicators. Pinnae of dried fronds exposed to more than 40°C curled tighter and became brittle compared to fronds dried at lower temperatures. Exposure to > 50°C leads to discolored fronds after rehydration. Hydrated fronds turned partially brown at > 35°C. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft) and quantum yield (Qy) increased following re-hydration but the recovery process after 40°C treatment lasted longer than at lower temperatures. Similarly, hydrated fronds showed reduced Qy when exposed to > 40°C. Dried and hydrated fronds remained metabolically active up to 40°C. Hydroperoxides and lipid hydroperoxides in dried samples remained high up to 50°C, but decreased in hydrated fronds at > 40°C. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) oxidizing activities remained high up to 40°C in dehydrated fronds and up to 35°C in hydrated fronds. Major fatty acids detected in both dehydrated and hydrated fronds included palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, oleic (18:1), linoleic (C18:2); and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Linolenic acid was most abundant. In dried fronds, all fatty acids decreased at > 35°C. The combined data indicate that the thermotolerance of dry fronds is about 55°C but is at least 10°C lower for hydrated fronds.
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Qi F, Zhang L, Dong X, Di H, Zhang J, Yao M, Dong L, Zeng X, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhou Y. Analysis of Cytology and Expression of Resistance Genes in Maize Infected with Sporisorium reilianum. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2100-2107. [PMID: 31215852 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1687-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Head smut, caused by the fungus Sporisorium reilianum, is a devastating global disease of maize (Zea mays). In the present study, maize seedlings were artificially inoculated with compatible mating-type strains of S. reilianum by needle inoculation of mesocotyls (NIM) or by soaking inoculation of radicles (SIR). After NIM or SIR, Huangzao4 mesocotyls exhibited severe damage with brownish discoloration and necrosis, whereas Mo17 mesocotyls exhibited few lesions. Fluorescence and electron microscopy showed that S. reilianum infected maize within 0.5 day after SIR and mainly colonized the phloem. With longer incubation, the density of S. reilianum hyphae increased in the vascular bundles, concentrated mainly in the phloem. In Mo17, infected cells exhibited apoptosis-like features, and hyphae became sequestered within dead cells. In contrast, in Huangzao4, pathogen invasion resulted in autophagy that failed to prevent hyphal spreading. The growth of S. reilianum hyphae diminished at 6 days after inoculation when expression of the R genes ZmWAK and ZmNL peaked. Thus, 6 days after SIR inoculation might be an important time for inhibiting the progress of S. reilianum infection in maize. The results of this study will provide a basis for further analysis of the mechanisms of maize resistance to S. reilianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengkun Qi
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Lin Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Xiaojie Dong
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Hong Di
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Minhao Yao
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Ling Dong
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Xing Zeng
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
| | - Yu Zhou
- Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 150030
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28
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Gwak YS, Han JY, Choi YE. Production of ginsenoside aglycone (protopanaxatriol) and male sterility of transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing three Panax ginseng genes: PgDDS, CYP716A47, and CYP716A53v2. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:261-271. [PMID: 30976164 PMCID: PMC6437448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an aglycone of ginsenosides, which has high medicinal values. Production of PPT from natural ginseng plants requires artificial deglycosylation procedures of ginsenosides via enzymatic or physicochemical treatments. Metabolic engineering could be an efficient technology for production of ginsenoside sapogenin. For PPT biosynthesis in Panax ginseng, damarenediol-II synthase (PgDDS) and two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are essentially required. Methods Transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing P. ginseng PgDDS, CYP716A47, and CYP716A53v2 was constructed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Results Expression of the three introduced genes in transgenic tobacco lines was confirmed by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analysis of liquid chromatography showed three new peaks, dammarenediol-II (DD), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and PPT, in leaves of transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco (line 6) contained 2.8 μg/g dry weight (DW), 7.3 μg/g DW, and 11.6 μg/g DW of PPT, PPD, and DD in leaves, respectively. Production of PPT was achieved via cell suspension culture and was highly affected by auxin treatment. The content of PPT in cell suspension was increased 37.25-fold compared with that of leaves of the transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco was not able to set seeds because of microspore degeneration in anthers. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that cells of phloem tissue situated in the center of the anther showed an abnormally condensed nuclei and degenerated mitochondria. Conclusion We successfully achieved the production of PPT in transgenic tobacco. The possible factors deriving male sterility in transgenic tobacco are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shin Gwak
