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Kangben F, Kumar S, Li Z, Sreedasyam A, Dardick C, Jones D, Saski CA. Phylogenetic and functional analysis of tiller angle control homeologs in allotetraploid cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1320638. [PMID: 38356867 PMCID: PMC10864623 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants can adapt their growth to optimize light capture in competitive environments, with branch angle being a crucial factor influencing plant phenotype and physiology. Decreased branch angles in cereal crops have been shown to enhance productivity in high-density plantings. The Tiller Angle Control (TAC1) gene, known for regulating tiller inclination in rice and corn, has been found to control branch angle in eudicots. Manipulating TAC1 in field crops like cotton offers the potential for improving crop productivity. Methods Using a homolog-based methodology, we examined the distribution of TAC1-related genes in cotton compared to other angiosperms. Furthermore, tissue-specific qPCR analysis unveiled distinct expression patterns of TAC1 genes in various cotton tissues. To silence highly expressed specific TAC1 homeologs in the stem, we applied CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, followed by genotyping and subsequent phenotypic validation of the mutants. Results Gene duplication events of TAC1 specific to the Gossypium lineage were identified, with 3 copies in diploid progenitors and 6 copies in allotetraploid cottons. Sequence analysis of the TAC1 homeologs in Gossypium hirsutum revealed divergence from other angiosperms with 1-2 copies, suggesting possible neo- or sub-functionalization for the duplicated copies. These TAC1 homeologs exhibited distinct gene expression patterns in various tissues over developmental time, with elevated expression of A11G109300 and D11G112200, specifically in flowers and stems, respectively. CRISPR-mediated loss of these TAC1 homeologous genes resulted in a reduction in branch angle and altered petiole angles, and a 5 to 10-fold reduction in TAC1 expression in the mutants, confirming their role in controlling branch and petiole angles. This research provides a promising strategy for genetically engineering branch and petiole angles in commercial cotton varieties, potentially leading to increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foster Kangben
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Sonika Kumar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Chris Dardick
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Don Jones
- Department of Agricultural Research, Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC, United States
| | - Christopher A. Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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Mediavilla S, Escudero A. Photosynthetic performance under adaxial and abaxial illumination in three Mediterranean Quercus species differing in branch architecture and individual leaf area. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 158:181-194. [PMID: 37651028 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Light availability effects on canopy-level carbon balance constitute an especially difficult issue to address, owing to the strong spatial and temporal changes of the light environment within the canopy. One of the least explored aspects in relation to light environment is the interaction between leaf angle and leaf anatomy. The inclination of the leaf may affect the distribution of light between the adaxial and abaxial surface. The purpose of this study is determining the proportions of the leaf area receiving light from the abaxial side in branches of isolated trees in three Mediterranean oaks, as well as the photosynthetic responses to light under adaxial and abaxial illumination. The proportions of the leaf area illuminated from below were low for sun incidence angles near 0° with respect to the main axis of the branch. However, for sun incidence angles about 45°, the proportion of leaves receiving abaxial illumination was considerable. PPFD levels on the sunlit part of the abaxial surface were always lower than those in the upper leaf side, as a consequence of the lower projection efficiency for the leaves facing the sun by the lower side. Light absorptance was also lower on the abaxial side. The differences between both sides of the leaf tended to be stronger for thicker, longer-living leaves. We conclude that mean C assimilation of the canopy is significantly decreased by the presence of leaves facing the sun by the lower side and that this decrease is stronger in evergreen species with thicker leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37071, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37071, Salamanca, Spain.
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Mediavilla S, Escudero A. Branch architecture in relation to canopy positions in three Mediterranean oaks. Oecologia 2023; 201:915-927. [PMID: 36932216 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Branch architecture is a key determinant of plant performance owing to its role in a light interception by photosynthetic tissues. However, under stressed conditions, excess light may be harmful to the photosynthetic apparatus, and plants often present structural mechanisms to avoid photoinhibition. Three-dimensional models were constructed of the aerial parts in different locations within the crown of three co-occurring tree species (Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Q. faginea) growing in a Mediterranean environment. We hypothesized that the species with the shorter leaf life span would exhibit higher leaf display efficiency (silhouette to total leaf area, STAR), maximizing light interception and photosynthesis in the short term. In addition, more exposed positions within a canopy should develop more structural avoidance mechanisms to minimize excessive radiation. Significant differences were detected in architectural traits at both the intra- and interspecific level. Architectural traits promoting greater self-shading were more frequent in the species with longer leaf longevity and in the canopy locations experiencing higher temperatures at the times of maximum sunlight. However, these trends were in part counteracted by the changes in individual leaf area, which tended to be larger in the species with shorter leaf longevity and in the less exposed canopy locations. We conclude that the variation in architectural traits occurs mainly as a means to avoid the excessive self-shading of branches with the largest leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain.
