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Gao L, Pei Y, Wang P, Cen Y, Yan X, Hou Y. Cotton SNARE complex component GhSYP121 regulates salicylic acid signaling during defense against Verticillium dahliae. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38801215 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Syntaxin of plant (SYP) plays a crucial role in SNARE-mediated membrane trafficking during endocytic and secretory pathways, contributing to the regulation and execution of plant immunity against pathogens. Verticillium wilt is among the most destructive fungal diseases affecting cotton worldwide. However, information regarding SYP family genes in cotton is scarce. Through genome-wide identification and transcriptome profiling, we identified GhSYP121, a Qa SNARE gene in Gossypium hirsutum. GhSYP121 is notably induced by Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt in cotton, and acts as a negative regulator of defense against V. dahliae. This is evidenced by the reduced resistance of GhSYP121-deficient cotton and the increased susceptibility of GhSYP121-overexpressing lines. Furthermore, the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway by V. dahliae is inversely correlated with the expression level of GhSYP121. GhSYP121 interacts with its cognate SNARE component, GhSNAP33, which is required for the penetration resistance against V. dahliae in cotton. Collectively, GhSYP121, as a member of the cotton SNARE complex, is involved in regulating the SA pathway during plant defense against V. dahliae. This finding enhances our understanding of the potential role of GhSYP121 in these distinct pathways that contribute to plant defense against V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Gao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Cen
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Henchiri H, Rayapuram N, Alhoraibi HM, Caïus J, Paysant-Le Roux C, Citerne S, Hirt H, Colcombet J, Sturbois B, Bigeard J. Integrated multi-omics and genetic analyses reveal molecular determinants underlying Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1016-1035. [PMID: 38281242 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The secretory pathway is essential for plant immunity, delivering diverse antimicrobial molecules into the extracellular space. Arabidopsis thaliana soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor SNAP33 is a key actor of this process. The snap33 mutant displays dwarfism and necrotic lesions, however the molecular determinants of its macroscopic phenotypes remain elusive. Here, we isolated several new snap33 mutants that exhibited constitutive cell death and H2O2 accumulation, further defining snap33 as an autoimmune mutant. We then carried out quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showing that numerous defense transcripts and proteins were up-regulated in the snap33 mutant, among which genes/proteins involved in defense hormone, pattern-triggered immunity, and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling. qRT-PCR analyses and hormone dosages supported these results. Furthermore, genetic analyses elucidated the diverse contributions of the main defense hormones and some nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling actors in the establishment of the snap33 phenotype, emphasizing the preponderant role of salicylic acid over other defense phytohormones. Moreover, the accumulation of pattern-triggered immunity and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling proteins in the snap33 mutant was confirmed by immunoblotting analyses and further shown to be salicylic acid-dependent. Collectively, this study unveiled molecular determinants underlying the Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype and brought new insights into autoimmunity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Henchiri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna M Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Caïus
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bénédicte Sturbois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Chaudhary D, Jeena AS, Rohit, Gaur S, Raj R, Mishra S, Kajal, Gupta OP, Meena MR. Advances in RNA Interference for Plant Functional Genomics: Unveiling Traits, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04850-x. [PMID: 38175411 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved molecular mechanism that plays a critical role in post-transcriptional gene silencing across diverse organisms. This review delves into the role of RNAi in plant functional genomics and its applications in crop improvement, highlighting its mechanistic insights and practical implications. The review begins with the foundational discovery of RNAi's mechanism, tracing its origins from petunias to its widespread presence in various organisms. Various classes of regulatory non-coding small RNAs, including siRNAs, miRNAs, and phasiRNAs, have been uncovered, expanding the scope of RNAi-mediated gene regulation beyond conventional understanding. These RNA classes participate in intricate post-transcriptional and epigenetic processes that influence gene expression. In the context of crop enhancement, RNAi has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding gene functions. It has proven effective in deciphering gene roles related to stress resistance, metabolic pathways, and more. Additionally, RNAi-based approaches hold promise for integrated pest management and sustainable agriculture, contributing to global efforts in food security. This review discusses RNAi's diverse applications, such as modifying plant architecture, extending shelf life, and enhancing nutritional content in crops. The challenges and future prospects of RNAi technology, including delivery methods and biosafety concerns, are also explored. The global landscape of RNAi research is highlighted, with significant contributions from regions such as China, Europe, and North America. In conclusion, RNAi remains a versatile and pivotal tool in modern plant research, offering novel avenues for understanding gene functions and improving crop traits. Its integration with other biotechnological approaches such as gene editing holds the potential to shape the future of agriculture and sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chaudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anand Singh Jeena
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rohit
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sonali Gaur
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rishi Raj
- ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute-Regional Centre, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Kajal
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, 140143, India
| | - Om Prakash Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
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Zhang J, Wang S, Wang H, He P, Chang Y, Zheng W, Tang X, Li L, Wang C, He X. Metabolome and Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Function of MdSYP121 in the Apple Response to Botryosphaeria dothidea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16242. [PMID: 38003432 PMCID: PMC10671699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The vesicular transport system is important for substance transport in plants. In recent years, the regulatory relationship between the vesicular transport system and plant disease resistance has received widespread attention; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. MdSYP121 is a key protein in the vesicular transport system. The overexpression of MdSYP121 decreased the B. dothidea resistance of apple, while silencing MdSYP121 resulted in the opposite phenotype. A metabolome and transcriptome dataset analysis showed that MdSYP121 regulated apple disease resistance by significantly affecting sugar metabolism. HPLC results showed that the levels of many soluble sugars were significantly higher in the MdSYP121-OE calli. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes related to sugar transport were significantly higher in the MdSYP121-OE calli after B. dothidea inoculation. In addition, the relationships between the MdSYP121 expression level, the soluble sugar content, and apple resistance to B. dothidea were verified in an F1 population derived from a cross between 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji Nagafu No. 2'. In conclusion, these results suggested that MdSYP121 negatively regulated apple resistance to B. dothidea by influencing the soluble sugar content. These technologies and methods allow us to investigate the molecular mechanism of the vesicular transport system regulating apple resistance to B. dothidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahu Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.T.); (C.W.)
| | - Sen Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Haibo Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Yuansheng Chang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenyan Zheng
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiao Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.T.); (C.W.)
| | - Linguang Li
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.T.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaowen He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (H.W.); (P.H.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.); (L.L.)
