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Duffy KJ. The enigma of genetic adaptation in a panmictic pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:830-832. [PMID: 38520184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Bruxaux et al. (2024), 243: 1231–1246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Duffy
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy
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2
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Smith AH, Bogar LM, Moeller HV. Fungal Fight Club: phylogeny and growth rate predict competitive outcomes among ectomycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad108. [PMID: 37697652 PMCID: PMC10516346 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are among the most prevalent fungal partners of plants and can constitute up to one-third of forest microbial biomass. As mutualistic partners that supply nutrients, water, and pathogen defense, these fungi impact host plant health and biogeochemical cycling. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are also extremely diverse, and the community of fungal partners on a single plant host can consist of dozens of individuals. However, the factors that govern competition and coexistence within these communities are still poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro competitive assays between five ectomycorrhizal fungal strains to examine how competition and pH affect fungal growth. We also tested the ability of evolutionary history to predict the outcomes of fungal competition. We found that the effects of pH and competition on fungal performance varied extensively, with changes in growth media pH sometimes reversing competitive outcomes. Furthermore, when comparing the use of phylogenetic distance and growth rate in predicting competitive outcomes, we found that both methods worked equally well. Our study further highlights the complexity of ectomycorrhizal fungal competition and the importance of considering phylogenetic distance, ecologically relevant traits, and environmental conditions in predicting the outcomes of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver Auraria Campus Science Building 1150 12th St, Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Laura M Bogar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 605 Hutchison Dr Green Hall rm 1002 Davis CA 95616-5720, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106-9620, USA
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3
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Stefani F, Beguin J, Paré D, Morency MJ, Martineau C, Fortin JA, Thiffault N, Séguin A. Does wood mulch trigger microbially mediated positive plant-soil feedback in degraded boreal forest sites? A post hoc study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122445. [PMID: 37206972 PMCID: PMC10191178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Reforestation of degraded lands in the boreal forest is challenging and depends on the direction and strength of the plant-soil feedback (PSF). Methods Using a gradient in tree productivity (null, low and high) from a long-term, spatially replicated reforestation experiment of borrow pits in the boreal forest, we investigated the interplay between microbial communities and soil and tree nutrient stocks and concentrations in relation to a positive PSF induced by wood mulch amendment. Results Three levels of mulch amendment underlie the observed gradient in tree productivity, and plots that had been amended with a continuous layer of mulch 17 years earlier showed a positive PSF with trees up to 6 m tall, a closed canopy, and a developing humus layer. The average taxonomic and functional composition of the bacterial and fungal communities differed markedly betweenlow- and high-productivity plots. Trees in high-productivity plots recruited a specialized soil microbiome that was more efficient at nutrient mobilization and acquisition. These plots showed increases in carbon (C), calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) stocks and as well as bacterial and fungal biomass. The soil microbiome was dominated by taxa from the fungal genus Cortinarius and the bacterial family Chitinophagaceae, and a complex microbial network with higher connectivity and more keystone species supported tree productivity in reforested plots compared to unproductive plots. Discussion Therefore, mulching of plots resulted in a microbially mediated PSF that enhances mineral weathering and non-symbiotic N fixation, and in turn helps transform unproductive plots into productive plots to ensure rapid restoration of the forest ecosystem in a harsh boreal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Stefani
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Franck Stefani, ; David Paré,
| | - Julien Beguin
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - David Paré
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Franck Stefani, ; David Paré,
| | - Marie-Josée Morency
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Martineau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - J. André Fortin
- Université Laval, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nelson Thiffault
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
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4
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Cook K, Sharma J, Taylor AD, Herriott IC, Taylor DL. Epiphytic fungal communities vary by substrate type and at sub-meter spatial scales. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1879-1891. [PMID: 35060231 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal species have numerous important environmental functions. Where these functions occur will depend on how fungi are spatially distributed, but spatial structures of fungal communities are largely unknown, especially in understudied hyperdiverse tropical tree canopy systems. We explore fungal communities in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest canopy, with a focus on local-scale spatial structure and substrate specificity of fungi. Samples of ~1 cm3 were collected from 135 points along 5 adjacent tree branches, with inter-sample distances from 1 to 800 cm, and dissected into four substrates: outer host tree bark, inner bark, dead bryophytes, and living bryophytes. We sequenced the ITS2 region to characterize total fungal communities. Fungal community composition and diversity varied among substrate types, even when multiple substrates were in direct contact. Fungi were most diverse in living bryophytes, with 39% of all OTUs found exclusively in this substrate, and the least diverse in inner bark. Fungal communities had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and distance decay of similarity only at distances less than one meter. Similarity among samples declines by half in less than ten cm, and even at these short distances, similarities are low with few OTUs shared among samples. These results indicate that community turnover is high and occurs at very small spatial scales, with any two locations sharing very few fungi in common. High heterogeneity of fungal communities in space and among substrates may have implications for the distributions, population dynamics, and diversity of other tree canopy organisms, including epiphytic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kel Cook
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, MSC03-2020, 219 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Bayer Plant Science Building, Room 219, 2911 15th Street, Mail Stop 2122, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2122, USA
| | - Andrew D Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Edmondson Hall 216, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ian Charold Herriott
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, 311 Irving I Building, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, MSC03-2020, 219 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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5
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Högberg MN, Högberg P, Wallander H, Nilsson LO. Carbon-nitrogen relations of ectomycorrhizal mycelium across a natural nitrogen supply gradient in boreal forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1839-1848. [PMID: 34449884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The supply of carbon (C) from tree photosynthesis to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is known to decrease with increasing plant nitrogen (N) supply, but how this affects fungal nutrition and growth remains to be clarified. We placed mesh-bags with quartz sand, with or without an organic N (15 N-, 13 C-labeled) source, in the soil along a natural N supply gradient in boreal forest, to measure growth and use of N and C by ECM extramatrical mycelia. Mycelial C : N declined with increasing N supply. Addition of N increased mycelial growth at the low-N end of the gradient. We found an inverse relationship between uptake of added N and C; the use of added N was high when ambient N was low, whereas use of added C was high when C from photosynthesis was low. We propose that growth of ECM fungi is N-limited when soil N is scarce and tree belowground C allocation to ECM fungi is high, but is C-limited when N supply is high and tree belowground C allocation is low. This suggests that ECM fungi have a major role in soil N retention in nutrient-poor, but less so in nutrient-rich boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona N Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Peter Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden
| | - Lars-Ola Nilsson
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
- Chancellery, Halmstad University, Halmstad, SE-301 18, Sweden
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6