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Dutilleul P, Mudalige N, Rivest LP. Learning how a tree branches out: A statistical modeling approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274168. [PMID: 36129851 PMCID: PMC9491565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly large size of the graphical and numerical data sets collected with modern technologies requires constant update and upgrade of the statistical models, methods and procedures to be used for their analysis in order to optimize learning and maximize knowledge and understanding. This is the case for plant CT scanning (CT: computed tomography), including applications aimed at studying leaf canopies and the structural complexity of the branching patterns that support them in trees. Therefore, we first show after a brief review, how the CT scanning data can be leveraged by constructing an analytical representation of a tree branching structure where each branch is represented by a line segment in 3D and classified in a level of a hierarchy, starting with the trunk (level 1). Each segment, or branch, is characterized by four variables: (i) the position on its parent, (ii) its orientation, a unit vector in 3D, (iii) its length, and (iv) the number of offspring that it bears. The branching structure of a tree can then be investigated by calculating descriptive statistics on these four variables. A deeper analysis, based on statistical models aiming to explain how the characteristics of a branch are associated with those of its parents, is also presented. The branching patterns of three miniature trees that were CT scanned are used to showcase the statistical modeling framework, and the differences in their structural complexity are reflected in the results. Overall, the most important determinant of a tree structure appears to be the length of the branches attached to the trunk. This variable impacts the characteristics of all the other branches of the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dutilleul
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nishan Mudalige
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-Paul Rivest
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Levionnois S, Salmon C, Alméras T, Clair B, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, González-Melo A, Heinz C, Heuret P. Anatomies, vascular architectures, and mechanics underlying the leaf size-stem size spectrum in 42 Neotropical tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7957-7969. [PMID: 34390333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leaf size-stem size spectrum is one of the main dimensions of plant ecological strategies. Yet the anatomical, mechanical, and hydraulic implications of small versus large shoots are still poorly understood. We investigated 42 tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana, with a wide range of leaf areas at the shoot level. We quantified the scaling of hydraulic and mechanical constraints with shoot size, estimated as the water potential difference (ΔΨ) and the bending angle (ΔΦ), respectively. We investigated how anatomical tissue area, flexural stiffness and xylem vascular architecture affect such scaling by deviating (or not) from theoretical isometry with shoot size variation. Vessel diameter and conductive path length were found to be allometrically related to shoot size, thereby explaining the independence between ΔΨ and shoot size. Leaf mass per area, stem length, and the modulus of elasticity were allometrically related to shoot size, explaining the independence between ΔΦ and shoot size. Our study also shows that the maintenance of both water supply and mechanical stability across the shoot size range are not in conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Salmon
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Tancrède Alméras
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | | | - Christine Heinz
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Leaf Area Calculation Models for Vines Based on Foliar Descriptors. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112453. [PMID: 34834818 PMCID: PMC8619606 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the case of foliar area studies on vines, with a large number of determinations, a simple, fast, sufficiently accurate and low-cost method is very useful. The typology of leaves on the vine is complex, characterized by several descriptive parameters: median rib; secondary venations of the first and second order; angles between the median rib and the secondary venations; sinuses; length and width of the leaf. The present study aimed to evaluate models for calculating the leaf area based on descriptive parameters and KA (KA as the surface constant used to calculate the leaf area) for six vine cultivars, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS), ‘Muscat Iantarnîi’ (MI), ‘Muscat Ottonel’ (MO), ‘Chasselas’ (Ch), ‘Victoria’ (Vi) and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (MH). The determined KA surface constants had subunit values (0.91 to 0.97), except for the cultivars ‘Muscat Iantarnîi’ and ‘Muscat Ottonel’ where the surface constant KA2 (in relation to the second-order secondary venations) had supraunitary values (1.07 and 1.08, respectively). The determination of the leaf area was possible under different conditions of statistical accuracy (R2 = 0.477, p = 0.0119, up to R2 = 0.988, p < 0.001) in relation to the variety and parametric descriptors considered. The models obtained from the regression analysis facilitated a more reliable prediction of the leaf area based on the elements on the left side of the leaf, in relation to the median rib, compared to those on the right. The accuracy of the results was checked on the basis of minimum error (ME) and confirmed by parameters R2, p and RMSE.
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Paganeli B, Batalha MA. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the early growth of two congeneric pairs of savanna and forest species. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e235573. [PMID: 34105662 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees - each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest - to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paganeli
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Botany, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Batalha
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Botany, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
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Lopez MA, Freitas Moreira F, Rainey KM. Genetic Relationships Among Physiological Processes, Phenology, and Grain Yield Offer an Insight Into the Development of New Cultivars in Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651241. [PMID: 33903802 PMCID: PMC8064921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean grain yield has steadily increased during the last century because of enhanced cultivars and better agronomic practices. Increases in the total biomass, shorter cultivars, late maturity, and extended seed-filling period are frequently reported as main contributors for better soybean performance. However, there are still processes associated with crop physiology to be improved. From the theoretical standpoint, yield is the product of efficiency of light interception (Ei), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and harvest index (HI). The relative contribution of these three parameters on the final grain yield (GY), their interrelation with other phenological-physiological traits, and their environmental stability have not been well established for soybean. In this study, we determined the additive-genetic relationship among 14 physiological and phenological traits including photosynthesis (A) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in a panel of 383 soybean recombinant inbred lines (RILs) through direct (path analyses) and indirect learning methods [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm]. We evaluated the stability of Ei, RUE, and HI through the slope from the Finley and Wilkinson joint regression and the genetic correlation between traits evaluated in different environments. Results indicate that both supervised and unsupervised methods effectively establish the main relationships underlying changes in Ei, RUE, HI, and GY. Variations in the average growth rate of canopy coverage for the first 40 days after planting (AGR40) explain most of the changes in Ei. RUE is primarily influenced by phenological traits of reproductive length (RL) and seed-filling (SFL) as well as iWUE, light extinction coefficient (K), and A. HI showed a strong relationship with A, AGR40, SFL, and RL. According to the path analysis, an increase in one standard unit of HI promotes changes in 0.5 standard units of GY, while changes in the same standard unit of RUE and Ei produce increases on GY of 0.20 and 0.19 standard units, respectively. RUE, Ei, and HI exhibited better environmental stability than GY, although changes associated with year and location showed a moderate effect in Ei and RUE, respectively. This study brings insight into a group of traits involving A, iWUE, and RL to be prioritized during the breeding process for high-yielding cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katy Martin Rainey
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Huber M, Nieuwendijk NM, Pantazopoulou CK, Pierik R. Light signalling shapes plant-plant interactions in dense canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1014-1029. [PMID: 33047350 PMCID: PMC8049026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing at high densities interact via a multitude of pathways. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms and functional consequences of plant architectural responses initiated by light cues that occur in dense vegetation. We will review the current state of knowledge about shade avoidance, as well as its possible applications. On an individual level, plants perceive neighbour-associated changes in light quality and quantity mainly with phytochromes for red and far-red light and cryptochromes and phototropins for blue light. Downstream of these photoreceptors, elaborate signalling and integration takes place with the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS, several hormones and other regulators. This signalling leads to the shade avoidance responses, consisting of hyponasty, stem and petiole elongation, apical dominance and life cycle adjustments. Architectural changes of the individual plant have consequences for the plant community, affecting canopy structure, species composition and population fitness. In this context, we highlight the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of shade avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huber