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Nguyen NN, Lamotte O, Alsulaiman M, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Berger N, Demolombe V, Nespoulous C, Dang TMN, Aimé S, Berthomieu P, Dubos C, Wendehenne D, Vile D, Gosti F. Reduction in PLANT DEFENSIN 1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana results in increased resistance to pathogens and zinc toxicity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5374-5393. [PMID: 37326591 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of defensins in plants correlates with their increased capacity to withstand abiotic and biotic stresses. This applies to Arabidopsis thaliana, where some of the seven members of the PLANT DEFENSIN 1 family (AtPDF1) are recognised to improve plant responses to necrotrophic pathogens and increase seedling tolerance to excess zinc (Zn). However, few studies have explored the effects of decreased endogenous defensin expression on these stress responses. Here, we carried out an extensive physiological and biochemical comparative characterization of (i) novel artificial microRNA (amiRNA) lines silenced for the five most similar AtPDF1s, and (ii) a double null mutant for the two most distant AtPDF1s. Silencing of five AtPDF1 genes was specifically associated with increased aboveground dry mass production in mature plants under excess Zn conditions, and with increased plant tolerance to different pathogens - a fungus, an oomycete and a bacterium, while the double mutant behaved similarly to the wild type. These unexpected results challenge the current paradigm describing the role of PDFs in plant stress responses. Additional roles of endogenous plant defensins are discussed, opening new perspectives for their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Nga Nguyen
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Lamotte
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Mohanad Alsulaiman
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Berger
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Claude Nespoulous
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Thi Minh Nguyet Dang
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Aimé
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Berthomieu
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21 000 Dijon, France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2 Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Gosti
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, 2, Place P. Viala, F-34 060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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Jiang C, Li Z, Zheng L, Yu Y, Niu D. Small RNAs: Efficient and miraculous effectors that play key roles in plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:999-1013. [PMID: 37026481 PMCID: PMC10346379 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants' response to pathogens is highly complex and involves changes at different levels, such as activation or repression of a vast array of genes. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that many RNAs, especially small RNAs (sRNAs), are involved in genetic expression and reprogramming affecting plant-pathogen interactions. The sRNAs, including short interfering RNAs and microRNAs, are noncoding RNA with 18-30 nucleotides, and are recognized as key genetic and epigenetic regulators. In this review, we summarize the new findings about defence-related sRNAs in the response to pathogens and our current understanding of their effects on plant-pathogen interactions. The main content of this review article includes the roles of sRNAs in plant-pathogen interactions, cross-kingdom sRNA trafficking between host and pathogen, and the application of RNA-based fungicides for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Zi‐Jie Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Li‐Yu Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Yi‐Yang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Dong‐Dong Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
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TaSYP137 and TaVAMP723, the SNAREs Proteins from Wheat, Reduce Resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054830. [PMID: 36902258 PMCID: PMC10003616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE protein is an essential factor driving vesicle fusion in eukaryotes. Several SNAREs have been shown to play a crucial role in protecting against powdery mildew and other pathogens. In our previous study, we identified SNARE family members and analyzed their expression pattern in response to powdery mildew infection. Based on quantitative expression and RNA-seq results, we focused on TaSYP137/TaVAMP723 and hypothesized that they play an important role in the interaction between wheat and Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici (Bgt). In this study, we measured the expression patterns of TaSYP132/TaVAMP723 genes in wheat post-infection with Bgt and found that the expression pattern of TaSYP137/TaVAMP723 was opposite in resistant and susceptible wheat samples infected by Bgt. The overexpression of TaSYP137/TaVAMP723 disrupted wheat's defense against Bgt infection, while silencing these genes enhanced its resistance to Bgt. Subcellular localization studies revealed that TaSYP137/TaVAMP723 are present in both the plasma membrane and nucleus. The interaction between TaSYP137 and TaVAMP723 was confirmed using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system. This study offers novel insights into the involvement of SNARE proteins in the resistance of wheat against Bgt, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the role of the SNARE family in the pathways related to plant disease resistance.
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Halder K, Chaudhuri A, Abdin MZ, Datta A. Tweaking the Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Desirable Traits in Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043143. [PMID: 36834556 PMCID: PMC9966754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant transcriptome contains an enormous amount of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that do not code for proteins but take part in regulating gene expression. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, much research has been conducted to elucidate their function in the gene regulatory network and their involvement in plants' response to biotic/abiotic stresses. Typically, 20-30 nucleotide-long small ncRNAs are a potential target for plant molecular breeders because of their agricultural importance. This review summarizes the current understanding of three major classes of small ncRNAs: short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA (miRNA), and transacting siRNAs (tasiRNAs). Furthermore, their biogenesis, mode of action, and how they have been utilized to improve crop productivity and disease resistance are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Halder
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abira Chaudhuri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.D.); Tel.: +91-1126742750 or +91-1126735119 (A.D.)
| | - Malik Z. Abdin
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.D.); Tel.: +91-1126742750 or +91-1126735119 (A.D.)
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Bharathi JK, Anandan R, Benjamin LK, Muneer S, Prakash MAS. Recent trends and advances of RNA interference (RNAi) to improve agricultural crops and enhance their resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:600-618. [PMID: 36529010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, significant advances have been made using genetic engineering technology to modify genes from various exotic origins and introduce them into plants to induce favorable traits. RNA interference (RNAi) was discovered earlier as a natural process for controlling the expression of genes across all higher species. It aims to enhance precision and accuracy in pest/pathogen resistance, quality improvement, and manipulating the architecture of plants. However, it existed as a widely used technique recently. RNAi technologies could well be used to down-regulate any genes' expression without disrupting the expression of other genes. The use of RNA interference to silence genes in various organisms has become the preferred method for studying gene functions. The establishment of new approaches and applications for enhancing desirable characters is essential in crops by gene suppression and the refinement of knowledge of endogenous RNAi mechanisms in plants. RNAi technology in recent years has become an important and choicest method for controlling insects, pests, pathogens, and abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and temperature. Although there are certain drawbacks in efficiency of this technology such as gene candidate selection, stability of trigger molecule, choice of target species and crops. Nevertheless, from past decade several target genes has been identified in numerous crops for their improvement towards biotic and abiotic stresses. The current review is aimed to emphasize the research done on crops under biotic and abiotic stress using RNAi technology. The review also highlights the gene regulatory pathways/gene silencing, RNA interference, RNAi knockdown, RNAi induced biotic and abiotic resistance and advancements in the understanding of RNAi technology and the functionality of various components of the RNAi machinery in crops for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Kanmani Bharathi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramaswamy Anandan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lincy Kirubhadharsini Benjamin
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthu Arjuna Samy Prakash
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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He J, Yang B, Hause G, Rössner N, Peiter-Volk T, Schattat MH, Voiniciuc C, Peiter E. The trans-Golgi-localized protein BICAT3 regulates manganese allocation and matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2579-2600. [PMID: 35993897 PMCID: PMC9706472 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for a diversity of processes, including photosynthetic water splitting and the transfer of glycosyl moieties. Various Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases that mediate cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are Mn2+ dependent, but the supply of these enzymes with Mn2+ is not well understood. Here, we show that the BIVALENT CATION TRANSPORTER 3 (BICAT3) localizes specifically to trans-cisternae of the Golgi. In agreement with a role in Mn2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, BICAT3 rescued yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants defective in their translocation. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) knockout mutants of BICAT3 were sensitive to low Mn2+ and high Ca2+ availability and showed altered accumulation of these cations. Despite reduced cell expansion and leaf size in Mn2+-deficient bicat3 mutants, their photosynthesis was improved, accompanied by an increased Mn content of chloroplasts. Growth defects of bicat3 corresponded with an impaired glycosidic composition of matrix polysaccharides synthesized in the trans-Golgi. In addition to the vegetative growth defects, pollen tube growth of bicat3 was heterogeneously aberrant. This was associated with a severely reduced and similarly heterogeneous pectin deposition and caused diminished seed set and silique length. Double mutant analyses demonstrated that the physiological relevance of BICAT3 is distinct from that of ER-TYPE CA2+-ATPASE 3, a Golgi-localized Mn2+/Ca2+-ATPase. Collectively, BICAT3 is a principal Mn2+ transporter in the trans-Golgi whose activity is critical for specific glycosylation reactions in this organelle and for the allocation of Mn2+ between Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocentre, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Peiter-Volk
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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11
