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Takayama KI, Matsuoka S, Adachi S, Honma T, Yoshida M, Doi T, Shin-ya K, Yoshida M, Osada H, Inoue S. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors against the interaction of RNA-binding protein PSF and its target RNA for cancer treatment. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad203. [PMID: 37388923 PMCID: PMC10304769 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Diverse cellular activities are modulated through a variety of RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), by binding to certain proteins. The inhibition of oncogenic proteins or RNAs is expected to suppress cancer cell proliferation. We have previously demonstrated that PSF interaction with its target RNAs, such as androgen-induced lncRNA CTBP1-AS, is critical for hormone therapy resistance in prostate and breast cancers. However, the action of protein-RNA interactions remains almost undruggable to date. High-throughput screening (HTS) has facilitated the discovery of drugs for protein-protein interactions. In the present study, we developed an in vitro alpha assay using Flag peptide-conjugated lncRNA, CTBP1-AS, and PSF. We then constructed an effective HTS screening system to explore small compounds that inhibit PSF-RNA interactions. Thirty-six compounds were identified and dose-dependently inhibited PSF-RNA interaction in vitro. Moreover, chemical optimization of these lead compounds and evaluation of cancer cell proliferation revealed two promising compounds, N-3 and C-65. These compounds induced apoptosis and inhibited cell growth in prostate and breast cancer cells. By inhibiting PSF-RNA interaction, N-3 and C-65 up-regulated signals that are repressed by PSF, such as the cell cycle signals by p53 and p27. Furthermore, using a mouse xenograft model for hormone therapy-resistant prostate cancer, we revealed that N-3 and C-65 can significantly suppress tumor growth and downstream target gene expression, such as the androgen receptor (AR). Thus, our findings highlight a therapeutic strategy through the development of inhibitors for RNA-binding events in advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuoka
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Drug Discovery Chemical Bank Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Zhang Y, Peng Y, Liu J, Yan J, Zhu K, Sun X, Bu X, Wang X, Ahammed GJ, Liu Y, Sun Z, Qi M, Wang F, Li T. Tetratricopeptide repeat protein SlREC2 positively regulates cold tolerance in tomato. Plant Physiol 2023; 192:648-665. [PMID: 36760172 PMCID: PMC10152682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a key environmental constraint that dramatically affects the growth, productivity, and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified REDUCED CHLOROPLAST COVERAGE 2 (SlREC2) encoding a tetratricopeptide repeat protein that positively regulates tomato cold tolerance. Disruption of SlREC2 largely reduced abscisic acid (ABA) levels, photoprotection, and the expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF)-pathway genes in tomato plants under cold stress. ABA deficiency in the notabilis (not) mutant, which carries a mutation in 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 1 (SlNCED1), strongly inhibited the cold tolerance of SlREC2-silenced plants and empty vector control plants and resulted in a similar phenotype. In addition, foliar application of ABA rescued the cold tolerance of SlREC2-silenced plants, which confirms that SlNCED1-mediated ABA accumulation is required for SlREC2-regulated cold tolerance. Strikingly, SlREC2 physically interacted with β-RING CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE 1b (SlBCH1b), a key regulatory enzyme in the xanthophyll cycle. Disruption of SlBCH1b severely impaired photoprotection, ABA accumulation, and CBF-pathway gene expression in tomato plants under cold stress. Taken together, this study reveals that SlREC2 interacts with SlBCH1b to enhance cold tolerance in tomato via integration of SlNCED1-mediated ABA accumulation, photoprotection, and the CBF-pathway, thus providing further genetic knowledge for breeding cold-resistant tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinxia Peng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiarong Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kangyou Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Bu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhouping Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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Liu YH, Wang L, Zhang Z, Otecko NO, Khederzadeh S, Dai Y, Liang B, Wang GD, Zhang YP. Whole-genome sequencing reveals lactase persistence adaptation in European dogs. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4884-4890. [PMID: 34289055 PMCID: PMC8557436 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence and cooperation between dogs and humans over thousands of years have supported convergent evolutionary processes in the two species. Previous studies found that Eurasian dogs evolved into a distinct geographic cluster. In this study, we used the genomes of 242 European dogs, 38 Southeast Asian indigenous (SEAI) dogs, and 41 gray wolves to identify adaptation of European dogs . We report 86 unique positively selected genes in European dogs, among which is LCT (lactase). LCT encodes lactase, which is fundamental for the digestion of lactose. We found that an A-to-G mutation (chr19:38,609,592) is almost fixed in Middle Eastern and European dogs. The results of two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D SFS) support that the mutation is under soft sweep . We inferred that the onset of positive selection of the mutation is shorter than 6,535 years and behind the well-developed dairy economy in central Europe. It increases the expression of LCT by reducing its binding with ZEB1, which would enhance dog’s ability to digest milk-based diets. Our study uncovers the genetic basis of convergent evolution between humans and dogs with respect to diet, emphasizing the import of the dog as a biomedical model for studying mechanisms of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Newton O Otecko
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
