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Vreeland A, Reiss AL, Ross J, Foland-Ross LC. Alterations in Neural Activation During Facial Emotion Processing in Adolescent Male Participants With Klinefelter Syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2024:00004703-990000000-00183. [PMID: 38990140 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex-chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXY), affecting 1 in 500 male participants. The phenotype of male participants with KS includes both physical features, such as tall stature and testicular insufficiency, and behavioral alterations, including difficulties in social functioning, anxiety, and depression. Studies examining underlying neural alterations associated with the behavioral phenotype, however, are sparse. We aimed to address this gap in knowledge using functional magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with an emotion processing paradigm. METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 38 children and adolescents with KS (Mage = 12.85, SD = 2.45) and 47 typical developing (control) boys (Mage = 12.04, SD = 1.82) as they completed a facial emotion processing task. Group differences in activation occurring during the processing of angry versus neutral faces were examined while controlling for age. RESULTS The results indicated that relative to typically developing boys, boys with KS exhibited anomalous increases in activation of frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices. Within the KS group, secondary analyses indicated that greater activation in these regions was associated with more internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, withdrawn behaviors) and greater social impairments (e.g., social cognition, social communication, social motivation, social communication and interaction, functional communication). CONCLUSION The findings from this study indicate a possible neural correlation for difficulties in social and emotional function in KS and add to a growing body of research aimed at increasing our understanding of neural biomarkers in this condition. Future studies that examine the influence of testosterone-replacement therapy on these differences are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Vreeland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Judith Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Lara C Foland-Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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2
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Li R, Foland-Ross LC, Jordan T, Marzelli MJ, Ross JL, Reiss AL. Associations between brain network, puberty, and behaviors in boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02501-y. [PMID: 38904702 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also referred to as XXY syndrome, is a significant but inadequately studied risk factor for neuropsychiatric disability. Whether alterations in functional brain connectivity or pubertal delays are associated with aberrant cognitive-behavioral outcomes in individuals with KS is largely unknown. In this observational study, we investigated KS-related alterations in the resting-state brain network, testosterone level, and cognitive-behavioral impairment in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome. METHODS We recruited 46 boys with KS, ages 8 to 17 years, and 51 age-matched typically developing (TD) boys. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, pubertal, and cognitive-behavioral assessments. Resting-state functional connectivity and regional brain activity of the participants were assessed. RESULTS We found widespread alterations in global functional connectivity among the inferior frontal gyrus, temporal-parietal area, and hippocampus in boys with KS. Aberrant regional activities, including enhanced fALFF in the motor area and reduced ReHo in the caudate, were also found in the KS group compared to the TD children. Further, using machine learning methods, brain network alterations in these regions accurately differentiated boys with KS from TD controls. Finally, we showed that the alterations of brain network properties not only effectively predict cognitive-behavioral impairment in boys with KS, but also appear to mediate the association between total testosterone level and language ability, a cognitive domain at particular risk for dysfunction in this condition. CONCLUSION Our results offer an informatic neurobiological foundation for understanding cognitive-behavioral impairments in individuals with KS and contribute to our understanding of the interplay between pubertal status, brain function, and cognitive-behavioral outcome in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao S.A.R., China.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA.
| | - Lara C Foland-Ross
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
| | - Tracy Jordan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
| | - Matthew J Marzelli
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
| | - Judith L Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Nemours duPont Hospital for Children, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 74305, USA
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Raznahan A, Rau S, Schaffer L, Liu S, Fish AM, Mankiw C, Xenophontos A, Clasen LS, Joseph L, Thurm A, Blumenthal JD, Bassett DS, Torres EN. Deep phenotypic analysis of psychiatric features in genetically defined cohorts: application to XYY syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:8. [PMID: 36803654 PMCID: PMC9940341 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent gene dosage disorders impart substantial risk for psychopathology. Yet, understanding that risk is hampered by complex presentations that challenge classical diagnostic systems. Here, we present a suite of generalizable analytic approaches for parsing this clinical complexity, which we illustrate through application to XYY syndrome. METHOD We gathered high-dimensional measures of psychopathology in 64 XYY individuals and 60 XY controls, plus additional interviewer-based diagnostic data in the XYY group. We provide the first comprehensive diagnostic description of psychiatric morbidity in XYY syndrome and show how diagnostic morbidity relates to functioning, subthreshold symptoms, and ascertainment bias. We then map behavioral vulnerabilities and resilience across 67 behavioral dimensions before borrowing techniques from network science to resolve the mesoscale architecture of these dimensions and links to observable functional outcomes. RESULTS Carriage of an extra Y-chromosome increases risk for diverse psychiatric diagnoses, with clinically impactful subthreshold symptomatology. Highest rates are seen for neurodevelopmental and affective disorders. A lower bound of < 25% of carriers are free of any diagnosis. Dimensional analysis of 67 scales details the profile of psychopathology in XYY, which survives control for ascertainment bias, specifies attentional and social domains as the most impacted, and refutes stigmatizing historical associations between XYY and violence. Network modeling compresses all measured symptom scales into 8 modules with dissociable links to cognitive ability, adaptive function, and caregiver strain. Hub modules offer efficient proxies for the full symptom network. CONCLUSIONS This study parses the complex behavioral phenotype of XYY syndrome by applying new and generalizable analytic approaches for analysis of deep-phenotypic psychiatric data in neurogenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Raznahan
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Srishti Rau
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Division of Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luke Schaffer
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ari M Fish