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Che Y, Wang Q, Xie Z, Zhou L, Li S, Hui F, Wang X, Li B, Ma Y. Estimation of maize plant height and leaf area index dynamics using an unmanned aerial vehicle with oblique and nadir photography. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:765-773. [PMID: 32432702 PMCID: PMC7489080 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High-throughput phenotyping is a limitation in plant genetics and breeding due to large-scale experiments in the field. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can help to extract plant phenotypic traits rapidly and non-destructively with high efficiency. The general aim of this study is to estimate the dynamic plant height and leaf area index (LAI) by nadir and oblique photography with a UAV, and to compare the integrity of the established three-dimensional (3-D) canopy by these two methods. METHODS Images were captured by a high-resolution digital RGB camera mounted on a UAV at five stages with nadir and oblique photography, and processed by Agisoft Metashape to generate point clouds, orthomosaic maps and digital surface models. Individual plots were segmented according to their positions in the experimental design layout. The plant height of each inbred line was calculated automatically by a reference ground method. The LAI was calculated by the 3-D voxel method. The reconstructed canopy was sliced into different layers to compare leaf area density obtained from oblique and nadir photography. KEY RESULTS Good agreements were found for plant height between nadir photography, oblique photography and manual measurement during the whole growing season. The estimated LAI by oblique photography correlated better with measured LAI (slope = 0.87, R2 = 0.67), compared with that of nadir photography (slope = 0.74, R2 = 0.56). The total number of point clouds obtained by oblique photography was about 2.7-3.1 times than those by nadir photography. Leaf area density calculated by nadir photography was much less than that obtained by oblique photography, especially near the plant base. CONCLUSIONS Plant height and LAI can be extracted automatically and efficiently by both photography methods. Oblique photography can provide intensive point clouds and relatively complete canopy information at low cost. The reconstructed 3-D profile of the plant canopy can be easily recognized by oblique photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpu Che
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijinge China
| | - Shuangwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijinge China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Sim YH, Yun MJ, Cha SI, Lee DY. Fractal solar cell array for enhanced energy production: applying rules underlying tree shape to photovoltaics. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200094. [PMID: 32831609 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and photovoltaics share the same purpose as harvesting sunlight. Therefore, botanical studies could lead to new breakthroughs in photovoltaics. However, the basic mechanism of photosynthesis is different to semiconductor-based photovoltaics and the gap between photosynthesis and solar cells must be bridged before we can apply the botanical principles to photovoltaics. In this study, we analysed the role of the fractal structures found in plants in light harvesting based on a simplified model, rotated the structures by 90° and applied them to fractal-structured photovoltaic Si solar cell arrays. Adoption of botanically inspired fractal structures can result in solar cell arrays with omnidirectional properties, and in this case, yielded a 25% enhancement in electric energy production. The fractal structure used in this study was two-dimensional and symmetric; investigating and optimizing three-dimensional asymmetric fractal structures would further enhance the performance of photovoltaics. Furthermore, this study represents only the first step towards the development of a new type of photovoltaics based on botanical principles, and points to further aspects of botanical knowledge that could be exploited, in addition to plant fractal structures. For example, leaf anatomy, phyllotaxis and chloroplastic mechanisms could be applied to the design of new types of photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hyang Sim
- Energy Conversion Research Center, Electrical Materials Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Korea.,Department of Electro-functionality Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Changwon, Korea
| | - Min Ju Yun
- Energy Conversion Research Center, Electrical Materials Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Korea
| | - Seung I Cha
- Energy Conversion Research Center, Electrical Materials Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Korea.,Department of Electro-functionality Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Changwon, Korea
| | - Dong Yoon Lee
- Energy Conversion Research Center, Electrical Materials Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Korea.,Department of Electro-functionality Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Changwon, Korea
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Costa RCD, Santos FAMD. Differences in architecture and performance between two sub‐canopy congeneric tropical tree species. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hiatt D, Flory SL. Populations of a widespread invader and co-occurring native species vary in phenotypic plasticity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:584-594. [PMID: 31566739 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can promote plant invasions and enhance impacts on native species, but little is known about variation in plasticity among invader populations compared with native species. Variation in plasticity among invader populations could inform more precise predictions of invader spread and impacts across heterogeneous resource environments. We used a common garden experiment with sun and shade treatments to test for variation in plasticity among 12 populations of an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica), and to determine whether the invader exhibited greater plasticity than six native species that co-occur in the Southeast USA. Principal component analysis revealed that invader populations from different native ranges consistently varied from each other and native species in traits linked to more favorable phenotypes under resource limitation. Overall, the invader exhibited greater plasticity than native species did, as demonstrated by higher plasticity index values for traits such as plant height, leaf mass ratio, and root : shoot ratio. Variation in phenotypic plasticity among invader populations suggests the potential for evolution of plasticity, and greater plasticity of invader populations than native species may underlie invader dominance. Differences in plasticity among populations appears to play an important role in predictions of the spread and potentially the impacts of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Hiatt
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - S Luke Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Modelling Three-Dimensional Spatiotemporal Distributions of Forest Photosynthetically Active Radiation Using UAV-Based Lidar Data. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11232806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The three dimensional (3-D) spatiotemporal variations of forest photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) dictate the exchange rates of matter and energy in the carbon and water cycle processes between the plant-soil system and the atmosphere. It is still challenging to explicitly simulate spatial PAR values at any specific position within or under a discontinuous forest canopy. In this study, we propose a novel lidar-based approach to estimate both direct and diffuse forest PAR components from a 3-D perspective. An improved path length-based direct PAR estimation method was developed by incorporating the point density along a light transmission path, and we also obtained the diffuse PAR components using a point-based sky view analysis by assuming the anisotropic sky diffuse distribution. We compared the total PAR modelled using three light path length-based parameters with reference data measured by radiometers on a five-minute time scale during a daily solar course. Our results show that, in a discontinuous forest canopy, the effective path length is a feasible and powerful (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.01) parameter to capture the spatiotemporal variations of total PAR along a light transmission path with a mean bias of −53.04 μmol·m−2·s−1(−6.8%). Furthermore, incorporating point density and spatial distribution factors will further improve the final estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.97, p < 0.01). In the meantime, diffuse PAR tends to be overestimated by 17% at noon and underestimated by about 10% at sunrise and sunset periods by assuming the isotropic sky diffuse distribution. The proposed lidar-based 3-D PAR model will provide a solid foundation to various process-based eco-hydrological models for simulating plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, intra-species competition and succession, and snowmelt dynamics purposes.