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Boraks A, Amend AS. Fungi in soil and understory have coupled distribution patterns. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11915. [PMID: 34616592 PMCID: PMC8462376 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological processes that control fungal distribution are not well understood because many fungi can persist in a wide variety of dissimilar habitats which are seldom sampled simultaneously. Geographic range size is reflective of species’ resource usage, and for plants and animals, there is a robust positive correlation between niche-breadth and range-size. It remains unknown whether this pattern is true for fungi. To investigate the fungal niche breadth–range size relationship we identified habitat specialists and generalists from two habitats (plant leaves and soil) and asked whether habitat specialization influenced fungal biogeography. We sampled fungi from the soil and phylloplane of tropical forests in Vanuatu and used DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 region to examine rarity, range size, and habitat connectivity. Fungal communities from the soil and phylloplane are spatially autocorrelated and the spatial distribution of individual fungal OTU are coupled between habitats. Habitat breadth (generalist fungi) did not result in larger range sizes but did correlate positively with occurrence frequency. Fungi that were frequently found were also found in high abundance, a common observation in similar studies of plants and animals. Fungal abundance-occupancy relationships differed by habitat and habitat-specificity. Soil specialists were found to be locally abundant but restricted geographically. In contrast, phylloplane generalists were found to be abundant over a large range in multiple habitats. These results are discussed in the context of differences between habitat characteristics, stability and spatial distribution. Identifying factors that drive spatial variation is key to understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Boraks
- School of Life Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America
| | - Anthony S Amend
- School of Life Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America
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7
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Liu X, Luo Y, Cheng L, Hu H, Wang Y, Du Z. Effect of Root and Mycelia on Fine Root Decomposition and Release of Carbon and Nitrogen Under Artemisia halodendron in a Semi-arid Sandy Grassland in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:698054. [PMID: 34539692 PMCID: PMC8442746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant fine root turnover is a continuous process both spatially and temporally, and fine root decomposition is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the effect of the living roots and the associated mycorrhizal fungal mycelia on fine root decomposition remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of these biotic factors on fine root decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effect of fine roots and mycelia on fine root decomposition of a pioneer shrub (Artemisia halodendron) in Horqin sandy land, northeast China, by the ingrowth core method combined with the litterbag method. Litterbags were installed in cores. Results showed that core a allowed the growth of both fine roots and mycelia (treatment R + M), core b only allowed the growth of mycelia (treatment M), and in core c the fine root and mycelia growth were restricted and only bulk soil was present (treatment S). These findings suggest that the process of root decomposition was significantly affected by the living roots and mycelia, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration dynamics during root decomposition differed among treatments. Mycelia significantly stimulated the mass loss and C and N release during root decomposition. Treatment R + M significantly stimulated the accumulation of soil total C, total N, and organic N under litterbags. The mycelia significantly stimulated the accumulation of the inorganic N (ammonium-N and nitrate-N) but the presence of fine roots weakened nitrate-N accumulation. The presence of living roots and associated mycelia strongly affected the process of root decomposition and matter release in the litter-soil system. The results of this study should strengthen the understanding of root-soil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Liu
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Luo
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjiao Hu
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youhan Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhong Du
- School of Geographical Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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8
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Petrolli R, Augusto Vieira C, Jakalski M, Bocayuva MF, Vallé C, Cruz EDS, Selosse MA, Martos F, Kasuya MCM. A fine-scale spatial analysis of fungal communities on tropical tree bark unveils the epiphytic rhizosphere in orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2002-2014. [PMID: 33983644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of vascular plants are epiphytes and, even though this has long been ignored in past research, are able to interact with a variety of fungi, including mycorrhizal taxa. However, the structure of fungal communities on bark, as well as their relationship with epiphytic plants, is largely unknown. To fill this gap, we conducted environmental metabarcoding of the ITS-2 region to understand the spatial structure of fungal communities of the bark of tropical trees, with a focus on epiphytic orchid mycorrhizal fungi, and tested the influence of root proximity. For all guilds, including orchid mycorrhizal fungi, fungal communities were more similar when spatially close on bark (i.e. they displayed positive spatial autocorrelation). They also showed distance decay of similarity with respect to epiphytic roots, meaning that their composition on bark increasingly differed, compared to roots, with distance from roots. We first showed that all of the investigated fungal guilds exhibited spatial structure at very small scales. This spatial structure was influenced by the roots of epiphytic plants, suggesting the existence of an epiphytic rhizosphere. Finally, we showed that orchid mycorrhizal fungi were aggregated around them, possibly as a result of reciprocal influence between the mycorrhizal partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Petrolli
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Conrado Augusto Vieira
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcin Jakalski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Melissa F Bocayuva
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clément Vallé
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Everaldo Da Silva Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Maria Catarina M Kasuya
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Matsuoka S, Sugiyama Y, Shimono Y, Ushio M, Doi H. Evaluation of seasonal dynamics of fungal DNA assemblages in a flow-regulated stream in a restored forest using eDNA metabarcoding. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4797-4806. [PMID: 34258854 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of seasonal variation in fungal communities is essential for understanding biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, the conventional sampling method, with substrate removal and high spatial heterogeneity of community composition, makes surveying the seasonality of fungal communities challenging. Recently, water environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has been explored for its utility in biodiversity surveys. In this study, we assessed whether the seasonality of fungal communities can be detected by monitoring eDNA in a forest stream. We conducted monthly water sampling in a forest stream over 2 years and used DNA metabarcoding to identify fungal eDNA. The stream water contained DNA from functionally diverse aquatic and terrestrial fungi, such as plant decomposers, parasites and mutualists. The variation in the fungal assemblage showed a regular annual periodicity, meaning that the assemblages in a given season were similar, irrespective of the year or sampling. Furthermore, the strength of the annual periodicity varied among functional groups. Our results suggest that forest streams may act as a 'trap' for terrestrial fungal DNA derived from different habitats, allowing the analysis of fungal DNA in stream water to provide information about the temporal variation in fungal communities in both the aquatic and the surrounding terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Shimono
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Osaka Museum of Nature History, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
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10
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The Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea Is the Most Common Fungus in Scots Pines' Mycobiome, Irrespective of Health Status-A Case Study from Germany. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080607. [PMID: 34436146 PMCID: PMC8396920 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (≡Diplodia sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine, causing the disease Diplodia tip blight on coniferous tree species. Disease symptoms become visible when trees are weakened by stress. Sphaeropsis sapinea has an endophytic mode in its lifecycle, making it difficult to detect before disease outbreaks. This study aims to record how S. sapinea accumulates in trees of different health status and, simultaneously, monitor seasonal and age-related fluctuations in the mycobiome. We compared the mycobiome of healthy and diseased Scots pines. Twigs were sampled in June and September 2018, and filamentous fungi were isolated. The mycobiome was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the ITS2 region. A PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the mycobiome community composition significantly differed between growth years (p < 0.001) and sampling time (p < 0.001) but not between healthy and diseased trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most common endophyte isolated and the second most common in the HTS data. The fungus was highly abundant in symptomless (healthy) trees, presenting in its endophytic mode. Our results highlight the ability of S. sapinea to accumulate unnoticed as an endophyte in healthy trees before the disease breaks out, representing a sudden threat to Scots pines in the future, especially with increasing drought conditions experienced by pines.