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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29
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Li Q, Ai G, Shen D, Zou F, Wang J, Bai T, Chen Y, Li S, Zhang M, Jing M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:565-581. [PMID: 30703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in plant immune response, but the genes involved in the regulation of ROS are scantily reported. Phytophthora pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection, but the modes of action adopted are largely unknown. Here, we report that RxLR207 could activate ROS-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for virulence of P. capsici. We found that this effector targeted BPA1 (binding partner of ACD11) and four members of BPLs (BPA1-Like proteins) in Arabidopsis, and the bpa1 and bpl mutants had enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death under biotic or abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we showed that BPA1 and several BPLs functioned redundantly in plant immunity to P. capsici. We discovered that BPA1 and all six BPLs interacted with ACD11, and stabilization of ACD11 was impaired in the bpa1, bpl2, bpl3, and bpl4 mutants. RxLR207 could promote the degradation of BPA1, BPL1, BPL2, and BPL4 to disrupt ACD11 stabilization in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate the important roles of Arabidopsis BPA1 and its homologs in ROS homeostasis and defense response, highlighting the usefulness of a pathogen effector-directed approach as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel plant immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fen Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shutian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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30
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Bramucci AR, Case RJ. Phaeobacter inhibens induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in calcifying Emiliania huxleyi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5215. [PMID: 30894549 PMCID: PMC6426857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The model coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, forms expansive blooms dominated by the calcifying cell type, which produce calcite scales called coccoliths. Blooms last several weeks, after which the calcified algal cells rapidly die, descending into the deep ocean. E. huxleyi bloom collapse is attributed to E. huxleyi viruses (EhVs) that infect and kill calcifying cells, while other E. huxleyi pathogens, such as bacteria belonging to the roseobacter clade, are overlooked. EhVs kill calcifying E. huxleyi by inducing production of bioactive viral-glycosphingolipids (vGSLs), which trigger algal programmed cell death (PCD). The roseobacter Phaeobacter inhibens was recently shown to interact with and kill the calcifying cell type of E. huxleyi, but the mechanism of algal death remains unelucidated. Here we demonstrate that P. inhibens kills calcifying E. huxleyi by inducing a highly specific type of PCD called apoptosis-like-PCD (AL-PCD). Host death can successfully be abolished in the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor, which prevents the activation of caspase-like molecules. This finding differentiates P. inhibens and EhV pathogenesis of E. huxleyi, by demonstrating that bacterial-induced AL-PCD requires active caspase-like molecules, while the viral pathogen does not. This is the first demonstration of a bacterium inducing AL-PCD in an algal host as a killing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Bramucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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31