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Neupane D, Solomon JKQ, Mclennon E, Davison J, Lawry T. Sowing date and sowing method influence on camelina cultivars grain yield, oil concentration, and biodiesel production. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhurba Neupane
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Range Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada
| | - Juan K. Q. Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Range Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada
| | - Everald Mclennon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Range Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada
| | - Jason Davison
- University of Nevada Cooperative Extension Fallon Nevada
| | - Tom Lawry
- University of Nevada Cooperative Extension Fallon Nevada
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The arrangement of lateral veins along the midvein of leaves is not related to leaf phyllotaxis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16417. [PMID: 30401940 PMCID: PMC6219558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Positions of leaves along a stem usually adhere to a genetically determined, species-specific pattern known as a leaf phyllotaxis. We investigated whether the arrangement of lateral secondary veins along primary midveins adhered to a species-specific pattern that resembled an alternate or opposite phyllotaxis. We analyzed the venation of temperate dicotyledonous species from different taxonomic groups and chose 18 woody and 12 herbaceous species that have reticulated leaf venation. The arrangement of the lateral veins was neither alternate nor opposite for any of the species. Lateral vein arrangements were instead mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric patterns. Our results show that lateral vein arrangements are related neither to stem-level leaf phyllotaxis (alternate vs. opposite) nor to life form (woody vs. herbaceous). Our results are therefore generally consistent with the canalization hypothesis that the locations of lateral veins are not completely specified genetically prior to leaf formation.
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Olson ME, Rosell JA, Zamora Muñoz S, Castorena M. Carbon limitation, stem growth rate and the biomechanical cause of Corner's rules. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:583-592. [PMID: 29889257 PMCID: PMC6153482 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Corner's rules describe a global spectrum from large-leaved plants with thick, sparingly branched twigs with low-density stem tissues and thick piths to plants with thin, highly branched stems with high-density stem tissues and thin piths. The hypothesis was tested that, if similar crown areas fix similar amounts of carbon regardless of leaf size, then large-leaved species, with their distantly spaced leaves, require higher stem growth rates, lower stem tissue densities and stiffnesses, and therefore thicker twigs. Methods Structural equation models were used to test the compatibility of this hypothesis with a dataset on leaf size, shoot tip spacing, stem growth rate and dimensions, and tissue density and mechanics, sampling 55 species drawn from across the angiosperm phylogeny from a morphologically diverse dry tropical community. Key results Very good fit of structural equation models showed that the causal model is highly congruent with the data. Conclusions Given similar amounts of carbon to allocate to stem growth, larger-leaved species require greater leaf spacing and therefore greater stem extension rates and longer stems, in turn requiring lower-density, more flexible, stem tissues than small-leaved species. A given stem can have high resistance to bending because it is thick (has high second moment of area I) or because its tissues are stiff (high Young's modulus E), the so-called E-I trade-off. Because of the E-I trade-off, large-leaved species have fast stem growth rates, low stem tissue density and tissue stiffness, and thick twigs with wide piths and thick bark. The agreement between hypothesis and data in structural equation analyses strongly suggests that Corner's rules emerge as the result of selection favouring the avoidance of self-shading in the context of broadly similar rates of carbon fixation per unit crown area across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Zamora Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
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Ventre-Lespiaucq A, Flanagan NS, Ospina-Calderón NH, Delgado JA, Escudero A. Midday Depression vs. Midday Peak in Diurnal Light Interception: Contrasting Patterns at Crown and Leaf Scales in a Tropical Evergreen Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:727. [PMID: 29904391 PMCID: PMC5990892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crown architecture usually is heterogeneous as a result of foraging in spatially and temporally heterogeneous light environments. Ecologists are only beginning to identify the importance of temporal heterogeneity for light acquisition in plants, especially at the diurnal scale. Crown architectural heterogeneity often leads to a diurnal variation in light interception. However, maximizing light interception during midday may not be an optimal strategy in environments with excess light. Instead, long-lived plants are expected to show crown architectures and leaf positions that meet the contrasting needs of light interception and avoidance of excess light on a diurnal basis. We expected a midday depression in the diurnal course of light interception both at the whole-crown and leaf scales, as a strategy to avoid the interception of excessive irradiance. We tested this hypothesis in a population of guava trees (Psidium guajava L.) growing in an open tropical grassland. We quantified three crown architectural traits: intra-individual heterogeneity in foliage clumping, crown openness, and leaf position angles. We estimated the diurnal course of light interception at the crown scale using hemispheric photographs, and at the leaf scale using the cosine of solar incidence. Crowns showed a midday depression in light interception, while leaves showed a midday peak. These contrasting patterns were related to architectural traits. At the crown scale, the midday depression of light interception was linked to a greater crown openness and foliage clumping in crown tops than in the lateral parts of the crown. At the leaf scale, an average inclination angle of 45° led to the midday peak in light interception, but with a huge among-leaf variation in position angles. The mismatch in diurnal course of light interception at crown and leaf scales can indicate that different processes are being optimized at each scale. These findings suggest that the diurnal course of light interception may be an important dimension of the resource acquisition strategies of long-lived woody plants. Using a temporal approach as the one applied here may improve our understanding of the diversity of crown architectures found across and within environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Ventre-Lespiaucq
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Nicola S Flanagan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Sede Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nhora H Ospina-Calderón
- Department of Biology, Edificio 320, Ciudadela Universitaria Melendez, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan A Delgado
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Zhu G, Yuan C, Di G, Zhang M, Ni L, Cao T, Fang R, Wu G. Morphological and biomechanical response to eutrophication and hydrodynamic stresses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:421-435. [PMID: 29220767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication and hydrodynamics determine the final distribution patterns of aquatic macrophytes; however, there is limited available knowledge regarding their interactive effects. Morphological and biomechanical responses to eutrophication and hydrodynamic stresses were assessed by sampling five abundant and dominant species, Potamogeton maackianus, P. pectinatus, P. lucens, Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum, in three macrophyte beds in Lake Erhai, Yunnan Province, China: one exposed to eutrophication and moderate southeast (SE) wind; one with mesotrophication, but sheltered by the lakeshore, with weak wind disturbance; and one with meso-eutrophication and strong SE wind. The results showed significant interactive effects of eutrophication and hydrodynamics on most biomechanical traits and some morphological traits, suggesting that aquatic macrophytes preferentially undergo biomechanical adjustments to resist the coexisting eutrophication and hydrodynamic stresses. In particular, hydrodynamics increased both the tensile force and tensile strain of P. maackianus under meso-eutrophication and dramatically decreased them in eutrophic areas, suggesting that eutrophication triggers mechanical failure in this species. Additionally, P. pectinatus, C. demersum and M. spicatum showed the lowest and highest values for the biomechanical variables (greater values for M. spicatum) in the most eutrophic and hydrodynamic areas, respectively, implying that increases in hydrodynamics primarily induce mechanical damage in eutrophic species. The plants generally exhibited greater tensile strain in both shallow and deep waters and the greatest tensile force at moderate depths. The stem cross-sectional area, plant height, stem length, internode length, and branch traits were all responsible for determining the biomechanical variables. This study reveals that hydrodynamic changes primarily induce mechanical damage in eutrophic species, whereas eutrophication triggers mechanical damage in sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Zhu