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11
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Li T, Yang W, Wu S, Selosse MA, Gao J. Progress and Prospects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646325. [PMID: 34025694 PMCID: PMC8138444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies indicates how orchids gain mineral nutrients and sometime even organic compounds from interactions with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Thus, OMF exhibit a high diversity and play a key role in the life cycle of orchids. In recent years, the high-throughput molecular identification of fungi has broadly extended our understanding of OMF diversity, revealing it to be a dynamic outcome co-regulated by environmental filtering, dispersal restrictions, spatiotemporal scales, biogeographic history, as well as the distribution, selection, and phylogenetic spectrum width of host orchids. Most of the results show congruent emerging patterns. Although it is still difficult to extend them to all orchid species or geographical areas, to a certain extent they follow the "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects" rule. This review provides an extensive understanding of the diversity and ecological dynamics of orchid-fungal association. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of resources and the regeneration of rare or endangered orchids. We provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing six fields of research on orchid-fungal diversity: the research methods of orchid-fungal interactions, the primer selection in high-throughput sequencing, the fungal diversity and specificity in orchids, the difference and adaptability of OMF in different habitats, the comparison of OMF in orchid roots and soil, and the spatiotemporal variation patterns of OMF. Further, we highlight certain shortcomings of current research methodologies and propose perspectives for future studies. This review emphasizes the need for more information on the four main ecological processes: dispersal, selection, ecological drift, and diversification, as well as their interactions, in the study of orchid-fungal interactions and OMF community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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12
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Lindahl BD, Kyaschenko J, Varenius K, Clemmensen KE, Dahlberg A, Karltun E, Stendahl J. A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1341-1351. [PMID: 33934481 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forest soils are important global carbon sinks, with significant storage in the organic topsoil. Decomposition of these stocks requires oxidative enzymes, uniquely produced by fungi. Across Swedish boreal forests, we found that local carbon storage in the organic topsoil was 33% lower in the presence of a group of closely related species of ectomycorrhizal fungi - Cortinarius acutus s.l.. This observation challenges the prevailing view that ectomycorrhizal fungi generally act to increase carbon storage in soils but supports the idea that certain ectomycorrhizal fungi can complement free-living decomposers, maintaining organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling and tree productivity under nutrient-poor conditions. The indication that a narrow group of fungi may exert a major influence on carbon cycling questions the prevailing dogma of functional redundancy among microbial decomposers. Cortinarius acutus s.l. responds negatively to stand-replacing disturbance, and associated population declines are likely to increase soil carbon sequestration while impeding long-term nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Kyaschenko
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Varenius
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karina E Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Dahlberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Karltun
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Downie J, Taylor AFS, Iason G, Moore B, Silvertown J, Cavers S, Ennos R. Location, but not defensive genotype, determines ectomycorrhizal community composition in Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4826-4842. [PMID: 33976851 PMCID: PMC8093658 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For successful colonization of host roots, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi must overcome host defense systems, and defensive phenotypes have previously been shown to affect the community composition of EM fungi associated with hosts. Secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, form a core part of these defense systems, but it is not yet understood whether variation in these constitutive defenses can result in variation in the colonization of hosts by specific fungal species.We planted seedlings from twelve maternal families of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) of known terpene genotype reciprocally in the field in each of six sites. After 3 months, we characterized the mycorrhizal fungal community of each seedling using a combination of morphological categorization and molecular barcoding, and assessed the terpene chemodiversity for a subset of the seedlings. We examined whether parental genotype or terpene chemodiversity affected the diversity or composition of a seedling's mycorrhizal community.While we found that terpene chemodiversity was highly heritable, we found no evidence that parental defensive genotype or a seedling's terpene chemodiversity affected associations with EM fungi. Instead, we found that the location of seedlings, both within and among sites, was the only determinant of the diversity and makeup of EM communities.These results show that while EM community composition varies within Scotland at both large and small scales, variation in constitutive defensive compounds does not determine the EM communities of closely cohabiting pine seedlings. Patchy distributions of EM fungi at small scales may render any genetic variation in associations with different species unrealizable in field conditions. The case for selection on traits mediating associations with specific fungal species may thus be overstated, at least in seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Downie
- Ashworth LaboratoriesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyPenicuikUK
- School of Natural SciencesBangor UniversityWalesUK
| | - Andy F. S. Taylor
- The James Hutton InstituteAberdeenUK
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Ben Moore
- The James Hutton InstituteAberdeenUK
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Jonathan Silvertown
- Ashworth LaboratoriesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Richard Ennos
- Ashworth LaboratoriesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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14
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Kennedy PG, Gagne J, Perez-Pazos E, Lofgren LA, Nguyen NH. Does fungal competitive ability explain host specificity or rarity in ectomycorrhizal symbioses? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234099. [PMID: 32810132 PMCID: PMC7433872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common ecological assumptions are that host generalist and rare species are poorer competitors relative to host specialist and more abundant counterparts. While these assumptions have received considerable study in both plant and animals, how they apply to ectomycorrhizal fungi remains largely unknown. To investigate how interspecific competition may influence the anomalous host associations of the rare ectomycorrhizal generalist fungus, Suillus subaureus, we conducted a seedling bioassay. Pinus strobus seedlings were inoculated in single- or two-species treatments of three Suillus species: S. subaureus, S. americanus, and S. spraguei. After 4 and 8 months of growth, seedlings were harvested and scored for mycorrhizal colonization as well as dry biomass. At both time points, we found a clear competitive hierarchy among the three ectomycorrhizal fungal species: S. americanus > S. subaureus > S. spraguei, with the competitive inferior, S. spraguei, having significantly delayed colonization relative to S. americanus and S. subaureus. In the single-species treatments, we found no significant differences in the dry biomasses of P. strobus seedlings colonized by each Suillus species, suggesting none was a more effective plant symbiont. Taken together, these results indicate that the rarity and anomalous host associations exhibited by S. subaureus in natural settings are not driven by inherently poor competitive ability or host growth promotion, but that the timing of colonization is a key factor determining the outcome of ectomycorrhizal fungal competitive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joe Gagne
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Perez-Pazos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lotus A. Lofgren
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Manoa, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
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15
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Hawkes CV, Bull JJ, Lau JA. Symbiosis and stress: how plant microbiomes affect host evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190590. [PMID: 32772675 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing paradigms for plant microevolution rarely acknowledge the potential impacts of diverse microbiomes on evolutionary processes. Many plant-associated microorganisms benefit the host via access to resources, protection from pathogens, or amelioration of abiotic stress. In doing so, they alter the plant's perception of the environment, potentially reducing the strength of selection acting on plant stress tolerance or defence traits or altering the traits that are the target of selection. We posit that the microbiome can affect plant microevolution via (1) manipulation of plant phenotypes in ways that increase plant fitness under stress and (2) direct microbial responses to the environment that benefit the plant. Both mechanisms might favour plant genotypes that attract or stimulate growth of the most responsive microbial populations or communities. We provide support for these scenarios using infectious disease and quantitative genetics models. Finally, we discuss how beneficial plant-microbiome associations can evolve if traditional mechanisms maintaining cooperation in pairwise symbioses, namely partner fidelity, partner choice and fitness alignment, also apply to the interactions between plants and diverse foliar and soil microbiomes. To understand the role of the plant microbiome in host evolution will require a broad ecological understanding of plant-microbe interactions across both space and time. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - James J Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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16
