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Gutiérrez-Larruscain D, Vargas P, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Pausas JG. Phylogenomic analysis reveals the evolutionary history of Paleartic needle-leaved junipers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 199:108162. [PMID: 39067655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Needle-leaved junipers (Juniperus sect. Juniperus, Cupressaceae) are coniferous trees and shrubs with red or blue fleshy cones. They are distributed across Asia, Macaronesia and the Mediterranean Basin, with one species (J. communis) having a circumboreal distribution. Here we aim to resolve the phylogeny of this clade to infer its intricate evolutionary history. To do so, we built a comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and combine it with species occurrence using phylogeographic tools. Our results provide solid phylogenetic resolution to propose a new taxonomic classification and a biogeographical history of the section. Specifically, we confirm the monophyly of two groups within J. sect. Juniperus: the Asian (blue-cone) species including the circumboreal J. communis, and the Mediterranean-Macaronesian (red-cone) species. In addition, we provide strong phylogenetic evidence for three distinct species (J. badia, J. conferta, J. lutchuensis) previously considered subspecies or varieties, as well as for the differentiation between the eastern and western Mediterranean lineages of J. macrocarpa. Our findings suggest that the Mediterranean basin was the primary center of diversification for Juniperus sect. Juniperus, followed by an East Asian-Tethyan disjunction resulting from uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and climatic shifts. The colonization history of Macaronesia by red-cone junipers from the western Mediterranean appears to have taken place independently in two different geological periods: the Miocene (Azores) and the Pliocene (Madeira-Canary Islands). Overall, genomic data and phylogenetic analysis are key to consider a new taxonomic proposal and reconstruct the biogeographical history of the iconic needle-leaved junipers across the Paleartic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gutiérrez-Larruscain
- Department of Ecology and Global Change, Desertification Research Centre (CIDE: CSIC-UV-GVA), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB: CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Mazuecos
- Department of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Department of Ecology and Global Change, Desertification Research Centre (CIDE: CSIC-UV-GVA), Valencia, Spain
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2
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Liu K, Li E, Cui X, Wang Y, Xu C, Suo Z, Dong W, Zhang Z. Key innovations and niche variation promoted rapid diversification of the widespread Juniperus (Cupressaceae). Commun Biol 2024; 7:1002. [PMID: 39152250 PMCID: PMC11329744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The processes of forming lineages undergoing widespread radiations remain a knowledge gap that is fundamental to our understanding of the geographic distributions of species. Although early studies emphasized the importance of dispersal ability and historical migration events, key innovations that promote rapid diversification and/or adaptation to new habitats may also strongly influence distribution ranges. Juniperus is the second largest genus of conifers and is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we used phylogenetic, phenotypic, and climatic data to investigate the contributions of these processes to the wide distribution and rapid diversification of Juniperus. Combining a time-scaled phylogeny and macroevolutionary theory, we show that the key innovations of berry-like seed cones and dioecy promoted the rapid diversification of Juniperus and that increased dispersal ability promoted allopatric speciation. Ecological niches had significant divergence among different clades of Juniperus. Biogeographic results supported multiple long-distance dispersal events and niche variation that contributed to the modern range of Juniperus, while both phenotypic adaptation and ecological opportunity probably drove its distribution range. Our findings suggest that the current widespread distribution is likely the result of significant divergence driven by niche variation in which ecological opportunities from key innovation and phenotypic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjia Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Enze Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyong Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushuang Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpan Dong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Almerekova S, Yermagambetova M, Jumanov S, Abugalieva S, Turuspekov Y. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of seven Juniperus species from Kazakhstan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295550. [PMID: 38271463 PMCID: PMC10810545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Juniperus species are shrubs or trees in the family Cupressaceae that play an important role in forest ecosystems. In this study, we report the complete sequences of the plastid (pt) genomes of five Juniperus species collected in Kazakhstan (J. communis, J. sibirica, J. pseudosabina, J. semiglobosa, and J. davurica). The sequences of the pt genomes of the five species were annotated in addition to two full pt genome sequences from J. sabina and J. seravschanica, which we have previously reported. The pt genome sequences of these seven species were compared to the pt genomes of Juniperus species available in the public NCBI database. The total length of the pt genomes of Juniperus species, including previously published pt genome data, ranged from 127,469 bp (J. semiglobosa) to 128,097 bp (J. communis). Each Juniperus plastome consisted of 119 genes, including 82 protein-coding genes, 33 transfer RNA and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. Among the identified genes, 16 contained one or two introns, and 2 tRNA genes were duplicated. A comparative assessment of pt genome sequences suggested the identification of 1145 simple sequence repeat markers. A phylogenetic tree of 26 Juniperus species based on the 82 protein-coding genes separated the Juniperus samples into two major clades, corresponding to the Juniperus and Sabina sections. The analysis of pt genome sequences indicated that accD and ycf2 were the two most polymorphic genes. The phylogenetic evaluation of 26 Juniperus species using these two genes confirmed that they can be efficiently used as DNA barcodes for phylogenetic analyses in the genus. The sequenced plastomes of these Juniperus species have provided a large amount of genetic data that will be valuable for future genomic studies of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyryn Almerekova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Moldir Yermagambetova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Smatulla Jumanov
- Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve, Zhabagly, Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Qin F, Xue T, Zhang X, Yang X, Yu J, Gadagkar SR, Yu S. Past climate cooling and orogenesis of the Hengduan Mountains have influenced the evolution of Impatiens sect. Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:600. [PMID: 38030965 PMCID: PMC10685625 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impatiens sect. Impatiens is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has diversified considerably, particularly within the Hengduan Mountains (HDM) in southwest China. Yet, the infra-sectional phylogenetic relationships are not well resolved, largely due to limited taxon sampling and an insufficient number of molecular markers. The evolutionary history of its diversification is also poorly understood. In this study, plastome data and the most complete sampling to date were used to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic framework for this section. The phylogeny was then used to investigate its biogeographical history and diversification patterns, specifically with the aim of understanding the role played by the HDM and past climatic changes in its diversification. RESULTS A stable phylogeny was reconstructed that strongly supported both the monophyly of the section and its division into seven major clades (Clades I-VII). Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction suggest that sect. Impatiens originated in the HDM and Southeast China around 11.76 Ma, after which different lineages dispersed to Northwest China, temperate Eurasia, and North America, mainly during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. An intercontinental dispersal event from East Asia to western North America may have occurred via the Bering Land Bridge or Aleutian Islands. The diversification rate was high during its early history, especially with the HDM, but gradually decreased over time both within and outside the HDM. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the distribution pattern of species richness was strongly associated with elevation range, elevation, and mean annual temperature. Finally, ancestral niche analysis indicated that sect. Impatiens originated in a relatively cool, middle-elevation area. CONCLUSIONS We inferred the evolutionary history of sect. Impatiens based on a solid phylogenetic framework. The HDM was the primary source or pump of its diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Orogeny and climate change may have also shaped its diversification rates, as a steady decrease in the diversification rate coincided with the uplift of the HDM and climate cooling. These findings provide insights into the distribution pattern of sect. Impatiens and other plants in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tiantian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianghong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Sudhindra R Gadagkar
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
| | - Shengxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Ling YY, Xiang KL, Peng HW, Erst AS, Lian L, Zhao L, Jabbour F, Wang W. Biogeographic diversification of Actaea (Ranunculaceae): Insights into the historical assembly of deciduous broad-leaved forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107870. [PMID: 37406952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The deciduous broad-leaved forests (DBLFs) cover large temperate and subtropical high-altitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. They are home to rich biodiversity, especially to numerous endemic and relict species. However, we know little about how this vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere has developed through time. Here, we used Actaea (Ranunculaceae), an herbaceous genus almost exclusively growing in the understory of the Northern Hemisphere DBLFs, to shed light on the historical assembly of this biome in the Northern Hemisphere. We present a complete species-level phylogenetic analysis of Actaea based on five plastid and nuclear loci. Using the phylogenetic framework, we estimated divergence times, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Actaea as monophyletic. Sections Podocarpae and Oligocarpae compose a clade, sister to all other Actaea. The sister relationship between sections Chloranthae and Souliea is strongly supported. Section Dichanthera is not monophyletic unless section Cimicifuga is included. Actaea originated in East Asia, likely the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the late Paleocene (c. 57 Ma), and subsequently dispersed into North America in the middle Eocene (c. 43 Ma) via the Thulean bridge. Actaea reached Europe twice, Japan twice, and Taiwan once, and all these five colonization events occurred in the late Miocene-early Pliocene, a period when sea level dropped. Actaea began to diversify at c. 43 Ma. The section-level diversification took place at c. 27-37 Ma and the species-level diversification experienced accelerations twice, which occurred at c. 15 Ma and c. 5 Ma, respectively. Our findings suggest that the Northern Hemisphere DBLFs might have risen in the middle Eocene and further diversified in the late Eocene-Oligocene, middle Miocene and early Pliocene, in association with climatic deterioration during these four periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun-Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huan-Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrey S Erst
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya str. 101, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lian Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris 75005, France
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Lantushenko AO, Korenkova OO, Syrovets AA, Meger YV, Korenkov PA, Shevchuk OM. Morphological and phylogenetic features of the Crimean population of Juniperus deltoides R.P. Adams. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:306-315. [PMID: 37465193 PMCID: PMC10350856 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Juniperus deltoides is a relict species from the Tertiary Period. It is a typical representative of the Mediterranean group of the section Juniperus. It is included in the Red Books of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Until recently, it was believed that a population of J. oxycedrus grew in Crimea. Currently, J. deltoides is described as a cryptic species, morphologically difficult to distinguish from J. oxycedrus. As a result, it became necessary to conduct a series of detailed studies to determine the morphological and phylogenetic features of the Crimean cryptic population in order to identify it as being one of the species of the cryptic pair. The studies were carried out in two stages: at the first stage, the morphological features of the vegetative and generative organs and their difference from J. oxycedrus were determined; the second stage included genetic research. The length of the needles of the Crimean population is 12.94 ± 0.19 mm, which corresponds to the Eastern Italian population of J. deltoides. At the same time, the width of the needles is 1.39 ± 0.02 mm, which is typical of the Portuguese population of J. oxycedrus. The dimensions of the cones are d1 (conditional height) = 7.54 ± 0.14 mm, and d2 (conditional width) = 9.11 ± 0.09 mm, which is more in line with J. deltoides. The shapes of the cones are very diverse. Some individuals have cones, the covering scales of which are visually indistinguishable, and their tops are completely fused. A similar phenomenon is characteristic of the Western Mediterranean populations of J. oxycedrus. Morphological analysis of the vegetative and generative organs of J. deltoides showed that when these two traits are combined, it is not possible to reliably distinguish between J. deltoides and J. oxycedrus individuals. Nuclear (ITS internal transcribed spacer) and chloroplast (petN-psbM, trnS-trnG) non-coding regions of the genome were used for genetic analysis. Studies have shown that the nuclear regions of genes have greater variability than chloroplast regions. The sequences obtained in this work formed a clade with J. deltoides samples 9430 and 9431 (BAYLU) growing in Turkey, which makes it possible to assign the samples studied to J. deltoides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O O Korenkova
- The Order of the Red Banner of Labour Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta, Republik of the Crimea, Russia
| | | | - Ya V Meger
- Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia
| | - P A Korenkov
- Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
| | - O M Shevchuk
- The Order of the Red Banner of Labour Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta, Republik of the Crimea, Russia
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Martín-Hernanz S, Nogales M, Valente L, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Pomeda-Gutiérrez F, Cano E, Marrero P, Olesen JM, Heleno R, Vargas P. Time-calibrated phylogenies reveal mediterranean and pre-mediterranean origin of the thermophilous vegetation of the Canary Islands. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:667-684. [PMID: 36594263 PMCID: PMC10147335 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Canary Islands have strong floristic affinities with the Mediterranean Basin. One of the most characteristic and diverse vegetation belts of the archipelago is the thermophilous woodland (between 200 and 900 m.a.s.l.). This thermophilous plant community consists of many non-endemic species shared with the Mediterranean Floristic Region together with Canarian endemic species. Consequently, phytogeographic studies have historically proposed the hypothesis of an origin of the Canarian thermophilous species following the establishment of the summer-dry mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean Basin around 2.8 million years ago. METHODS Time-calibrated phylogenies for 39 plant groups including Canarian thermophilous species were primarily analysed to infer colonization times. In particular, we used 26 previously published phylogenies together with 13 new time-calibrated phylogenies (including newly generated plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data) to assess whether the time interval between stem and crown ages of Canarian thermophilous lineages postdates 2.8 Ma. For lineages postdating this time threshold, we additionally conducted ancestral area reconstructions to infer the potential source area for colonization. KEY RESULTS A total of 43 Canarian thermophilous lineages were identified from 39 plant groups. Both mediterranean (16) and pre-mediterranean (9) plant lineages were found. However, we failed to determine the temporal origin for 18 lineages because a stem-crown time interval overlaps with the 2.8-Ma threshold. The spatial origin of thermophilous lineages was also heterogeneous, including ancestral areas from the Mediterranean Basin (nine) and other regions (six). CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal an unexpectedly heterogeneous origin of the Canarian thermophilous species in terms of colonization times and mainland source areas. A substantial proportion of the lineages arrived in the Canaries before the summer-dry climate was established in the Mediterranean Basin. The complex temporal and geographic origin of Canarian thermophilous species challenges the view of the Canary Islands (and Madeira) as a subregion within the Mediterranean Floristic Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martín-Hernanz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Fernández-Mazuecos
- Department of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pomeda-Gutiérrez
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Cano
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Marrero
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Historical biogeography and diversification of ringless Amanita (section Vaginatae) support an African origin and suggest niche conservatism in the Americas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107644. [PMID: 36243328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) sustain nutrient recycling in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about what major biogeographical events gave rise to present-day diversity and distribution patterns. Given the strict relationship between some ECM lineages and their hosts, geographically well-sampled phylogenies are central to understanding major evolutionary processes of fungal biodiversity patterns. Here, we focus on Amanita sect. Vaginatae to address global diversity and distribution patterns. Ancestral-state-reconstruction based on a 4-gene timetree with over 200 species supports an African origin between the late Paleocene and the early Eocene (ca. 56 Ma). Major biogeographic "out-of-Africa" events include multiple dispersal events to Southeast Asia (ca. 45-21 Ma), Madagascar (ca. 18 Ma), and the current Amazonian basin (ca. 45-36 Ma), the last two likely trans-oceanic. Later events originating in Southeast Asia involve Nearctic dispersal to North America (ca. 20-5 Ma), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand; ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 10-5 Ma). Subsequent dispersals were also inferred from Southeast Asia to East Asia (ca. 4 Ma); from North America to East Asia (ca. 11-8 Ma), Southeast Asia (ca. 19-2 Ma), Northern Andes (ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 15-2 Ma), respectively; and from the Amazon to the Caribbean region (ca. 25-20 Ma). Finally, we detected a significant increase in the net diversification rates in the branch leading to most northern temperate species in addition to higher state-dependent diversification rates in temperate lineages, consistent with previous findings. These results suggest that species of sect. Vaginatae likely have higher dispersal ability and higher adaptability to new environments, in particular compared to those of its sister clade, sect. Caesareae. Overall, the much wider distribution of A. sect. Vaginatae, from pan-tropical to pan-arctic, provides a unique window to understanding niche conservatism across a species-rich clade of ECM fungi.