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Ni XL, Gui MY, Tan LL, Zhu Q, Liu WZ, Li CX. Programmed Cell Death and Aerenchyma Formation in Water-Logged Sunflower Stems and Its Promotion by Ethylene and ROS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1928. [PMID: 30687344 PMCID: PMC6333753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that waterlogging/ hypoxic conditions induce aerenchyma formation to facilitate gas exchange. Ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as regulatory signals, might also be involved in these adaptive responses. However, the interrelationships between these signals have seldom been reported. Herein, we showed that programmed cell death (PCD) was involved in aerenchyma formation in the stem of Helianthus annuus. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the stem was induced through waterlogging (WA), ethylene and ROS. Pre-treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation in the seedlings after treatment with WA, ET and 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole (AT, catalase inhibitor). In addition, pre-treatment with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation induced through WA and ET in the seedlings, but barely inhibited aerenchyma formation induced through ROS. These results revealed that ethylene-mediated ROS signaling plays a role in aerenchyma formation, and there is a causal and interdependent relationship during WA, ET and ROS in PCD, which regulates signal networks in the stem of H. annuus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Gui
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Tixeira R, Poon IKH. Disassembly of dying cells in diverse organisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:245-257. [PMID: 30317529 PMCID: PMC11105331 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a conserved phenomenon in multicellular organisms required to maintain homeostasis. Among the regulated cell death pathways, apoptosis is a well-described form of PCD in mammalian cells. One of the characteristic features of apoptosis is the change in cellular morphology, often leading to the fragmentation of the cell into smaller membrane-bound vesicles through a process called apoptotic cell disassembly. Interestingly, some of these morphological changes and cell disassembly are also noted in cells of other organisms including plants, fungi and protists while undergoing 'apoptosis-like PCD'. This review will describe morphologic features leading to apoptotic cell disassembly, as well as its regulation and function in mammalian cells. The occurrence of cell disassembly during cell death in other organisms namely zebrafish, fly and worm, as well as in other eukaryotic cells will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Fraikin GY, Belenikina NS, Rubin AB. Damaging and Defense Processes Induced in Plant Cells by UVB Radiation. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018060031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fraikin GY. Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Diverse Plant Cell Responses to UVB Radiation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:787-794. [PMID: 30200863 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918070027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UVB radiation (290-320 nm) causes diverse effects in plant cells that vary with the fluence rate of exposure. High fluence rates of UVB radiation cause damage to DNA and formation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and chloroplasts, which lead to oxidation of membrane proteins and lipids and inhibition of cellular functions. In response to oxidative stress, mitochondrial transmembrane potential dissipates, resulting in cytochrome c release and activation of metacaspases. This leads to the apoptosis-like cell death. The signaling mechanism based on UVB DNA damage includes checkpoint activation, cell-cycle arrest, and finally programmed cell death with characteristic DNA fragmentation and morphological hallmarks typical of apoptotic cells. Recently, it was shown that among the components of this signaling mechanism the transcriptional factor SOG1 (suppressor of gamma response 1) plays a key role in regulation of programmed cell death in plants. In contrast to its damaging effects, UVB radiation at low fluence rates can act as a regulatory signal that is specifically perceived by plants to promote acclimation and survival in sunlight. The protective action of UVB is based on expression of various genes, including those encoding flavonoid synthesis enzymes that provide a UVB-absorbing sunscreen in epidermal tissues and DNA photorepair enzymes. These processes are mediated by the UVB photoreceptor UVR8, which has been recently characterized at the molecular level. Now progress is made in uncovering the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway mechanism in the context of UVB photon perception and revealing the biochemical components of the early stages of light signal transduction. In this review, attention is focused on the achievements in studying these UVB-induced signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ya Fraikin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Zhang S, Ai G, Li M, Ye Z, Zhang J. Tomato LrgB regulates heat tolerance and the assimilation and partitioning of carbon. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:309-319. [PMID: 30080617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of extreme and sustained high temperatures on plant growth has become increasingly prominent. Heat shock cognate 70-kDa proteins play an important role in plant heat tolerance. In this study, we identified and characterized the tomato ortholog of LrgB (SlLrgB), and demonstrate that it interacts with Hsc70.1. Similar to other genes that encode chloroplast-localized proteins, the expression of SlLrgB is upregulated in green tissues and suppressed by heat shock. Functional analyses utilizing transgenic plants indicate that SlLrgB contributes to chlorophyll metabolism. Both the overexpression and the RNA interference-mediated suppression of SlLrgB led to chlorotic leaves, reduced plant height, smaller size and decreases in pigment levels in ripening fruits. However, the starch levels in the SlLrgB-RNAi lines were significantly increased and the heat tolerance of SlLrgB-RNAi was obvious elevated. Downregulating the expression of Hsc70.1 by VIGS in tomato led to retarded growth, chlorotic leaves, and increased expression of SlLrgB. Based on these data, we suggest that SlLrgB regulates chlorophyll metabolism and the assimilation and partitioning of carbon. We also suggest that Hsc70.1 and SlLrgB contribute to heat tolerance and that Hsc70.1 negatively regulates SlLrgB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Guo Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Miao Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Aizat WM, Ibrahim S, Rahnamaie-Tajadod R, Loke KK, Goh HH, Noor NM. Proteomics (SWATH-MS) informed by transcriptomics approach of tropical herb Persicaria minor leaves upon methyl jasmonate elicitation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5525. [PMID: 30186693 PMCID: PMC6118203 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative, methyl JA (MeJA) are hormonal cues released by plants that signal defense response to curb damages from biotic and abiotic stresses. To study such response, a tropical herbal plant, Persicaria minor, which possesses pungent smell and various bioactivities including antimicrobial and anticancer, was treated with MeJA. Such elicitation has been performed in hairy root cultures and plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, yet how MeJA influenced the proteome of an herbal species like P. minor is unknown. METHOD In this study, P. minor plants were exogenously elicited with MeJA and leaf samples were subjected to SWATH-MS proteomics analysis. A previously published translated transcriptome database was used as a reference proteome database for a comprehensive protein sequence catalogue and to compare their differential expression. RESULTS From this proteomics informed by transcriptomics approach, we have successfully profiled 751 proteins of which 40 proteins were significantly different between control and MeJA-treated samples. Furthermore, a correlation analysis between both proteome and the transcriptome data sets suggests that significantly upregulated proteins were positively correlated with their cognate transcripts (Pearson's r = 0.677) while a weak correlation was observed for downregulated proteins (r = 0.147). DISCUSSION MeJA treatment induced the upregulation of proteins involved in various biochemical pathways including stress response mechanism, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite production, DNA degradation and cell wall degradation. Conversely, proteins involved in energy expensive reactions such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and structure were significantly downregulated upon MeJA elicitation. Overall protein-transcript correlation was also weak (r = 0.341) suggesting the existence of post-transcriptional regulation during such stress. In conclusion, proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS analysis supplemented by the transcriptome database allows comprehensive protein profiling of this non-model herbal species upon MeJA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kok-Keong Loke
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Fate of nuclear material during subsequent steps of the kinetin-induced PCD in apical parts of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedling roots. Micron 2018; 110:79-87. [PMID: 29772476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In animals during apoptosis, the best examined type of programmed cell death (PCD), three main phases are distinguished: (i) specification (signaling), (ii) killing and (iii) execution one. It has bean postulated that plant PCD also involves three subsequent phases: (i) transmission of death signals to cells (signaling), (ii) initiation of killing processes and (iii) destruction of cells. One of the most important hallmarks of animal and plant PCD are those regarding nucleus, not thoroughly studied in plants so far. To study kinetin-induced PCD (Kin-PCD) in the context of nuclear material faith, 2-cm apical parts of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedling roots were used. Applied assays involving spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence and white light microscopy allowed to examine metabolic and cytomorphologic hallmarks such as changes in DNA content, ssDNA formation and activity of acidic and basic nucleases (DNases and RNases) as well as malformations and fragmentation of nucleoli and nuclei. The obtained results concerning the PCD hallmarks and influence of ZnSO4 on Kin-PCD allowed us to confirmed presence of specification/signaling, killing and execution/degradation phases of the process and broaden the knowledge about processes affecting nuclei during PCD.
