1
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Plisiecki H, Sobieszek A. Extrapolation of affective norms using transformer-based neural networks and its application to experimental stimuli selection. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02212-3. [PMID: 37749424 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Data on the emotionality of words is important for the selection of experimental stimuli and sentiment analysis on large bodies of text. While norms for valence and arousal have been thoroughly collected in English, most languages do not have access to such large datasets. Moreover, theoretical developments lead to new dimensions being proposed, the norms for which are only partially available. In this paper, we propose a transformer-based neural network architecture for semantic and emotional norms extrapolation that predicts a whole ensemble of norms at once while achieving state-of-the-art correlations with human judgements on each. We improve on the previous approaches with regards to the correlations with human judgments by Δr = 0.1 on average. We precisely discuss the limitations of norm extrapolation as a whole, with a special focus on the introduced model. Further, we propose a unique practical application of our model by proposing a method of stimuli selection which performs unsupervised control by picking words that match in their semantic content. As the proposed model can easily be applied to different languages, we provide norm extrapolations for English, Polish, Dutch, German, French, and Spanish. To aid researchers, we also provide access to the extrapolation networks through an accessible web application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Plisiecki
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, SWPS University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Gawda B. The Differentiation of Narrative Styles in Individuals with High Psychopathic Deviate. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022; 51:75-92. [PMID: 34870777 PMCID: PMC8930938 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-021-09824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to show the differentiation of narrative styles in individuals with high scores in Psychopathic deviate (Pd) scale and develop a method enabling identification of psychopathic personality traits based on linguistic indicators. 600 spontaneous narrations related to emotional topics have been examined for grammar, syntactic, and lexical indicators. The indicators have been selected based on a review related to language of psychopaths. The narrations were written by 200 persons who were also tested for psychopathic deviate and intelligence level, including prisoners diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Independent judges identified the linguistic indicators which were then counted for each person with the use of computer software. The configuration profiles of the linguistic indicators/narrative styles were established using k-mean clustering method. Then, ANOVA was performed to show which clusters differentiate the levels of psychopathic deviate. The findings show there are two configurations of language features (important: single features were not examined) associated with high levels of psychopathic deviate patterns. Two narrative styles were identified, labelled demonstrative-digressive-egocentric-emotional-dogmatic and reserved-focused on the topic-repetitive, which indicate high psychopathic deviate traits. The ROC curves were applied to establish the prediction of the narrative styles for high psychopathic deviate scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawda
- Department of Psychology of Emotion and Personality, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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3
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Bontemps AP, Batky BD, Houser RA, Salekin RT. Psychopathic Traits, Conduct Problems, and the Examination of Self-Referential Processing Using EEG in Incarcerated Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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4
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Greenfield DN, Cazala F, Carre J, Somoza-Mitchell A, Decety J, Thornton D, Kiehl KA, Harenski CL. Emotional intelligence in incarcerated sexual offenders with sexual sadism. THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION 2021; 29:68-85. [PMID: 36950182 PMCID: PMC10027388 DOI: 10.1080/13552600.2021.2015469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined by the ability to perceive, manage, and reason about emotions in oneself and others. Studies have reported deficits in EI abilities among certain antisocial populations such as individuals with psychopathy, and enhanced performance among sexual offenders. Despite EI's relevance to offending behaviour, the association between EI and paraphilic offending has been under-studied. We examined the association between EI, sexual offending, and sexual sadism in 80 incarcerated men with sexual offenses and 207 incarcerated men with non-sexual offences. EI was assessed using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Sadism was measured using the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Results showed that SeSaS scores were positively associated with Strategic EI (the ability to understand and manage emotions), but were not significantly related to Experiential EI. This may reflect core characteristics of sexual sadism including domination and manipulation, challenging the prevalent notion that higher EI is invariably positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella N. Greenfield
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Fadwa Cazala
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Jessica Carre
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Arielle Somoza-Mitchell
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | | | - David Thornton
- Forensic Assessment, Training, & Research (FAsTR), LLC
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
- University of New Mexico
| | - Carla L. Harenski
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
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5
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Tully J, Frey A, Fotiadou M, Kolla NJ, Eisenbarth H. Psychopathy in women: insights from neuroscience and ways forward for research. CNS Spectr 2021; 28:1-13. [PMID: 34906266 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852921001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a severe form of personality disturbance, resulting in a detrimental impact on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Until relatively recently, most research in psychopathy has focused on male samples, not least because of its link with criminal behavior and the large proportion of violent crime committed by men. However, psychopathy in women also leads to considerable problems at an individual and societal level, including substance misuse, poor treatment outcomes, and contribution to ever-increasing numbers of female prisoners. Despite this, due to relative neglect, most research into adult female psychopathy is underpowered and outdated. We argue that the field needs revitalizing, with a focus on the developmental nature of the condition and neurocognitive research. Recent work international consortia into conduct disorder in female youth-a precursor of psychopathy in female adults-gives cause for optimism. Here, we outline key strategies for enriching research in this important field with contemporary approaches to other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tully