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Makabe T, Koga K, Nagabukuro H, Asada M, Satake E, Taguchi A, Takeuchi A, Miyashita M, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Use of selective PGE2 receptor antagonists on human endometriotic stromal cells and peritoneal macrophages. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaaa077. [PMID: 33543288 PMCID: PMC7846198 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-hormonal therapeutic strategies for endometriosis are needed. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of prostaglandin (PG)E2 receptor inhibitors to explore their potential as novel therapeutic strategies for endometriosis. The expression of PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4) in donated tissues from human ovarian endometriosis, adenomyosis and peritoneal endometriosis was examined using immunohistochemistry. Human endometriotic stromal cells (ESC) isolated from ovarian endometriotic tissue and peritoneal macrophages were treated with EP2 and EP4 antagonists. cAMP accumulation and the effect of EP antagonists were measured using cAMP assays. DNA synthesis in ESC was detected using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 protein levels in ESC supernatants were measured using ELISAs. mRNA expression level for aromatase by ESC, and selected cytokines by peritoneal macrophages was measured using RT-PCR. EP2 and EP4 receptors were expressed in cells derived from control and diseased tissue, ovarian endometriotic, adenomyotic and peritoneal lesions. A selective EP2 antagonist reduced DNA synthesis, cAMP accumulation and IL-1β-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion and aromatase expression. A selective EP4 antagonist negated IL-1β-induced IL-6 secretion and aromatase expression. In peritoneal macrophages, EP expression was elevated in endometriosis samples but the EP4 antagonist reduced cAMP levels and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, chemokine ligand 2 and chemokine ligand 3 mRNA. EP2 and EP4 are functioning in endometriosis lesions and peritoneal macrophages, and their selective antagonists can reduce EP-mediated actions, therefore, the EP antagonists are potential therapeutic agents for controlling endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Makabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Extra Value Generation Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mari Asada
- Extra Value Generation Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Erina Satake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Arisa Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Che Y, Wang Q, Xie Z, Zhou L, Li S, Hui F, Wang X, Li B, Ma Y. Estimation of maize plant height and leaf area index dynamics using an unmanned aerial vehicle with oblique and nadir photography. Ann Bot 2020; 126:765-773. [PMID: 32432702 PMCID: PMC7489080 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High-throughput phenotyping is a limitation in plant genetics and breeding due to large-scale experiments in the field. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can help to extract plant phenotypic traits rapidly and non-destructively with high efficiency. The general aim of this study is to estimate the dynamic plant height and leaf area index (LAI) by nadir and oblique photography with a UAV, and to compare the integrity of the established three-dimensional (3-D) canopy by these two methods. METHODS Images were captured by a high-resolution digital RGB camera mounted on a UAV at five stages with nadir and oblique photography, and processed by Agisoft Metashape to generate point clouds, orthomosaic maps and digital surface models. Individual plots were segmented according to their positions in the experimental design layout. The plant height of each inbred line was calculated automatically by a reference ground method. The LAI was calculated by the 3-D voxel method. The reconstructed canopy was sliced into different layers to compare leaf area density obtained from oblique and nadir photography. KEY RESULTS Good agreements were found for plant height between nadir photography, oblique photography and manual measurement during the whole growing season. The estimated LAI by oblique photography correlated better with measured LAI (slope = 0.87, R2 = 0.67), compared with that of nadir photography (slope = 0.74, R2 = 0.56). The total number of point clouds obtained by oblique photography was about 2.7-3.1 times than those by nadir photography. Leaf area density calculated by nadir photography was much less than that obtained by oblique photography, especially near the plant base. CONCLUSIONS Plant height and LAI can be extracted automatically and efficiently by both photography methods. Oblique photography can provide intensive point clouds and relatively complete canopy information at low cost. The reconstructed 3-D profile of the plant canopy can be easily recognized by oblique photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpu Che
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijinge China
| | - Shuangwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijinge China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Yi JK, Ryoo ZY, Ha JJ, Oh DY, Kim MO, Kim SH. Beneficial effects of 6-shogaol on hyperglycemia, islet morphology and apoptosis in some tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:15. [PMID: 30805033 PMCID: PMC6373041 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion and aberrant glucagon secretion resulting from changes in pancreatic islet cell function and/or mass. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ginger on various tissues (i.e., pancreas, kidney, and liver) and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The pleasant aroma of ginger comes from the constituents present in its volatile oil, while its non-volatile pungent phytochemicals consist of gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. METHODS This research was conducted to determine the effects of 6-shogaol administration on blood glucose and insulin production in type 1 diabetic mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with shogaol at 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight. Untreated mice were injected with an equivalent volume of buffer, three times a week for 2 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups: control group mice (n = 3) were given an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) vehicle (1 mL citrate buffer/100 g body weight) at day 1 and received an IP injection of 6-shogaol vehicle [1 mL buffer (0.5% DMSO, 10% Tween 20, and 89.5% PBS)/100 g body weight] every other day for 4 consecutive days. RESULTS 6-Shogaol exhibited an antidiabetic effect by significantly decreased the level of blood glucose, body weight and attenuated the above pathological changes to the normal levels in the diabetic mice, and has effect against pancreas, kidney, liver damage in the diabetic mice. Since, 6-shogaol prevented the damage for STZ induced stress. CONCLUSION 6-Shogaol can be used as a therapeutic agent for preventing complications in diabetic patients. Diabetic treatment consider the 6-shogaol as a pharmatheuticals or combination drug with herbal plant or others 6-shogaol may be a good therapeutic drug because it covers not only pancreatic β-cell but also liver and kidney. Ginger may be ideal because they contain a variety of pharmacological compounds with different known pharmacological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Koo Yi
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, 36052 South Korea
| | - Zae-Young Ryoo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Jae-Jung Ha
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, 36052 South Korea
| | - Dong-Yep Oh
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, 36052 South Korea
| | - Myoung-Ok Kim
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, 36052 South Korea
- School of Animal BT Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711 South Korea
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
- School of Animal BT Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711 South Korea
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
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