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Mankiw
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anastasia Xenophontos
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liv S Clasen
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Joseph
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Blumenthal
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Erin N Torres
- Section On Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Moridian P, Ghassemi N, Jafari M, Salloum-Asfar S, Sadeghi D, Khodatars M, Shoeibi A, Khosravi A, Ling SH, Subasi A, Alizadehsani R, Gorriz JM, Abdulla SA, Acharya UR. Automatic autism spectrum disorder detection using artificial intelligence methods with MRI neuroimaging: A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:999605. [PMID: 36267703 PMCID: PMC9577321 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.999605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) neuroimaging methods. However, diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to assist specialist physicians. Conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically is discussed. We suggest future approaches to detecting ASDs using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Moridian
- Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Ghassemi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Jafari
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Delaram Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjane Khodatars
- Department of Medical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afshin Shoeibi
- Data Science and Computational Intelligence Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sai Ho Ling
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdulhamit Subasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Juan M. Gorriz
- Data Science and Computational Intelligence Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara A. Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - U. Rajendra Acharya
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Capelli E, Silibello G, Ajmone PF, Altamore E, Lalatta F, Vizziello PG, Costantino MA, Zampini L. Language Development in Sex Chromosome Trisomies: Developmental Profiles at 2 and 4 Years of Age, and Predictive Measures. Dev Neurorehabil 2022; 25:337-348. [PMID: 34983283 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2021.2020925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Describing language development in children with sex chromosome trisomies (SCT) and testing the predictive value of early language measures on later outcomes. METHOD Thirteen children with SCT were followed longitudinally. Their developmental profile was assessed, with particular attention to language, at 2 and 4 years. The predictive value of direct (spontaneous speech analysis) and indirect (communicative development inventory) language measures at 2 on performances at 4 was tested. RESULTS Language performances at both ages were lower than non-verbal development. At 2, more than 50% of the group produced less than 50 words. At 4, impaired performances were observed in speech sound development and expressive morpho-syntax. Direct measures of Pre-syntactic development predicted later global language outcomes and Sentence Repetition. The number of consonants used at 2 was significantly related to Nonword Repetition at 4. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the importance of early detection and careful follow-up for children with SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Silibello
- Foundation Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Altamore
- Foundation Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Faustina Lalatta
- Foundation Irccs Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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6
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Urbanus E, Swaab H, Tartaglia N, Boada R, van Rijn S. [Formula: see text]A cross-sectional study of early language abilities in children with sex chromosome trisomy (XXY, XXX, XYY) aged 1-6 years. Child Neuropsychol 2022; 28:171-196. [PMID: 34346838 PMCID: PMC11033700 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1960959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) are at increased risk for developing language difficulties. Earlier studies have reported that as many as 70-80% of individuals with SCT show some form of language difficulties. Language develops rapidly in the first years of life; knowledge about language development at an early age is needed. The present study aims to identify the language abilities of young children with SCT across multiple language domains and to identify the percentage of children that, according to clinical guidelines, have language difficulties. Children between the ages of 1-6-years (NSCT = 103, Ncontrols = 102) were included. Nonverbal communication, early vocabulary, semantic, syntax, and phonological skills were assessed. Language difficulties were already present in 1-year-old children with SCT and across the age range in various language domains. Clinical classification showed that, depending on the assessed domain, 14.8-50.0% of the children scored below the 16th percentile. There was no effect of time of diagnosis, ascertainment bias, research site, nor SCT specific karyotype (XXX, XXY, XYY) on language outcomes. Overall, language difficulties can already be present in very young children with SCT within various language domains. These findings appear to be robust within the SCT group. These results highlight the importance of monitoring both receptive and expressive language development already at the earliest stages of nonverbal communication. Finally, as early language skills are the building blocks for later social communication, literacy, and self-expression, studies that investigate the effect of early interventions on later language outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Urbanus
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Developmental Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard Boada
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Developmental Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sophie van Rijn
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Foland-Ross LC, Gil M, Shrestha SB, Chromik LC, Hong D, Reiss AL. Cortical gray matter structure in boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 313:111299. [PMID: 34038819 PMCID: PMC8321133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males that is associated with a wide range of cognitive, social and emotional characteristics. The neural bases of these symptoms, however, are unclear. Brain structure in 19 pre- or early-pubertal boys with KS (11.5 ± 1.8 years) and 22 typically developing (control) boys (8.1 ± 2.3 years) was examined using surface-based analyses of cortical gray matter volume, thickness and surface area. Boys in the KS group were treatment-naïve with respect to testosterone replacement therapy. Reduced volume in the insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex was observed in the KS relative to the TD group, as well as increased volume in the parietal, occipital and motor regions. Further inspection of surface-based metrics indicated that whereas KS-associated increases in volume were driven by differences in thickness, KS-associated reductions in volume were associated with decreases in surface area. Exploratory analyses additionally indicated several correlations between brain structure and behavior, providing initial support for a neural basis of cognitive and emotional symptoms of this condition. Taken together, these data add support for a neuroanatomical phenotype of KS and extend previous studies through clarifying the precise neuroanatomical structural characteristics of that give rise to volumetric alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara C Foland-Ross