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Frey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Research and Academics, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hedwig Eisenbarth
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Lenzen LM, Donges MR, Eickhoff SB, Poeppl TB. Exploring the neural correlates of (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:731-740. [PMID: 34655096 PMCID: PMC8688304 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Research into the neurofunctional mechanisms of psychopathy has gathered momentum over the last years. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified general changes in brain activity of psychopaths. In an exploratory meta-analysis, we here investigated the neural correlates of impaired moral cognition in psychopaths. Our analyses replicated general effects in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, fronto-insular cortex, and amygdala, which have been reported recently. In addition, we found aberrant brain activity in the midbrain and inferior parietal cortex. Our preliminary findings suggest that alterations in both regions may represent more specific functional brain changes related to (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths. Furthermore, future studies including a more comprehensive corpus of neuroimaging studies on moral cognition in psychopaths should re-examine this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Lenzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian R. Donges
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timm B. Poeppl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Booy RM, Carolan PL. The role of selective attention in the positivity offset: Evidence from event related potentials. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258640. [PMID: 34731204 PMCID: PMC8565729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some research suggests that positive and negative valence stimuli may be processed differently. For example, negative material may capture and hold attention more readily than equally arousing positive material. This is called the negativity bias, and it has been observed as both behavioural and electroencephalographic (EEG) effects. Consequently, it has been attributed to both automatic and elaborative processes. However, at the lowest levels of arousal, faster reaction times and stronger EEG responses to positive material have been observed. This is called the positivity offset, and the underlying cognitive mechanism is less understood. To study the role of selective attention in the positivity offset, participants completed a negative affective priming (NAP) task modified to dissociate priming for positive and negative words. The task required participants to indicate the valence of a target word, while simultaneously ignoring a distractor. In experiment 1, a behavioural facilitation effect (faster response time) was observed for positive words, in stark contrast to the original NAP task. These results were congruent with a previously reported general categorization advantage for positive material. In experiment 2, participants performed the task while EEG was recorded. In additional to replicating the behavioural results from experiment 1, positive words elicited a larger Late Positive Potential (LPP) component on ignored repetition relative to control trials. Surprisingly, negative words elicited a larger LPP than positive words on control trials. These results suggest that the positivity offset may reflect a greater sensitivity to priming effects due to a more flexible attentional set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regard M. Booy
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick L. Carolan
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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8
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Montry KM, Simmonite M, Steele VR, Brook MA, Kiehl KA, Kosson DS. Phonological processing in psychopathic offenders. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 168:43-51. [PMID: 34358580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that psychopathic offenders exhibit dynamic cognitive and behavioral deficits on a variety of lab tasks that differentially activate left hemisphere resources. The Left Hemisphere Activation (LHA) hypothesis is a cognitive perspective that aims to address these deficits by conceptualizing psychopathy as a disorder in which behavior and cognitive processing change dynamically as a function of the differential taxation of left hemisphere resources. This study aimed to investigate whether psychopathic traits are associated with electrophysiological anomalies under conditions that place differential demands on left hemisphere language processing systems. We examined in a sample of 43 incarcerated indivdiuals the evocation of the N320, an event-related potential (ERP) elicited by nontarget stimuli during a phonological/phonetic decision task that has been shown to elicit greater activation and cognitive processing within the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. Findings for a subsample of 18 offenders low in psychopathic traits were generally consistent with previous findings in healthy individuals, suggesting similar electrophysiological activity during phonological processing. However, psychopathic traits impacted the amplitude of the N320. Higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with reduced left-lateralization in phonological processing as well as enhanced ERP differentiation between pronounceable and nonpronounceable stimuli. These findings provide physiological evidence of a relationship between psychopathic traits and anomalous language processing at the phonological level of word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 200 Retreat Ave, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Michael A Brook
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall, Suite 1314, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The non-profit MIND Research Network, an affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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9