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9
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Yang W, Feng L, Jiao P, Xiang L, Yang L, Olonova MV, Chepinoga VV, Al-Shehbaz IA, Liu J, Hu Q. Out of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: Genomic biogeography of the alpine monospecific genus Megadenia (Biscutelleae, Brassicaceae). Mol Ecol 2023; 32:492-503. [PMID: 36326301 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Numerous high-elevation alpine plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) also have disjunct distribution in adjacent low-altitude mountains. The out-of-QTP versus into-the-QTP hypothesis of alpine plants provide strong evidence for the highly disputed assumption of the massive ice sheet developed in the central plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In this study, we sequenced the genomes of most known populations of Megadenia, a monospecific alpine genus of Brassicaceae distributed primarily in the QTP, though rarely found in adjacent low-elevation mountains of north China and Russia (NC-R). All sequenced samples clustered into four geographic genetic groups: one pair was in the QTP and another was in NC-R. The latter pair is nested within the former, and these findings support the out-of-QTP hypothesis. Dating the four genetic groups and niche distribution suggested that Megadenia migrated out of the QTP to adjacent regions during the LGM. The NC-R group showed a decrease in the effective population sizes. In addition, the genes with high genetic divergences in the QTP group were mainly involved in habitat adaptations during low-altitude colonization. These findings reject the hypothesis of development massive ice sheets, and support glacial survival of alpine plants within, as well as further migration out of, the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Landi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luobai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marina V Olonova
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Chepinoga
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland AgroEcosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Liu X, Wang Z, Wang W, Huang Q, Zeng Y, Jin Y, Li H, Du S, Zhang J. Origin and evolutionary history of Populus (Salicaceae): Further insights based on time divergence and biogeographic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031087. [PMID: 36618663 PMCID: PMC9815717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Populus (Salicaceae) species harbour rich biodiversity and are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However, the origin and biogeography of Populus remain poorly understood. METHODS We infer the divergence times and the historical biogeography of the genus Populus through phylogenetic analysis of 34 chloroplast fragments based on a large sample. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eurasia is the likely location of the early divergences of Salicaceae after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, followed by recurrent spread to the remainder of the Old World and the New World beginning in the Eocene; the extant Populus species began to diversity during the early Oligocene (approximately 27.24 Ma), climate changes during the Oligocene may have facilitated the diversification of modern poplar species; three separate lineages of Populus from Eurasia colonized North America in the Cenozoic via the Bering Land Bridges (BLB); We hypothesize that the present day disjunction in Populus can be explained by two scenarios: (i) Populus likely originated in Eurasia and subsequently colonized other regions, including North America; and (ii) the fact that the ancestor of the genus Populus that was once widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and eventually wiped out due to the higher extinction rates in North America, similar to the African Rand flora. We hypothesize that disparities in extinction across the evolutionary history of Populus in different regions shape the modern biogeography of Populus. Further studies with dense sampling and more evidence are required to test these hypotheses. Our research underscores the significance of combining phylogenetic analyses with biogeographic interpretations to enhance our knowledge of the origin, divergence, and distribution of biodiversity in temperate plant floras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Henan Academy of Forestry/Quality Testing Center for Forestry Products of National and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglei Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuhui Du
- Forestry College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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11
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Mantzouka D, Akkemik Ü, Güngör Y. Miocene Cupressinoxylon from Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey with Protophytobia cambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14212. [PMID: 36530400 PMCID: PMC9753763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Premise The recognition of the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) in terrestrial palaeoenvironments of the Eastern Mediterranean is restricted to Lesbos and Lemnos Islands, Greece. This area is significant for its wood microfossils. A recently-discovered fossil wood assemblage from Gökçeada (Imbros) Island, Turkey, including tree species similar to the Greek findings, is thought to have an early Miocene age. Here, we revise the age of the latter plant fossiliferous locality, re-evaluate the area for the study of MCO for the terrestrial palaeoecosystems of the Eastern Mediterranean and the nomenclature errors referring to the occurrence of fossil wood. We present the plant-insect-environment interactions using detailed anatomical descriptions, of an extinct conifer and its extinct cambium miner feeding traces observed in its secondary xylem. Methods Three thin sections were prepared with standard palaeoxylotomical techniques from a small section of the silicified wood; the sections were observed under a light microscope. The anatomy of the conifer and its damage patterns were compared with those of extant and fossil Cupressaceae and Agromyzidae, respectively. Pivotal results The common anatomical features of the studied wood specimen and Hesperocyparis macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel and a shared characteristic (the number of the cross-field pits - a feature we consider of diagnostic value) with Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & T.H. Nguyên led to its assignment to the Hesperocyparis-Xanthocyparis-Callitropsis clade. The detailed study of the wound scars and anatomical abnormalities, the anatomical-environmental associations, and structural-functional reactions follow the identification of the wood's anatomy sensu Carlquist providing decisive results. Conclusions Based on the distinctive characteristics presented, we identify our macrofossil as Cupressinoxylon matromnense Grambast, a stem or an extinct lineage of the Hesperocyparis-Xanthocyparis vietnamensis-Callitropsis nootkatensis clade with feeding traces of the fossil cambium miner of the genus Protophytobia Süss (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and anatomical damage and reaction tissue on adventitious shoots. The use of Protopinaceae and Pinoxylon F. H. Knowlton from the eastern Mediterranean are re-evaluated and corrections are provided. The age of the studied plant fossiliferous locality in Gökçeada is revised as middle Miocene, allowing the proposal of an eastern Mediterranean MCO hotspot, including Lesbos, Lemnos, and Gökçeada (Imbros) Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Mantzouka
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstraße, Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ünal Akkemik
- Department of Forest Botany, Forestry Faculty, Bahçeköy-Sarıyer, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yıldırım Güngör
- Department of Geology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Avcılar, İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul, Turkey
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12
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Fartmann T, Drung M, Henning O, Löffler F, Brüggeshemke J. Breeding-bird assemblages of calcareous grasslands and heathlands provide evidence for Common juniper (Juniperus communis) as a keystone species. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Luo Y, Li S. The stepwise Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau drove the diversification of high-elevation Scytodes spiders. Cladistics 2022; 38:582-594. [PMID: 35802675 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cenozoic Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) are among the most important geological events in the world. They have affected the diversification of regional biota of many taxonomic groups on and around the HTP. However, the exact timing and model of the collision and uplift events and speciation on and around the HTP are still in debate. The Himalayas group of Scytodes spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) are distributed at high elevations of the HTP and northern Indochina. Here, we reconstruct a dated molecular phylogeny for pan-Himalayan Scytodes spiders, including the Himalayas group, with full geographical sampling of the species from the HTP and Indochina. We test a hypothesis to explain that the rich montane biodiversity of the region is uplift-driven diversification-that orogeny drives rapid in situ speciation of the resident Scytodes lineages. Our findings revealed that the separation of the Himalayas clade from the Myanmar clade took place during the middle Oligocene, reflecting the final collision of India with Eurasia. The deep divergences among three clades (the Himalayas, the Myanmar and the Indochina clades) occurred from the middle Eocene to the middle Oligocene, corresponding to two early uplift events of the HTP. The evolutionary split between the Himalayas + Myanmar and Indochina clades were simultaneous with the rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina by the initial Himalayan uplift around the Eocene. This study highlights the importance of the diversification of dispersal-limited, high-elevation invertebrates as independent lines of evidence to reflect key tectonic events in the Himalayan-Indochina region, supporting the stepwise model for the Indian-Eurasian collision and uplift of HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufa Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.,School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, 334001, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
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14
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Molecular Identification of African Nymphaea Species (Water Lily) Based on ITS, trnT-trnF and rpl16. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182431. [PMID: 36145832 PMCID: PMC9503883 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Nymphaea L. (water lily) is the most diverse genus in the family Nymphaeaceae, with more than 50 species worldwide, including 11 species distributed in Africa. The complex and variable morphology of Nymphaea makes it extremely difficult to accurately identify species based on morphological characteristics alone. DNA barcoding has the potential to identify species accurately. In this study, 158 Nymphaea populations from seven African countries were collected for species identification by ITS, trnT-trnF and rpl16. Additionally, the three candidate DNA barcodes were evaluated for genetic distance and barcoding gap. Based on the comprehensive analysis of sequence similarity, genetic distance method and phylogenetic tree, a total of 137 populations of seven Nymphaea species from African were well-identified, including N. lotus, N. petersiana, N. zenkeri, N. nouchali var. caerulea, N. micrantha and N. guineensis. ITS has more obvious advantages over trnT-trnF, rpl16 and trnT-trnF+rpl16 in the intraspecific and interspecific variation differences and barcoding gap and can identify most species. trnT-trnF and rpl16 can identify some species that cannot be identified by ITS. The results showed that it is more appropriate to apply the combination of ITS and trnT-trnF (or rpl16) as the DNA barcoding of Nymphaea. Additionally, this study further enriches the DNA barcoding database of Nymphaea and provides a reference basis for studying taxonomy, phylogenetics and evolutionary origin of Nymphaea.
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15
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Mummified Wood of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) from the Late Miocene of Taman Peninsula, South Russia. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152050. [PMID: 35956528 PMCID: PMC9370167 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Juniperus L. is the second-largest genus of conifers, having the widest distribution of all conifer genera. Its phytogeographic history is, however, obscure due to its very poor fossil record. We described a wood of Juniperus sp. from the lower Maeotian sediments of the Popov Kamen section, Taman Peninsula, South Russia, in order to clarify its taxonomic position shedding light on the phytogeographic history of the genus. This fossil wood was well-preserved by mummification, which allowed for it to be studied by the same methods as used for the anatomical examination of modern woods. The wood from the Popov Kamen section shows the greatest similarity to the extant Mediterranean species J. excelsa, belonging to the section Sabina. This is the first reliable macrofossil evidence of the sect. Sabina from Eurasia convincingly dated to the Miocene. The age of the mummified wood from the Popov Kamen section is consistent with molecular dating of diversification of the lineage comprising juniper species of the sect. Sabina from Europe, Asia and eastern Africa. The wood of Juniperus sp. has not been buried in situ, as it was found in the relatively deep-water marine sediments. The available coeval pollen series and macrofossils of Cupressaceae from the surrounding regions suggest that this wood was likely transferred by sea current from the northwestern side of the Black Sea, which was a part of the Eastern Paratethys.