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Maureen Gil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sharon Bade Shrestha
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay C Chromik
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David Hong
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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8
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Warling A, Yavi M, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, Lalonde FM, Raznahan A, Liu S. Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on White Matter Structure in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5339-5353. [PMID: 34117759 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome aneuploidies, a group of neurogenetic conditions characterized by aberrant sex chromosome dosage (SCD), are associated with increased risks for psychopathology as well as alterations in gray matter structure. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of potential SCD-associated changes in white matter structure, or knowledge of how these changes might relate to known alterations in gray matter anatomy. Thus, here, we use voxel-based morphometry on structural neuroimaging data to provide the first comprehensive maps of regional white matter volume (WMV) changes across individuals with varying SCD (n = 306). We show that mounting X- and Y-chromosome dosage are both associated with widespread WMV decreases, including in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar tracts, as well as WMV increases in the genu of the corpus callosum and posterior thalamic radiation. We also correlate X- and Y-chromosome-linked WMV changes in certain regions to measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Finally, we demonstrate that SCD-driven WMV changes show a coordinated coupling with SCD-driven gray matter volume changes. These findings represent the most complete maps of X- and Y-chromosome effects on human white matter to date, and show how such changes connect to psychopathological symptoms and gray matter anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa Warling
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mani Yavi
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liv S Clasen
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan D Blumenthal
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - François M Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Raznahan A, Disteche CM. X-chromosome regulation and sex differences in brain anatomy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 120:28-47. [PMID: 33171144 PMCID: PMC7855816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans show reproducible sex-differences in cognition and psychopathology that may be contributed to by influences of gonadal sex-steroids and/or sex-chromosomes on regional brain development. Gonadal sex-steroids are well known to play a major role in sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain, but far less is known regarding the role of sex-chromosomes. Our review focuses on this latter issue by bridging together two literatures that have to date been largely disconnected. We first consider "bottom-up" genetic and molecular studies focused on sex-chromosome gene content and regulation. This literature nominates specific sex-chromosome genes that could drive developmental sex-differences by virtue of their sex-biased expression and their functions within the brain. We then consider the complementary "top down" view, from magnetic resonance imaging studies that map sex- and sex chromosome effects on regional brain anatomy, and link these maps to regional gene-expression within the brain. By connecting these top-down and bottom-up approaches, we emphasize the potential role of X-linked genes in driving sex-biased brain development and outline key goals for future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Christine M Disteche
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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10
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Cognitive Profile, Emotional-Behavioral Features, and Parental Stress in Boys With 47,XYY Syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol 2020; 32:87-94. [PMID: 31205122 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe (a) the observed cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenotype in a cohort of male children with 47,XYY syndrome and (b) stress levels in their parents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 11 boys diagnosed with 47,XYY syndrome and compared them with 11 age-matched boys with normal karyotype (46,XY). The participants performed standardized assessments of cognitive function, emotional state, and behavioral features; the parents completed a questionnaire evaluating parental stress. All data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. RESULTS All of the boys exhibited a normal cognitive profile. However, emotional-behavioral profiling revealed that internalizing and externalizing problems were more prevalent in the 47,XYY group. In addition, the stress levels of the parents of the 47,XYY group were reportedly higher than those of the parents of the 46,XY group. We also found that the time of the diagnosis had an effect on the mothers' stress levels; that is, postnatal fetal 47,XYY diagnosis was associated with higher maternal stress, whereas prenatal fetal 47,XYY diagnosis was not. CONCLUSIONS Generally, 47,XYY syndrome is associated with certain cognitive, emotional, and behavioral features. High stress levels have been reported by the mothers of 47,XYY boys who had been diagnosed postnatally because of unexpected developmental delay and/or learning difficulties. The present study highlights the need to better define the neuropsychiatric phenotype of 47,XYY children; namely, the effect of the chromosomal abnormality on their cognitive function and emotional-behavioral (internalizing and externalizing) features. This study could improve prenatal counseling and pediatric surveillance.
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11
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Sigurdardottir HL, Lanzenberger R, Kranz GS. Genetics of sex differences in neuroanatomy and function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:179-193. [PMID: 33008524 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are observed at many distinct biologic levels, such as in the anatomy and functioning of the brain, behavior, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Previously, these differences were believed to entirely result from the secretion of gonadal hormones; however, recent research has demonstrated that differences are also the consequence of direct or nonhormonal effects of genes located on the sex chromosomes. This chapter reviews the four core genotype model that separates the effects of hormones and sex chromosomes and highlights a few genes that are believed to be partly responsible for sex dimorphism of the brain, in particular, the Sry gene. Genetics of the brain's neurochemistry is discussed and the susceptibility to certain neurologic and psychiatric disorders is reviewed. Lastly, we discuss the sex-specific genetic contribution in disorders of sexual development. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are currently not entirely known. An increased knowledge and understanding of the role of candidate genes will undeniably be of great aid in elucidating the molecular basis of sex-biased disorders and potentially allow for more sex-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Sigurdardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Ross JL, Bloy L, Roberts TP, Miller J, Xing C, Silverman L, Zinn AR. Y chromosome gene copy number and lack of autism phenotype in a male with an isodicentric Y chromosome and absent NLGN4Y expression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:471-482. [PMID: 31161682 PMCID: PMC6730649 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a unique male with a dicentric Y chromosome whose phenotype was compared to that of males with 47,XYY (XYY). The male Y-chromosome aneuploidy XYY is associated with physical, behavioral/cognitive phenotypes, and autism spectrum disorders. We hypothesize that increased risk for these phenotypes is caused by increased copy number/overexpression of Y-encoded genes. Specifically, an extra copy of the neuroligin gene NLGN4Y might elevate the risk of autism in boys with XYY. We present a unique male with the karyotype 46,X,idic(Y)(q11.22), which includes duplication of the Y short arm and proximal long arm and deletion of the distal long arm, evaluated his physical, behavioral/cognitive, and neuroimaging/magnetoencephalography (MEG) phenotypes, and measured blood RNA expression of Y genes. The proband had tall stature and cognitive function within the typical range, without autism features. His blood RNA showed twofold increase in expression of Yp genes versus XY controls, and absent expression of deleted Yq genes, including NLGN4Y. The M100 latencies were similar to findings in typically developing males. In summary, the proband had overexpression of a subset of Yp genes, absent NLGN4Y expression, without ASD findings or XYY-MEG latency findings. These results are consistent with a role for NLGN4Y overexpression in the etiology of behavioral phenotypes associated with XYY. Further investigation of NLGN4Y as an ASD risk gene in XYY is warranted. The genotype and phenotype(s) of this subject may also provide insight into how Y chromosome genes contribute to normal male development and the male predominance in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L. Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours DuPont Hospital for Children, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luke Bloy
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Timothy P.L. Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Judith Miller
- CHOP Center for Autism Research, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | | | - Andrew R. Zinn
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
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Matsuzaki J, Bloy L, Blaskey L, Miller J, Kuschner ES, Ku M, Dipiero M, Airey M, Edgar JC, Embick D, Ross JL, Roberts TPL. Abnormal Auditory Mismatch Fields in Children and Adolescents with 47,XYY Syndrome. Dev Neurosci 2019; 41:123-131. [PMID: 31280271 PMCID: PMC6732789 DOI: 10.1159/000500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
47,XYY syndrome (XYY) is one of the common forms of sex chromosome aneuploidy in males. XYY males tend to have tall stature, early speech, motor delays, social and behavioral challenges, and a high rate of language impairment. Recent studies indicate that 20-40% of males with XYY meet diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD; the rate in the general population is 1-2%). Although many studies have examined the neural correlates of language impairment in ASD, few similar studies have been conducted on individuals with XYY. Studies using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in idiopathic ASD (ASD-I) have demonstrated delayed neurophysiological responses to changes in the auditory stream, revealed in the mismatch negativity or its magnetic counterpart, the mismatch field (MMF). This study investigated whether similar findings are observed in XYY-associated ASD and whether delayed processing is also present in individuals with XYY without ASD. MEG measured MMFs arising from the left and the right superior temporal gyrus during an auditory oddball paradigm with vowel stimuli (/a/ and /u/) in children/adolescents with XYY both with and without a diagnosis of ASD, as well as in those with ASD-I and in typically developing controls (TD). Ninety male participants (6-17 years old) were included in the final analyses (TD, n = 38, 11.50 ± 2.88 years; ASD-I, n = 21, 13.83 ± 3.25 years; XYY without ASD, n = 15, 12.65 ± 3.91 years; XYY with ASD, n = 16, 12.62 ± 3.19 years). The groups did not differ significantly in age (p > 0.05). There was a main effect of group on MMF latency (p < 0.001). Delayed MMF latencies were found in participants with XYY both with and without an ASD diagnosis, as well as in the ASD-I group compared to the TD group (ps < 0.001). Furthermore, participants with XYY (with and without ASD) showed a longer MMF latency than the ASD-I group (ps < 0.001). There was, however, no significant difference in MMF latency between individuals with XYY with ASD and those with XYY without ASD. Delayed MMF latencies were associated with severity of language impairment. Our findings suggest that auditory MMF latency delays are pronounced in this specific Y chromosome aneuploidy disorder, both with and without an ASD diagnosis, and thus may implicate the genes of the Y chromosome in mediating atypical MMF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuzaki
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luke Bloy
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Blaskey
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily S Kuschner
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Ku
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marissa Dipiero
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Airey
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Embick
- Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith L Ross
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
- Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
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Abstract
Sex chromosome aneuploidies comprise a relatively common group of chromosome disorders characterized by the loss or gain of one or more sex chromosomes. We discuss five of the better-known sex aneuploidies: Turner syndrome (XO), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), trisomy X (XXX), XYY, and XXYY. Despite their prevalence in the general population, these disorders are underdiagnosed and the specific genetic mechanisms underlying their phenotypes are poorly understood. Although there is considerable variation between them in terms of associated functional impairment, each disorder has a characteristic physical, cognitive, and neurologic profile. The most common cause of sex chromosome aneuploidies is nondisjunction, which can occur during meiosis or during the early stages of postzygotic development. The loss or gain of genetic material can affect all daughter cells or it may be partial, leading to tissue mosaicism. In both typical and atypical sex chromosome karyotypes, there is random inactivation of all but one X chromosome. The mechanisms by which a phenotype results from sex chromosome aneuploidies are twofold: dosage imbalance arising from a small number of genes that escape inactivation, and their endocrinologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skuse
- Brain and Behaviour Science Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Frida Printzlau
- Brain and Behaviour Science Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Wolstencroft
- Brain and Behaviour Science Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Printzlau F, Wolstencroft J, Skuse DH. Cognitive, behavioral, and neural consequences of sex chromosome aneuploidy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:311-319. [PMID: 27870409 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The X chromosome has played a critical role in the development of sexually selected characteristics for over 300 million years, and during that time it has accumulated a disproportionate number of genes concerned with mental functions. There are relatively specific effects of X-linked genes on social cognition, language, emotional regulation, visuospatial, and numerical skills. Many human X-linked genes outside the X-Y pairing pseudoautosomal regions escape X-inactivation. Dosage differences in the expression of such genes (which constitute at least 15% of the total) are likely to play an important role in male-female neural differentiation, and in cognitive deficits and behavioral characteristics, particularly in the realm of social communication, that are associated with sex chromosome aneuploidies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Printzlau