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Verschuere B, Yasrebi-de Kom FM, van Zelm I, Lilienfeld SO. A Plea for Preregistration in Personality Disorders Research: The Case of Psychopathy. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:161-176. [PMID: 30920938 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to a crisis of confidence, several methodological initiatives have been launched to improve the robustness of psychological science. Given its real-world implications, personality disorders research is all too important to not follow suit. The authors offer a plea for preregistration in personality disorders research, using psychopathic personality (psychopathy) as a prominent case example. To suit action to word, the authors report on a preregistered study and use it to help refute common misconceptions about preregistration as well as to illustrate that the key strength of preregistration: transparency outweighs its (perceived) disadvantages. Although preregistration will not conclusively settle the many debates roiling the field of psychopathy and other personality disorders, it can help to verify the robustness of empirical observations that inform such debates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Iza van Zelm
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Fournier LF, McDonald JB, Clayson PE, Verona E. Psychopathic traits, inhibition, and positive and negative emotion: Results from an emotional Go/No-Go task. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13815. [PMID: 33768574 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Difficulty stopping unwanted or inappropriate actions (i.e., inhibitory control) is implicated in antisocial behaviors, which are common in people high in psychopathic traits. Recent research indicates that, for those with antisocial personality, inhibitory control is impaired under negative emotional contexts; however, it is unclear whether this impairment extends to persons with psychopathic traits and to impairments under positive emotional contexts. Identifying some of these distinctions can point to therapeutics that target negative emotion specifically or emotion dysregulation broadly. We sought to identify unique relationships between distinct facets of psychopathy and inhibitory control in the context of positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. Using a community sample (N = 117), event-related potentials were recorded during an emotional-linguistic Go/No-Go task. Results indicated distinct cognition-emotion relationships for each psychopathy facet. Higher interpersonal facet scores related to reciprocal interference between cognition and emotion. Higher callous affect facet scores related to reduced inhibitory and emotional processing, except when stimuli were most engaging (emotional No-Go trials). Higher erratic lifestyle facet scores related to increased effort required to process both emotion and inhibition cues. Finally, higher antisocial facet scores related to poorer behavioral inhibition overall. This research challenges the theoretical accounts of psychopathy focused on specific deficits in negative emotion, such as fearlessness, while offering some support for theories related to attentional dysfunction. Results also highlight the importance of facet-level theorizing, as results varied by facet. This study may inform efforts to reduce disinhibited behaviors, particularly in emotional contexts, among those high in certain psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julia B McDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edelyn Verona
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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11
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Batky BD, Salekin RT, Houser RA. Frontal alpha asymmetry and emotional processing in youth with psychopathic traits. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13680. [PMID: 32920874 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emotional processing deficits are often considered central to psychopathy. There is evidence that those high in psychopathy pay less attention to emotional stimuli, and it is possible that these individuals experience diminished withdrawal motivation or heightened approach motivation in response to emotional stimuli. Studying emotional processing abnormalities, especially among youth, may be essential for better understanding psychopathy's development and for informing interventions. However, few studies on psychopathy have experimentally manipulated emotional processing, and despite the growing literature on neuroscience and psychopathy, there are aspects of neural activity that have yet to be investigated. The current study used a sample of 52 justice-involved youth to examine how psychopathy, as measured by the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder scale, relates to frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA), a neural correlate of approach and withdrawal motivation. Alpha asymmetry was first measured at rest and then while youth were asked to process emotional stimuli spontaneously as well as to increase and decrease their responses to emotional stimuli. Results indicated that total psychopathy was not related to FAA at rest or during task performance. However, youth higher in callous-unemotional traits demonstrated similar patterns of neural activity to youth lower in callous-unemotional traits when instructed to increase their response to emotional stimuli. These findings were not evident for grandiose-manipulative or daring-impulsive traits. These findings may indicate that youth high in callous-unemotional traits are capable of modulating their emotional responding, which could in turn have treatment implications for youth high in psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair D Batky
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Randall T Salekin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Rick A Houser
- College of Education, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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12
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Clark AP, Bontemps AP, Batky BD, Watts EK, Salekin RT. Psychopathy and neurodynamic brain functioning: A review of EEG research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:352-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Poeppl TB, Donges MR, Mokros A, Rupprecht R, Fox PT, Laird AR, Bzdok D, Langguth B, Eickhoff SB. A view behind the mask of sanity: meta-analysis of aberrant brain activity in psychopaths. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:463-470. [PMID: 30038232 PMCID: PMC6344321 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a disorder of high public concern because it predicts violence and offense recidivism. Recent brain imaging studies suggest abnormal brain activity underlying psychopathic behavior. No reliable pattern of altered neural activity has been disclosed so far. This study sought to identify consistent changes of brain activity in psychopaths and to investigate whether these could explain known psychopathology. First, we used activation likelihood estimation (p < 0.05, corrected) to meta-analyze brain activation changes associated with psychopathy across 28 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies reporting 753 foci from 155 experiments. Second, we characterized the ensuing regions functionally by employing metadata of a large-scale neuroimaging database (p < 0.05, corrected). Psychopathy was consistently associated with decreased brain activity in the right laterobasal amygdala, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and bilaterally in the lateral prefrontal cortex. A robust increase of activity was observed in the fronto-insular cortex on both hemispheres. Data-driven functional characterization revealed associations with semantic language processing (left lateral prefrontal and fronto-insular cortex), action execution and pain processing (right lateral prefrontal and left fronto-insular), social cognition (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex), and emotional as well as cognitive reward processing (right amygdala and fronto-insular cortex). Aberrant brain activity related to psychopathy is located in prefrontal, insular, and limbic regions. Physiological mental functions fulfilled by these brain regions correspond to disturbed behavioral patterns pathognomonic for psychopathy. Hence, aberrant brain activity may not just be an epiphenomenon of psychopathy but directly related to the psychopathology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm B Poeppl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian R Donges
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mokros
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA Brain, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
- Parietal team, INRIA, Neurospin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Kosson DS, Chi T, Riser NR, Walsh Z, Beussink CN, Pera-Guardiola V, Briz AJ. Facial affect recognition in college students with psychopathic traits: A comparison using tests matched in discriminating power. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Díaz-Galván K, Ostrosky-Shejet F, Romero-Rebollar C, Pérez-López M, Ortega-Noriega O. Semantic emotional processing (N400) in violent individuals from a community sample. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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16
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Vitale J, Kosson DS, Resch Z, Newman JP. Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs on an Affective Lexical Decision Task: Implications for the Affect Regulation Theory of Psychopathy. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Lei Y, Dou H, Liu Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Li H. Automatic Processing of Emotional Words in the Absence of Awareness: The Critical Role of P2. Front Psychol 2017; 8:592. [PMID: 28473785 PMCID: PMC5397533 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been long debated to what extent emotional words can be processed in the absence of awareness. Behavioral studies have shown that the meaning of emotional words can be accessed even without any awareness. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed that emotional words that are unconsciously presented do not activate the brain regions involved in semantic or emotional processing. To clarify this point, we used continuous flash suppression (CFS) and event-related potential (ERP) techniques to distinguish between semantic and emotional processing. In CFS, we successively flashed some Mondrian-style images into one participant's eye steadily, which suppressed the images projected to the other eye. Negative, neutral, and scrambled words were presented to 16 healthy participants for 500 ms. Whenever the participants saw the stimuli—in both visible and invisible conditions—they pressed specific keyboard buttons. Behavioral data revealed that there was no difference in reaction time to negative words and to neutral words in the invisible condition, although negative words were processed faster than neutral words in the visible condition. The ERP results showed that negative words elicited a larger P2 amplitude in the invisible condition than in the visible condition. The P2 component was enhanced for the neutral words compared with the scrambled words in the visible condition; however, the scrambled words elicited larger P2 amplitudes than the neutral words in the invisible condition. These results suggest that the emotional processing of words is more sensitive than semantic processing in the conscious condition. Semantic processing was found to be attenuated in the absence of awareness. Our findings indicate that P2 plays an important role in the unconscious processing of emotional words, which highlights the fact that emotional processing may be automatic and prioritized compared with semantic processing in the absence of awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Haoran Dou
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China.,Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian, China
| | - Qingming Liu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Wenhai Zhang
- Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian, China.,College of Education Science, Chengdu UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Zhonglu Zhang
- Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China.,Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian, China.,College of Education Science, Chengdu UniversityChengdu, China
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Dargis MA, Mattern AC, Newman JP. Set-Congruent Priming Stimuli Normalize the Information Processing of Psychopathic Offenders. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167436. [PMID: 28118366 PMCID: PMC5261620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic individuals show a range of affective processing deficits, typically associated with the interpersonal/affective component of psychopathy. However, previous research has been inconsistent as to whether psychopathy, within both offender and community populations, is associated with deficient autonomic responses to the simple presentation of affective stimuli. Changes in pupil diameter occur in response to emotionally arousing stimuli and can be used as an objective indicator of physiological reactivity to emotion. This study used pupillometry to explore whether psychopathic traits within a community sample were associated with hypo-responsivity to the affective content of stimuli. Pupil activity was recorded for 102 adult (52 female) community participants in response to affective (both negative and positive affect) and affectively neutral stimuli, that included images of scenes, static facial expressions, dynamic facial expressions and sound-clips. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Pupil diameter was larger in response to negative stimuli, but comparable pupil size was demonstrated across pleasant and neutral stimuli. A linear relationship between subjective arousal and pupil diameter was found in response to sound-clips, but was not evident in response to scenes. Contrary to predictions, psychopathy was unrelated to emotional modulation of pupil diameter across all stimuli. The findings were the same when participant gender was considered. This suggests that psychopathy within a community sample is not associated with autonomic hypo-responsivity to affective stimuli, and this effect is discussed in relation to later defensive/appetitive mobilisation deficits.