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16
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Martínez de León R, Castellanos-Morales G, Moreno-Letelier A. Incipient speciation, high genetic diversity, and ecological divergence in the alligator bark juniper suggest complex demographic changes during the Pleistocene. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13802. [PMID: 35910768 PMCID: PMC9336613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most recent glacial cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution, population sizes, and levels of genetic structure of temperate-forest species in the main Mexican mountain systems. Our objective was to investigate the effects these cycles had on the genetic structure and distribution of a dominant species of the "mexical" vegetation across North and Central America. We studied the genetic diversity of Juniperus deppeana, a conifer distributed from the Southwestern United States to the highlands of Central America. We combined information of one plastid marker and two nuclear markers to infer phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity and demographic changes. We also characterized the climatic niche for each variety to infer the plausible area of suitability during past climatic conditions and to evaluate climatic niche discontinuities along with the species distribution. We found a marked phylogeographic structure separating the populations North and South of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with populations to the South of this barrier forming a distinct genetic cluster corresponding to Juniperus deppeana var. gamboana. We also found signals of population expansion in the Northern genetic cluster. Ecological niche modeling results confirmed climatic niche differences and discontinuities among J. deppeana varieties and heterogeneous responses to climatic oscillations. Overall, J. deppeana's genetic diversity has been marked by distribution shifts, population growth and secondary contact the North, and in situ permanence in the South since the last interglacial to the present. High genetic variation suggests a wide and climatically diverse distribution during climatic oscillations. We detected the existence of two main genetic clusters, supporting previous proposals that Juniperus deppeana and Juniperus gamboana may be considered two separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martínez de León
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico,Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandra Moreno-Letelier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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17
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Yang Y, Rushforth K. Nomenclatural notes of Sabinaconvallium var. microsperma (Cupressaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2022; 202:53-58. [PMID: 36761813 PMCID: PMC9848975 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.202.87464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The name Sabinaconvalliumvar.microsperma W.C.Cheng & W.T.Wang was not validly published when it was first described in 1975, but was validated in 1978 at the same time as the specific combination Sabinaconvallium (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) W.C.Cheng & W.T.Wang was validly published in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Under Art. 41.6 of the Shenzhen Code, other names based onSabinaconvalliumvar.microsperma were valid, including Sabinamicrosperma (W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu, Juniperusconvalliumvar.microsperma (W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Silba, Juniperusmicrosperma (W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) R.P.Adams, despite the reference of the basionym being erroneously cited when these authors made the new combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Keith Rushforth
- Institute of Chartered Foresters, 59 George Street, Edinburgh & The Shippen, Ashill, Cullompton, Devon, EN15 3NL, UKInstitute of Chartered ForestersEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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18
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Yang Y, Ferguson DK, Liu B, Mao KS, Gao LM, Zhang SZ, Wan T, Rushforth K, Zhang ZX. Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:340-350. [PMID: 35967253 PMCID: PMC9363647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Living gymnosperms comprise four major groups: cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes. Relationships among/within these lineages have not been fully resolved. Next generation sequencing has made available a large number of sequences, including both plastomes and single-copy nuclear genes, for reconstruction of solid phylogenetic trees. Recent advances in gymnosperm phylogenomic studies have updated our knowledge of gymnosperm systematics. Here, we review major advances of gymnosperm phylogeny over the past 10 years and propose an updated classification of extant gymnosperms. This new classification includes three classes (Cycadopsida, Ginkgoopsida, and Pinopsida), five subclasses (Cycadidae, Ginkgoidae, Cupressidae, Pinidae, and Gnetidae), eight orders (Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Araucariales, Cupressales, Pinales, Ephedrales, Gnetales, and Welwitschiales), 13 families, and 86 genera. We also described six new tribes including Acmopyleae Y. Yang, Austrocedreae Y. Yang, Chamaecyparideae Y. Yang, Microcachrydeae Y. Yang, Papuacedreae Y. Yang, and Prumnopityeae Y. Yang, and made 27 new combinations in the genus Sabina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | | | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kang-Shan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, China
| | - Shou-Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, FairyLake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, FairyLake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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19
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Han M, Zhang J, Li D, Sun S, Zhang C, Zhang C, Yan L, Guan Y, Chen L, Guo Y, You M, Gou W, Li X, Yan J, Bai S, Yan X. Phylogeographical Pattern and Population Evolution History of Indigenous Elymus sibiricus L. on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882601. [PMID: 35845670 PMCID: PMC9277506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elymus sibiricus L. is a perennial allotetraploid belonging to Triticeae of Poaceae, Elymus L., as the type species of genus Elymus L. The existing geographical distribution pattern and genetic spatial structure of E. sibiricus on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are not yet clear. In this study, population genetic structure and demography history of 216 individuals from 44 E. sibiricus populations on QTP were studied used specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). The result of genetic diversity showed that there was no single genetic diversity center was observed across all E. sibiricus populations. The results of genetic variation showed that 44 populations were clearly divided into the following three groups: Qinghai Plateau (Group I), South Tibet (Group II), and Hengduan Mountains (Group III). From the three analyses of AMOVA, Mantel test and Treemix, strong genetic differentiation across all populations and low genetic differentiation among populations within three groups. Molecular dating indicated that E. sibiricus diverged at 16.08 Ma (during the early Miocene) can be linked to the Himalayan Motion stage of QTP uplift. It is speculated that the reasons affecting the current phylogeographical pattern are as follows: (1) The environmental changes due to the uplift of the QTP; (2) The geographic distance between the populations (Groups I and III are close in geographic distance, and gene flow are frequent); (3) Geographical barriers (the Tanggula and Bayangela Mountains between Groups I and II). This study provides new evidence and historical perspective to the future exploration of the evolution and geographic distribution pattern of Elymus L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxu Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Chuanjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongzhuo Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxia Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minghong You
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenlong Gou
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Wang Y, Ruhsam M, Milne R, Graham SW, Li J, Tao T, Zhang Y, Mao K. Incomplete lineage sorting and local extinction shaped the complex evolutionary history of the Paleogene relict conifer genus, Chamaecyparis (Cupressaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 172:107485. [PMID: 35452840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inferring accurate biogeographic history of plant taxa with an East Asia (EA)-North America (NA) is usually hindered by conflicting phylogenies and a poor fossil record. The current distribution of Chamaecyparis (false cypress; Cupressaceae) with four species in EA, and one each in western and eastern NA, and its relatively rich fossil record, make it an excellent model for studying the EA-NA disjunction. Here we reconstruct phylogenomic relationships within Chamaecyparis using > 1400 homologous nuclear and 61 plastid genes. Our phylogenomic analyses using concatenated and coalescent approaches revealed strong cytonuclear discordance and conflicting topologies between nuclear gene trees. Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and hybridization are possible explanations of conflict; however, our coalescent analyses and simulations suggest that ILS is the major contributor to the observed phylogenetic discrepancies. Based on a well-resolved species tree and four fossil calibrations, the crown lineage of Chamaecyparis is estimated to have originated in the upper Cretaceous, followed by diversification events in the early and middle Paleogene. Ancestral area reconstructions suggest that Chamaecyparis had an ancestral range spanning both EA and NA. Fossil records further indicate that this genus is a relict of the "boreotropical" flora, and that local extinctions of European species were caused by global cooling. Overall, our results unravel a complex evolutionary history of a Paleogene relict conifer genus, which may have involved ILS, hybridization and the extinction of local species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Richard Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongzhou Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China; College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, PR China.
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Essential Oils and Extracts of Juniperus macrocarpa Sm. and Juniperus oxycedrus L.: Comparative Phytochemical Composition and Anti-Proliferative and Antioxidant Activities. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081025. [PMID: 35448753 PMCID: PMC9031627 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we conducted a comparative phytochemical, chemotaxonomic, and biological study of essential oils (EOs) and extracts (ethyl acetate and methanol) obtained from the leaves of Juniperusmacrocarpa and J. oxycedrus. The dominant compounds of J. macrocarpa EO, analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), are α-pinene, sabinene, manoyl oxide, and germacrene D, whereas α-pinene, limonene, (Z,E)-farnesol, β-pinene, and γ-cadinene are the most representative volatiles of J. oxycedrus EOs. A multivariate analysis of EOs, included a selection of literature data comparing our samples to samples of J. oxycedrus/macrocarpa/deltoides from the Mediterranean area, was performed. As evident by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, apigenin, (−)-epicatechin, and luteolin were abundant in J. oxycedrus extracts, while gallic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and protocatechuic acid were the dominant constituents of J. macrocarpa extracts. EOs and extracts have been investigated for their potential antioxidant properties and anti-proliferative activity against lung adenocarcinoma (A549), breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and lung large cell carcinoma (COR-L23) human cell lines. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of J. oxycedrus exerted the most valuable antioxidant activity and exhibited the most promising activity against the COR-L23 cell line with an IC50 of 26.0 and 39.1 μg/mL, respectively, lower than that obtained with the positive control (IC50 of 45.5 μg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting the anti-proliferative activity of J. oxycedrus and J. macrocarpa extracts against this lung cancer cell line. Our results indicate that J. oxycedrus may be considered a source of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects that could be suitable for future applications.
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22
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Spengler G, Gajdács M, Donadu MG, Usai M, Marchetti M, Ferrari M, Mazzarello V, Zanetti S, Nagy F, Kovács R. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antivirulent Potential of Essential Oils Isolated from Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa Aerial Parts. Microorganisms 2022; 10:758. [PMID: 35456809 PMCID: PMC9032431 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of the worsening situation with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and a disparity in the commercialization of novel antimicrobial agents, scientists have been prompted to seek out new compounds with antimicrobial activity from a wide range of sources, including medicinal plants. In the present study, the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulence, and resistance-modulating properties of the essential oil from the Sardinian endemic Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa aerial parts were evaluated. The GC/MS analysis showed that the main compounds in the oil were α-pinene (56.63 ± 0.24%), limonene (14.66 ± 0.11%), and β-pinene (13.42 ± 0.09%). The essential oil showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (0.25-2 v/v%) and Salmonella spp. (4 v/v%). The strongest fungicidal activity was recorded against Candida auris sessile cells (median FICI was 0.088) but not against C. albicans biofilms (median FICI was 1). The oil showed potent efflux pump inhibitory properties in the case of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The therapeutic potential of Juniperus may be promising for future more extensive research and in vivo tests to develop new drugs against antibiotic and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Utca 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 63, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Hospital Pharmacy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.F.); (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Marianna Usai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Mauro Marchetti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.F.); (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Vittorio Mazzarello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.F.); (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.F.); (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Fruzsina Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.N.); (R.K.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.N.); (R.K.)