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Wolstencroft
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - David H Skuse
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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16
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Ueda T, Kanda F, Nishiyama M, Nishigori C, Toda T. Quantitative analysis of brain atrophy in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum group A carrying the founder mutation in Japan. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:103-106. [PMID: 28991657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an inherited congenital disease presenting with dermatological and neurological manifestations. In Japan, XP complementation group A (XP-A) is most frequently observed in eight clinical subtypes, and the homozygous founder mutation, IVS3-1G>C in XPA, suffer from severe manifestations including progressive brain atrophy since childhood. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and applied volumetric analysis to elucidate the start and the progression of the brain atrophy in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the founder mutation and seven controls were included. MRI was performed for each patient once or more. Three-dimensional T1 weighted images were segmented to gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, and each volume was calculated. RESULTS Conventional MRI demonstrated progressive whole brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. Moreover, volumetric analysis showed that reductions of total gray matter volumes (GMV) and total brain volumes (TBV) started at the age of five. The slope of reduction was similar in all cases. The GMV and TBV values in controls were higher than those in XP-A cases after the age of five. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantitative report presenting with the progression of brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. It is revealed that the brain atrophy started from early childhood in Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the homozygous founder mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Fumio Kanda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Gao M, Pang H, Zhao YH, Hua J, Tong D, Zhao H, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Yan XJ, Chen H, Ma HP, Jin TY, Dong SL. Karyotype analysis in large sample cases from Shenyang Women's and Children's hospital: a study of 16,294 male infertility patients. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27397756 DOI: 10.1111/and.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore that it is necessary to routinely detect chromosomes in infertile patients, we investigated peripheral blood lymphocyte karyotype in 16,294 male infertile patients in the north-east of China and analysed the incidence and type of chromosomal anomaly and polymorphism. G-banding karyotype analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed in 16,294 cases. Semen analysis was performed three times in all the men. PCR and FISH confirmed the presence of the SRY gene. The rate of chromosomal anomaly in the 16,294 male infertile patients was 4.15% (677/16,294). The rates of chromosomal anomaly were 0.24% in normal semen group, 12.6% in light oligoasthenospermia group, 4.7% in moderate-to-severe oligoasthenospermia group and 9.59% in azoospermia group. There are two male infertile patients with 45,X chromosome karyotype. One X male patient had confirmed the presence of the SRY gene and FISH analysis demonstrated its location on the p arm of chromosome 13. The other X male patient had not found SRY gene in its whole-genome DNA. Meanwhile, sperm motility is slightly oligo-asthenozoospermic at the age of 35-39 and nearly azoospermic at the age of 40-45. As the rates of chromosomal anomaly are 0.24% and 12.6% even in normal semen group and light oligoasthenospermia group, the rates of chromosomal polymorphism are 5.36% and 25.51% in normal semen group and light oligoasthenospermia group, respectively; it is necessary to explore peripheral blood lymphocyte karyotype in all infertile couples. We mentioned that Y, 1, 2, 9 and 12 chromosomes were quite important about male infertility. These findings demonstrate that autosomal retention of SRY can be submicroscopic and emphasise the importance of PCR and FISH in the genetic workup of the monosomic X male. At the same time, it suggested that male infertility might be related to meiotic disturbances with spermatogenetic arrest in Y-autosome translocations, which could result in infertility by reduction of sperm production. Last but not least, ageing is one of the factors that could reduce sperm motility and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Pang
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y-H Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - J Hua
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - D Tong
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - X-J Yan
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H-P Ma
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - T-Y Jin
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - S-L Dong
- Outpatient Department of Male Infertility, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
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18
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An Allometric Analysis of Sex and Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on Subcortical Anatomy in Humans. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2438-48. [PMID: 26911691 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3195-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural neuroimaging of humans with typical and atypical sex-chromosome complements has established the marked influence of both Yand X-/Y-chromosome dosage on total brain volume (TBV) and identified potential cortical substrates for the psychiatric phenotypes associated with sex-chromosome aneuploidy (SCA). Here, in a cohort of 354 humans with varying karyotypes (XX, XY, XXX, XXY, XYY, XXYY, XXXXY), we investigate sex and SCA effects on subcortical size and shape; focusing on the striatum, pallidum and thalamus. We find large effect-size differences in the volume and shape of all three structures as a function of sex and SCA. We correct for TBV effects with a novel allometric method harnessing normative scaling rules for subcortical size and shape in humans, which we derive here for the first time. We show that all three subcortical volumes scale sublinearly with TBV among healthy humans, mirroring known relationships between subcortical volume and TBV among species. Traditional TBV correction methods assume linear scaling and can therefore invert or exaggerate sex and SCA effects on subcortical anatomy. Allometric analysis restricts sex-differences to: (1) greater pallidal volume (PV) in males, and (2) relative caudate head expansion and ventral striatum contraction in females. Allometric analysis of SCA reveals that supernumerary X- and Y-chromosomes both cause disproportionate reductions in PV, and coordinated deformations of striatopallidal shape. Our study provides a novel understanding of sex and sex-chromosome dosage effects on subcortical organization, using an allometric approach that can be generalized to other basic and clinical structural neuroimaging settings.