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Yavuz KF, Şahin O, Ulusoy S, İpek OU, Kurt E. Experiential avoidance, empathy, and anger-related attitudesin antisocial personality disorder. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1792-1800. [PMID: 28081330 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1601-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In prevailing opinion, a strong relation exists between lack of empathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). However, recent data fail to wholly clarify this relation, especially in consideration of empathy dimensions. In this study our aim was to address ASPD and social functionality from a contextual behavioral science viewpoint. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted with a sample of 34 individuals with ASPD and 32 healthy individuals as the control group. The participants were assessed with a sociodemographic form, Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM I and II (SCID-I and SCID-II), Social Functioning Scale (SFS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II for measuring experiential avoidance, Interpersonal Reactivity Index for measuring empathy dimensions, and the State-Trait Anger Scale for anger-related attitudes. RESULTS Experiential avoidance, dysfunctional anger regulation patterns, and lack of perspective-taking levels were higher in the ASPD group than in the control group. Experiential avoidance and perspective-taking processes were related with social functioning in ASPD. CONCLUSION These findings may provide initial data for understanding ASPD clinical features and related social interaction problems. Further relations between scales and social functionality also analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaasım Fatih Yavuz
- Bakırköy Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oktay Şahin
- Bakırköy Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Ulusoy
- Elazığ State Hospital for Mental Health, Elazığ, Turkey
| | | | - Erhan Kurt
- Bakırköy Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Emotional processing and psychopathic traits in male college students: An event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 106:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cacioppo JT, Crites SL, Berntson GG, G. H. Coles M. If Attitudes Affect How Stimuli Are Processed, Should They Not Affect the Event-Related Brain Potential? Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Experiment 1, subjects completed an attitude survey to identify items toward which they held positive and negative attitudes. Subsequently, subjects were instructed to count the number of positive (or negative) stimuli in a series. Each series contained six attitude stimuli from a given semantic category (e.g., fruits), and the structure of the series was varied so that positive and negative stimuli, as indexed by subjects' idiosyncratic attitudes, were evaluatively consistent or inconsistent within the series. In Experiment 2, subjects were exposed to personality traits that were positive or negative in series of six. Again, the structure of the series was varied so that positive and negative traits were evaluatively consistent or inconsistent within the series. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that although the event-related brain potential did not differ as a function of stimulus valence per se, evaluatively inconsistent, in contrast to consistent, stimuli evoked a larger amplitude late P300-like positive component that was maximal over the centroparietal region.
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Wagenbreth C, Wattenberg L, Heinze HJ, Zaehle T. Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:182-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Caldwell BM, Harenski CL, Harenski KA, Fede SJ, Steele VR, Koenigs MR, Kiehl KA. Abnormal frontostriatal activity in recently abstinent cocaine users during implicit moral processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:565. [PMID: 26528169 PMCID: PMC4608360 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the neurobiology of moral cognition are often done by examining clinical populations characterized by diminished moral emotions and a proclivity toward immoral behavior. Psychopathy is the most common disorder studied for this purpose. Although cocaine abuse is highly co-morbid with psychopathy and cocaine-dependent individuals exhibit many of the same abnormalities in socio-affective processing as psychopaths, this population has received relatively little attention in moral psychology. To address this issue, the authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record hemodynamic activity in 306 incarcerated male adults, stratified into regular cocaine users (n = 87) and a matched sample of non-cocaine users (n = 87), while viewing pictures that did or did not depict immoral actions and determining whether each depicted scenario occurred indoors or outdoors. Consistent with expectations, cocaine users showed abnormal neural activity in several frontostriatial regions during implicit moral picture processing compared to their non-cocaine using peers. This included reduced moral/non-moral picture discrimination in the vACC, vmPFC, lOFC, and left vSTR. Additionally, psychopathy was negatively correlated with activity in an overlapping region of the ACC and right lateralized vSTR. These results suggest that regular cocaine abuse may be associated with affective deficits which can impact relatively high-level processes like moral cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M. Caldwell
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research InstituteAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Carla L. Harenski
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research InstituteAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Keith A. Harenski
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research InstituteAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Samantha J. Fede
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research InstituteAlbuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vaughn R. Steele
- Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research InstituteAlbuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
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Anderson NE, Steele VR, Maurer JM, Bernat EM, Kiehl KA. Psychopathy, attention, and oddball target detection: New insights from PCL-R facet scores. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1194-204. [PMID: 25912522 PMCID: PMC5648055 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a disorder accompanied by cognitive deficits including abnormalities in attention. Prior studies examining cognitive features of psychopaths using ERPs have produced some inconsistent results. We examined psychopathy-related differences in ERPs during an auditory oddball task in a sample of incarcerated adult males. We extend previous work by deriving ERPs with principal component analysis (PCA) and relate these to the four facets of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R). Features of psychopathy were associated with increased target N1 amplitude (facets 1, 4), decreased target P3 amplitude (facet 1), and reduced slow wave amplitude for frequent standard stimuli (facets 1, 3, 4). We conclude that employing PCA and examining PCL-R facets improve sensitivity and help clarify previously reported associations. Furthermore, attenuated slow wave during standards may be a novel marker for psychopaths' abnormalities in attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E. Anderson
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
| | - Vaughn R. Steele
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
| | - J. Michael Maurer
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Edward M. Bernat
- University of Maryland, Department of Psychology, College Park, MD
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM
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26
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Examining relationships between facial emotion recognition, self-control, and psychopathic traits in a non-clinical sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Maes JH, Brazil IA. Distraction from cognitive processing by emotional pictures: Preliminary evidence for an association with interactions between psychopathy-related traits in a non-clinical sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Teper R, Zhong CB, Inzlicht M. How Emotions Shape Moral Behavior: Some Answers (and Questions) for the Field of Moral Psychology. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Bo Zhong
- Joseph L. Rotman School of Management; University of Toronto
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Joseph L. Rotman School of Management; University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto