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Bocos-Asenjo IT, Niño-Sánchez J, Ginésy M, Diez JJ. New Insights on the Integrated Management of Plant Diseases by RNA Strategies: Mycoviruses and RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9236. [PMID: 36012499 PMCID: PMC9409477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based strategies for plant disease management offer an attractive alternative to agrochemicals that negatively impact human and ecosystem health and lead to pathogen resistance. There has been recent interest in using mycoviruses for fungal disease control after it was discovered that some cause hypovirulence in fungal pathogens, which refers to a decline in the ability of a pathogen to cause disease. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, has set an ideal model of management through the release of hypovirulent strains. However, mycovirus-based management of plant diseases is still restricted by limited approaches to search for viruses causing hypovirulence and the lack of protocols allowing effective and systemic virus infection in pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi), the eukaryotic cell system that recognizes RNA sequences and specifically degrades them, represents a promising. RNA-based disease management method. The natural occurrence of cross-kingdom RNAi provides a basis for host-induced gene silencing, while the ability of most pathogens to uptake exogenous small RNAs enables the use of spray-induced gene silencing techniques. This review describes the mechanisms behind and the potential of two RNA-based strategies, mycoviruses and RNAi, for plant disease management. Successful applications are discussed, as well as the research gaps and limitations that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Teresa Bocos-Asenjo
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jonatan Niño-Sánchez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Mireille Ginésy
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Julio Javier Diez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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12
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Golubeva TS, Cherenko VA, Sinitsyna OI, Kochetov AV. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Potato Response to Late Blight Infection. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Molinelli HR, Liu M, O'Connell RJ, Nielsen ME. Plant SYP12 syntaxins mediate an evolutionarily conserved general immunity to filamentous pathogens. eLife 2022; 11:73487. [PMID: 35119361 PMCID: PMC8865848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal and oomycete plant pathogens that invade by direct penetration through the leaf epidermal cell wall cause devastating plant diseases. Plant preinvasive immunity toward nonadapted filamentous pathogens is highly effective and durable. Pre- and postinvasive immunity correlates with the formation of evolutionarily conserved and cell-autonomous cell wall structures, named papillae and encasements, respectively. Yet, it is still unresolved how papillae/encasements are formed and whether these defense structures prevent pathogen ingress. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis the two closely related members of the SYP12 clade of syntaxins (PEN1 and SYP122) are indispensable for the formation of papillae and encasements. Moreover, loss-of-function mutants were hampered in preinvasive immunity toward a range of phylogenetically distant nonadapted filamentous pathogens, underlining the versatility and efficacy of this defense. Complementation studies using SYP12s from the early diverging land plant, Marchantia polymorpha, showed that the SYP12 clade immunity function has survived 470 million years of independent evolution. These results suggest that ancestral land plants evolved the SYP12 clade to provide a broad and durable preinvasive immunity to facilitate their life on land and pave the way to a better understanding of how adapted pathogens overcome this ubiquitous plant defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Eggert Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Sun K, Schipper D, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Govers F, Bouwmeester K, Bai Y. Silencing susceptibility genes in potato hinders primary infection of Phytophthora infestans at different stages. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab058. [PMID: 35043191 PMCID: PMC8968627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most potato cultivars are susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A new source of resistance to prevent or diminish pathogen infection is found in the genetic loss of host susceptibility. Previously, we showed that RNAi-mediated silencing of the potato susceptibility (S) genes StDND1, StDMR1 and StDMR6 leads to increased late blight resistance. The mechanisms underlying this S-gene mediated resistance have thus far not been identified. In this study, we examined the infection process of P. infestans on StDND1-, StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced potato lines. Microscopic analysis showed that penetration of P. infestans spores was hampered on StDND1-silenced plants. On StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants, P. infestans infection was arrested at a primary infection stage by enhanced cell death responses. Histochemical staining revealed that StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants display elevated ROS levels in cells at the infection sites. Resistance in StDND1-silenced plants, however, seems not to rely on a cell death response as ROS accumulation was found to be absent at most inoculated sites. Quantitative analysis of marker gene expression suggests that the increased resistance observed in StDND1- and StDMR6-silenced plants relies on an early onset of SA- and ET-mediated signalling pathways. Resistance mediated by silencing StDMR1 was found to be correlated with the early induction of SA-mediated signalling. These data provide evidence that different defense mechanisms are involved in late blight resistance mediated by functional impairment of different potato S-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Schipper
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Frolova TS, Cherenko VA, Sinitsyna OI, Kochetov AV. [Genetic aspects of potato resistance to phytophthorosis]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:164-170. [PMID: 34901714 PMCID: PMC8627881 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Оомицет Рhytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary – основной патоген сельскохозяйственных культур
семейства Пасленовые, особенно картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). С учетом того, что картофель – четвертая культура в мире по масштабам выращивания, ежегодные потери от фитофтороза огромны. Исследования базовых
механизмов взаимодействия между картофелем и возбудителем фитофтороза не только расширяют фундаментальные знания в этой области, но и открывают новые возможности для влияния на эти взаимодействия с целью
повышения резистентности к патогену. Взаимодействие картофеля и возбудителя фитофтороза можно рассматривать с генетической точки зрения, причем интересны как ответ картофеля на процесс колонизации со стороны P. infestans, так и изменение активности генов у фитофторы при заражении растения. Можно исследовать
этот процесс через изменение профиля вторичных метаболитов хозяина и патогена. Помимо фундаментальных
исследований в этой области, не меньшее значение имеют и прикладные работы в виде создания новых препаратов для защиты картофеля. Представленный обзор кратко описывает основные этапы исследований устойчивости картофеля к фитофторозу, начиная с самых первых работ. Большое внимание уделяется ключевым
моментам по изменению профиля вторичных метаболитов (фитоалексинов). Отдельный раздел посвящен описанию как качественных, так количественных признаков устойчивости картофеля к возбудителю фитофтороза:
их вкладу в общую резистентность, картированию и возможности регуляции. Оба вида признаков важны для
селекции картофеля: качественная устойчивость за счет R-генов быстро преодолевается патогеном, в то время
как пирамидирование локусов количественных признаков способствует созданию высокоустойчивых сортов.
Новейшие подходы молекулярной биологии дают возможность изучать и транслятомные профили, что позволяет посмотреть на взаимодействие картофеля и возбудителя фитофтороза. Показано, что процесс колонизации
картофеля отражается не только на активности различных генов и профиле вторичных метаболитов, выявлены
также белки-маркеры ответа на заражение со стороны картофеля – это патоген-зависимые белки и пластидная
углекислая ангидраза. Маркерами заражения от P. infestans были белки грибной целлюлозо-синтазы и гаусторий-специфический мембранный белок. В данном обзоре приведена информация по наиболее актуальным комплексным исследованиям генетических механизмов устойчивости картофеля к фитофторозу.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Frolova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V A Cherenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O I Sinitsyna
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Salinas-Cornejo J, Madrid-Espinoza J, Verdugo I, Pérez-Díaz J, Martín-Davison AS, Norambuena L, Ruiz-Lara S. The Exocytosis Associated SNAP25-Type Protein, SlSNAP33, Increases Salt Stress Tolerance by Modulating Endocytosis in Tomato. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071322. [PMID: 34209492 PMCID: PMC8309203 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In plants, vesicular trafficking is crucial for the response and survival to environmental challenges. The active trafficking of vesicles is essential to maintain cell homeostasis during salt stress. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are regulatory proteins of vesicular trafficking. They mediate membrane fusion and guarantee cargo delivery to the correct cellular compartments. SNAREs from the Qbc subfamily are the best-characterized plasma membrane SNAREs, where they control exocytosis during cell division and defense response. The Solanum lycopersicum gene SlSNAP33.2 encodes a Qbc-SNARE protein and is induced under salt stress conditions. SlSNAP33.2 localizes on the plasma membrane of root cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to study its role in endocytosis and salt stress response, we overexpressed the SlSNAP33.2 cDNA in a tomato cultivar. Constitutive overexpression promoted endocytosis along with the accumulation of sodium (Na+) in the vacuoles. It also protected the plant from cell damage by decreasing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the cytoplasm of stressed root cells. Subsequently, the higher level of SlSNAP33.2 conferred tolerance to salt stress in tomato plants. The analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters such as relative water content, the efficiency of the photosystem II, performance index, chlorophyll, and MDA contents showed that tomato plants overexpressing SlSNAP33.2 displayed a better performance under salt stress than wild type plants. These results reveal a role for SlSNAP33.2 in the endocytosis pathway involved in plant response to salt stress. This research shows that SlSNAP33.2 can be an effective tool for the genetic improvement of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselyn Salinas-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
| | - José Madrid-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
| | - Isabel Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
| | - Alex San Martín-Davison
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Ñuñoa 7750000, Chile;
| | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.S.-C.); (J.M.-E.); (I.V.); (J.P.-D.); (A.S.M.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040650. [PMID: 33805521 PMCID: PMC8067263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi are the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop plants and represent a persistent and significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Conventional approaches based on the use of pesticides raise social concern for the impact on the environment and human health and alternative control methods are urgently needed. The rapid improvement and extensive implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for various model and non-model organisms has provided the initial framework to adapt this post-transcriptional gene silencing technology for the management of fungal pathogens. Recent studies showed that the exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules on plants targeting fungal growth and virulence-related genes provided disease attenuation of pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum in different hosts. Such results highlight that the exogenous RNAi holds great potential for RNAi-mediated plant pathogenic fungal disease control. Production of dsRNA can be possible by using either in-vitro or in-vivo synthesis. In this review, we describe exogenous RNAi involved in plant pathogenic fungi and discuss dsRNA production, formulation, and RNAi delivery methods. Potential challenges that are faced while developing a RNAi strategy for fungal pathogens, such as off-target and epigenetic effects, with their possible solutions are also discussed.