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23
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Productivity and Seasonality Drive Total Soil Respiration in Semi-Arid Juniper Woodlands (Juniperus thurifera L., Southern Spain). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the relationship between forest productivity (joint effect of forest maturity and soil quality) and total soil respiration (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) in semi-arid juniper woodlands (young woodlands growing in abandoned farmlands with deeper soils, and mature woodlands in lithic soils), and investigated the seasonal variation in soil CO2 efflux as a function of soil temperature and the soil water content. We measured the soil CO2 efflux from twelve cylinders in the soil over a three-year period using LI-6400 equipment. The results show that, in the more productive site (young woodland), soil CO2 efflux was higher due to greater respiration, mainly in the driest periods. Soil respiration followed a seasonal trend, being higher in spring and decreasing in cold periods. In both juniper woodlands and especially in the older forest, the CO2 efflux rates were low (<2.5 for Q10), typical of slow-growing species. Soil respiration was controlled by soil temperature without drought and in the temperate-warm season, whereas respiration showed sensitivity to soil water content in periods when edaphic humidity was low (but only in the more productive, young forest, which seemed to show better adaptation to drought), and under high soil moisture (soil water > 25%) for both woodlands, coinciding with warm temperatures in the spring. This period also corresponded to the highest CO2 efflux recorded in both woodlands. The accumulation of organic C seems to also be important to maintain elevated soil respiration in summer, especially in young woodlands. Thus, apart from microclimatic conditions, factors related to productivity regulate respiratory activity.
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Jamshed S, Kim JH. Disjunction and Vicariance Between East and West Asia: A Case Study on Euonymus sect. Uniloculares Based on Plastid Genome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825209. [PMID: 35360330 PMCID: PMC8963480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have long been captivated by biogeographic disjunctions, and disjunctions between East Asia and North America have been particularly well-studied at the genus and family levels. By contrast, disjunctions between eastern and western Asia have received less attention. Euonymus L. is taxonomically divided into two sections based on the number of cells in anthers as follows: E. sect. Uniloculares has one-celled anthers and occurs mainly in Asia, whereas E. sect. Biloculares has two-celled anthers and is distributed globally. We used Illumina sequencing to investigate the genomes of four species in sect. Uniloculares. The chloroplast (cp) genomes are highly conserved (157,290-158,094 bp). Pseudogenisation of ndhF and intron loss in rps16 was detected. Based on the cp genomes of the four species of E. sect. Uniloculares, we propose a novel hypothesis of disjunction between eastern and western Asia. Biogeographic reconstruction and molecular dating revealed that sect. Uniloculares separated from its sect. Biloculares forebears 4.0 Mya during the Pliocene era. The radial diversification of sect. Uniloculares from East Asia and the establishment of the western Asian clade during the Pleistocene era (1.9 Mya) were the results of both dispersal and vicariance, making the section the youngest diverged clade conforming to age estimation. The centre of origin of sect. Uniloculares was determined to be in East Asia. Disjunctions and diversification between eastern and western Asia in sect. Uniloculares are thought to have been caused by changes in monsoon patterns, temperature variations, and the emergence of the Gobi Desert.
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Phenotypic Comparison of Three Populations of Juniperus turbinata Guss. in North-Eastern Morocco. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Juniperus turbinata Guss. is a native species of Morocco; however, an exhaustive taxonomic description based on phenotypical characterization of north-eastern Moroccan population species is lacking, which might lead to taxonomic confusion. In order to expound the phenotypic description of J. turbinata of the north-eastern Moroccan population and to examine the taxonomic differences within it; a comparative analysis of cones, leaves, and seeds was performed between three populations. A total of 280 samples were compared on the basis of nine measured and eight calculated traits. The results reveal significant interpopulation changes in the studied characteristics of cones, leaves, and seeds. The most discriminating traits were associated with the proportion between cone diameter and number of seeds. We detected the lowest number of seeds in coastal population when compared to other localities, but at the same time, the seeds from the littoral were the longest and the widest. In addition, the semi-continental population had the highest quantity of seeds, and leaves had intermediate values for the majority of the assessed traits. The phenotypical difference between populations demonstrates a certain adaptability of the species in a biogeographical pattern. This study is a contribution to completing the description of patterns of phenotypical differences of the Phoenician juniper in the Mediterranean region, and confirms its evolutionary plasticity linked to adaptation to local environmental conditions.
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Wang XW, Jiang JH, Liu SL, Gafforov Y, Zhou LW. Species Diversification of the Coniferous Pathogenic Fungal Genus Coniferiporia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) in Association with Its Biogeography and Host Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:404-413. [PMID: 34170760 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coniferiporia, belonging to Hymenochaetaceae and now segregated from Phellinidium, is a wood-inhabiting fungal genus with three species, each having a specific geographic distribution and a strong host specificity as a forest pathogen of coniferous trees. In this study, the species diversity of Coniferiporia is further clarified with the aid of a wider sampling and multilocus-based phylogenetic analysis, which reveals a new species Coniferiporia uzbekistanensis. The molecular clock and ancestral geographic origin analyses indicate that the ancestor of Coniferiporia emerged in one of the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae, then jumped to the other plant family originated in eastern Eurasia 17.01 million years ago (Mya; 95% highest posterior density: 9.46 to 25.86 Mya), and later extended its distribution to western North America, Central Asia, and eastern Europe. Coniferiporia sulphurascens speciated on Pinaceae in eastern Eurasia 8.78 Mya (9.46 to 25.86 Mya) and then extended its distribution to western North America and eastern Europe. Coniferiporia qilianensis and C. uzbekistanensis speciated on Juniperus przewalskii in eastern Eurasia 3.67 Mya (0.36 to 8.02 Mya) and on Juniperus polycarpos in Central Asia 4.35 Mya (0.94 to 8.37 Mya), respectively. The speciation event of Coniferiporia weirii occurred 4.45 Mya (0.77 to 9.33 Mya) right after the emergence of its host, the endemic Cupressaceae species Thuja plicata, and soon after, this fungus evolved to also inhabit another endemic Cupressaceae species Calocedrus decurrens. In summary, this study for the first time unambiguously clarified and timed the adaptive evolutionary event of Coniferiporia in association with its biogeography and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ji-Hang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shi-Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yusufjon Gafforov
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Out of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains: Phylogenomics and biogeography of the widely distributed Northern Hemisphere genus Polygonatum Mill. (Asparagaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
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Innate Immunomodulatory Activity of Cedrol, a Component of Essential Oils Isolated from Juniperus Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247644. [PMID: 34946725 PMCID: PMC8709035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the immunomodulatory activity of essential oils isolated from Juniperus species. Thus, we isolated essential oils from the cones and leaves of eight juniper species found in Montana and in Kazakhstan, including J. horizontalis, J. scopolorum, J. communis, J. seravschanica, J. sabina, J. pseudosabina, J. pseudosabina subsp. turkestanica, and J. sibirica. We report here the chemical composition and innate immunomodulatory activity of these essential oils. Compositional analysis of the 16 samples of Juniper essential oils revealed similarities and differences between our analyses and those previously reported for essential oils from this species. Our studies represent the first analysis of essential oils isolated from the cones of four of these Juniper species. Several essential oil samples contained high levels of cedrol, which was fairly unique to three Juniper species from Kazakhstan. We found that these essential oils and pure (+)-cedrol induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils. Furthermore, pretreatment of human neutrophils and N-formyl peptide receptor 1 and 2 (FPR1 and FPR2) transfected HL60 cells with these essential oils or (+)-cedrol inhibited agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization, suggesting these responses were desensitized by this pretreatment. In support of this conclusion, pretreatment with essential oils from J. seravschanica cones (containing 16.8% cedrol) or pure (+)-cedrol inhibited human neutrophil chemotaxis to N-formyl peptide. Finally, reverse pharmacophore mapping predicted several potential kinase targets for cedrol. Thus, our studies have identified cedrol as a novel neutrophil agonist that can desensitize cells to subsequent stimulation by N-formyl peptide.