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30
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Baskin-Sommers AR, Curtin JJ, Newman JP. Altering the Cognitive-Affective Dysfunctions of Psychopathic and Externalizing Offender Subtypes with Cognitive Remediation. Clin Psychol Sci 2015; 3:45-57. [PMID: 25977843 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614560744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive remediation is a treatment approach with the potential to translate basic science into more specific, mechanism-based interventions by targeting particular cognitive skills. The present study translated understanding of two well-defined cognitive-emotion dysfunctions into novel deficit-matched interventions and evaluated whether cognitive remediation would demonstrate specific and generalizable change. Two antisocial-subtypes, individuals with psychopathy and externalizing traits, are characterized by cognitive-affective problems that predispose them to engage in significant substance abuse and criminal behavior, culminating in incarceration. Whereas individuals with psychopathy fail to consider important contextual information, individuals with externalizing traits lack the capacity to regulate affective reactions. Training designed to remedy these subtype-specific deficits led to improvement on both trained and non-trained tasks. Such findings offer promise for changing neural and behavioral patterns, even for what many consider to be the most recalcitrant treatment population, and presage a new era of translating cognitive-affective science into increasingly specific and effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J Curtin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Psychology Department
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31
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Pincham HL, Bryce D, Pasco Fearon R. The neural correlates of emotion processing in juvenile offenders. Dev Sci 2014; 18:994-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Bryce
- Department of Psychology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - R.M. Pasco Fearon
- Developmental Neuroscience Unit; The Anna Freud Centre; UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology; University College London; UK
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32
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Bird G, Viding E. The self to other model of empathy: Providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:520-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Wagenbreth C, Rieger J, Heinze HJ, Zaehle T. Seeing emotions in the eyes - inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1039. [PMID: 25278925 PMCID: PMC4166113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming. Methods: Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories “fear,” “disgust,” “happiness,” and “neutral.” Results: A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words – with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words – with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs. Conclusion: Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wagenbreth
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rieger
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
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Anderson NE, Kiehl KA. Psychopathy and aggression: when paralimbic dysfunction leads to violence. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 17:369-93. [PMID: 24306955 PMCID: PMC4331058 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychopaths can be alarmingly violent, both in the frequency with which they engage in violence and the gratuitous extent of their violent acts. Indeed, one principal utility of the clinical construct of psychopathy is in predicting future violent behavior in criminal offenders. Aggression is a complex construct that intersects psychopathy at many levels. This chapter provides a review of psychopathy as a clinical construct including the most prominent cognitive and neurobiological models, which serve to account for its pathophysiology. We then describe how the brain abnormalities implicated in psychopathy may lead to diverse behavioral outcomes, which can include aggression in its many forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E. Anderson
- Mind Research Network, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- Mind Research Network, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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35
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Gawda B. The emotional lexicon of individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2013; 42:571-80. [PMID: 23337952 PMCID: PMC3825036 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-012-9237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the specific emotional lexicons in narratives created by persons diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to test the hypothesis that individuals with ASPD exhibit deficiencies in emotional language. Study participants consisted of 60 prison inmates with ASPD, 40 prison inmates without ASPD, and 60 men without antisocial tendencies who described situations involving love, hate and anxiety depicted by photographs. The lexical choices made in the narratives were analyzed, and a comparison of the three groups revealed differences between the emotional narratives of inmates with ASPD, inmates without ASPD, and the control group. Although the narratives of the individuals with ASPD included more words describing emotions and higher levels of emotional intensity, the valence of these words was inappropriate. The linguistic characteristics of these narratives were associated with high levels of psychopathy and low emotional reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawda
- Department of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Plac Litewski 5, 20-080, Lublin, Poland,
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36
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Nentjes L, Meijer E, Bernstein D, Arntz A, Medendorp W. Brief communication: investigating the relationship between psychopathy and interoceptive awareness. J Pers Disord 2013; 27:617-24. [PMID: 23786270 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a disorder that is characterized by marked emotional deficiencies. Because previous studies suggest that an individual's sensitivity to bodily signals--or "interoceptive awareness"--is associated with various components of emotional functioning, the authors expected this capacity to be reduced in psychopathic individuals. Therefore, the current study examined the relationship between psychopathy and interoceptive awareness by assessing heartbeat detection abilities in a group of 75 male personality disordered offenders, varying in their degree of psychopathy, as assessed with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2003). Regression analyses revealed that PCL-R Facet 4, which reflects antisocial behavior, was predictive of reduced interoceptive awareness. These findings suggest that the expression of psychopathic behavior might be influenced by an attenuated sensitivity to one's own bodily signals.
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37
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Offenders with antisocial personality disorder show attentional bias for violence-related stimuli. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:78-84. [PMID: 23261185 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Offenders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may be characterized by a lack in emotional functioning that manifests in irritability and a lack of remorse. The proposed link between ASPD and negative emotionality led to the question of emotional processing anomalies in ASPD. Furthermore, the effect of childhood maltreatment/abuse on emotional processing was tested in the present study. Violent and sexual offenders with ASPD (n=35), without ASPD (n=34), and healthy non-criminal controls (n=24) were compared in an Emotional Stroop Task (EST) using neutral, negative, and violence-related words. Secondary analyses focused on the effect of psychopathic traits and childhood maltreatment. Offenders with ASPD showed a stronger attentional bias to violence-related and negative words as compared to controls. Comparable results were obtained when grouping offenders to high, medium, and low psychopathic subgroups. Offenders with childhood maltreatment specifically showed stronger violence-related attentional bias than non-maltreated offenders. The data suggest that enhanced attention to violence-related stimuli in adult criminal offenders is associated with adverse developmental experiences and delinquency but to a lesser extent with antisocial or psychopathic traits.