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18
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Wang G, Long D, Yu F, Zhang H, Chen C, Wang Y, Ji W. Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression of the SNARE gene family in wheat resistance to powdery mildew. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10788. [PMID: 33552743 PMCID: PMC7831368 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE proteins mediate eukaryotic cell membrane/transport vesicle fusion and act in plant resistance to fungi. Herein, 173 SNARE proteins were identified in wheat and divided into 5 subfamilies and 21 classes. The number of the SYP1 class type was largest in TaSNAREs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that most of the SNAREs were distributed in 21 classes. Analysis of the genetic structure revealed large differences among the 21 classes, and the structures in the same group were similar, except across individual genes. Excluding the first homoeologous group, the number in the other homoeologous groups was similar. The 2,000 bp promoter region of the TaSNARE genes were analyzed, and many W-box, MYB and disease-related cis-acting elements were identified. The qRT-PCR-based analysis of the SNARE genes revealed similar expression patterns of the same subfamily in one wheat variety. The expression patterns of the same gene in resistant/sensitive varieties largely differed at 6 h after infection, suggesting that SNARE proteins play an important role in early pathogen infection. Here, the identification and expression analysis of SNARE proteins provide a theoretical basis for studies of SNARE protein function and wheat resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Wang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Deyu Long
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fagang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunhuan Chen
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Rausche J, Stenzel I, Stauder R, Fratini M, Trujillo M, Heilmann I, Rosahl S. A phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase from Solanum tuberosum is activated by PAMP-treatment and may antagonize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate at Phytophthora infestans infection sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:469-487. [PMID: 32762082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans display enhanced resistance upon infiltration with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pep-13. Here, we characterize a potato gene similar to Arabidopsis 5-phosphatases which was identified in transcript arrays performed to identify Pep-13 regulated genes, and termed StIPP. Recombinant StIPP protein specifically dephosphorylated the D5-position of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2 ) in vitro. Other phosphoinositides or soluble inositolpolyphosphates were not converted. When transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes, a StIPP-YFP fusion localized to the subapical plasma membrane and antagonized PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent effects on cell morphology, indicating in vivo functionality. Phytophthora infestans-infection of N. benthamiana leaf epidermis cells resulted in relocalization of StIPP-GFP from the plasma membrane to the extra-haustorial membrane (EHM). Colocalizion with the effector protein RFP-AvrBlb2 at infection sites is consistent with a role of StIPP in the plant-oomycete interaction. Correlation analysis of fluorescence distributions of StIPP-GFP and biosensors for PtdIns(4,5)P2 or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) indicate StIPP activity predominantly at the EHM. In Arabidopsis protoplasts, expression of StIPP resulted in the stabilization of the PAMP receptor, FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2, indicating that StIPP may act as a PAMP-induced and localized antagonist of PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent processes during plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rausche
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Ron Stauder
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Marta Fratini
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Independent Research Group Protein Ubiquitinylation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
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Dalio RJD, Litholdo CG, Arena G, Magalhães D, Machado MA. Contribution of Omics and Systems Biology to Plant Biotechnology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1346:171-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80352-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Arpaia S, Christiaens O, Giddings K, Jones H, Mezzetti B, Moronta-Barrios F, Perry JN, Sweet JB, Taning CNT, Smagghe G, Dietz-Pfeilstetter A. Biosafety of GM Crop Plants Expressing dsRNA: Data Requirements and EU Regulatory Considerations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:940. [PMID: 32670333 PMCID: PMC7327110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of RNA interference (RNAi) enables the silencing of target genes in plants or plant-dwelling organisms, through the production of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) resulting in altered plant characteristics. Expression of properly synthesized dsRNAs in plants can lead to improved crop quality characteristics or exploit new mechanisms with activity against plant pests and pathogens. Genetically modified (GM) crops exhibiting resistance to viruses or insects via expression of dsRNA have received authorization for cultivation outside Europe. Some products derived from RNAi plants have received a favourable opinion from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for import and processing in the European Union (EU). The authorization process in the EU requires applicants to produce a risk assessment considering food/feed and environmental safety aspects of living organisms or their derived food and feed products. The present paper discusses the main aspects of the safety assessment (comparative assessment, molecular characterization, toxicological assessment, nutritional assessment, gene transfer, interaction with target and non-target organisms) for GM plants expressing dsRNA, according to the guidelines of EFSA. Food/feed safety assessment of products from RNAi plants is expected to be simplified, in the light of the consideration that no novel proteins are produced. Therefore, some of the data requirements for risk assessment do not apply to these cases, and the comparative compositional analysis becomes the main source of evidence for food/feed safety of RNAi plants. During environmental risk assessment, the analysis of dsRNA expression levels of the GM trait, and the data concerning the observable effects on non-target organisms (NTO) will provide the necessary evidence for ensuring safety of species exposed to RNAi plants. Bioinformatics may provide support to risk assessment by selecting target gene sequences with low similarity to the genome of NTOs possibly exposed to dsRNA. The analysis of these topics in risk assessment indicates that the science-based regulatory process in Europe is considered to be applicable to GM RNAi plants, therefore the evaluation of their safety can be effectively conducted without further modifications. Outcomes from the present paper offer suggestions for consideration in future updates of the EFSA Guidance documents on risk assessment of GM organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Arpaia
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kara Giddings
- Bayer, Crop Science R&D Regulatory Science, Chesterfield, MO, United States
| | - Huw Jones
- Translational Genomics for Plant Breeding, Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Clauvis N. T. Taning
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
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Won KH, Kim H. Functions of the Plant Qbc SNARE SNAP25 in Cytokinesis and Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. Mol Cells 2020; 43:313-322. [PMID: 32274918 PMCID: PMC7191049 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes transport biomolecules between intracellular organelles and between cells and the environment via vesicle trafficking. Soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE proteins) play pivotal roles in vesicle and membrane trafficking. These proteins are categorized as Qa, Qb, Qc, and R SNAREs and form a complex that induces vesicle fusion for targeting of vesicle cargos. As the core components of the SNARE complex, the SNAP25 Qbc SNAREs perform various functions related to cellular homeostasis. The Arabidopsis thaliana SNAP25 homolog AtSNAP33 interacts with Qa and R SNAREs and plays a key role in cytokinesis and in triggering innate immune responses. However, other Arabidopsis SNAP25 homologs, such as AtSNAP29 and AtSNAP30, are not well studied; this includes their localization, interactions, structures, and functions. Here, we discuss three biological functions of plant SNAP25 orthologs in the context of AtSNAP33 and highlight recent findings on SNAP25 orthologs in various plants. We propose future directions for determining the roles of the less well-characterized AtSNAP29 and AtSNAP30 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hee Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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23
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Early Pep-13-induced immune responses are SERK3A/B-dependent in potato. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18380. [PMID: 31804581 PMCID: PMC6895089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato plants treated with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Pep-13 mount salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-dependent defense responses, leading to enhanced resistance against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease. Recognition of Pep-13 is assumed to occur by binding to a yet unknown plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase. The potato genes annotated to encode the co-receptor BAK1, StSERK3A and StSERK3B, are activated in response to Pep-13 treatment. Transgenic RNAi-potato plants with reduced expression of both SERK3A and SERK3B were generated. In response to Pep-13 treatment, the formation of reactive oxygen species and MAP kinase activation, observed in wild type plants, is highly reduced in StSERK3A/B-RNAi plants, suggesting that StSERK3A/B are required for perception of Pep-13 in potato. In contrast, defense gene expression is induced by Pep-13 in both control and StSERK3A/B-depleted plants. Altered morphology of StSERK3A/B-RNAi plants correlates with major shifts in metabolism, as determined by untargeted metabolite profiling. Enhanced levels of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, typical phytoalexins of potato, in StSERK3A/B-RNAi plants are accompanied by significantly decreased levels of flavonoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids. Thus, altered metabolism in StSERK3A/B-RNAi plants correlates with the ability of StSERK3A/B-depleted plants to mount defense, despite highly decreased early immune responses.