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Moretti ML, Van Horn CR, Robertson R, Segobye K, Weller SC, Young BG, Johnson WG, Douglas Sammons R, Wang D, Ge X, d' Avignon A, Gaines TA, Westra P, Green AC, Jeffery T, Lespérance MA, Tardif FJ, Sikkema PH, Christopher Hall J, McLean MD, Lawton MB, Schulz B. Glyphosate resistance in Ambrosia trifida: Part 2. Rapid response physiology and non-target-site resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1079-1088. [PMID: 28276187 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glyphosate-resistant rapid response (GR RR) resistance mechanism in Ambrosia trifida is not due to target-site resistance (TSR) mechanisms. This study explores the physiology of the rapid response and the possibility of reduced translocation and vacuolar sequestration as non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms. RESULTS GR RR leaf discs accumulated hydrogen peroxide within minutes of glyphosate exposure, but only in mature leaf tissue. The rapid response required energy either as light or exogenous sucrose. The combination of phenylalanine and tyrosine inhibited the rapid response in a dose-dependent manner. Reduced glyphosate translocation was observed in GR RR, but only when associated with tissue death caused by the rapid response. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated that glyphosate enters the cytoplasm and reaches chloroplasts, and it is not moved into the vacuole of GR RR, GR non-rapid response or glyphosate-susceptible A. trifida. CONCLUSION The GR RR mechanism of resistance is not associated with vacuole sequestration of glyphosate, and the observed reduced translocation is likely a consequence of rapid tissue death. Rapid cell death was inhibited by exogenous application of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The mechanism by which these amino acids inhibit rapid cell death in the GR RR phenotype remains unknown, and it could involve glyphosate phytotoxicity or other agents generating reactive oxygen species. Implications of these findings are discussed. The GR RR mechanism is distinct from the currently described glyphosate TSR or NTSR mechanisms in other species. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Moretti
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christopher R Van Horn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Renae Robertson
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kabelo Segobye
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen C Weller
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bryan G Young
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - William G Johnson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Xia Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - André d' Avignon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Philip Westra
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amanda C Green
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Jeffery
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - François J Tardif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Peter H Sikkema
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Christopher Hall
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D McLean
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Burkhard Schulz
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Rantong G, Gunawardena AH. Vacuolar processing enzymes, AmVPE1 and AmVPE2, as potential executors of ethylene regulated programmed cell death in the lace plant ( Aponogeton madagascariensis). BOTANY 2018. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2017-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforation formation in Aponogeton madagascariensis (Mirb.) H.Bruggen (lace plant) is an excellent model for studying developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, we isolated and identified two lace plant vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and investigated their involvement in PCD and throughout leaf development. Lace plant VPE transcript levels were determined during seven different stages of leaf development. PCD and non-PCD cells from “window” stage leaves (in which perforations are forming) were separated through laser-capture microscopy and their transcript levels were also determined. VPE activity was also studied between the cell types, through a VPE activity-based probe JOPD1. Additionally, VPE transcript levels were studied in plants treated with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The two isolated VPEs, AmVPE1 and AmVPE2, are vegetative type VPEs. AmVPE1 had higher transcript levels during a pre-perforation developmental stage, immediately prior to visible signs of PCD. AmVPE2 transcript levels were higher later during window and late window stages. Both VPEs had higher transcript and activity levels in PCD compared with the non-PCD cells. AVG treatment inhibited PCD and associated increases in VPE transcript levels. Our results suggested that VPEs are involved in the execution of the ethylene-related PCD in the lace plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolathe Rantong
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Arunika H.L.A.N. Gunawardena