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38
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Brook M, Brieman CL, Kosson DS. Emotion processing in Psychopathy Checklist-assessed psychopathy: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:979-95. [PMID: 24013478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deficient emotional experience is recognized as one of the central features of psychopathy and an impressive body of empirical findings regarding emotion processing in psychopathy has amassed over the past several decades, resulting in two broad theoretical perspectives. The general emotional deficit perspective postulates a globally reduced capacity for emotional experience and processing across the emotional spectrum. In contrast, according to the specific emotional deficit perspective, psychopathy is associated with abnormal experience of only specific types of emotion; several distinct hypotheses have been proposed under this latter perspective. We systematically and critically review findings from peer-reviewed research of emotion processing in psychopathy in relation to the two theoretical perspectives. In general, findings suggest that, compared to controls, psychopaths exhibit behavioral, psychophysiologic, and regional brain activation anomalies when processing emotion, but their ratings of self-arousal and stimulus valence/intensity do not differ from controls. However, when behavioral findings are examined separately by emotion type, the overall pattern of findings is not clearly consistent with any of the dominant theoretical perspectives of emotion processing in psychopathy. We summarize the current state of the field, including consistencies and inconsistencies in the literature, offer alternative explanations for the findings, and outline directions for future research.
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39
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Luo Y, Shen W, Zhang Y, Feng TY, Huang H, Li H. Core disgust and moral disgust are related to distinct spatiotemporal patterns of neural processing: an event-related potential study. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:242-8. [PMID: 23816951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Core disgust is thought to rely more on sensory and perceptual processes, whereas moral disgust is thought to rely more on social evaluation processes. However, little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these two types of disgust. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from participants while they performed a lexical decision task in which core- and moral-disgust words were intermixed with neutral words and pseudowords. Lexical judgment was faster for coredisgust words and slower for moral-disgust words, relative to the neutral words. Core-disgust words, relative to neutral words, elicited a larger early posterior negative (EPN), a larger N320, a smaller N400, and a larger late positive component (LPC), whereas moral disgust words elicited a smaller N320 and a larger N400 than neutral words. These results suggest that the N320 and N400 components are particularly sensitive to the neurocognitive processes that overlap in processing both core and moral disgust, whereas the EPN and LPC may reflect process that are particularly sensitive to core disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pardue AD, Robinson MB, Arrigo BA. Psychopathy and Corporate Crime: A Preliminary Examination, Part 1. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2013.765745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Emotion regulation in psychopathy. Biol Psychol 2013; 92:541-8. [PMID: 23079384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Ragbeer SN, Burnette ML. Remember me? Psychopathic traits and emotional memory in an undergraduate sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Barros DM, Dias AM, Serafim ADP, Castellana GB, Achá MFF, Busatto GF. Dimensional assessment of psychopathy and its relationship with physiological responses to empathic images in juvenile offenders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:147. [PMID: 24294206 PMCID: PMC3827584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many psychophysiological studies investigate whether psychopaths present low levels of electrodermal activity (EDA). However, despite evidence that varying degrees of psychopathy are normally distributed in the population, there is a paucity of EDA studies evaluating dimensionally. Moreover, although lack of empathy is a cornerstone of psychopathy, there has been a lack of studies using pictures of empathic emotional content to assess psychophysiological responses. METHOD We studied a population of young male delinquents (n = 30) from a detention center, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) to determine if higher levels of psychopathy were related to lesser degrees of EDA in response to emotion-eliciting pictures of empathic content. RESULTS There were significant correlations (p < 0.05) between latency and peak of EDA responses to unpleasant pictures and factor 1 scores, as well as between lability of EDA responses and factor 2 scores. CONCLUSION These results extend previous findings indicating direct relationship between EDA and psychopathy, and suggest that separate investigations of the two PCL-R factors have the potential to unravel more complex relationships between EDA and psychopathy. Also, by demonstrating such associations using emotion-provoking stimuli with empathic content, our results provide a link between levels of psychopathy and biological indices of empathic detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins de Barros
- Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences: NAPNA , São Paulo , Brazil
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Hughes AJ, Rutherford BJ. Hemispheric interaction, task complexity, and emotional valence: evidence from naturalistic images. Brain Cogn 2012; 81:167-75. [PMID: 23262171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments extend the ecological validity of tests of hemispheric interaction in three novel ways. First, we present a broad class of naturalistic stimuli that have not yet been used in tests of hemispheric interaction. Second, we test whether probable differences in complexity within the class of stimuli are supported by outcomes from measures of hemispheric interaction. Third, we use a procedure that presents target stimuli at fixation rather than at a lateralized location in order to more closely approximate normal viewing behavior. Images of positive or negative valence were presented with a lateralized distractor or no distractor at all. Response time and accuracy to determine whether an image was pleasant or unpleasant was measured. Results found that positive images were more quickly and accurately processed by the left hemisphere alone, while negative images were more quickly processed when the hemispheres interacted, and were more accurately processed when the hemispheres interacted than the left hemisphere alone. The findings support the idea that hemispheric interaction costs the performance of a simple task and benefits the performance of a complex task, and that the respective cost or gain is mediated by the pattern of laterality for emotional processing.