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He X, Huo Y, Liu X, Zhou Q, Feng S, Shen X, Li B, Wu S, Chen X. Activation of disease resistance against Botryosphaeria dothidea by downregulating the expression of MdSYP121 in apple. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:24. [PMID: 29736249 PMCID: PMC5928070 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the vesicle fusion process plays a vital role in pathogen defence. However, the importance of the vesicle fusion process in apple ring rot has not been studied. Here, we isolated and characterised the apple syntaxin gene MdSYP121. Silencing the MdSYP121 gene in transgenic apple calli increased tolerance to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection; this increased tolerance was correlated with salicylic acid (SA) synthesis-related and signalling-related gene transcription. In contrast, overexpressing MdSYP121 in apple calli resulted in the opposite phenotypes. In addition, the results of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays suggested that MdSYP121 plays an important role in responses to oxidation-reduction reactions. Silencing MdSYP121 in apple calli enhanced the expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes and the activity of ROS-related enzymes. The enhanced defence response status in MdSYP121-RNAi lines suggests that syntaxins are involved in the defence response to B. dothidea. More importantly, we showed that MdSYP121 forms a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex with MdSNAP33, and the complex may participate in regulating resistance to B. dothidea. In conclusion, by regulating the interaction of SA pathway and oxidation-reduction process, MdSYP121 can influence the pathogen infection process in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Yanhong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Shouqian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Xiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road No. 700, Qingdao, Shandong 266109 China
| | - Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street No. 61, Tai’an, Shandong 271018 China
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Cai Q, He B, Kogel KH, Jin H. Cross-kingdom RNA trafficking and environmental RNAi-nature's blueprint for modern crop protection strategies. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:58-64. [PMID: 29549797 PMCID: PMC6499079 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In plants, small RNA (sRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is critical for regulating host immunity against bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, and pests. Similarly, sRNAs from pathogens and pests also play an important role in modulating their virulence. Strikingly, recent evidence supports that some sRNAs can travel between interacting organisms and induce gene silencing in the counter party, a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi. Exploiting this new knowledge, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) by transgenic expression of pathogen gene-targeting double-stranded (ds)RNA has the potential to become an important disease-control method. To circumvent transgenic approaches, direct application of dsRNAs or sRNAs (environmental RNAi) onto host plants or post-harvest products leads to silencing of the target microbe/pest gene (referred to spray-induced gene silencing, SIGS) and confers efficient disease control. This review summarizes the current understanding of cross-kingdom RNA trafficking and environmental RNAi and how these findings can be developed into novel effective strategies to fight diseases caused by microbial pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Department of Phytopathology, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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26
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Wang PH, Schulenberg G, Whitlock S, Worden A, Zhou N, Novak S, Chen W. RNase I f -treated quantitative PCR for dsRNA quantitation of RNAi trait in genetically modified crops. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29343265 PMCID: PMC5773123 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been widely used to knockdown target genes via post-transcriptional silencing. In plants, RNAi is used as an effective tool with diverse applications being developed such as resistance against insects, fungi, viruses, and metabolism manipulation. To develop genetically modified (GM) RNAi traits for insect control, a transgene is created and composed of an inversely-repeated sequence of the target gene with a spacer region inserted between the repeats. The transgene design is subject to form a self-complementary hairpin RNA (hpRNA) and the active molecules are > 60 bp doubled-stranded RNA (dsRNA) derived from the hpRNA. However, in some cases, an undesirable intermediate such as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) may be formed, which is not an active molecule. The aforementioned characteristics of RNAi traits lead to increase the challenges for RNAi-derived dsRNA quantitation. Results To quantify the dsRNA and distinguish it from the ssRNA in transgenic maize, an analytical tool is required to be able to effectively quantify dsRNA which contains a strong secondary structure. Herein, we develop a modified qRT-PCR method (abbreviated as RNase If -qPCR) coupled with a ssRNA preferred endonuclease (i.e., RNase If). This method enables the precise measurement of the active molecules (i.e., dsRNA) derived from RNAi traits of GM crops and separately quantifies the dsRNA from ssRNA. Notably, we also demonstrate that the RNase If -qPCR is comparable to a hybridization-based method (Quantigene Plex 2.0). Conclusions To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a method combining RNase If with modified qRT-PCR protocol. The method represents a reliable analytical tool to quantify dsRNA for GM RNAi crops. It provides a cost-effective and feasible analytical tool for general molecular laboratory without using additional equipment for other methods. The RNase If -qPCR method demonstrates high sensitivity (to 0.001 pg/ μL of dsRNA), precision and accuracy. In this report, we demonstrated the deployment of this method to characterize the RNAi events carrying v-ATPase C in maize during trait development process. The method can be utilized in any application which requires the dsRNA quantification such as double-stranded RNA virus or sprayable dsRNA as herbicide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0413-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hao Wang
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA.