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30
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Jiang Y, Ju T, Neaves LE, Li J, Tan W, Huang Y, Liu Y, Mao K. Distinct Genetic Structure Reflects Ploidy Level Differentiation in Newly Discovered, Extremely Small Populations of Xanthocyparis vietnamensis from Southwestern China. Front Genet 2021; 12:733576. [PMID: 34790221 PMCID: PMC8591046 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic assessment is crucial for the conservation and management of threatened species. Xanthocyparis vietnamensis is an endangered species that is currently restricted to karst mountains in southwestern China and Vietnam. This rare conifer was first recorded in 2002 from northern Vietnam and then in 2013 from Guangxi, China, yet nothing is known about its genetic diversity nor ploidy level variation, although previous cytological study suggest that Vietnamese populations are tetraploids. There have been about 45 individuals found to date in Guangxi, China. Here, we genotyped 33 X. vietnamensis individuals using 20 newly developed, polymorphic microsatellite loci, to assess the genetic variability of its extremely small populations. The genetic diversity of X. vietnamensis (HE = 0.511) was lower than that of two other heliophile species, Calocedrus macrolepis and Fokienia hodginsii, which have similar distribution ranges. This is consistent with the signature of a genetic bottleneck detected in X. vietnamensis. Although the population genetic differentiation coefficient across loci is moderate (FST = 0.125), STRUCTURE analysis revealed two distinct genetic clusters, namely the northern and southern population groups; DAPC analysis grouped the southern populations together in one cluster separate from the northern populations; AMOVA analysis detected a significant genetic differentiation between the two population groups (FRT = 0.089, p < 0.05), and BARRIER analysis detected a genetic barrier between them. Moreover, we detected differentiation in ploidy level between northern and southern populations, sampled individuals from the former and the later are all diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with mean genome sizes of 26.08 and 48.02 pg/2C, respectively. We deduced that heterogeneous geomorphology and historical events (e.g., human deforestation, Quaternary climate oscillations) may have contributed to population fragmentation and small population size in X. vietnamensis. Considering both genetic and ploidy level differentiation, we propose that two different management units (northern and southern) should be considered and a combination of in situ and ex situ conservation measures should be employed to preserve populations of this endangered species in southwestern China in the light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tsam Ju
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linda E Neaves
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weining Tan
- Administration of Mulun National Nature Reserve of Guangxi, Huanjiang, China
| | - Yusong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, China
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Yang Z, Yang Y, Rushforth K. Lectotypification of Chamaecyparishodginsii of the Cupressaceae. PHYTOKEYS 2021; 185:117-122. [PMID: 34840506 PMCID: PMC8616883 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.185.75796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that the monotypic Fokienia A.Henry & H.H.Thomas is nested within Chamaecyparis Spach, which is in agreement with separate morphological studies. Here the authors confirm a previous taxonomic treatment that incorporated Fokieniahodginsii (Dunn) A.Henry & H.H.Thomas into Chamaecyparis based on the monophyly requirement of taxonomy, i.e. Chamaecyparishodginsii (Dunn) Rushforth. In addition, the type collection of the basionym Cupressushodginsii Dunn was found to contain three sheets of specimens, one in K including a vegetative branch (K000088294) and a separate ovulate cone (K001090486), a second one in A (A00022477), and a third one in IBSC (IBSC0016081). All three specimens are marked with Hongkong Herbarium No. 3505, but only the two specimens in K and IBSC possess similar handwriting of "Cupressushodginsii Dunn". The two specimens should be considered as syntypes according to the Shenzhen Code. The specimen in K is better preserved but it is a mixture according to the collection label: cones from Foochow (Fuzhou) and foliage from Yenping (Nanping). We lectotypified the name Cupressushodginsii with K000088294 because the specimen is well preserved and has enough characters for identification. Moreover, an ovulate cone (K001090486) is on the same sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing 210037, ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Keith Rushforth
- The Shippen, Ashill, Cullompton, Devon, EN15 3NL, UKThe Shippen, AshillDevonUnited Kingdom
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Stewart KG, HernÁndez F, Grahmann ED, Wester DAB, Perez RM, Brennan LA, Perotto‐Baldivieso HL. Influence of Juniper on Montezuma Quail Habitat Use in Texas. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn G. Stewart
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University‐Kingsville Kingsville TX 78363‐8202 USA
| | - Fidel HernÁndez
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University‐Kingsville Kingsville TX 78363‐8202 USA
| | | | - DAvid B. Wester
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University‐Kingsville Kingsville TX 78363‐8202 USA
| | | | - Leonard A. Brennan
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University‐Kingsville Kingsville TX 78363‐8202 USA
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Sadykova GA, Hantemirova EV, Polezhaeva MA, Aliev KU. Genetic Variability of Tree Junipers of Section Sabina: Data from Dagestan, Armenia, and Crimea. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stem CO2 Efflux as an Indicator of Forests’ Productivity in Relict Juniper Woodlands (Juniperus thurifera L.) of Southern Spain. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are considerable uncertainties about the C cycle in semi-arid ecosystems. Hence, studies that have focused on Juniperus in Mediterranean woodlands are non-existent. This study provides a survey of the effect of the juniper woodland type (young and mature woodlands; joint effect of maturity and forest productivity) on stem respiration. We checked the seasonal variation of stem respiration, evaluating the effects of stem temperature on stem CO2 efflux. For this, we measured the stem CO2 efflux (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) over the four seasons on 16 junipers using LI-6400 equipment. The results showed that in the more productive site (young woodland), the stem CO2 efflux was higher. This variable followed a clear seasonal trend, being higher during the spring and progressively decreasing in cold periods. In both juniper woodlands, and especially in the older forests, the Q10 coefficients were low (<2), typical of cold forests and slow-growing species. The exponential model also confirmed that the Q10 was significantly higher in young juniper trees. Thus, stem CO2 efflux was an indicator of the growth in this juniper woodland that is well adapted to a semi-arid climate.
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35
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Kong H, Condamine FL, Yang L, Harris AJ, Feng C, Wen F, Kang M. Phylogenomic and Macroevolutionary Evidence for an Explosive Radiation of a Plant Genus in the Miocene. Syst Biol 2021; 71:589-609. [PMID: 34396416 PMCID: PMC9016594 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountain systems harbor a substantial fraction of global biodiversity and, thus, provide excellent opportunities to study rapid diversification and to understand the historical processes underlying the assembly of biodiversity hotspots. The rich biodiversity in mountains is widely regarded as having arisen under the influence of geological and climatic processes as well as the complex interactions among them. However, the relative contribution of geology and climate in driving species radiation is seldom explored. Here, we studied the evolutionary radiation of Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae), which has diversified extensively throughout East Asia, especially within the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), using transcriptomic data and a time calibrated phylogeny for 88% (111/126) of all species of the genus. In particular, we applied phylogenetic reconstructions to evaluate the extent of incomplete lineage sorting accompanying the early and rapid radiation in the genus. We then fit macroevolutionary models to explore its spatial and diversification dynamics in Oreocharis and applied explicit birth–death models to investigate the effects of past environmental changes on its diversification. Evidence from 574 orthologous loci suggest that Oreocharis underwent an impressive early burst of speciation starting ca. 12 Ma in the Miocene, followed by a drastic decline in speciation toward the present. Although we found no evidence for a shift in diversification rate across the phylogeny of Oreocharis, we showed a difference in diversification dynamics between the HDM and non-HDM lineages, with higher diversification rates in the HDM. The diversification dynamic of Oreocharis is most likely positively associated with temperature-dependent speciation and dependency on the Asian monsoons. We suggest that the warm and humid climate of the mid-Miocene was probably the primary driver of the rapid diversification in Oreocharis, while mountain building of the HDM might have indirectly affected species diversification of the HDM lineage. This study highlights the importance of past climatic changes, combined with mountain building, in creating strong environmental heterogeneity and driving diversification of mountain plants, and suggests that the biodiversity in the HDM cannot directly be attributed to mountain uplift, contrary to many recent speculations.[East Asian monsoons; environmental heterogeneity; Hengduan Mountains; incomplete lineage sorting; Oreocharis; past climate change; rapid diversification; transcriptome.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
| | - A J Harris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 541006 Guilin, China
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
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Tonkel KC, Dimitri LA, Longland WS, Kirchoff VS, Rector BG. Parallel paths in a miniature world. Ecology 2021; 102:e03460. [PMID: 34212379 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk C Tonkel
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dimitri
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
| | - William S Longland
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
| | - Veronica S Kirchoff
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Brian G Rector
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
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Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Two Juniper Species from Bulgaria and Slovakia. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123659. [PMID: 34203980 PMCID: PMC8232667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb and J. sabina L. contain essential oil (EO), while J. sabina also contains podophyllotoxin, which is used as a precursor for anti-cancer drugs. Two studies were conducted. The first assessed the variability in the EO profile and podophyllotoxin concentration of the two junipers, depending on the location and tree gender. The main EO constituents of J. excelsa were α-cedrol, α-limonene and α-pinene, while the constituents in J. sabina were sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenyl acetate and α-cadinol. The podophyllotoxin yield of 18 J. sabina accessions was 0.07–0.32% (w/w), but this was not found in any of the J. excelsa accessions. The second study assessed the effect of hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and steam distillation (in a semi-commercial apparatus) on the EO profile and bioactivity. The extraction type did not significantly alter the EO composition. The EO profiles of the two junipers and their accessions were different and may be of interest to the industry utilizing juniper leaf EO. Breeding and selection programs could be developed with the two junipers (protected species) in order to identify chemotypes with (1) a high EO content and desirable composition, and (2) a high concentration of podophyllotoxin in J. sabina. Such chemotypes could be established as agricultural crops for the commercial production of podophyllotoxin and EO.