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Abrego N, Roslin T, Huotari T, Tack AJM, Lindahl BD, Tikhonov G, Somervuo P, Schmidt NM, Ovaskainen O. Accounting for environmental variation in co‐occurrence modelling reveals the importance of positive interactions in root‐associated fungal communities. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2736-2746. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Abrego
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tea Huotari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Björn D. Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gleb Tikhonov
- Computational Systems Biology Group Department of Computer Science Aalto University Espoo Finland
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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17
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Rog I, Rosenstock NP, Körner C, Klein T. Share the wealth: Trees with greater ectomycorrhizal species overlap share more carbon. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2321-2333. [PMID: 31923325 PMCID: PMC7116085 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic symbiosis between forest trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is among the most ubiquitous and successful interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Specific species of EMF are known to colonize specific tree species, benefitting from their carbon source, and in turn, improving their access to soil water and nutrients. EMF also form extensive mycelial networks that can link multiple root-tips of different trees. Yet the number of tree species connected by such mycelial networks, and the traffic of material across them, are just now under study. Recently we reported substantial belowground carbon transfer between Picea, Pinus, Larix and Fagus trees in a mature forest. Here, we analyze the EMF community of these same individual trees and identify the most likely taxa responsible for the observed carbon transfer. Among the nearly 1,200 EMF root-tips examined, 50%-70% belong to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were associated with three or four tree host species, and 90% of all OTUs were associated with at least two tree species. Sporocarp 13 C signals indicated that carbon originating from labelled Picea trees was transferred among trees through EMF networks. Interestingly, phylogenetically more closely related tree species exhibited more similar EMF communities and exchanged more carbon. Our results show that belowground carbon transfer is well orchestrated by the evolution of EMFs and tree symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences -Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Wang YL, Gao C, Chen L, Ji NN, Wu BW, Li XC, Lü PP, Zheng Y, Guo LD. Host plant phylogeny and geographic distance strongly structure Betulaceae-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5393368. [PMID: 30889238 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental filtering and dispersal limitation are two of the primary drivers of community assembly in ecosystems, but their effects on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities associated with wide ranges of Betulaceae taxa at a large scale are poorly documented. In this study, we examined EM fungal communities associated with 23 species from four genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus and Corylus) of Betulaceae in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS2 region. Effects of host plant phylogeny, soil, climate and geographic distance on EM fungal community were explored. In total, we distinguished 1738 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% sequence similarity level. The EM fungal communities of Alnus had significantly lower OTU richness than those associated with the other three plant genera. The EM fungal OTU richness was significantly affected by geographic distance, host plant phylogeny, soil and climate. The EM fungal community composition was significantly influenced by host plant phylogeny (12.1% of variation explained in EM fungal community), geographic distance (7.7%), soil (4.6%) and climate (1.1%). This finding highlights that environmental filtering linked to host plant phylogeny and dispersal limitation strongly influence EM fungal communities associated with Betulaceae plants in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Niu-Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng-Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Bai Z, Yuan ZQ, Wang DM, Fang S, Ye J, Wang XG, Yuan HS. Ectomycorrhizal fungus-associated determinants jointly reflect ecological processes in a temperature broad-leaved mixed forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135475. [PMID: 31767296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are closely related to vegetation compositions, edaphic properties, and site-specific processes. However, the coevolutionary mechanisms underlying the spatial distributions in floristic and ECM fungal composition in the context of biotic adaptations and abiotic variances remain unclear. We combine a total of 25 ECM fungus-associated environmental variables to impose three types of composite scores and then quantify the environmental gradients of geographical site, soil chemical property and vegetation functional trait across 122 grids of 20 m × 20 m in a 25-hm2 forest plot. Significant dissimilarities in vegetational and ECM fungal abundance and composition existed along the above environmental gradients. Specifically, a contrasting floristic distribution (e.g., Betula platyphylla vs. Tilia mandshurica) existed between the northeastern and southwestern areas and was closely related to the nutrient and moisture gradients (with high levels in the west and low levels in the east). Furthermore, the ECM fungal communities were more abundant in the nutrient-poor and low-moisture environments than in the nutrient-rich and high-moisture environments, and the mixed-forest in the middle-gradient sites between the northeastern and southwestern areas harbored the highest ECM fungal diversity. These findings suggest that predictable within-site vegetation succession is closely related to ECM-associated determinants and the natural spatial heterogeneity of edaphic properties at a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Zuo-Qiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- School of pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shuai Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Ji Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Xu-Gao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China.
| | - Hai-Sheng Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China.
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20
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Zhao J, Gao Q, Zhou J, Wang M, Liang Y, Sun B, Chu H, Yang Y. The scale dependence of fungal community distribution in paddy soil driven by stochastic and deterministic processes. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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22
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Defrenne CE, McCormack ML, Roach WJ, Addo-Danso SD, Simard SW. Intraspecific Fine-Root Trait-Environment Relationships across Interior Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Canada. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E199. [PMID: 31262042 PMCID: PMC6681360 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation in resource acquisition strategies enables plants to adapt to different environments and may partly determine their responses to climate change. However, little is known about how belowground plant traits vary across climate and soil gradients. Focusing on interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) in western Canada, we tested whether fine-root traits relate to the environment at the intraspecific level. We quantified the variation in commonly measured functional root traits (morphological, chemical, and architectural traits) among the first three fine-root orders (i.e., absorptive fine roots) and across biogeographic gradients in climate and soil factors. Moderate but consistent trait-environment linkages occurred across populations of Douglas-fir, despite high levels of within-site variation. Shifts in morphological traits across regions were decoupled from those in chemical traits. Fine roots in colder/drier climates were characterized by a lower tissue density, higher specific area, larger diameter, and lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than those in warmer/wetter climates. Our results showed that Douglas-fir fine roots do not rely on adjustments in architectural traits to adapt rooting strategies in different environments. Intraspecific fine-root adjustments at the regional scale do not fit along a single axis of root economic strategy and are concordant with an increase in root acquisitive potential in colder/drier environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Defrenne
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - W Jean Roach
- Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd., Kamloops, BC V2C 1A2, Canada
| | - Shalom D Addo-Danso
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, KNUST, P. O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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23
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Chung YA, Collins SL, Rudgers JA. Connecting plant–soil feedbacks to long‐term stability in a desert grassland. Ecology 2019; 100:e02756. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Anny Chung
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
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24
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Defrenne CE, Philpott TJ, Guichon SHA, Roach WJ, Pickles BJ, Simard SW. Shifts in Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities and Exploration Types Relate to the Environment and Fine-Root Traits Across Interior Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Canada. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:643. [PMID: 31191571 PMCID: PMC6547044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale studies that examine the responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi across biogeographic gradients are necessary to assess their role in mediating current and predicted future alterations in forest ecosystem processes. We assessed the extent of environmental filtering on interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) ectomycorrhizal fungal communities across regional gradients in precipitation, temperature, and soil fertility in interior Douglas-fir dominated forests of western Canada. We also examined relationships between fine-root traits and mycorrhizal fungal exploration types by combining root and fungal trait measurements with next-generation sequencing. Temperature, precipitation, and soil C:N ratio affected fungal community dissimilarity and exploration type abundance but had no effect on α-diversity. Fungi with rhizomorphs (e.g., Piloderma sp.) or proteolytic abilities (e.g., Cortinarius sp.) dominated communities in warmer and less fertile environments. Ascomycetes (e.g., Cenococcum geophilum) or shorter distance explorers, which potentially cost the plant less C, were favored in colder/drier climates where soils were richer in total nitrogen. Environmental filtering of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities is potentially related to co-evolutionary history between Douglas-fir populations and fungal symbionts, suggesting success of interior Douglas-fir as climate changes may be dependent on maintaining strong associations with local communities of mycorrhizal fungi. No evidence for a link between root and fungal resource foraging strategies was found at the regional scale. This lack of evidence further supports the need for a mycorrhizal symbiosis framework that is independent of root trait frameworks, to aid in understanding belowground plant uptake strategies across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E. Defrenne