| | - Greg Schulenberg
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Shannon Whitlock
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Andrew Worden
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Ning Zhou
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Stephen Novak
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
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Wang P, Sun Y, Pei Y, Li X, Zhang X, Li F, Hou Y. GhSNAP33, a t-SNARE Protein From Gossypium hirsutum, Mediates Resistance to Verticillium dahliae Infection and Tolerance to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:896. [PMID: 30018623 PMCID: PMC6038728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins mediate membrane fusion and deliver cargo to specific cellular locations through vesicle trafficking. Synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) is a target membrane SNARE that drives exocytosis by fusing plasma and vesicular membranes. In this study, we isolated GhSNAP33, a gene from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), encoding a SNAP25-type protein containing glutamine (Q)b- and Qc-SNARE motifs connected by a linker. GhSNAP33 expression was induced by H2O2, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and polyethylene glycol 6000 treatment and Verticillium dahliae inoculation. Ectopic expression of GhSNAP33 enhanced the tolerance of yeast cells to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Virus-induced gene silencing of GhSNAP33 induced spontaneous cell death and reactive oxygen species accumulation in true leaves at a later stage of cotton development. GhSNAP33-deficient cotton was susceptible to V. dahliae infection, which resulted in severe wilt on leaves, an elevated disease index, enhanced vascular browning and thylose accumulation. Conversely, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GhSNAP33 showed significant resistance to V. dahliae, with reduced disease index and fungal biomass and elevated expression of PR1 and PR5. Leaves from GhSNAP33-transgenic plants showed increased callose deposition and reduced mycelia growth. Moreover, GhSNAP33 overexpression enhanced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis, accompanied with reduced water loss rate and enhanced expression of DERB2A and RD29A during dehydration. Thus, GhSNAP33 positively mediates plant defense against stress conditions and V. dahliae infection, rendering it a candidate for the generation of stress-resistant engineered cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Fuguang Li, Yuxia Hou,
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fuguang Li, Yuxia Hou,
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Colignon B, Dieu M, Demazy C, Delaive E, Muhovski Y, Raes M, Mauro S. Proteomic Study of SUMOylation During Solanum tuberosum-Phytophthora infestans Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:855-865. [PMID: 28726589 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plant pathogens have developed the ability to modify the metabolism of their host, promoting metabolic processes that facilitate the growth of the pathogen at the general expense of the host. The particular enzymatic process SUMOylation, which performs posttranslational modification of target proteins, leading to changes in many aspects of protein activity and, hence, metabolism, has been demonstrated to be active in many eukaryotic organisms, both animals and plants. Here, we provide experimental evidence that indicates that, in leaves of Solanum tuberosum that have been infected by Phytophthora infestans, the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) pathway enzymes of the host are partially under transcriptional control exerted by the oomycete. Using a recently developed approach that employs three-dimensional gels, we show that, during the infection process, the abundances of most of the known SUMO conjugates of S. tuberosum change significantly, some decreasing, but many increasing in abundance. The new proteomic approach has the potential to greatly facilitate investigation of the molecular events that take place during the invasion by a pathogen of its host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Colignon
- 1 Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
- 2 URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Belgium; and
| | - Marc Dieu
- 2 URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Belgium; and
- 3 MaSUN, Mass spectrometry facility, University of Namur
| | - Catherine Demazy
- 2 URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Belgium; and
- 3 MaSUN, Mass spectrometry facility, University of Namur
| | | | - Yordan Muhovski
- 1 Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Martine Raes
- 2 URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Belgium; and
| | - Sergio Mauro
- 1 Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
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29
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Wang P, Zhang X, Ma X, Sun Y, Liu N, Li F, Hou Y. Identification of CkSNAP33, a gene encoding synaptosomal-associated protein from Cynanchum komarovii, that enhances Arabidopsis resistance to Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178101. [PMID: 28575006 PMCID: PMC5456056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE proteins are essential to vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells. In addition, the SNARE-mediated secretory pathway can deliver diverse defense products to infection sites during exocytosis-associated immune responses in plants. In this study, a novel gene (CkSNAP33) encoding a synaptosomal-associated protein was isolated from Cynanchum komarovii and characterized. CkSNAP33 contains Qb- and Qc-SNARE domains in the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, and shares high sequence identity with AtSNAP33 from Arabidopsis. CkSNAP33 expression was induced by H2O2, salicylic acid (SA), Verticillium dahliae, and wounding. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CkSNAP33 had longer primary roots and larger seedlings than the wild type (WT). Transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed significantly enhanced resistance to V. dahliae, and displayed reductions in disease index and fungal biomass, and also showed elevated expression of PR1 and PR5. The leaves of transgenic plants infected with V. dahliae showed strong callose deposition and cell death that hindered the penetration and spread of the fungus at the infection site. Taken together, these results suggest that CkSNAP33 is involved in the defense response against V. dahliae and enhanced disease resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (YH)
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (YH)
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30
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Mostafa I, Yoo MJ, Zhu N, Geng S, Dufresne C, Abou-Hashem M, El-Domiaty M, Chen S. Membrane Proteomics of Arabidopsis Glucosinolate Mutants cyp79B2/B3 and myb28/29. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:534. [PMID: 28443122 PMCID: PMC5387099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (Gls) constitute a major group of natural metabolites represented by three major classes (aliphatic, indolic and aromatic) of more than 120 chemical structures. In our previous work, soluble proteins and metabolites in Arabidopsis mutants deficient of aliphatic (myb28/29) and indolic Gls (cyp79B2B3) were analyzed. Here we focus on investigating the changes at the level of membrane proteins in these mutants. Our LC/MS-MS analyses of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeled peptides derived from the cyp79B2/B3 and myb28/29 relative to wild type resulted in the identification of 4,673 proteins, from which 2,171 are membrane proteins. Fold changes and statistical analysis showed 64 increased and 74 decreased in cyp79B2/B3, while 28 increased and 17 decreased in myb28/29. As to the shared protein changes between the mutants, one protein was increased and eight were decreased. Bioinformatics analysis of the changed proteins led to the discovery of three cytochromes in glucosinolate molecular network (GMN): cytochrome P450 86A7 (At1g63710), cytochrome P450 71B26 (At3g26290), and probable cytochrome c (At1g22840). CYP86A7 and CYP71B26 may play a role in hydroxyl-indolic Gls production. In addition, flavone 3'-O-methyltransferase 1 represents an interesting finding as it is likely to participate in the methylation process of the hydroxyl-indolic Gls to form methoxy-indolic Gls. The analysis also revealed additional new nodes in the GMN related to stress and defense activity, transport, photosynthesis, and translation processes. Gene expression and protein levels were found to be correlated in the cyp79B2/B3, but not in the myb28/29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sisi Geng
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Maged Abou-Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Maher El-Domiaty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sixue Chen
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Guo Q, Liu Q, Smith NA, Liang G, Wang MB. RNA Silencing in Plants: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications in Horticultural Crops. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:476-489. [PMID: 28217004 PMCID: PMC5108043 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160520103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental nature of a molecular process or a biological pathway is often a catalyst for the development of new technologies in biology. Indeed, studies from late 1990s to early 2000s have uncovered multiple overlapping but functionally distinct RNA silencing pathways in plants, including the posttranscriptional microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways and the transcriptional RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. These findings have in turn been exploited for developing artificial RNA silencing technologies such as hairpin RNA, artificial microRNA, intrinsic direct repeat, 3' UTR inverted repeat, artificial trans-acting siRNA, and virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Some of these RNA silencing technologies, such as the hairpin RNA technology, have already been widely used for genetic improvement of crop plants in agriculture. For horticultural plants, RNA silencing technologies have been used to increase disease and pest resistance, alter plant architecture and flowering time, improve commercial traits of fruits and flowers, enhance nutritional values, remove toxic compounds and allergens, and develop high-value industrial products. In this article we aim to provide an overview of the RNA silencing pathways in plants, summarize the existing RNA silencing technologies, and review the current progress in applying these technologies for the improvement of agricultural crops particularly horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigao Guo
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil A Smith
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
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Wang WM, Liu PQ, Xu YJ, Xiao S. Protein trafficking during plant innate immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:284-98. [PMID: 26345282 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell's protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peng-Qiang Liu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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Down-regulation of Arabidopsis DND1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew. Transgenic Res 2015; 25:123-38. [PMID: 26577903 PMCID: PMC4762934 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple susceptibility genes (S), identified in Arabidopsis, have been shown to be functionally conserved in crop plants. Mutations in these S genes result in resistance to different pathogens, opening a new way to achieve plant disease resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Defense No Death1 (DND1) in susceptibility of tomato and potato to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). In Arabidopsis, the dnd1 mutant has broad-spectrum resistance against several fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. However this mutation is also associated with a dwarfed phenotype. Using an RNAi approach, we silenced AtDND1 orthologs in potato and tomato. Our results showed that silencing of the DND1 ortholog in both crops resulted in resistance to the pathogenic oomycete P. infestans and to two powdery mildew species, Oidium neolycopersici and Golovinomyces orontii. The resistance to P. infestans in potato was effective to four different isolates although the level of resistance (complete or partial) was dependent on the aggressiveness of the isolate. In tomato, DND1-silenced plants showed a severe dwarf phenotype and autonecrosis, whereas DND1-silenced potato plants were not dwarfed and showed a less pronounced autonecrosis. Our results indicate that S gene function of DND1 is conserved in tomato and potato. We discuss the possibilities of using RNAi silencing or loss-of-function mutations of DND1 orthologs, as well as additional S gene orthologs from Arabidopsis, to breed for resistance to pathogens in crop plants.