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Vakilian H, Mirzaei M, Sharifi Tabar M, Pooyan P, Habibi Rezaee L, Parker L, Haynes PA, Gourabi H, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. DDX3Y, a Male-Specific Region of Y Chromosome Gene, May Modulate Neuronal Differentiation. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3474-83. [PMID: 26144214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although it is apparent that chromosome complement mediates sexually dimorphic expression patterns of some proteins that lead to functional differences, there has been insufficient evidence following the manipulation of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) gene expression during neural development. In this study, we profiled the expression of 23 MSY genes and 15 of their X-linked homologues during neural cell differentiation of NTERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cell line (NT2) cells in three different developmental stages using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The expression level of 12 Y-linked genes significantly increased over neural differentiation, including RBMY1, EIF1AY, DDX3Y, HSFY1, BPY2, PCDH11Y, UTY, RPS4Y1, USP9Y, SRY, PRY, and ZFY. We showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of DDX3Y, a DEAD box RNA helicase enzyme, in neural progenitor cells impaired cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis, consequently interrupting differentiation. Label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics based on a spectral counting approach was then used to characterize the proteomic profile of the cells after DDX3Y knockdown. Among 917 reproducibly identified proteins detected, 71 proteins were differentially expressed following DDX3Y siRNA treatment compared with mock treated cells. Functional grouping indicated that these proteins were involved in cell cycle, RNA splicing, and apoptosis, among other biological functions. Our results suggest that MSY genes may play an important role in neural differentiation and demonstrate that DDX3Y could play a multifunctional role in neural cell development, probably in a sexually dimorphic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haghighat Vakilian
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Pooyan
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Habibi Rezaee
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lindsay Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Hamid Gourabi
- Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture , Sharif Esfahani Blvd, Park Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Stem Cells Biology & Technology, Royan Institute , Banihashem Sq., Banihashem St., Ressalat highway, Tehran, Iran.,Seed and Plant Improvement Institute's Campus, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran , Mahdasht Road, Karaj, Iran
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Hanley AP, Blumenthal JD, Raitano Lee N, Baker EH, Clasen LS, Giedd JN. Brain and behavior in 48, XXYY syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:133-9. [PMID: 26106537 PMCID: PMC4473812 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of 48, XXYY syndrome (referred to as XXYY) is associated with characteristic but variable developmental, cognitive, behavioral and physical abnormalities. To discern the neuroanatomical phenotype of the syndrome, we conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses on MRI brain scans from 25 males with XXYY and 92 age and SES matched typically developing XY males. Quantitatively, males in the XXYY group had smaller gray and white matter volumes of the frontal and temporal lobes. Conversely, both gray and white matter volumes of the parietal lobe as well as lateral ventricular volume were larger in the XXYY group. Qualitatively, males in the XXYY group had a higher incidence of colpocephaly (84% vs. 34%, p ≤ 0.001), white matter lesions (25% vs. 5%, p = 0.007), and thin posterior body of the corpus callosum (28% vs. 3%, p = 0.001). The specificity of these findings may shed light on the role of the X and Y chromosomes in typical and atypical brain development and help provide direction for future studies of brain-behavior relationships in males with XXYY syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli P. Hanley
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, USA
| | | | | | - Eva H. Baker
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, DHHS, USA
| | - Liv S. Clasen
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, USA
| | - Jay N. Giedd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
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21
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Latrech H, Skikar I, Gharbi MEH, Chraïbi A, Gaouzi A. Disorder of Sexual Development and Congenital Heart Defect in 47XYY: Clinical Disorder or Coincidence? Case Rep Endocrinol 2015; 2015:802162. [PMID: 26175918 PMCID: PMC4484839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/802162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. 47XYY syndrome is a rare sex chromosome variation characterized by an additional Y chromosome. Most patients with 47XYY karyotype have normal phenotype. This disorder seems associated with a higher risk of developing behavioral and cognitive problems, tall stature, and infertility in adulthood. Sexual development disorder is a rare finding. We report a first case with an abnormal left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery in a 47XYY patient. Case. A one-month-old child was referred for ectopic testis and micropenis. Physical examination revealed facial dysmorphia, micropenis, and curvature of the penis with nonpalpable testis. Laboratory tests showed decreased total testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. Blood karyotyping revealed a 47XYY chromosomal formula. At the age of 3 months, the patient developed dyspnea and tachycardia. Echocardiography revealed an anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery with left ventricular dysfunction requiring surgical revascularization by direct reimplantation of the left coronary artery system. Our second case was a 3-year-old child referred for hypospadias with nonpalpable left testicle. Physical examination showed hypertelorism. Blood karyotyping revealed a 47XYY chromosomal formula. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first case of 47XYY syndrome associated with this congenital heart malformation and a sexual development disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Latrech
- 1Department of Endocrinology, Mohammed VI Hospital, Medical School, Mohammed the First University, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
- *Hanane Latrech:
| | - Imane Skikar
- 2Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI Hospital, Medical School, Mohammed the First University, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Hassan Gharbi
- 3Department of Endocrinology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Medical School, Mohammed V University, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelmjid Chraïbi
- 3Department of Endocrinology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Medical School, Mohammed V University, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Gaouzi
- 4Department of Endocrinology Pediatrics, Children Hospital, Medical School, Mohammed V University, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