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Philpott
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Cariboo-Chilcotin Natural Resource District, Williams Lake, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon H. A. Guichon
- Stable Isotope Facility, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W. Jean Roach
- Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd., Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | - Brian J. Pickles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne W. Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Pec GJ, Cahill, Jr. JF. Large-scale insect outbreak homogenizes the spatial structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6895. [PMID: 31123638 PMCID: PMC6512761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (plant symbionts) are diverse and exist within spatially variable communities that play fundamental roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms that maintain and regulate the spatial structuring of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities are both complex and remain poorly understood. Here, we use a gradient of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) induced tree mortality across eleven stands in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada to investigate: (i) the degree to which spatial structure varies within this fungal group, and (ii) how these patterns may be driven by the relative importance of tree mortality from changes in understory plant diversity, productivity and fine root biomass following tree death. We found that the homogeneity of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community increased with increasing tree death, aboveground understory productivity and diversity. Whereas, the independent effect of fine root biomass, which declined along the same gradient of tree mortality, increased the heterogeneity of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community. Together, our results demonstrate that large-scale biotic disturbance homogenizes the spatial patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Pec
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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26
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Zhang S, Vaario LM, Xia Y, Matsushita N, Geng Q, Tsuruta M, Kurokochi H, Lian C. The effects of co-colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in Laccaria japonica colonising seedlings of Pinus densiflora. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:207-218. [PMID: 30953171 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are colonised by different species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that interact competitively or mutualistically with one another. Most ECM fungi can produce sporocarps. To date, the effects of co-colonising fungal species on sporocarp formation in ECM fungi remain unknown. In this study, we examined host plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation, and sporocarp formation when roots of Pinus densiflora are colonised by Laccaria japonica and three other ECM fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum, Pisolithus sp., and Suillus luteus). Sporocarp numbers were recorded throughout the experimental period. The biomass, photosynthetic rate, and mycorrhizal colonisation rate of the seedlings were also measured at 45 days, 62 days, and 1 year after seedlings were transplanted. Results indicated that C. geophilum and S. luteus may negatively impact mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. Sporocarp formation in L. japonica was positively correlated with conspecific mycorrhizal colonisation but negatively correlated with the biomass of seedlings of P. densiflora. The co-occurring ECM fungi largely competed with L. japonica, resulting in various effects on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. A variety of mechanisms may be involved in the competitive interactions among the different ECM fungal species, including abilities to more rapidly colonise root tips, acquire soil nutrients, or produce antibiotics. These mechanisms need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Lu-Min Vaario
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Qifang Geng
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Momi Tsuruta
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurokochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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Host Phylogenetic Relatedness and Soil Nutrients Shape Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition in Native and Exotic Pine Plantations. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exotic non-native Pinus species have been widely planted or become naturalized in many parts of the world. Pines rely on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi mutualisms to overcome barriers to establishment, yet the degree to which host specificity and edaphic preferences influence ECM community composition remains poorly understood. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing coupled with soil analyses to investigate the effect of host plant identity, spatial distance and edaphic factors on ECM community composition in young (30-year-old) native (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) and exotic (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plantations in China. The ECM fungal communities comprised 43 species with the majority belonging to the Thelephoraceae and Russulaceae. Most species were found associated with both host trees while certain native ECM taxa (Suillus) showed host specificity to the native P. massoniana. ECM fungi that are known to occur exclusively with Pinus (e.g., Rhizopogon) were uncommon. We found no significant effect of host identity on ECM communities, i.e., phylogenetically related pines shared similar ECM fungal communities. Instead, ECM fungal community composition was strongly influenced by site-specific abiotic factors and dispersal. These findings reinforce the idea that taxonomic relatedness might be a factor promoting ECM colonization in exotic pines but that shifts in ECM communities may also be context-dependent.
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Hazard C, Johnson D. Does genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi affect ecosystem function? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1122-1128. [PMID: 29393517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1122 I. Introduction 1122 II. Are there consistent patterns in diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species across space? 1125 III. What is the variation in functional traits and genes of mycorrhizal fungi at different taxonomic scales? 1125 IV. How will environmental change impact the relationships between genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function? 1126 V. Conclusions: considerations for future MEF research 1127 Acknowledgements 1127 References 1127 SUMMARY: Both genotypes and species of mycorrhizal fungi exhibit considerable variation in traits, and this variation can result in their diversity regulating ecosystem function. Yet, the nature of mycorrhizal fungal diversity-ecosystem function (MEF) relationships for both genotypes and species is currently poorly defined. New experiments should reflect the richness of genotypes and species in nature, but we still lack information about the extent to which fungal populations in particular are structured. Sampling designs should quantify the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species at three key broad spatial scales (root fragment, root system and interacting root systems) in order to inform manipulation experiments and to test how mycorrhizal fungal diversity both responds, and confers resilience to, environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hazard
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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29
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Long-Term Thinning Does not Significantly Affect Soil Water-Stable Aggregates and Diversity of Bacteria and Fungi in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Plantations in Eastern China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Soil structure and microbial communities are sensitive to forest disturbance. However, little is known about the long-term effects of forest thinning on water-stable aggregates (WSA), and the community composition and diversity of soil microorganisms. In this study, we investigated soil chemical properties, WSA, and communities of bacteria and fungi in conventionally managed Chinese fir plantation stands and repeatedly thinned plantation stands with medium and high tree densities 18 years after the thinning treatments. The distribution patterns of WSA fractions were similar in the three thinning treatments. The mass proportion was the highest in the macro-aggregates fraction, followed by the clay + silt fraction, and it was the lowest in the micro-aggregates fraction. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in different WSA fractions decreased with decreasing aggregate size. The WSA fractions, stability, and aggregate-associated carbon were not significantly different among the three treatments 18 years after the thinning treatments. The total nitrogen concentration of the macro-aggregates fraction was significantly higher in the stands thinned intensively than in the conventionally managed stands. The abundance of minor bacteria and fungi species was different, although no significant differences were observed in the overall bacterial and fungal composition and diversity between the three treatments. Our results indicate that, compared with the conventionally managed stands, soil WSA stability and soil microbial communities in repeatedly thinned Chinese fir stands may recover over one rotation of Chinese fir plantation and that this is accompanied by the recovery of stand growth and soil nutrition.