- Donghu Experimental station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Changbo Yuan
- Donghu Experimental station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, PR China
| | - Guilan Di
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanchang 330039, PR China
| | - Leyi Ni
- Donghu Experimental station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Rongting Fang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Gongguo Wu
- CNOOC EnerTech-Safety & Environmental Protection Co., Zhanjiang 524057, PR China
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Mochizuki T, Marod D, Trieu DT, Mizunaga H. Interspecific differences in the hierarchical cluster structure of leaves within tree crowns in Indochina. TROPICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms17-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dokrak Marod
- Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University
| | - Dang Thinh Trieu
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
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Escandón AB, Rojas R, Morales LV, Corcuera LJ, Coopman RE, Paula S. Physiological differences between root suckers and saplings enlarge the regeneration niche in Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:129-138. [PMID: 29036408 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many clonal plants produce vegetative recruits that remain connected to the parent plant. Such connections permit resource sharing among ramets, explaining the high survival rates of vegetative recruits during establishment under suboptimal conditions for sexual regeneration. We propose that differences in the regeneration niches of sexual and vegetative recruits reflect different physiological adjustments caused by parental supply of resources to the ramets. We conducted ecophysiological measurements in saplings and root suckers of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., a tree species of the temperate rainforest of southern South America. We compared the following traits of saplings and suckers: gas exchange at the leaf level, crown architecture, daily crown carbon balance, biomass allocation to above-ground tissues (leaf-to-stem mass ratio, leaf mass area and leaf area ratio), xylem anatomy traits (lumen vessel fraction, vessel density and size) and stem ring width. We also correlated the growth rates of saplings and suckers with relevant environmental data (light and climate). Saplings showed morphological, architectural and physiological traits that enhance daily crown carbon balance and increase water-use efficiency, in order to supply their growth demands while minimizing water loss per unit of carbon gained. The radial growth of saplings diminished under dry conditions, which suggests a strong stomatal sensitivity to water availability. Suckers have low stomatal conductance, likely because the carbon supplied by the parent plant diminishes the necessity of high rates of photosynthesis. The low responsiveness of sucker growth to temporal changes in water availability also supports the existence of parental supply. The physiological differences between sexual and vegetative recruits satisfactorily explain the ecological niche of E. cordifolia, with saplings restricted to more closed and humid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio B Escandón
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roke Rojas
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología para la Conservación de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Loreto V Morales
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología para la Conservación de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis J Corcuera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rafael E Coopman
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología para la Conservación de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Susana Paula
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda, Edificio Pugín, oficina 341, Valdivia, Chile
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Beyschlag J, Zotz G. Heteroblasty in epiphytic bromeliads: functional implications for species in understorey and exposed growing sites. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:681-692. [PMID: 28510657 PMCID: PMC5691803 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The functional relevance of heteroblasty, an abrupt morphological change in the ontogeny of a considerable number of angiosperm species, is still largely unresolved. During the ontogeny of many epiphytic Tillandsioids (Bromeliaceae), such a change occurs when small individuals transform into larger, tank-forming individuals that are capable of external water storage. Apart from its fundamental effect on plant water relations, the associated transition from narrow to broader leaves also affects plant architecture. The morphological changes and their effect on light interception may be especially relevant for heteroblastic species in the moist understorey, which are expected to be limited primarily by light. Methods A functional structural plant model (Yplant) was used to construct digital replicas of atmospheric and tank-forming individuals of four species, two of them naturally growing in exposed conditions and two occurring in understorey sites. This allowed the determination of leaf display efficiencies as well as a systematic analysis of leaf architectural traits and their effect on light interception. Key Results Modifying existing plant morphologies showed that broader leaves cause more self-shading within the plant. This supports the hypothesis that species from the light-limited understorey benefit from the early atmospheric life form through increased light capture. Modelling plant morphology that continuously followed the ontogenetic trajectories of the leaf architectural traits revealed that the rising total leaf number in atmospheric individuals constantly increased self-shading. Therefore, at a certain ontogenetic stage, a tipping point was reached when the tank form was even favourable in terms of light capture as it was associated with fewer leaves. Conclusions The effects of changes in leaf morphology and leaf architecture on plant light capture may explain the common occurrence of heteroblastic species in the understorey of Neotropical forests, which does not negate a simultaneous positive effect of heteroblasty on plant water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Beyschlag
- Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 08343-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