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Sun H. Alpine speciation and morphological innovations: revelations from a species-rich genus in the northern hemisphere. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab018. [PMID: 34025962 PMCID: PMC8129467 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have attempted to determine the mechanisms driving plant diversity and distribution on a global scale, but the diverse and endemic alpine herbs found in harsh environments, showing adaptive evolution, require more studies. Here, we selected 466 species from the genus Saussurea, one of the northern hemisphere's highest-altitude plant genera with high species richness and striking morphological traits, to explore the mechanisms driving speciation and adaptative evolution. We conducted phylogenetic signals analysis and ancestral character estimation to explore the phylogenetic significance of ecological factors. Moreover, we used spatial simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) error models, modified t-tests and partial regression models to quantify the relative effects of ecological factors and morphological diversity upon diversity and endemism of Saussurea. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that geological influences and climate stability exhibit significant phylogenetic signals and that Saussurea originated at a relatively high elevation. Regression models indicate that geological influences and climatic stability significantly affect the diversity and endemism patterns of Saussurea and its morphological innovations. Moreover, morphological innovations in an area show significant contributions to the local diversity and endemism of Saussurea. We conclude that geological influences (mean altitude and topographic heterogeneity), glacial-interglacial climate stability and phylogenetic conservatism have together promoted the speciation and adaptive evolution of the genus Saussurea. In addition, adaptively morphological innovations of alpine species also promote diversification in local regions. Our findings improve the understanding of the distribution pattern of diversity/endemism and adaptive evolution of alpine specie in the whole northern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Salvà‐Catarineu M, Romo A, Mazur M, Zielińska M, Minissale P, Dönmez AA, Boratyńska K, Boratyński A. Past, present, and future geographic range of the relict Mediterranean and Macaronesian Juniperus phoenicea complex. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5075-5095. [PMID: 34025993 PMCID: PMC8131820 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to model the past, current, and future distribution of J. phoenicea s.s., J. turbinata, and J. canariensis, based on bioclimatic variables using a maximum entropy model (Maxent) in the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions. LOCATION Mediterranean and Macaronesian. TAXON Cupressaceae, Juniperus. METHODS Data on the occurrence of the J. phoenicea complex were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org), the literature, herbaria, and the authors' field notes. Bioclimatic variables were obtained from the WorldClim database and Paleoclim. The climate data related to species localities were used for predictions of niches by implementation of Maxent, and the model was evaluated with ENMeval. RESULTS The potential niches of Juniperus phoenicea during the Last Interglacial period (LIG), Last Glacial Maximum climate (LGM), and Mid-Holocene (MH) covered 30%, 10%, and almost 100%, respectively, of the current potential niche. Climate warming may reduce potential niches by 30% in RCP2.6 and by 90% in RCP8.5. The potential niches of Juniperus turbinata had a broad circum-Mediterranean and Canarian distribution during the LIG and the MH; its distribution extended during the LGM when it was found in more areas than at present. The predicted warming in scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 could reduce the current potential niche by 30% and 50%, respectively. The model did not find suitable niches for J. canariensis during the LIG and the LGM, but during the MH its potential niche was 30% larger than at present. The climate warming scenario RCP2.6 indicates a reduction in the potential niche by 30%, while RCP8.5 so indicates a reduction of almost 60%. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This research can provide information for increasing the protection of the juniper forest and for counteracting the phenomenon of local extinctions caused by anthropic pressure and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Romo
- Botanical Institute of Spanish National Research CouncilCSICBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Pietro Minissale
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Ali A. Dönmez
- Faculty of Science Department of BotanyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Adam Boratyński
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesKórnikPoland
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Ping J, Feng P, Li J, Zhang R, Su Y, Wang T. Molecular evolution and SSRs analysis based on the chloroplast genome of Callitropsis funebris. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4786-4802. [PMID: 33976848 PMCID: PMC8093713 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast genome sequences have been used to understand evolutionary events and to infer efficiently phylogenetic relationships. Callitropsis funebris (Cupressaceae) is an endemic species in China. Its phylogenetic position is controversial due to morphological characters similar to those of Cupressus, Callitropsis, and Chamaecyparis. This study used next-generation sequencing technology to sequence the complete chloroplast genome of Ca. funebris and then constructed the phylogenetic relationship between Ca. funebris and its related species based on a variety of data sets and methods. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and adaptive evolution analysis were also conducted. Our results showed that the monophyletic branch consisting of Ca. funebris and Cupressus tonkinensis is a sister to Cupressus, while Callitropsis is not monophyletic; Ca. nootkatensis and Ca. vietnamensis are nested in turn at the base of the monophyletic group Hesperocyparis. The statistical results of SSRs supported the closest relationship between Ca. funebris and Cupressus. By performing adaptive evolution analysis under the phylogenetic background of Cupressales, the Branch model detected three genes and the Site model detected 10 genes under positive selection; and the Branch-Site model uncovered that rpoA has experienced positive selection in the Ca. funebries branch. Molecular analysis from the chloroplast genome highly supported that Ca. funebris is at the base of Cupressus. Of note, SSR features were found to be able to shed some light on phylogenetic relationships. In short, this chloroplast genomic study has provided new insights into the phylogeny of Ca. funebris and revealed multiple chloroplast genes possibly undergoing adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Ping
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peipei Feng
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinye Li
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yingjuan Su
- School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Institute of Sun Yat‐sen University in ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Ohte N, Miki NH, Matsuo N, Yang L, Hirobe M, Yamanaka N, Ishii Y, Tanaka-Oda A, Shimizu M, Zhang G, Sakamoto K, Wang L, Yoshikawa K. Life history of Juniperus sabina L. adapted to the sand shifting environment in the Mu Us Sandy Land, China: A review. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-021-00453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maguilla E, Escudero M, Jiménez-Lobato V, Díaz-Lifante Z, Andrés-Camacho C, Arroyo J. Polyploidy Expands the Range of Centaurium (Gentianaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650551. [PMID: 33777084 PMCID: PMC7988210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is one of the most important worldwide hotspots in terms of number of species and endemism, and multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain how diversification occurred in this area. The contribution of different traits to the diversification process has been evaluated in different groups of plants. In the case of Centaurium (Gentianaceae), a genus with a center of diversity placed in the Mediterranean region, polyploidy seems to have been an important driver of diversification as more than half of species are polyploids. Moreover, ploidy levels are strongly geographically structured across the range of the genus, with tetraploids distributed towards more temperate areas in the north and hexaploids in more arid areas towards the south. We hypothesize that the diversification processes and biodiversity patterns in Centaurium are explained by the coupled formation of polyploid lineages and the colonization of different areas. A MCC tree from BEAST2 based on three nuclear DNA regions of a total of 26 taxa (full sampling, of 18 species and 8 subspecies) was used to perform ancestral area reconstruction analysis in "BioGeoBEARS." Chromosome evolution was analyzed in chromEvol and diversification in BAMM to estimate diversification rates. Our results suggest that two major clades diverged early from the common ancestor, one most likely in the western Mediterranean and the other in a widespread area including west and central Asia (but with high uncertainty in the exact composition of this widespread area). Most ancestral lineages in the western clade remained in or around the western Mediterranean, and dispersal to other areas (mainly northward and eastward), occurred at the tips. Contrarily, most ancestral lineages in the widespread clade had larger ancestral areas. Polyploidization events in the western clade occurred at the tips of the phylogeny (with one exception of a polyploidization event in a very shallow node) and were mainly tetraploid, while polyploidization events occurred in the widespread clade were at the tips and in an ancestral node of the phylogeny, and were mainly hexaploid. We show how ancestral diploid lineages remained in the area of origin, whereas recent and ancestral polyploidization could have facilitated colonization and establishment in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Maguilla
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Vania Jiménez-Lobato
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Superior de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero – CONACYT, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Mexico
| | - Zoila Díaz-Lifante
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Wettewa E, Wallace LE. Molecular phylogeny and ancestral biogeographic reconstruction of Platanthera subgenus Limnorchis (Orchidaceae) using target capture methods. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 157:107070. [PMID: 33421614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Platanthera is one of the largest genera of temperate orchids in the Holarctic and exemplifies a lineage that has adaptively radiated into diverse habitats within North America, Asia, Europe, North Africa, Borneo, and Sarawak. Major centers of diversity in this genus are North America and eastern Asia. Despite its diversity, a thorough phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus is lacking because no studies have yet sampled taxa exhaustively or developed a robust molecular toolkit. While there is strong evidence that suggests monophyly of subgenus Limnorchis, most taxa in this group have not been included in a phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we developed a new toolkit for Platanthera consisting of genomic information from 617 low-copy nuclear loci. Using a targeted enrichment approach, we collected high-throughput sequence data in 23 accessions of nine of the 12 diploid species of subgenus Limnorchis and outgroup species across Platanthera. A maximum likelihood analysis resolved a strongly supported monophyletic clade for subgenus Limnorchis. Ancestral biogeographic reconstruction indicated that subgenus Limnorchis originated in western North America ca. 3-4.5 Mya from an ancestor that was widespread in western North America and eastern Asia and subsequently diversified in western North America, followed by dispersal of some species to eastern North America. Our results indicate complex biogeographic connections between Asia and North America, and therefore it suggests that Platanthera is a suitable system to test biogeographic hypotheses over time and space in the Holarctic. Our results are also expected to facilitate further study of diversification and biogeographic spread across Platanthera and lay the groundwork for understanding independent origins, biogeography, and morphological diversification of polyploid species within subgenus Limnorchis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga Wettewa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Lisa E Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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Uckele KA, Adams RP, Schwarzbach AE, Parchman TL. Genome-wide RAD sequencing resolves the evolutionary history of serrate leaf Juniperus and reveals discordance with chloroplast phylogeny. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 156:107022. [PMID: 33242585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Juniper (Juniperus) is an ecologically important conifer genus of the Northern Hemisphere, the members of which are often foundational tree species of arid regions. The serrate leaf margin clade is native to topologically variable regions in North America, where hybridization has likely played a prominent role in their diversification. Here we use a reduced-representation sequencing approach (ddRADseq) to generate a phylogenomic data set for 68 accessions representing all 22 species in the serrate leaf margin clade, as well as a number of close and distant relatives, to improve understanding of diversification in this group. Phylogenetic analyses using three methods (SVDquartets, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian) yielded highly congruent and well-resolved topologies. These phylogenies provided improved resolution relative to past analyses based on Sanger sequencing of nuclear and chloroplast DNA, and were largely consistent with taxonomic expectations based on geography and morphology. Calibration of a Bayesian phylogeny with fossil evidence produced divergence time estimates for the clade consistent with a late Oligocene origin in North America, followed by a period of elevated diversification between 12 and 5 Mya. Comparison of the ddRADseq phylogenies with a phylogeny based on Sanger-sequenced chloroplast DNA revealed five instances of pronounced discordance, illustrating the potential for chloroplast introgression, chloroplast transfer, or incomplete lineage sorting to influence organellar phylogeny. Our results improve understanding of the pattern and tempo of diversification in Juniperus, and highlight the utility of reduced-representation sequencing for resolving phylogenetic relationships in non-model organisms with reticulation and recent divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Uckele
- Department of Biology, MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Building, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Robert P Adams
- Baylor University, Utah Lab, 201 N 5500 W, Hurricane, UT 84790, USA.