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Ni XL, Tan LL, Zhou YF, Liu WZ, Li CX. The involvement of programmed cell death in inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis in Trapa pseudoincisa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:412-427. [PMID: 32290981 DOI: 10.1071/fp17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trapa plants (Trapaceae) have an inflated leaf petiole called a spongy airbag. The aims of this study were to assess the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) in the process of inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis. In this paper, light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate cytological events and the development of inflated leaf petiole. During this process, the inflated leaf petiole of Trapa pseudoincisa L. undergoes a developmental process, changing from solid to hollow phase. Debris from the degraded cells was seldom observed in the transverse sections of leaf petioles, but some degraded cells with an abnormal morphology were observed in longitudinal sections. Cytoplasmic changes, such as disrupted vacuoles, degraded plastids, and the emergence of secondary vacuoles were observed during leaf petiole morphogenesis. In addition, gel electrophoresis and TUNEL assays were used to evaluate DNA cleavage during petiole morphogenesis. DNA internucleosomal cleavage and TUNEL-positive nuclei indicate that the typical PCD features of DNA cleavage occurred early in the process. These results revealed that PCD plays a critical role in inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis. Additionally, a trans-disciplinary systems approach is required that recognises the necessity for integration of cytological and molecular characteristics for identification of aerenchyma type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ya-Fu Zhou
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Cimini S, Ronci MB, Barizza E, de Pinto MC, Locato V, Lo Schiavo F, De Gara L. Plant Cell Cultures as Model Systems to Study Programmed Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:173-186. [PMID: 29332296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of programmed cell death (PCD) activated in a certain group of cells is complex when analyzed in the whole plant. Plant cell suspension cultures are useful when investigating PCD triggered by environmental and developmental stimuli. Due to their homogeneity and the possibility to synchronize their responses induced by external stimuli, these cultures are used for studying the signaling pathways leading to PCD. The first problem in the analysis of PCD in cell cultures is the quantification of cell viability/death over time. Cultured cells from different plant species may have specific mitotic patterns leading to calli or cell chains mixed to single cell suspensions. For this reason, not all cell cultures allow morphological parameters to be investigated using microscopy analysis, and adapted or ad hoc methods are needed to test cell viability.Here we report on some accurate methods to establish and propagate cell cultures from different plant species, including crops, as well as to determine cell viability and PCD morphological and genetic markers. In particular, we describe a protocol for extracting nucleic acids required for real-time PCR analysis which has been optimized for those cell cultures that do not allow the use of commercial kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Ronci
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittoria Locato
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura De Gara
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a controlled mechanism that eliminates specific cells under developmental or environmental stimuli. All organisms-from bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes-have the ability to induce PCD in selected cells. Although this process was first identified in plants, the interest in deciphering the signaling pathways leading to PCD strongly increased when evidence came to light that PCD may be involved in several human diseases. In plants, PCD activation ensures the correct occurrence of growth and developmental processes, among which embryogenesis and differentiation of tracheary elements. PCD is also part of the defense responses activated by plants against environmental stresses, both abiotic and biotic.This chapter gives an overview of the roles of PCD in plants as well as the problems arising in classifying different kinds of PCD according to defined biochemical and cellular markers, and in comparison with the various types of PCD occurring in mammal cells. The importance of understanding PCD signaling pathways, with their elicitors and effectors, in order to improve plant productivity and resistance to environmental stresses is also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Locato
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura De Gara
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Manna I, Bandyopadhyay M. Engineered nickel oxide nanoparticles affect genome stability in Allium cepa (L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:206-215. [PMID: 29136573 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate uses of engineered nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) in heavy industries have ushered their introduction into the natural environment, ensuing novel interactions with biotic components of the ecosystem. Though much is known about the toxicity of NiO-NPs on animals, their phytotoxic potential is not well elucidated. NiO-NP hinders intra-cellular homeostasis by producing ROS in excess, having profound effect on the antioxidant profile of exposed animal and plant tissues. In the present study, bulbs of the model plant Allium cepa were treated with varying concentrations of NiO-NP (10 mg L-1 - 500 mg L-1) to study changes in ROS production and potential genotoxic effect. The data generated proved a concomitant upsurge in intracellular ROS accumulation with NiO-NP dosage that could be correlated with increased genotoxicity in A. cepa. Augmented in situ ROS production was revealed through DCFH-DA assay, with highest increase in fluorescence (70% over control) in bulbs exposed to 125 mg L-1 NiO-NP. Effect of NiO-NP on genomic DNA was studied through detailed analyses of RAPD profiles which allows detection of even slightest changes in DNA sequence of treated plants. Significant differences in band intensity, loss and appearance of bands as well as genomic template stability and band sharing indices of treated plants revealed increased vulnerability of genomic DNA to NiO-NP, at even lowest concentration (10 mg L-1). This is the first report of NiO-NP induced genotoxicity on A. cepa, which confirms the nanoparticle as a potent environmental hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Manna
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Maumita Bandyopadhyay