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Wade BSC, Joshi SH, Reuter M, Blumenthal JD, Toga AW, Thompson PM, Giedd JN. Effects of sex chromosome dosage on corpus callosum morphology in supernumerary sex chromosome aneuploidies. Biol Sex Differ 2014; 5:16. [PMID: 25780557 PMCID: PMC4360142 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-014-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supernumerary sex chromosome aneuploidies (sSCA) are characterized by the presence of one or more additional sex chromosomes in an individual’s karyotype; they affect around 1 in 400 individuals. Although there is high variability, each sSCA subtype has a characteristic set of cognitive and physical phenotypes. Here, we investigated the differences in the morphometry of the human corpus callosum (CC) between sex-matched controls 46,XY (N =99), 46,XX (N =93), and six unique sSCA karyotypes: 47,XYY (N =29), 47,XXY (N =58), 48,XXYY (N =20), 47,XXX (N =30), 48,XXXY (N =5), and 49,XXXXY (N =6). Methods We investigated CC morphometry using local and global area, local curvature of the CC boundary, and between-landmark distance analysis (BLDA). We hypothesized that CC morphometry would vary differentially along a proposed spectrum of Y:X chromosome ratio with supernumerary Y karyotypes having the largest CC areas and supernumerary X karyotypes having significantly smaller CC areas. To investigate this, we defined an sSCA spectrum based on a descending Y:X karyotype ratio: 47,XYY, 46,XY, 48,XXYY, 47,XXY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 46,XX, 47,XXX. We similarly explored the effects of both X and Y chromosome numbers within sex. Results of shape-based metrics were analyzed using permutation tests consisting of 5,000 iterations. Results Several subregional areas, local curvature, and BLDs differed between groups. Moderate associations were found between area and curvature in relation to the spectrum and X and Y chromosome counts. BLD was strongly associated with X chromosome count in both male and female groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that X- and Y-linked genes have differential effects on CC morphometry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare CC morphometry across these extremely rare groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S C Wade
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuro Imaging and Informatics, USC, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles 90292, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Martin Reuter
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Blumenthal
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda 20892-1600, MD, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Institute for Neuro Imaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles 90032, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuro Imaging and Informatics, USC, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles 90292, CA, USA
| | - Jay N Giedd
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda 20892-1600, MD, USA
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24
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Margari L, Lamanna AL, Craig F, Simone M, Gentile M. Autism spectrum disorders in XYY syndrome: two new cases and systematic review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:277-83. [PMID: 24464091 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormalities of the sex chromosomes (47, XXY, 47 XYY, 45,X/46,XY mosaicism) are frequently associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but the male predisposition to these disorders has not been clearly explained. Previously, the role of the X chromosome was considered important in the ASD mainly because autistic symptoms were detected in genetic syndromes involving X chromosome (fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome). Instead, few studies have analyzed the possible role of the Y chromosome in the ASD. This study explores the role of the Y chromosome in ASD through a systematic literature review about the association between ASD and XYY syndrome and a description of two new cases with this association. The literature review considered studies published in peer-reviewed journals, included in the MEDLINE and PubMed databases, that examined the association between ASD and XYY syndrome. Few studies reported the occurrence of ASD in children with XYY karyotype and the majority of them did not reported a well-defined autism diagnostic category associated with an extra Y chromosome, but several clinical conditions that are generically described as language and social impairment. CONCLUSION This study underlines the underestimated role of the Y chromosome in ASD, and we postulate that all the ASD associated with the XYY karyotype may presumably fall within mild degree of ASD as in our cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Margari
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
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25
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Lepage JF, Hong DS, Raman M, Marzelli M, Roeltgen DP, Lai S, Ross J, Reiss AL. Brain morphology in children with 47, XYY syndrome: a voxel- and surface-based morphometric study. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:127-34. [PMID: 24308542 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurocognitive and behavioral profile of individuals with 47,XYY is increasingly documented; however, very little is known about the effect of a supernumerary Y-chromosome on brain development. Establishing the neural phenotype associated with 47,XYY may prove valuable in clarifying the role of Y-chromosome gene dosage effects, a potential factor in several neuropsychiatric disorders that show a prevalence bias toward males, including autism spectrum disorders. Here, we investigated brain structure in 10 young boys with 47,XYY and 10 age-matched healthy controls by combining voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM). The VBM results show the existence of altered gray matter volume (GMV) in the insular and parietal regions of 47,XYY relative to controls, changes that were paralleled by extensive modifications in white matter (WM) bilaterally in the frontal and superior parietal lobes. The SBM analyses corroborated these findings and revealed the presence of abnormal surface area and cortical thinning in regions with abnormal GMV and WMV. Overall, these preliminary results demonstrate a significant impact of a supernumerary Y-chromosome on brain development, provide a neural basis for the motor, speech and behavior regulation difficulties associated with 47,XYY and may relate to sexual dimorphism in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Lepage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Crow TJ. The XY gene hypothesis of psychosis: origins and current status. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:800-24. [PMID: 24123874 PMCID: PMC4065359 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in psychosis and their interaction with laterality (systematic departures from 50:50 left-right symmetry across the antero-posterior neural axis) are reviewed in the context of the X-Y gene hypothesis. Aspects of laterality (handedness/cerebral asymmetry/the torque) predict (1) verbal and non-verbal ability in childhood and across adult life and (2) anatomical, physiological, and linguistic variation relating to psychosis. Neuropsychological and MRI evidence from individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies indicates that laterality is associated with an X-Y homologous gene pair. Within each mammalian species the complement of such X-Y gene pairs reflects their potential to account for taxon-specific sexual dimorphisms. As a consequence of the mechanism of meiotic suppression of unpaired chromosomes such X-Y gene pairs generate epigenetic variation around a species defining motif that is carried to the zygote with potential to initiate embryonic gene expression in XX or XY format. The Protocadherin11XY (PCDH11XY) gene pair in Xq21.3/Yp11.2 in probable coordination with a gene or genes within PAR2 (the second pseudo-autosomal region) is the prime candidate in relation to cerebral asymmetry and psychosis in Homo sapiens. The lately-described pattern of sequence variation associated with psychosis on the autosomes may reflect a component of the human genome's adjustment to selective pressures generated by the sexually dimorphic mate recognition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, SANE POWIC, Warneford Hospital, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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27