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30
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Rudawska M, Leski T, Wilgan R, Karliński L, Kujawska M, Janowski D. Mycorrhizal associations of the exotic hickory trees, Carya laciniosa and Carya cordiformis, grown in Kórnik Arboretum in Poland. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:549-560. [PMID: 29934745 PMCID: PMC6182374 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied mycorrhizal associations of North American Carya laciniosa and Carya cordiformis trees, successfully acclimated to local habitat conditions of the historic Kórnik Arboretum in Poland, in order to better understand mycorrhizal host range extensions in new environments. The root systems of Carya seedlings (1-3 years old), regenerated under a canopy of mature hickory trees, were analyzed using microscopic, morphological, and molecular techniques. Our results, for the first time, indicate that C. laciniosa and C. cordiformis have both arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal associations. In the cleared and stained roots of both Carya species, typical structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae (vesicles, arbuscules, hyphal coils, and intercellular nonseptate hyphae) were detected. On the basis of ITS rDNA sequencing, 40 ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa were revealed, with 25 on C. laciniosa and 19 on C. cordiformis. Only four fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum sensu lato, Russula recondita, Xerocomellus cisalpinus, Humaria hemisphaerica) were shared by both Carya species. The high number of infrequent fungal taxa found, as well as the calculated richness estimator, indicates that the real ectomycorrhizal community of C. laciniosa and C. cordiformis is probably richer. The ability of the exotic Carya species to form arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal linkages with native fungi could be a factor in the successful establishment of these tree species under the conditions of Kórnik Arboretum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rudawska
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Leski
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Robin Wilgan
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Leszek Karliński
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marta Kujawska
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Daniel Janowski
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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31
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Livne-Luzon S, Ovadia O, Weber G, Avidan Y, Migael H, Glassman SI, Bruns TD, Shemesh H. Small-scale spatial variability in the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi affects plant performance and fungal diversity. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1192-1202. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; POB 653 Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Ofer Ovadia
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; POB 653 Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Gil Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Hen Migael
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Sydney I. Glassman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; UC Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Thomas D. Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; UC Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-3102 USA
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
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32
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Oja J, Vahtra J, Bahram M, Kohout P, Kull T, Rannap R, Kõljalg U, Tedersoo L. Local-scale spatial structure and community composition of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in semi-natural grasslands. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:355-367. [PMID: 28039600 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungi play a crucial role in the ontogeny of orchids, yet little is known about how the structure of OrM fungal communities varies with space and environmental factors. Previous studies suggest that within orchid patches, the distance to adult orchids may affect the abundance of OrM fungi. Many orchid species grow in species-rich temperate semi-natural grasslands, the persistence of which depends on moderate physical disturbances, such as grazing and mowing. The aim of this study was to test whether the diversity, structure and composition of OrM fungal community are influenced by the orchid patches and management intensity in semi-natural grasslands. We detected putative OrM fungi from 0 to 32 m away from the patches of host orchid species (Orchis militaris and Platanthera chlorantha) in 21 semi-natural calcareous grasslands using pyrosequencing. In addition, we assessed different ecological conditions in semi-natural grasslands but primarily focused on the effect of grazing intensity on OrM fungal communities in soil. We found that investigated orchid species were mostly associated with Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae and, to a lesser extent, with Sebacinales. Of all the examined factors, the intensity of grazing explained the largest proportion of variation in OrM fungal as well as total fungal community composition in soil. Spatial analyses showed limited evidence for spatial clustering of OrM fungi and their dependence on host orchids. Our results indicate that habitat management can shape OrM fungal communities, and the spatial distribution of these fungi appears to be weakly structured outside the orchid patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Oja
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Johanna Vahtra
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian, University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riinu Rannap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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33
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Production dynamics of Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizas in response to long-term elevated CO2 and N fertilization. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Santalahti M, Sun H, Jumpponen A, Pennanen T, Heinonsalo J. Vertical and seasonal dynamics of fungal communities in boreal Scots pine forest soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw170. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Bauman D, Raspé O, Meerts P, Degreef J, Ilunga Muledi J, Drouet T. Multiscale assemblage of an ectomycorrhizal fungal community: the influence of host functional traits and soil properties in a 10-ha miombo forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw151. [PMID: 27402715 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are highly diversified and dominant in a number of forest ecosystems. Nevertheless, their scales of spatial distribution and the underlying ecological processes remain poorly understood. Although most EMF are considered to be generalists regarding host identity, a preference toward functional strategies of host trees has never been tested. Here, the EMF community was characterised by DNA sequencing in a 10-ha tropical dry season forest-referred to as miombo-an understudied ecosystem from a mycorrhizal perspective. We used 36 soil parameters and 21 host functional traits (FTs) as candidate explanatory variables in spatial constrained ordinations for explaining the EMF community assemblage. Results highlighted that the community variability was explained by host FTs related to the 'leaf economics spectrum' (adjusted R(2) = 11%; SLA, leaf area, foliar Mg content), and by soil parameters (adjusted R(2) = 17%), notably total forms of micronutrients or correlated available elements (Al, N, K, P). Both FTs and soil generated patterns in the community at scales ranging from 75 to 375 m. Our results indicate that soil is more important than previously thought for EMF in miombo woodlands, and show that FTs of host species can be better predictors of symbiont distribution than taxonomical identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauman
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Végétale et Biogéochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP 244, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Raspé
- Department of Bryophyta and Thallophyta, Botanic Garden Meise, 38 Nieuwlaan, B-1860 Meise, Belgium Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Direction Générale de l'Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique, Rue A. Lavallée 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Meerts
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Végétale et Biogéochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP 244, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Degreef
- Department of Bryophyta and Thallophyta, Botanic Garden Meise, 38 Nieuwlaan, B-1860 Meise, Belgium Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Direction Générale de l'Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique, Rue A. Lavallée 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Ilunga Muledi
- Faculté des Sciences agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Route Kasapa, BP 1825 Lubumbashi, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thomas Drouet
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Végétale et Biogéochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP 244, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Fernandez CW, Kennedy PG. Revisiting the 'Gadgil effect': do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1382-94. [PMID: 26365785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi play a central role in the breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM). Competition between these two fungal guilds has long been hypothesized to lead to suppression of decomposition rates, a phenomenon known as the 'Gadgil effect'. In this review, we examine the documentation, generality, and potential mechanisms involved in the 'Gadgil effect'. We find that the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on litter and SOM decomposition is much more variable than previously recognized. To explain the inconsistency in size and direction of the 'Gadgil effect', we argue that a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is required. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of the primary mechanisms proposed to date and how using different experimental methods (trenching, girdling, microcosms), as well as considering different temporal and spatial scales, could influence the conclusions drawn about this phenomenon. Finally, we suggest that combining new research tools such as high-throughput sequencing with experiments utilizing natural environmental gradients will significantly deepen our understanding of the 'Gadgil effect' and its consequences on forest soil carbon and nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fernandez
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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37