| | - Andrea E Schwarzbach
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas - Rio Grande Valley, 1 W University Drive, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Thomas L Parchman
- Department of Biology, MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Building, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Biogeography of Pterocarya (Juglandaceae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111524. [PMID: 33182441 PMCID: PMC7696814 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Relict species play an important role in understanding the biogeography of intercontinental disjunctions. Pterocarya (a relict genus) is the valuable model taxon for studying the biogeography of East Asian versus southern European/West Asian disjunct patterns. This disjunction has not been as well studied as others (e.g., between Eastern Asia and North America). Several phylogenetic studies on Pterocarya have been conducted, but none have provided a satisfactory phylogenetic resolution. Here, we report the first well-resolved phylogeny of Pterocarya using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data based on the sampling of all taxa across the entire distribution area of the genus. Taxonomic treatments were also clarified by combining morphological traits. Furthermore, fossil-calibrated phylogeny was used to explore the biogeography of Pterocarya. Our results support the existence of two sections in Pterocarya, which is in accordance with morphological taxonomy. Section Platyptera comprises three species: P. rhoifolia, P. macroptera, and P. delavayi. Section Pterocarya also comprises three species: P. fraxinifolia, P. hupehensis, and P. stenoptera. The divergence between the two sections took place during the early Miocene (20.5 Ma). The formation of the Gobi Desert and climate cooling of northern Siberia in the Middle Miocene (15.7 Ma) might have caused the split of the continuous distribution of this genus and the formation of the East Asian versus southern European/West Asian disjunct pattern. Lastly, the divergence between P. hupehensis and P. stenoptera as well as between P. rhoifolia and P. macroptera/P. delavayi (10.0 Ma) supports the late Miocene diversification hypothesis in East Asia.
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Yang YT, De J, Fu ZL, Wang XL, Chen DF, Xie H, Lu Y. Molecular Identification Based on Chloroplast Sequences and Anti-complementary Activity Comparison of Juniperus Samples from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1176-1184. [PMID: 32645740 DOI: 10.1055/a-1194-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Juniperus (Cupressaceae, Pinales) plants are widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. The leaves and twigs of at least 8 Juniperus species (J. pingii, J. pingii var. wilsonii, J. squamata, J. recurva var. coxii, J. saltuaria, J. indica, J. tibetica and J. convallium var. microsperma) have been used as the Tibetan medicine Xuba. At present, it is difficult to distinguish among the original species of Xuba based only on their similar morphological characteristics. However, in our previous studies, 4 Xuba samples from different Juniperus species exhibited significant differences in both anticomplementary activity in vitro and anti-inflammatory effects on acute lung injury in vivo. To identify the effective original species of Xuba reliably, in this study, we developed a sequencing-based DNA molecular technology to distinguish 14 populations of 8 Juniperus species collected from Tibet region, using trnS-G, trnD - T, and petN-psbM genomic regions to build phylogenetic trees. In addition, their anticomplementary activities were evaluated. The results showed that combined sequence of these 3 genomic regions could identify 8 Juniperus species clearly and clustered individuals of one species but from different locations, whichever phylogenetic tree was constructed. Moreover, the anticomplementary activities of the 8 species were clustered into 2 groups. Among them, J. saltuaria and J. recurva var. coxii, which formed an independent branch apart from the other 6 species in phylogenetic trees, were the most potent (CH50: 0.029 - 0.032 mg/mL). Consequently, DNA identification of Juniperus using the combined sequence could provide beneficial guidance for further efficacy evaluation and quality control of Xuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji De
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Long Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie-Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Plastome Phylogenomic and Biogeographical Study on Thuja (Cupressaceae). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8426287. [PMID: 32685531 PMCID: PMC7335403 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8426287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the biogeographical disjunction of East Asian and North American flora is key to understanding the formation and dynamics of biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere. The small Cupressaceae genus Thuja, comprising five species, exhibits a typical disjunct distribution in East Asia and North America. Owing to obscure relationships, the biogeographical history of the genus remains controversial. Here, complete plastomes were employed to investigate the plastome evolution, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of Thuja. All plastomes of Thuja share the same gene content arranged in the same order. The loss of an IR was evident in all Thuja plastomes, and the B-arrangement as previously recognized was detected. Phylogenomic analyses resolved two sister pairs, T. standishii-T. koraiensis and T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis. Molecular dating and biogeographic results suggest the diversification of Thuja occurred in the Middle Miocene, and the ancestral area of extant species was located in northern East Asia. Incorporating the fossil record, we inferred that Thuja likely originated from the high-latitude areas of North America in the Paleocene with a second diversification center in northern East Asia. The current geographical distribution of Thuja was likely shaped by dispersal events attributed to the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene and subsequent vicariance events accompanying climate cooling. The potential effect of extinction may have profound influence on the biogeographical history of Thuja.
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Rajčević N, Dodoš T, Novaković J, Janaćković P, Marin PD. Epicuticular wax variability of Juniperus deltoides R.P. Adams from the central Balkan – Ecology and chemophenetics. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Patterns of genetic diversity in North Africa: Moroccan-Algerian genetic split in Juniperus thurifera subsp. africana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4810. [PMID: 32179791 PMCID: PMC7075976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Juniperus thurifera is a key element of the forest communities in arid and semi-arid areas of the western Mediterranean. Previous genetic and morphological investigations suggested that Algerian populations are genetically more similar to European than to Moroccan populations and advocated their recognition at the variety rank. We aimed to investigate the spatial genetic structure in J. thurifera to verify the distinct character of the Algerian population in terms of the genetic breaks reported among several North African taxa. We also modelled species distributions since the Eemian to recognise the impact of past climatic changes on the current pattern of diversity and predict possible changes in species distribution in the future. Species-specific microsatellites were used in the analysis of 11 populations from Algeria, Morocco and Europe. We revealed the significant genetic distinctiveness of the Algerian populations from the Moroccan and European stands that may have important taxonomic and conservation implications. The diversity pattern revealed for J. thurifera reflects the east-west genetic splits reported among some North African plant and animal taxa and suggests an impact of shared historical processes. Additionally, modelling of the distribution allowed us to identify possible glacial refugia and their impact on the modern pattern of differentiation in J. thurifera. Reduction of species occurrence, especially in the European domain, is likely according to the future projections of the species distribution.
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Multilocus data reveal deep phylogenetic relationships and intercontinental biogeography of the Eurasian-North American genus Corylus (Betulaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 142:106658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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