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Osada N, Hiura T. How is light interception efficiency related to shoot structure in tall canopy species? Oecologia 2017; 185:29-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Campany CE, Medlyn BE, Duursma RA. Reduced growth due to belowground sink limitation is not fully explained by reduced photosynthesis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1042-1054. [PMID: 28379555 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sink limitation is known to reduce plant growth, but it is not known how plant carbon (C) balance is affected, limiting our ability to predict growth under sink-limited conditions. We manipulated soil volume to impose sink limitation of growth in Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. seedlings. Seedlings were grown in the field in containers of different sizes and planted flush to the soil alongside freely rooted (Free) seedlings. Container volume negatively affected aboveground growth throughout the experiment, and light saturated rates of leaf photosynthesis were consistently lower in seedlings in containers (-26%) compared with Free seedlings. Significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity in containerized seedlings were related to both reduced leaf nitrogen content and starch accumulation, indicating direct effects of sink limitation on photosynthetic downregulation. After 120 days, harvested biomass of Free seedlings was on average 84% higher than seedlings in containers, but biomass distribution in leaves, stems and roots was not different. However, the reduction in net leaf photosynthesis over the growth period was insufficient to explain the reduction in growth, so that we also observed an apparent reduction in whole-plant C-use efficiency (CUE) between Free seedlings and seedlings in containers. Our results show that sink limitation affects plant growth through feedbacks to both photosynthesis and CUE. Mass balance approaches to predicting plant growth under sink-limited conditions need to incorporate both of these feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Campany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Escudero A, del Río T, Sánchez-Zulueta P, Mediavilla S. Ontogenetic changes in crown architecture and leaf arrangement: effects on light capture efficiency in three tree species differing in leaf longevity. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ventre-Lespiaucq AB, Delgado JA, Ospina-Calderón NH, Otero JT, Escudero A, Sánchez MA, Balaguer L, Flanagan NS. A tropical epiphytic orchid uses a low-light interception strategy in a spatially heterogeneous light environment. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Department of Ecology; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/ José Antonio Nováis 2 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Nhora H. Ospina-Calderón
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali; Calle 18 No. 118-250 Cali Colombia
| | - Joel T. Otero
- Department of Biological Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Palmira Campus Carrera 32 No. 12 - 00 Palmira Colombia
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Department of Biology and Geology; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Calle Tulipán, s/n 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - María A. Sánchez
- Faculty of Ecology; Fundación Universitaria de Popayán; Vereda Los Robles Km 8 Vía Panamericana al Sur Popayán Colombia
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/ José Antonio Nováis 2 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Nicola S. Flanagan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali; Calle 18 No. 118-250 Cali Colombia
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Smith DD, Sperry JS, Adler FR. Convergence in leaf size versus twig leaf area scaling: do plants optimize leaf area partitioning? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:447-456. [PMID: 28028019 PMCID: PMC7296615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale positively with [Formula: see text] We asked what this scaling relationship is within species and how variable it is across species. We then developed a model to explain why these relationships exist. METHODS To minimize potential sources of variability, we compared twig properties from six co-occurring and functionally similar species: Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Populus fremontii and Symphoricarpos oreophilus We modelled the economics of leaf display, weighing the benefit from light absorption against the cost of leaf tissue, to predict the optimal [Formula: see text] combinations under different canopy openings. KEY RESULTS We observed a common [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] exponent of 0.6, meaning that [Formula: see text]and leaf number on twigs increased in a specific coordination. Common scaling exponents were not supported for relationships between any other measured twig properties. The model consistently predicted positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling when twigs optimally filled canopy openings. The observed 0·6 exponent was predicted when self-shading decreased with larger canopy opening. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest Corner's rule may be better understood when recast as positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling. Our model provides a tentative explanation of observed [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling and suggests different scaling may exist in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Frederick R Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lusk CH, Laughlin DC. Regeneration patterns, environmental filtering and tree species coexistence in a temperate forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:657-668. [PMID: 27588893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecologists researching the functional basis of tree regeneration patterns and species coexistence often attempt to correlate traits with light-gradient partitioning. However, an exclusive focus on light can overlook other important drivers of forest dynamics. We measured light, temperatures, humidity and sapling densities in each of four phases of a forest dynamic mosaic in New Zealand: shaded understoreys, tree-fall gaps, treefern groves and clearings. We then measured leaf, wood and seed traits, as potential predictors of species' regeneration patterns. Saplings of 18 out of 21 species were significantly associated with one or other of the four phases, and associations were best predicted by a two-trait model (leaf size, wood density) explaining 51% of observed variation. Species associated with treefall gaps had traits favouring light pre-emption (large leaves, low-density wood), whereas those establishing in clearings mostly had small leaves and dense wood, traits probably conferring resistance to the frosts and summer water deficits that saplings were exposed to there. The dynamics of some forests cannot be explained adequately by light-gradient partitioning through a growth vs shade tolerance tradeoff, underpinned by the leaf economics spectrum. Consideration of multiple environmental filters and multiple traits will enhance understanding of regeneration patterns and species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Laurans M, Vincent G. Are inter- and intraspecific variations of sapling crown traits consistent with a strategy promoting light capture in tropical moist forest? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:983-996. [PMID: 27489160 PMCID: PMC5055821 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Morphological variation in light-foraging strategies potentially plays important roles in efficient light utilization and carbon assimilation in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments such as tropical moist forest understorey. By considering a suite of morphological traits at various hierarchical scales, we examined the functional significance of crown shape diversity and plasticity in response to canopy openness. Methods We conducted a field comparative study in French Guiana among tree saplings of 14 co-occurring species differing in light-niche optimum and breadth. Each leaf, axis or crown functional trait was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes. Key Results We found divergent patterns between shade-tolerant and heliophilic species on the one hand and between shade and sun plants on the other. Across species, multiple regression analysis showed that relative crown depth was positively correlated with leaf lifespan and not correlated with crown vertical growth rate. Within species displaying a reduction in crown depth in the shade, we observed that crown depth was limited by reduced crown vertical growth rate and not by accelerated leaf or branch shedding. In addition, the study provides contrasting examples of morphological multilevel plastic responses, which allow the maintenance of efficient foliage and enable effective whole-plant light capture in shaded conditions under a moderate vertical light gradient. Conclusions This result suggests that plastic adjustment of relative crown depth does not reflect a strategy maximizing light capture efficiency. Integrating and scaling-up leaf-level dynamics to shoot- and crown-level helps to interpret in functional and adaptive terms inter- and intraspecific patterns of crown traits and to better understand the mechanism of shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Laurans
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gregoire Vincent