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Liu J, Cai W, Fang X, Wang X, Li G. Virus-induced apoptosis and phosphorylation form of metacaspase in the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:413-422. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kaźmierczak A, Doniak M, Kunikowska A. Proteolytic activities in cortex of apical parts of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedling roots during kinetin-induced programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2273-2285. [PMID: 28501974 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a crucial process in plant development. In this paper, proteolytically related aspects of kinetin-induced PCD in cortex cells of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedlings were examined using morphological, fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Cell viability estimation after 46 μM kinetin treatment of seedling roots showed that the number of dying cortex cells increased with treatment duration, reaching maximum after 72 h. Weight of the apical root segments increased with time and was about 2.5-fold greater after 96 h, while the protein content remained unchanged, compared to the control. The total and cysteine-dependent proteolytic activities fluctuated during 1-96-h treatment, which was not accompanied by the changes in the protein amount, indicating that the absolute protein amounts decreased during kinetin-induced PCD. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and Z-Leu-Leu-Nva-H (MG115), the respective cysteine, serine, and proteasome inhibitors, suppressed kinetin-induced PCD. PMSF significantly decreased serine-dependent proteolytic activities without changing the amount of proteins, unlike NEM and MG115. More pronounced effect of PMSF over NEM indicated that in the root apical segments, the most important proteolytic activity during kinetin-induced PCD was that of serine proteases, while that of cysteine proteases may be important for protein degradation in the last phase of the process. Both NEM and PMSF inhibited apoptotic-like structure formation during kinetin-induced PCD. The level of caspase-3-like activity of β1 proteasome subunit increased after kinetin treatment. Addition of proteasome inhibitor MG-115 reduced the number of dying cells, suggesting that proteasomes might play an important role during kinetin-induced PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anita Kunikowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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Dickman M, Williams B, Li Y, de Figueiredo P, Wolpert T. Reassessing apoptosis in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:773-779. [PMID: 28947814 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be driven by a genetically programmed signalling pathway known as programmed cell death (PCD). In plants, PCD occurs during development as well as in response to environmental and biotic stimuli. Our understanding of PCD regulation in plants has advanced significantly over the past two decades; however, the molecular machinery responsible for driving the system remains elusive. Thus, whether conserved PCD regulatory mechanisms include plant apoptosis remains enigmatic. Animal apoptotic regulators, including Bcl-2 family members, have not been identified in plants but expression of such regulators can trigger or suppress plant PCD. Moreover, plants exhibit nearly all of the biochemical and morphological features of apoptosis. One difference between plant and animal PCD is the absence of phagocytosis in plants. Evidence is emerging that the vacuole may be key to removal of unwanted plant cells, and may carry out functions that are analogous to animal phagocytosis. Here, we provide context for the argument that apoptotic-like cell death occurs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yurong Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, 77807, USA
| | - Thomas Wolpert
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Kacprzyk J, Brogan NP, Daly CT, Doyle SM, Diamond M, Molony EM, McCabe PF. The retraction of the protoplast during PCD is an active, and interruptible, calcium-flux driven process. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 260:50-59. [PMID: 28554474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The protoplast retracts during apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD) and, if this retraction is an active component of AL-PCD, it should be used as a defining feature for this type of programmed cell death. We used an array of pharmacological and genetic tools to test if the rates of protoplast retraction in cells undergoing AL-PCD can be modulated. Disturbing calcium flux signalling, ATP synthesis and mitochondrial permeability transition all inhibited protoplast retraction and often also the execution of the death programme. Protoplast retraction can precede loss of plasma membrane integrity and cell death can be interrupted after the protoplast retraction had already occurred. Blocking calcium influx inhibited the protoplast retraction, reduced DNA fragmentation and delayed death induced by AL-PCD associated stresses. At higher levels of stress, where cell death occurs without protoplast retraction, blocking calcium flux had no effect on the death process. The results therefore strongly suggest that retraction of the protoplast is an active biological process dependent on an early Ca2+-mediated trigger rather than cellular disintegration due to plasma membrane damage. Therefore this morphologically distinct cell type is a quantifiable feature, and consequently, reporter of AL-PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Centre for Plant Science, Ireland
| | - Niall P Brogan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Centre for Plant Science, Ireland
| | - Cara T Daly
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark Diamond
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth M Molony
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Centre for Plant Science, Ireland.