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Barnes CJ, van der Gast CJ, Burns CA, McNamara NP, Bending GD. Temporally Variable Geographical Distance Effects Contribute to the Assembly of Root-Associated Fungal Communities. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 26941720 PMCID: PMC4766365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-associated fungi are key contributors to ecosystem functioning, however, the factors which determine community assembly are still relatively poorly understood. This study simultaneously quantified the roles of geographical distance, environmental heterogeneity and time in determining root-associated fungal community composition at the local scale within a short rotation coppice (SRC) willow plantation. Culture independent molecular analyses of the root-associated fungal community suggested a strong but temporally variable effect of geographical distance among fungal communities in terms of composition at the local geographical level. Whilst these distance effects were most prevalent on October communities, soil pH had an effect on structuring of the communities throughout the sampling period. Given the temporal variation in the effects of geographical distance and the environment for shaping root-associated fungal communities, there is clearly need for a temporal component to sampling strategies in future investigations of fungal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Barnes
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
- Section of Evolutionary Genomics, National History Museum of Denmark, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Caitlin A. Burns
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Niall P. McNamara
- Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster, UK
| | - Gary D. Bending
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
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38
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Mujic AB, Durall DM, Spatafora JW, Kennedy PG. Competitive avoidance not edaphic specialization drives vertical niche partitioning among sister species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1174-83. [PMID: 26391726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil depth partitioning is thought to promote the diversity of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities, but little is known about whether it is controlled by abiotic or biotic factors. In three bioassay experiments, we tested the role of vertical soil heterogeneity in determining the distributions and competitive outcomes of the EM sister species Rhizopogon vinicolor and Rhizopogon vesiculosus. We planted Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings into soils that were either a homogenized mix of upper and lower depths or vertically stratified combinations mimicking natural field conditions. We found that both species colonized the upper or lower soil depths in the absence of competition, suggesting that their distributions were not limited by abiotic edaphic factors. In competition within homogeneous soils, R. vesiculosus completely excluded colonization by R. vinicolor, but R. vinicolor was able to persist when soils were stratified. The amount of colonization by R. vinicolor in the stratified soils was also significantly correlated with the number of multilocus genotypes present. Taken together, our findings suggest that the differential vertical distributions of R. vinicolor and R. vesiculosus in natural settings are probably attributable to competition rather than edaphic specialization, but that soil heterogeneity may play a key role in promoting EM fungal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alija B Mujic
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Daniel M Durall
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1V1V7
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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39
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Rincón A, Santamaría-Pérez B, Rabasa SG, Coince A, Marçais B, Buée M. Compartmentalized and contrasted response of ectomycorrhizal and soil fungal communities of Scots pine forests along elevation gradients in France and Spain. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3009-24. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rincón
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, ICA; CSIC; Serrano 115bis 28006 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Sonia G. Rabasa
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN; CSIC; Serrano 115bis 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Aurore Coince
- UMR1136 INRA Nancy - Université de Lorraine; Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes; Lab of Excellence ARBRE; INRA; 54280 Champenoux France
| | - Benoit Marçais
- UMR1136 INRA Nancy - Université de Lorraine; Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes; Lab of Excellence ARBRE; INRA; 54280 Champenoux France
| | - Marc Buée
- UMR1136 INRA Nancy - Université de Lorraine; Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes; Lab of Excellence ARBRE; INRA; 54280 Champenoux France
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40
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Burke DJ. Effects of annual and interannual environmental variability on soil fungi associated with an old-growth, temperate hardwood forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv053. [PMID: 25979478 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and interannual variability in temperature, precipitation and chemical resources may regulate fungal community structure in forests but the effect of such variability is still poorly understood. In this study, I examined changes in fungal communities over two years and how these changes were correlated to natural variation in soil conditions. Soil cores were collected every month for three years from permanent plots established in an old-growth hardwood forest, and molecular methods were used to detect fungal species. Species richness and diversity were not consistent between years with richness and diversity significantly affected by season in one year but significantly affected by depth in the other year. These differences were associated with variation in late winter snow cover. Fungal communities significantly varied by plot location, season and depth and differences were consistent between years but fungal species within the community were not consistent in their seasonality or in their preference for certain soil depths. Some fungal species, however, were found to be consistently correlated with soil chemistry across sampled years. These results suggest that fungal community changes reflect the behavior of the individual species within the community pool and how those species respond to local resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Burke
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA The Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW. Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv050. [PMID: 25979966 PMCID: PMC4497361 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour of plants, including rapid changes in physiology, gene regulation and defence response, can be altered when linked to neighbouring plants by a mycorrhizal network (MN). Mechanisms underlying the behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization by the MN or interplant communication via transfer of nutrients, defence signals or allelochemicals. We focus this review on our new findings in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems, and also review recent advances in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. We have found that the behavioural changes in ectomycorrhizal plants depend on environmental cues, the identity of the plant neighbour and the characteristics of the MN. The hierarchical integration of this phenomenon with other biological networks at broader scales in forest ecosystems, and the consequences we have observed when it is interrupted, indicate that underground 'tree talk' is a foundational process in the complex adaptive nature of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Gorzelak
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Amanda K Asay
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Brian J Pickles
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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42
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McGuire KL, D'Angelo H, Brearley FQ, Gedallovich SM, Babar N, Yang N, Gillikin CM, Gradoville R, Bateman C, Turner BL, Mansor P, Leff JW, Fierer N. Responses of soil fungi to logging and oil palm agriculture in Southeast Asian tropical forests. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:733-747. [PMID: 25149283 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human land use alters soil microbial composition and function in a variety of systems, although few comparable studies have been done in tropical forests and tropical agricultural production areas. Logging and the expansion of oil palm agriculture are two of the most significant drivers of tropical deforestation, and the latter is most prevalent in Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to compare soil fungal communities from three sites in Malaysia that represent three of the most dominant land-use types in the Southeast Asia tropics: a primary forest, a regenerating forest that had been selectively logged 50 years previously, and a 25-year-old oil palm plantation. Soil cores were collected from three replicate plots at each site, and fungal communities were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Extracellular enzyme assays were assessed as a proxy for soil microbial function. We found that fungal communities were distinct across all sites, although fungal composition in the regenerating forest was more similar to the primary forest than either forest community was to the oil palm site. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, which are important associates of the dominant Dipterocarpaceae tree family in this region, were compositionally distinct across forests, but were nearly absent from oil palm soils. Extracellular enzyme assays indicated that the soil ecosystem in oil palm plantations experienced altered nutrient cycling dynamics, but there were few differences between regenerating and primary forest soils. Together, these results show that logging and the replacement of primary forest with oil palm plantations alter fungal community and function, although forests regenerating from logging had more similarities with primary forests in terms of fungal composition and nutrient cycling potential. Since oil palm agriculture is currently the mostly rapidly expanding equatorial crop and logging is pervasive across tropical ecosystems, these findings may have broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L McGuire
- Department of Biology, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA,
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43
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Taschen E, Sauve M, Taudiere A, Parlade J, Selosse MA, Richard F. Whose truffle is this? Distribution patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in T
uber melanosporum
brûlés developed in multi-host Mediterranean plant communities. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2747-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taschen
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Adrien Taudiere
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Javier Parlade
- Sustainable Plant Protection; IRTA; Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils km. 2 Cabrils, Barcelona 08348 Spain
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP 50, 45 rue Buffon Paris 75005 France
| | - Franck Richard
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
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44