- IRD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS1, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Guzmán Q JA, Cordero S RA. Neighborhood structure influences the convergence in light capture efficiency and carbon gain: an architectural approach for cloud forest shrubs. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:712-724. [PMID: 27013125 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although plant competition is recognized as a fundamental factor that limits survival and species coexistence, its relative importance on light capture efficiency and carbon gain is not well understood. Here, we propose a new framework to explain the effects of neighborhood structures and light availability on plant attributes and their effect on plant performance in two understory shade-tolerant species (Palicourea padifolia (Roem. & Schult.) C.M. Taylor & Lorence and Psychotria elata (Swartz)) within two successional stages of a cloud forest in Costa Rica. Features of plant neighborhood physical structure and light availability, estimated by hemispherical photographs, were used to characterize the plant competition. Plant architecture, leaf attributes and gas exchange parameters extracted from the light-response curve were used as functional plant attributes, while an index of light capture efficiency (silhouette to total area ratio, averaged over all viewing angles, STAR) and carbon gain were used as indicators of plant performance. This framework is based in a partial least square Path model, which suggests that changes in plant performance in both species were affected in two ways: (i) increasing size and decreasing distance of neighbors cause changes in plant architecture (higher crown density and greater leaf dispersion), which contribute to lower STAR and subsequently lower carbon gain; and (ii) reductions in light availability caused by the neighbors also decrease plant carbon gain. The effect of neighbors on STAR and carbon gain were similar for the two forests sites, which were at different stages of succession, suggesting that the architectural changes of the two understory species reflect functional convergence in response to plant competition. Because STAR and carbon gain are variables that depend on multiple plant attributes and environmental characteristics, we suggest that changes in these features can be used as a whole-plant response approach to detect environmental filtering in highly diverse tropical forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Guzmán Q
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biología, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501, Costa Rica Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto A Cordero S
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
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Sendall KM, Lusk CH, Reich PB. Becoming less tolerant with age: sugar maple, shade, and ontogeny. Oecologia 2015; 179:1011-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Westerband AC, Horvitz CC. Interactions between plant size and canopy openness influence vital rates and life-history tradeoffs in two neotropical understory herbs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1290-1299. [PMID: 26290552 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY For tropical forest understory plants, the ability to grow, survive, and reproduce is limited by the availability of light. The extent to which reproduction incurs a survival or growth cost may change with light availability, plant size, and adaptation to shade, and may vary among similar species.• METHODS We estimated size-specific rates of growth, survival, and reproduction (vital rates), for two neotropical understory herbs (order Zingiberales) in a premontane tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. During three annual censuses we monitored 1278 plants, measuring leaf area, number of inflorescences, and canopy openness. We fit regression models of all vital rates and evaluated them over a range of light levels. The best fitting models were selected using Akaike's Information Criterion.• KEY RESULTS All vital rates were significantly influenced by size in both species, but not always by light. Increasing light resulted in higher growth and a higher probability of reproduction in both species, but lower survival in one species. Both species grew at small sizes but shrank at larger sizes. The size at which shrinkage began differed among species and light environments. Vital rates of large individuals were more sensitive to changes in light than small individuals.• CONCLUSIONS Increasing light does not always positively influence vital rates; the extent to which light affects vital rates depends on plant size. Differences among species in their abilities to thrive under different light conditions and thus occupy distinct niches may contribute to the maintenance of species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Westerband
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0421 USA
| | - Carol C Horvitz
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0421 USA
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Dutilleul P, Han L, Valladares F, Messier C. Crown traits of coniferous trees and their relation to shade tolerance can differ with leaf type: a biophysical demonstration using computed tomography scanning data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:172. [PMID: 25852721 PMCID: PMC4371694 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant light interception and shade tolerance are intrinsically related in that they involve structural, morphological and physiological adaptations to manage light capture for photosynthetic utilization, in order to sustain survival, development and reproduction. At the scale of small-size trees, crown traits related to structural geometry of branching pattern and space occupancy through phyllotaxis can be accurately evaluated in 3D, using computed tomography (CT) scanning data. We demonstrate this by scrutinizing the crowns of 15 potted miniature conifers of different species or varieties, classified in two groups based on leaf type (10 needlelike, 5 scalelike); we also test whether mean values of crown traits measured from CT scanning data and correlations with a shade tolerance index (STI) differ between groups. Seven crown traits, including fractal dimensions (FD1: smaller scales, FD2: larger scales) and leaf areas, were evaluated for all 15 miniature conifers; an average silhouette-to-total-area ratio was also calculated for each of the 10 needlelike-leaf conifers. Between-group differences in mean values are significant (P < 0.05) for STI, FD1, FD2, and the average leaf area displayed (ĀD). Between-group differences in sign and strength of correlations are observed. For example, the correlation between STI and FD1 is negative and significant (P < 0.10) for the needlelike-leaf group, but is positive and significant (P < 0.05) for the miniature conifers with scalelike leaves, which had lower STI and higher FD1 on average in our study; the positive correlation between STI and ĀD is significant (P < 0.05) for the scalelike-leaf group, and very moderate for the needlelike-leaf one. A contrasting physical attachment of the leaves to branches may explain part of the between-group differences. Our findings open new avenues for the understanding of fundamental plant growth processes; the information gained could be included in a multi-scale approach to tree crown modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dutilleul
- Environmetrics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Pierre Dutilleul, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Liwen Han
- Environmetrics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasMadrid, Spain
| | - Christian Messier
- Département des sciences biologiques, Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Département des ressources naturelles, Institut des Sciences de la Forêt tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en OutaouaisRipon, QC, Canada
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Chen TW, Nguyen TMN, Kahlen K, Stützel H. Quantification of the effects of architectural traits on dry mass production and light interception of tomato canopy under different temperature regimes using a dynamic functional-structural plant model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6399-410. [PMID: 25183746 PMCID: PMC4246178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in evaluating the environmental effects on crop architectural traits and yield improvement. However, crop models describing the dynamic changes in canopy structure with environmental conditions and the complex interactions between canopy structure, light interception, and dry mass production are only gradually emerging. Using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as a model crop, a dynamic functional-structural plant model (FSPM) was constructed, parameterized, and evaluated to analyse the effects of temperature on architectural traits, which strongly influence canopy light interception and shoot dry mass. The FSPM predicted the organ growth, organ size, and shoot dry mass over time with high accuracy (>85%). Analyses of this FSPM showed that, in comparison with the reference canopy, shoot dry mass may be affected by leaf angle by as much as 20%, leaf curvature by up to 7%, the leaf length:width ratio by up to 5%, internode length by up to 9%, and curvature ratios and leaf arrangement by up to 6%. Tomato canopies at low temperature had higher canopy density and were more clumped due to higher leaf area and shorter internodes. Interestingly, dry mass production and light interception of the clumped canopy were more sensitive to changes in architectural traits. The complex interactions between architectural traits, canopy light interception, dry mass production, and environmental conditions can be studied by the dynamic FSPM, which may serve as a tool for designing a canopy structure which is 'ideal' in a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wei Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strałe 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thi My Nguyet Nguyen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strałe 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Kahlen