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Baskin-Sommers A, Curtin JJ, Li W, Newman JP. Psychopathy-related differences in selective attention are captured by an early event-related potential. Personal Disord 2012; 3:370-8. [PMID: 22452763 PMCID: PMC3387525 DOI: 10.1037/a0025593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the response modulation model, the poorly regulated behavior of psychopathic individuals reflects a problem reallocating attention to process peripheral information while engaged in goal-directed behavior (Patterson & Newman, 1993). We evaluated this tenet using male prisoners and an early event-related potential component (P140) to index attentional processing. In all task conditions, participants viewed and categorized letter stimuli that could also be used to predict electric shocks. Instructions focused attention either on the threat-relevant dimension of the letters or an alternative, threat-irrelevant dimension. Offenders with high scores on Hare's (2003) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised displayed a larger P140 under alternative versus threat conditions. Beyond demonstrating psychopathy-related differences in early attention, these findings suggest that psychopathic individuals find it easier to ignore threat-related distractors when they are peripheral versus central to their goal-directed behavior.
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Anderson NE, Stanford MS. Demonstrating emotional processing differences in psychopathy using affective ERP modulation. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:792-806. [PMID: 22524235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychopaths exhibit abnormalities processing emotional information, but there is less certainty regarding the role attention plays in these processes. We present data from two affective picture-viewing tasks comparing event-related potential (ERP) modulation effects when emotional information is present but not task relevant (Task 1) followed by a condition directing attention to the categorization of emotional content (Task 2). Controls show a robust, persistent ERP positivity (200-900 ms) associated with emotional target photos compared to neutral targets in both tasks. Individuals with psychopathy only showed this differentiation when explicitly attending to the emotional content of the photos (Task 2), and these effects remained smaller than the amplitude differences demonstrated by controls. Although abnormal allocation of attention may play a critical role, this cannot completely account for emotional processing deficits associated with psychopathy.
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Rothemund Y, Ziegler S, Hermann C, Gruesser SM, Foell J, Patrick CJ, Flor H. Fear conditioning in psychopaths: event-related potentials and peripheral measures. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:50-9. [PMID: 22387928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aversive pavlovian delay conditioning was investigated in a sample of 11 criminal psychopaths as identified by using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and 11 matched healthy controls. A painful electric stimulus served as unconditioned stimulus and neutral faces as conditioned stimuli. Event-related potentials, startle response potentiation, skin conductance response, corrugator activity, and heart rate were assessed, along with valence, arousal, and contingency ratings of the CS and US. Compared to healthy controls, psychopathic subjects failed to differentiate between the CS+/CS- as shown by an absence of a conditioned response in startle potentiation and skin conductance measures. Through use of a fear-eliciting US, these data confirm previous findings of a deficient capacity to form associations between neutral and aversive events in psychopathy that appears unrelated to cognitive deficits and is consistent with hypothesized frontolimbic deficits in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Rothemund
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Montoya P, Pauli P, Batra A, Wiedemann G. Altered processing of pain-related information in patients with fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 2012; 9:293-303. [PMID: 15862479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by emotional words were analyzed in 12 patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and 12 matched healthy subjects. PPTs were assessed at the middle finger of both hands, before and after the experiment. Overall, FM patients and healthy subjects did not differ in PPT. Nevertheless, FM patients as compared with healthy controls were characterized by a significant enhancement of pain sensitivity from the beginning to the end of the experiment indicating a long lasting sensitization due to repeated stimulation. ERPs were recorded during a language decision task where subjects had to react to unpleasant pain-related and emotionally neutral words depending on syntactic or orthographic cues. An emotional category effect was observed on N400 and P300 components of the ERP, indicating that unpleasant words elicited more positive amplitudes than neutral words. A significant group effect was observed on P200 amplitudes, showing reduced amplitudes in FM patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, unpleasant pain-related compared to neutral words triggered significantly enhanced late positive slow waves in healthy controls, while a comparable effect was not found in FM patients. The ERP and PPT data suggest that FM patients are characterized by an altered cognitive processing of pain-related information and by an abnormal adaptation to mechanical pain stimuli, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.
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Skeem JL, Polaschek DLL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO. Psychopathic Personality. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2011; 12:95-162. [PMID: 26167886 DOI: 10.1177/1529100611426706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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