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Zhang N, Zhang B, Zuo W, Xing Y, Konlasuk S, Tan G, Zhang Q, Ye J, Xu M. Cytological and Molecular Characterization of ZmWAK-Mediated Head-Smut Resistance in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:455-465. [PMID: 28358622 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0238-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Head smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Sporisorium reilianum, poses a threat to maize production worldwide. ZmWAK, a cell wall-associated receptor kinase, confers quantitative resistance to head smut disease. Here, two near-isogenic lines (NILs), susceptible line Huangzao4 and its ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, were used to decipher the role of ZmWAK in head smut resistance. Cytological and molecular characterization in response to S. reilianum infection was compared between two NILs. Upon S. reilianum infection, the growth of pathogen hyphae was severely arrested in the ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, relative to its susceptible parental line Huangzao4. Infected cells exhibited apoptosis-like features in Huangzao4R and hyphae were sequestered within dead cells, whereas pathogen invasion caused autophagy in Huangzao4, which failed to prevent hyphal spreading. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that ZmWAK functions as a hub in the trade-off between growth and defense, whereby ZmWAK promotes cell growth in the absence of the pathogen and switches to a defense response upon S. reilianum attack. These findings shed light on an elegant regulatory mechanism governed by ZmWAK in the trade-off between growth and head smut defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- 3 Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic & Improvement, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqi Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Zuo
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexian Xing
- 2 Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Suvimon Konlasuk
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Tan
- 2 Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Ye
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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49
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Chen L, Fei C, Zhu L, Xu Z, Zou W, Yang T, Lin H, Xi D. RNA-seq approach to analysis of gene expression profiles in dark green islands and light green tissues of Cucumber mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana tabacum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175391. [PMID: 28489891 PMCID: PMC5425015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark green islands (DGIs) surrounded by light green tissues (LGTs) are common leaf symptoms of plants that are systemically infected by various viruses that induce leaf mosaic in infected plants. The inoculation of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Nicotiana tabacum produced a commonly occurring sequence of classic patterns of DGIs and LGTs. Previous studies confirmed that there are significant differences between DGIs and LGTs in terms of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, but the mechanisms by which DGIs form remain unclear. To investigate the global gene expression changes that occur in these special tissues, individual differential gene expression tag libraries were constructed from three total RNA samples isolated from DGIs, LGTs and control plants (CK) and were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeqTM 2000. An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. These analyses revealed the differences between DGIs, LGTs and CK. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses suggested that several pathways related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism were enriched in DGIs compared to LGTs and CK. Several pathways related to apoptosis were significantly up-regulated in LGTs compared to DGIs. Additionally, we identified sets of DEGs that may be related to the formation or development of DGIs and LGTs. Our systematic analyses provide comprehensive transcriptomic information regarding DGIs and LGTs in CMV-infected N. tabacum. These data will help characterize the detailed mechanisms of DGI and LGT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Fei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenshan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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50
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Kabbage M, Kessens R, Bartholomay LC, Williams B. The Life and Death of a Plant Cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:375-404. [PMID: 28125285 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Like all eukaryotic organisms, plants possess an innate program for controlled cellular demise termed programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the functional conservation of PCD across broad evolutionary distances, an understanding of the molecular machinery underpinning this fundamental program in plants remains largely elusive. As in mammalian PCD, the regulation of plant PCD is critical to development, homeostasis, and proper responses to stress. Evidence is emerging that autophagy is key to the regulation of PCD in plants and that it can dictate the outcomes of PCD execution under various scenarios. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of PCD processes in plants, with an emphasis on stress-induced PCD. We also discuss the implications of the paradox that is functional conservation of apoptotic hallmarks in plants in the absence of core mammalian apoptosis regulators, what that means, and whether an equivalent form of death occurs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Ryan Kessens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia;
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