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strałe 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Sapijanskas J, Paquette A, Potvin C, Kunert N, Loreau M. Tropical tree diversity enhances light capture through crown plasticity and spatial and temporal niche differences. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-1366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Forrester DI. A stand-level light interception model for horizontally and vertically heterogeneous canopies. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Niinemets Ü, Tobias M. Scaling Light Harvesting from Moss “Leaves” to Canopies. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6988-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nock CA, Taugourdeau O, Delagrange S, Messier C. Assessing the potential of low-cost 3D cameras for the rapid measurement of plant woody structure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:16216-33. [PMID: 24287538 PMCID: PMC3892875 DOI: 10.3390/s131216216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Detailed 3D plant architectural data have numerous applications in plant science, but many existing approaches for 3D data collection are time-consuming and/or require costly equipment. Recently, there has been rapid growth in the availability of low-cost, 3D cameras and related open source software applications. 3D cameras may provide measurements of key components of plant architecture such as stem diameters and lengths, however, few tests of 3D cameras for the measurement of plant architecture have been conducted. Here, we measured Salix branch segments ranging from 2-13 mm in diameter with an Asus Xtion camera to quantify the limits and accuracy of branch diameter measurement with a 3D camera. By scanning at a variety of distances we also quantified the effect of scanning distance. In addition, we also test the sensitivity of the program KinFu for continuous 3D object scanning and modeling as well as other similar software to accurately record stem diameters and capture plant form (<3 m in height). Given its ability to accurately capture the diameter of branches >6 mm, Asus Xtion may provide a novel method for the collection of 3D data on the branching architecture of woody plants. Improvements in camera measurement accuracy and available software are likely to further improve the utility of 3D cameras for plant sciences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Nock
- Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Olivier Taugourdeau
- Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvain Delagrange
- Departement of Natural Sciences, University of Quebec in Outaouais (UQO), 58 Main Street, Ripon, QC J0V 1W0, Canada; E-Mails: (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Christian Messier
- Departement of Natural Sciences, University of Quebec in Outaouais (UQO), 58 Main Street, Ripon, QC J0V 1W0, Canada; E-Mails: (S.D.); (C.M.)
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Iandolino A, Pearcy R, Williams L. Simulating three-dimensional grapevine canopies and modelling their light interception characteristics. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH 2013. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/ajgw.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Iandolino
- Department of Viticulture and Enology; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - R.W. Pearcy
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
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Fu H, Yuan G, Zhong J, Cao T, Ni L, Xie P. Environmental and ontogenetic effects on intraspecific trait variation of a macrophyte species across five ecological scales. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62794. [PMID: 23626856 PMCID: PMC3633840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although functional trait variability is increasingly used in community ecology, the scale- and size-dependent aspects of trait variation are usually disregarded. Here we quantified the spatial structure of shoot height, branch length, root/shoot ratio and leaf number in a macrophyte species Potamogeton maackianus, and then disentangled the environmental and ontogenetic effects on these traits. Using a hierarchical nested design, we measured the four traits from 681 individuals across five ecological scales: lake, transect, depth stratus, quadrat and individual. A notable high trait variation (coefficient variation: 48–112%) was observed within species. These traits differed in the spatial structure, depending on environmental factors of different scales. Shoot height and branch length were most responsive to lake, transect and depth stratus scales, while root/shoot ratio and leaf number to quadrat and individual scales. The trait variations caused by environment are nearly three times higher than that caused by ontogeny, with ontogenetic variance ranging from 21% (leaf number) to 33% (branch length) of total variance. Remarkably, these traits showed non-negligible ontogenetic variation (0–60%) in each ecological scale, and significant shifts in allometric trajectories at lake and depth stratus scales. Our results highlight that environmental filtering processes can sort individuals within species with traits values adaptive to environmental changes and ontogenetic variation of functional traits was non-negligible across the five ecological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Guixiang Yuan
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayou Zhong
- Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Leyi Ni
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Fu H, Yuan G, Cao T, Ni L, Zhang M, Wang S. An alternative mechanism for shade adaptation: implication of allometric responses of three submersed macrophytes to water depth. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lusk CH, Pérez-Millaqueo MM, Saldaña A, Burns BR, Laughlin DC, Falster DS. Seedlings of temperate rainforest conifer and angiosperm trees differ in leaf area display. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:177-88. [PMID: 22585929 PMCID: PMC3380592 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The contemporary relegation of conifers mainly to cold or infertile sites has been ascribed to low competitive ability, as a result of the hydraulic inefficiency of tracheids and their seedlings' initial dependence on small foliage areas. Here it is hypothesized that, in temperate rainforests, the larger leaves of angiosperms also reduce self-shading and thus enable display of larger effective foliage areas than the numerous small leaves of conifers. METHODS This hypothesis was tested using 3-D modelling of plant architecture and structural equation modelling to compare self-shading and light interception potential of seedlings of six conifers and 12 angiosperm trees from temperate rainforests. The ratio of displayed leaf area to plant mass (LAR(d)) was used to indicate plant light interception potential: LAR(d) is the product of specific leaf area, leaf mass fraction, self-shading and leaf angle. RESULTS Angiosperm seedlings self-shaded less than conifers, mainly because of differences in leaf number (more than leaf size), and on average their LAR(d) was about twice that of conifers. Although specific leaf area was the most pervasive influence on LAR(d), differences in self-shading also significantly influenced LAR(d) of large seedlings. CONCLUSIONS The ability to deploy foliage in relatively few, large leaves is advantageous in minimizing self-shading and enhancing seedling light interception potential per unit of plant biomass. This study adds significantly to evidence that vegetative traits may be at least as important as reproductive innovations in explaining the success of angiosperms in productive environments where vegetation is structured by light competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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