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Ercole E, Adamo M, Rodda M, Gebauer G, Girlanda M, Perotto S. Temporal variation in mycorrhizal diversity and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundance in the wintergreen meadow orchid Anacamptis morio. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1308-1319. [PMID: 25382295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many adult orchids, especially photoautotrophic species, associate with a diverse range of mycorrhizal fungi, but little is known about the temporal changes that might occur in the diversity and functioning of orchid mycorrhiza during vegetative and reproductive plant growth. Temporal variations in the spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi and in stable isotope natural abundance were investigated in adult plants of Anacamptis morio, a wintergreen meadow orchid. Anacamptis morio associated with mycorrhizal fungi belonging to Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium and a clade of Pezizaceae (Ascomycetes). When a complete growing season was investigated, multivariate analyses indicated significant differences in the mycorrhizal fungal community. Among fungi identified from manually isolated pelotons, Tulasnella was more common in autumn and winter, the pezizacean clade was very frequent in spring, and Ceratobasidium was more frequent in summer. By contrast, relatively small variations were found in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope natural abundance, A. morio samples showing similar (15)N enrichment and (13)C depletion at the different sampling times. These observations suggest that, irrespective of differences in the seasonal environmental conditions, the plant phenological stages and the associated fungi, the isotopic content in mycorrhizal A. morio remains fairly constant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ercole
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Martino Adamo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Rodda
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mariangela Girlanda
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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45
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Suzuki RO, Degawa Y, Suzuki SN, Hosoya T. Local-and regional-scale spatial patterns of two fungal pathogens of Miscanthus sinensis in grassland communities. MYCOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Kennedy P, Nguyen N, Cohen H, Peay K. Missing checkerboards? An absence of competitive signal in Alnus-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. PeerJ 2014; 2:e686. [PMID: 25548729 PMCID: PMC4273934 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies suggest that interspecific competition plays a key role in determining the structure of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities. Despite this growing consensus, there has been limited study of ECM fungal community dynamics in abiotically stressful environments, which are often dominated by positive rather than antagonistic interactions. In this study, we examined the ECM fungal communities associated with the host genus Alnus, which live in soils high in both nitrate and acidity. The nature of ECM fungal species interactions (i.e., antagonistic, neutral, or positive) was assessed using taxon co-occurrence and DNA sequence abundance correlational analyses. ECM fungal communities were sampled from root tips or mesh in-growth bags in three monodominant A. rubra plots at a site in Oregon, USA and identified using Illumina-based amplification of the ITS1 gene region. We found a total of 175 ECM fungal taxa; 16 of which were closely related to known Alnus-associated ECM fungi. Contrary to previous studies of ECM fungal communities, taxon co-occurrence analyses on both the total and Alnus-associated ECM datasets indicated that the ECM fungal communities in this system were not structured by interspecific competition. Instead, the co-occurrence patterns were consistent with either random assembly or significant positive interactions. Pair-wise correlational analyses were also more consistent with neutral or positive interactions. Taken together, our results suggest that interspecific competition does not appear to determine the structure of all ECM fungal communities and that abiotic conditions may be important in determining the specific type of interaction occurring among ECM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kabir Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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47
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Pellissier L, Niculita-Hirzel H, Dubuis A, Pagni M, Guex N, Ndiribe C, Salamin N, Xenarios I, Goudet J, Sanders IR, Guisan A. Soil fungal communities of grasslands are environmentally structured at a regional scale in the Alps. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4274-90. [PMID: 25041483 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Studying patterns of species distributions along elevation gradients is frequently used to identify the primary factors that determine the distribution, diversity and assembly of species. However, despite their crucial role in ecosystem functioning, our understanding of the distribution of below-ground fungi is still limited, calling for more comprehensive studies of fungal biogeography along environmental gradients at various scales (from regional to global). Here, we investigated the richness of taxa of soil fungi and their phylogenetic diversity across a wide range of grassland types along a 2800 m elevation gradient at a large number of sites (213), stratified across a region of the Western Swiss Alps (700 km(2)). We used 454 pyrosequencing to obtain fungal sequences that were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTU diversity-area relationship revealed uneven distribution of fungal taxa across the study area (i.e. not all taxa are everywhere) and fine-scale spatial clustering. Fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity were found to be higher in lower temperatures and higher moisture conditions. Climatic and soil characteristics as well as plant community composition were related to OTU alpha, beta and phylogenetic diversity, with distinct fungal lineages suggesting distinct ecological tolerances. Soil fungi, thus, show lineage-specific biogeographic patterns, even at a regional scale, and follow environmental determinism, mediated by interactions with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pellissier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Franklin O, Näsholm T, Högberg P, Högberg MN. Forests trapped in nitrogen limitation--an ecological market perspective on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:657-666. [PMID: 24824576 PMCID: PMC4199275 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is omnipresent in boreal forests, where it is assumed to benefit plant growth. However, experiments show inconsistent benefits for plants and volatility of individual partnerships, which calls for a re-evaluation of the presumed role of this symbiosis. We reconcile these inconsistencies by developing a model that demonstrates how mycorrhizal networking and market mechanisms shape the strategies of individual plants and fungi to promote symbiotic stability at the ecosystem level. The model predicts that plants switch abruptly from a mixed strategy with both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots to a purely mycorrhizal strategy as soil nitrogen availability declines, in agreement with the frequency distribution of ectomycorrhizal colonization intensity across a wide-ranging data set. In line with observations in field-scale isotope labeling experiments, the model explains why ectomycorrhizal symbiosis does not alleviate plant nitrogen limitation. Instead, market mechanisms may generate self-stabilization of the mycorrhizal strategy via nitrogen depletion feedback, even if plant growth is ultimately reduced. We suggest that this feedback mechanism maintains the strong nitrogen limitation ubiquitous in boreal forests. The mechanism may also have the capacity to eliminate or even reverse the expected positive effect of rising CO2 on tree growth in strongly nitrogen-limited boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Franklin
- IIASA- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisA-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona N Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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49
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Yoshida N, Son JA, Matsushita N, Iwamoto K, Hogetsu T. Fine-scale distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing Tsuga diversifolia seedlings growing on rocks in a subalpine Abies veitchii forest. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:247-257. [PMID: 24212400 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi coexist under the forest floor. To explore the mechanisms of coexistence, we investigated the fine-scale distribution of ECM fungal species colonizing root tips in the root system of Tsuga diversifolia seedlings in a subalpine forest. ECM root tips of three seedlings growing on the flat top surface of rocks were sampled after recording their positions in the root system. After the root tips were grouped by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of ITS rDNA, the fungal species representing each T-RFLP group were identified using DNA sequencing. Based on the fungal species identification, the distribution of root tips colonized by each ECM fungus was mapped. Significant clustering of root tips was estimated for each fungal species by comparing actual and randomly simulated distributions. In total, the three seedlings were colonized by 40 ECM fungal species. The composition of colonizing fungal species was quite different among the seedlings. Twelve of the 15 major ECM fungal species clustered significantly within a few centimeters. Some clusters overlapped or intermingled, while others were unique. Areas with high fungal species diversity were also identified in the root system. In this report, the mechanisms underlying generation of these ECM root tip clusters in the root system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Yoshida
- Graduate school of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan,
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50
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Anderson IC, Genney DR, Alexander IJ. Fine-scale diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium in a Scots pine forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1423-1430. [PMID: 24345261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelium is a key component of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, yet we know little regarding the fine-scale diversity and distribution of mycelium in ECM fungal communities. We collected four 20 × 20 × 2-cm(3) (800-cm(3)) slices of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest soil and divided each into 100 2 × 2 × 2-cm(3) (8-cm(3)) cubes. The presence of mycelium of ECM fungi was determined using an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) database terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) approach. As expected, many more ECM fungi were detected as mycelium than as ectomycorrhizas in a cube or slice. More surprisingly, up to one-quarter of the 43 species previously detected as ectomycorrhizas over an area of 400 m(2) could be detected in a single 8-cm(3) cube, and up to three-quarters in a single 800-cm(3) slice. ECM mycelium frequency decreased markedly with depth and there were distinct 'hotspots' of mycelium in the moss/F1 layer. Our data demonstrate a high diversity of ECM mycelium in a small (8-cm(3) ) volume of substrate, and indicate that the spatial scale at which ECM species are distributed as mycelium may be very different from the spatial scale at which they are distributed as tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - David R Genney
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Ian J Alexander
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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