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Panstruga R, Kuhn H. Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue on cell biology at the plant-microbe interface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:931-8. [PMID: 26235485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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Kamthan A, Chaudhuri A, Kamthan M, Datta A. Small RNAs in plants: recent development and application for crop improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:208. [PMID: 25883599 PMCID: PMC4382981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) which involves sequence-specific gene regulation by small non-coding RNAs, i.e., small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) has emerged as one of most powerful approaches for crop improvement. RNAi based on siRNA is one of the widely used tools of reverse genetics which aid in revealing gene functions in many species. This technology has been extensively applied to alter the gene expression in plants with an aim to achieve desirable traits. RNAi has been used for enhancing the crop yield and productivity by manipulating the gene involved in biomass, grain yield and enhanced shelf life of fruits and vegetables. It has also been applied for developing resistance against various biotic (bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, insects) and abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold, etc.). Nutritional improvements of crops have also been achieved by enriching the crops with essential amino acids, fatty acids, antioxidants and other nutrients beneficial for human health or by reducing allergens or anti-nutrients. microRNAs are key regulators of important plant processes like growth, development, and response to various stresses. In spite of similarity in size (20-24 nt), miRNA differ from siRNA in precursor structures, pathway of biogenesis, and modes of action. This review also highlights the miRNA based genetic modification technology where various miRNAs/artificial miRNAs and their targets can be utilized for improving several desirable plant traits. microRNA based strategies are much efficient than siRNA-based RNAi strategies due to its specificity and less undesirable off target effects. As per the FDA guidelines, small RNA (sRNA) based transgenics are much safer for consumption than those over-expressing proteins. This review thereby summarizes the emerging advances and achievement in the field of sRNAs and its application for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Kamthan
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Mohan Kamthan
- Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
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Simko I, Zhou Y, Brandl MT. Downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:19. [PMID: 25648408 PMCID: PMC4334606 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete Bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. Invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. The occurrence of outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens under controlled laboratory conditions. RESULTS Whereas both EcO157 and S. Typhimurium population sizes increased 10(2)-fold on healthy leaf tissue under conditions of warm temperature and free water on the leaves, they increased by 10(5)-fold in necrotic lesions caused by B. lactucae. Confocal microscopy of GFP-EcO157 in the necrotic tissue confirmed its massive population density and association with the oomycete hyphae. Multiplication of EcO157 in the diseased tissue was significantly lower in the RH08-0464 lettuce line, which has a high level of resistance to downy mildew than in the more susceptible cultivar Triple Threat. qRT-PCR quantification of expression of the plant basal immunity gene PR-1, revealed that this gene had greater transcriptional activity in line RH08-0464 than in cultivar Triple Threat, indicating that it may be one of the factors involved in the differential growth of the human pathogen in B. lactucae lesions between the two lettuce accessions. Additionally, downy mildew disease had a significant effect on the colonization of EcO157 at high relative humidity (RH 90-100%) and on its persistence at lower RH (65-75%). The latter conditions, which promoted overall dryness of the lettuce leaf surface, allowed for only 0.0011% and 0.0028% EcO157 cell survival in healthy and chlorotic tissue, respectively, whereas 1.58% of the cells survived in necrotic tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that downy mildew significantly alters the behavior of enteric pathogens in the lettuce phyllosphere and that breeding for resistance to B. lactucae may lower the increased risk of microbial contamination caused by this plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Simko
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
| | - Yaguang Zhou
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94563, USA.
| | - Maria T Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94563, USA.
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. A set of fluorescent protein-based markers expressed from constitutive and arbuscular mycorrhiza-inducible promoters to label organelles, membranes and cytoskeletal elements in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1151-63. [PMID: 25329881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is widely used for analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and nodulation. To complement the genetic and genomic resources that exist for this species, we generated fluorescent protein fusions that label the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, plasma membrane, apoplast, late endosome/multivesicular bodies (MVB), transitory late endosome/ tonoplast, tonoplast, plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, autophagosomes, plasmodesmata, actin, microtubules, periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and periarbuscular apoplastic space (PAS) and expressed them from the constitutive AtUBQ10 promoter and the AM symbiosis-specific MtBCP1 promoter. All marker constructs showed the expected expression patterns and sub-cellular locations in M. truncatula root cells. As a demonstration of their utility, we used several markers to investigate AM symbiosis where root cells undergo major cellular alterations to accommodate their fungal endosymbiont. We demonstrate that changes in the position and size of the nuclei occur prior to hyphal entry into the cortical cells and do not require DELLA signaling. Changes in the cytoskeleton, tonoplast and plastids also occur in the colonized cells and in contrast to previous studies, we show that stromulated plastids are abundant in cells with developing and mature arbuscules, while lens-shaped plastids occur in cells with degenerating arbuscules. Arbuscule development and secretion of the PAM creates a periarbuscular apoplastic compartment which has been assumed to be continuous with apoplast of the cell. However, fluorescent markers secreted to the periarbuscular apoplast challenge this assumption. This marker resource will facilitate cell biology studies of AM symbiosis, as well as other aspects of legume biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Saurabh S, Vidyarthi AS, Prasad D. RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement. PLANTA 2014; 239:543-64. [PMID: 24402564 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is involved in sequence-specific gene regulation driven by the introduction of dsRNA resulting in inhibition of translation or transcriptional repression. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in opening a new vista for crop improvement. RNAi technology is precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology. It has been employed successfully to alter the gene expression in plants for better quality traits. The impact of RNAi to improve the crop plants has proved to be a novel approach in combating the biotic and abiotic stresses and the nutritional improvement in terms of bio-fortification and bio-elimination. It has been employed successfully to bring about modifications of several desired traits in different plants. These modifications include nutritional improvements, reduced content of food allergens and toxic compounds, enhanced defence against biotic and abiotic stresses, alteration in morphology, crafting male sterility, enhanced secondary metabolite synthesis and seedless plant varieties. However, crop plants developed by RNAi strategy may create biosafety risks. So, there is a need for risk assessment of GM crops in order to make RNAi a better tool to develop crops with biosafety measures. This article is an attempt to review the RNAi, its biochemistry, and the achievements attributed to the application of RNAi in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Saurabh
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835125, India
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Nakano M, Nishihara M, Yoshioka H, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. Silencing of DS2 aminoacylase-like genes confirms basal resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28004. [PMID: 24514749 PMCID: PMC4091584 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is a potential host to several plant pathogens, and immature leaves of N. benthamiana are susceptible to Phytophthora infestans. In contrast, mature leaves of N. benthamiana are weakly susceptible and show basal resistance to P. infestans. We screened a gene-silenced mature plant showing high resistance to P. infestans, designated as DS2 (Disease suppression 2). The deduced amino acid sequence of cDNA responsible for DS2 encoded a putative aminoacylase. Growth of P. infestans decreased in DS2 plants. Trypan blue staining revealed inhibited hyphae growth of P. infestans with an increased number of dead cells under the penetration site in DS2 plants. Consistent with growth inhibition of P. infestans, defense responses such as reactive oxygen generation and expression of a salicylic acid-dependent PR-1a increased markedly in DS2 plants compared with that of control plants. DS2 phenotype was compromised in NahG plants, suggesting DS2 phenotype depends on the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Accelerated defense response was observed in DS2 plants elicited by INF1 elicitin as well as by NbMEK2(DD), which is the constitutive active form of NbMEK2, and act as a downstream regulator of INF1 perception. On the other hand, INF1- and NbMEK2(DD)-induced defense responses were prevented by DS2-overexpressing transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that DS2 negatively regulates plant defense responses against P. infestans via NbMEK2 and SA-dependent signaling pathway in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics; Kochi University; Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Bouhidel K. Plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:735. [PMID: 25566303 PMCID: PMC4273610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (PM) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the PM, through the secretory pathway. PM protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. Vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the PM have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we will describe the fine-tune regulation of such alterations, and their consequence in PM protein activity. We will consider the formation of intracellular perimicrobial compartments, the PM protein trafficking machinery of the host, and the delivery or retrieval of signaling and transport proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors, producers of reactive oxygen species, and sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouhidel