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Liao HM, Gau SSF, Tsai WC, Fang JS, Su YC, Chou MC, Liu SK, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Chen CH. Chromosomal abnormalities in patients with autism spectrum disorders from Taiwan. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:734-41. [PMID: 24132905 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by verbal communication impairments, social reciprocity deficits, and the presence of restricted interests and stereotyped behaviors. Genetic factors contribute to the incidence of ASD evidently. However, the genetic spectrum of ASD is highly heterogeneous. Chromosomal abnormalities contribute significantly to the genetic deficits of syndromic and non-syndromic ASD. In this study, we conducted karyotyping analysis in a sample of 500 patients (447 males, 53 females) with ASD from Taiwan, the largest cohort in Asia, to the best of our knowledge. We found three patients having sex chromosome aneuploidy, including two cases of 47, XXY and one case of 47, XYY. In addition, we detected a novel reciprocal chromosomal translocation between long arms of chromosomes 4 and 14, designated t(4;14)(q31.3;q24.1), in a patient with Asperger's disorder. This translocation was inherited from his unaffected father, suggesting it might not be pathogenic or it needs further hits to become pathogenic. In line with other studies, our study revealed that subjects with sex chromosomal aneuploidy are liable to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, and conventional karyotyping analysis is still a useful tool in detecting chromosomal translocation in patients with ASD, given that array-based comparative genomic hybridization technology can provide better resolution in detecting copy number variations of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bardsley MZ, Kowal K, Levy C, Gosek A, Ayari N, Tartaglia N, Lahlou N, Winder B, Grimes S, Ross JL. 47,XYY syndrome: clinical phenotype and timing of ascertainment. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1085-94. [PMID: 23810129 PMCID: PMC4097881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe auxologic, physical, and behavioral features in a large cohort of males with 47,XYY (XYY), ages newborn to young adult. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of male subjects with XYY who were evaluated at 1 of 2 specialized academic sites. Subjects underwent a history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and cognitive/behavioral evaluation. RESULTS In 90 males with XYY (mean age 9.6 ± 5.3 years [range 0.5-36.5]), mean height SD was above average (1.0 ± 1.2 SD). Macrocephaly (head circumference >2 SD) was noted in 28/84 (33%), hypotonia in 57/90 (63%), clinodactyly in 47/90 (52%), and hypertelorism in 53/90 (59%). There was testicular enlargement for age (>2 SD) in 41/82 (50%), but no increase in genital anomalies. No physical phenotypic differences were seen in boys diagnosed prenatally vs postnatally. Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone levels were in the normal range in most boys. There was an increased incidence of asthma, seizures, tremor, and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with the general population rates. Prenatally diagnosed boys scored significantly better on cognitive testing and were less likely to be diagnosed with ASD (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The XYY phenotype commonly includes tall stature, macrocephaly, macroorchidism, hypotonia, hypertelorism, and tremor. Physical phenotypic features were similar in boys diagnosed prenatally vs postnatally. Prenatal diagnosis was associated with higher cognitive function and less likelihood of an ASD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Zeger Bardsley
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours and duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Karen Kowal
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours and duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Carly Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours and duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Ania Gosek
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Natalie Ayari
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Najiba Lahlou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Hormonale, Hopital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, France
| | - Breanna Winder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shannon Grimes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Judith L. Ross
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours and duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
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Posterior fossa malformations and sex chromosomes anomalies. Report of a case with XYY syndrome and overview of known associations. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1267-70. [PMID: 23695861 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sex chromosome anomalies have been previously associated with several brain malformations including posterior fossa anomalies, such as cerebellar dysplasia or hypoplasia, cerebellar cysts, vermis dysgenesis or hypoplasia, and mega cistern magna. XYY syndrome is a sex chromosome aneuploidy characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome. Although it has been proposed that the presence of such extra chromosome may have an adverse effect on brain development, to date few reports on brain abnormalities in patients with XYY syndrome have been published. In a male child with 47, XYY karyotype we describe a particular brain malformation which consisted of enlarged posterior fossa and hypoplasia of posterior and inferior regions of left cerebellar hemisphere and vermis. In addition we revised other sex chromosome anomalies which have been previously associated with posterior fossa malformations in humans. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that having an extra Y chromosome may affect brain development. Brain radiological imaging in patients with XYY syndrome would be useful to determine whether such brain abnormalities are an incidental finding or part of the spectrum of XYY syndrome. A deeper investigation of the extra chromosome effects may help to better comprehend the pathophysiology of functional disorders in affected individuals.
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