- UMR1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon, France
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Shan J, Song W, Zhou J, Wang X, Xie C, Gao X, Xie T, Liu J. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel genes potentially involved in photoperiodic tuberization in potato. Genomics 2013; 102:388-96. [PMID: 23856342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Potato microtuber produced in vitro provides a model system to investigate photoperiod-dependent tuberization. However, the genes associated with potato tuberization remain to be elucidated. The present research involved three potato clones with distinct tuberization response to changes of photoperiod. Digital Gene Expression (DGE) Tag Profiling analysis of the short-day-sensitive clone identified 2218 genes that were regulated by day length. Both GO and KEGG pathway analysis provided insights into predominant biological processes and pathways, and enabled the selection of 56 genes associated with circadian rhythmicity, signal transduction, and development. Quantitative transcriptional analysis in the selected clones revealed 5 genes potentially associated with photoperiodic tuberization, which were predicted to encode a DOF protein, a blue light receptor, a lectin, a syntaxin-like protein, and a protein with unknown function. Our results strongly suggest that potato tuberization may be largely controlled by the homologs of genes shown to regulate flowering time in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shan
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Ostertag M, Stammler J, Douchkov D, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. The conserved oligomeric Golgi complex is involved in penetration resistance of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:230-40. [PMID: 23145810 PMCID: PMC6638642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is vital to plant development and adaptation to the environment. It is suggested that post-Golgi vesicles and multivesicular bodies are essential for plant defence against directly penetrating fungal parasites at the cell wall. However, the actual plant proteins involved in membrane transport for defence are largely unidentified. We applied a candidate gene approach and single cell transient-induced gene silencing for the identification of membrane trafficking proteins of barley involved in the response to the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. This revealed potential components of vesicle tethering complexes [putative exocyst subunit HvEXO70F-like and subunits of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex] and Golgi membrane trafficking (COPIγ coatomer and HvYPT1-like RAB GTPase) as essential for resistance to fungal penetration into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ostertag
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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43
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Monjil MS, Shibata Y, Takemoto D, Kawakita K. Bis-aryl methanone compound is a candidate of nitric oxide producing elicitor and induces resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana against Phytophthora infestans. Nitric Oxide 2013; 29:34-45. [PMID: 23291305 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is important in some physiological responses of plants and plays a crucial role in the regulation of both defense responses and inducing resistance to fungal pathogens. NUBS-4190, a new bis-aryl-methanone compound elicited NO production and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana against Phytophthora infestans. NUBS-4190 induced resistance in N. benthamiana to P. infestans, without association of reactive oxygen generation and hypersensitive cell death. Callose induction was reduced in NUBS-4190-treated N. benthamiana leaves after challenge inoculation of P. infestans indicating the penetration resistance. Involvement of pathogenesis-related 1a (NbPR1a) and nitric oxide associated 1 (NbNOA1) genes in the induced resistance to N. benthamiana against P. infestans was found to be associated with resistance. Increased susceptibility in NbPR1a- and NbNOA1-silenced plants correlated with the constitutive accumulation of PR1a transcripts and NO associated salicylic acid. Moreover, reduced NO generation in NOA1 silenced N. benthamiana plants treated with NUBS-4190 indicated that NbNOA1 is involved in NUBS-4190-mediated NO production and is required for defense responses.
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Kopischke M, Westphal L, Schneeberger K, Clark R, Ossowski S, Wewer V, Fuchs R, Landtag J, Hause G, Dörmann P, Lipka V, Weigel D, Schulze-Lefert P, Scheel D, Rosahl S. Impaired sterol ester synthesis alters the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phytophthora infestans. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:456-68. [PMID: 23072470 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease of potato, depends on efficient extracellular pre- and post-invasive resistance responses. Pre-invasive resistance against P. infestans requires the myrosinase PEN2. To identify additional genes involved in non-host resistance to P. infestans, a genetic screen was performed by re-mutagenesis of pen2 plants. Fourteen independent mutants were isolated that displayed an enhanced response to Phytophthora (erp) phenotype. Upon inoculation with P. infestans, two mutants, pen2-1 erp1-3 and pen2-1 erp1-4, showed an enhanced rate of mesophyll cell death and produced excessive callose deposits in the mesophyll cell layer. ERP1 encodes a phospholipid:sterol acyltransferase (PSAT1) that catalyzes the formation of sterol esters. Consistent with this, the tested T-DNA insertion lines of PSAT1 are phenocopies of erp1 plants. Sterol ester levels are highly reduced in all erp1/psat1 mutants, whereas sterol glycoside levels are increased twofold. Excessive callose deposition occurred independently of PMR4/GSL5 activity, a known pathogen-inducible callose synthase. A similar formation of aberrant callose deposits was triggered by the inoculation of erp1 psat1 plants with powdery mildew. These results suggest a role for sterol conjugates in cell non-autonomous defense responses against invasive filamentous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Eschen-Lippold L, Bethke G, Palm-Forster MA, Pecher P, Bauer N, Glazebrook J, Scheel D, Lee J. MPK11-a fourth elicitor-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1203-5. [PMID: 22899057 PMCID: PMC3489662 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen attack or elicitation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leads to defense signaling that includes activation of the three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs), MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 in Arabidopsis. Recently, we demonstrated the activation of a fourth MPK, MPK11, after treatment with flg22, a 22 amino acid PAMP derived from bacterial flagellin. Here, we extended the study by examining elicitation with two other PAMPs, elf18 (derived from bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu) and ch8 (N-acetylchitooctaose derived from fungal chitin). Both PAMPs led to rapid MPK11 transcript accumulation and increased MPK11 kinase activity, suggesting that multiple PAMPs (or stresses) can activate MPK11. However, probably due to functional redundancies, bacteria-induced phytoalexin accumulation does not absolutely require MPK11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerit Bethke
- Department of Plant Biology; Microbial and Plant Genetics Institute; University of Minnesota; St. Paul, MN USA
| | | | - Pascal Pecher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, Germany
| | - Nicole Bauer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, Germany
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- Department of Plant Biology; Microbial and Plant Genetics Institute; University of Minnesota; St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, Germany
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Bozkurt TO, Schornack S, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Oomycetes, effectors, and all that jazz. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:483-92. [PMID: 22483402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic oomycetes secrete a diverse repertoire of effector proteins that modulate host innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. Understanding how effectors evolve, translocate and traffic inside host cells, and perturb host processes are major themes in the study of oomycete-plant interactions. The last year has seen important progress in the study of oomycete effectors with, notably, the elucidation of the 3D structures of five RXLR effectors, and novel insights into how cytoplasmic effectors subvert host cells. In this review, we discuss these and other recent advances and highlight the most important open questions in oomycete effector biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Eschen-Lippold L, Lübken T, Smolka U, Rosahl S. Characterization of potato plants with reduced StSYR1 expression. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:559-562. [PMID: 22516814 PMCID: PMC3419019 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle fusion processes in plants are important for both development and stress responses. Transgenic potato plants with reduced expression of SYNTAXIN-RELATED1 (StSYR1), a gene encoding the potato homolog of Arabidopsis PENETRATION1 (AtPEN1), display spontaneous necrosis and chlorosis at later stages of development. In accordance with this developmental defect, tuber number, weight and overall yield are significantly reduced in StSYR1-RNAi lines. Enhanced resistance of StSYR1-RNAi plants to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease of potato, correlates with enhanced levels of salicylic acid, whereas levels of 12-oxophytodienoic acid and jasmonic acid are unaltered. Cultured cells of StSYR1-RNAi lines secrete at least two compounds which are not detectable in the supernatant of control cells, suggesting an involvement of StSYR1 in secretion processes to the apoplast.
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