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Zaman J, Van den Bergh O, Fannes S, Van Diest I. Reprint of "Learning to breathe? Feedforward regulation of the inspiratory motor drive". Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204:93-8. [PMID: 25288353 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Claims have been made that breathing is in part controlled by feedforward regulation. In a classical conditioning paradigm, we investigated anticipatory increases in the inspiratory motor drive as measured by inspiratory occlusion pressure (P100). In an acquisition phase, an experimental group (N = 13) received a low-intensity resistive load (5 cmH2O/l/s) for three consecutive inspirations as Conditioned Stimulus (CS), preceding a load of a stronger intensity (20 cmH2O/l/s) for three subsequent inspirations as unconditioned stimulus (US). The control group (N = 11) received the low-intensity load for six consecutive inspirations. In a post-acquisition phase both groups received the low-intensity load for six consecutive inspirations. Responses to the CS-load only differed between groups during the first acquisition trials and a strong increase in P100 during the US-loads was observed, which habituated across the experiment. Our results suggest that the disruption caused by adding low to moderate resistive loads to three consecutive inspirations results in a short-lasting anticipatory increase in inspiratory motor drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zaman
- Research Group on Health Psychology University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3726, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Omer Van den Bergh
- Research Group on Health Psychology University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3726, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stien Fannes
- Research Group on Health Psychology University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3726, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group on Health Psychology University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3726, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Zaman J, Van den Bergh O, Fannes S, Van Diest I. Learning to breathe? Feedforward regulation of the inspiratory motor drive. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 201:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allali G, Perrig S, Cleusix M, Herrmann FR, Adler D, Gex G, Armand S, Janssens JP, Pepin JL, Assal F. Gait abnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea and impact of continuous positive airway pressure. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 201:31-3. [PMID: 24999279 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on gait in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Gait during single and dual tasks was recorded in 15 OSA patients at baseline and after 8 weeks of CPAP therapy. Step and stance time improved after CPAP. We showed a specific dual-task effect in the condition of verbal fluency. Eight weeks of CPAP seems to improve gait of OSA patients that are specifically disturbed by the dual task of verbal fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - S Perrig
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Cleusix
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F R Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Adler
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Gex
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Armand
- Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - J P Janssens
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J L Pepin
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Inserm, HP2 (U1042), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - F Assal
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Lewis GF, Gatto RG, Porges SW. A novel method for extracting respiration rate and relative tidal volume from infrared thermography. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:877-87. [PMID: 21214587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In psychophysiological research, measurement of respiration has been dependent on transducers having direct contact with the participant. The current study provides empirical data demonstrating that a noncontact technology, infrared video thermography, can accurately estimate breathing rate and relative tidal volume across a range of breathing patterns. Video tracking algorithms were applied to frame-by-frame thermal images of the face to extract time series of nostril temperature and to generate breath-by-breath measures of respiration rate and relative tidal volume. The thermal indices of respiration were contrasted with criterion measures collected with inductance plethysmography. The strong correlations observed between the technologies demonstrate the potential use of facial video thermography as a noncontact technology to monitor respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain-Body Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA
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Ramsey R, Cumming J, Eastough D, Edwards MG. Incongruent imagery interferes with action initiation. Brain Cogn 2010; 74:249-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Van Diest I, Bradley MM, Guerra P, Van den Bergh O, Lang PJ. Fear-conditioned respiration and its association to cardiac reactivity. Biol Psychol 2009; 80:212-7. [PMID: 18955105 PMCID: PMC2670487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate ventilatory correlates of conditioned fear responses. Respiratory, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO(2)) and heart rate changes were studied in a differential fear-conditioning paradigm. Forty-two participants viewed pictures of faces. One picture (CS+) was followed by a human scream (US) during the acquisition phase, but not in a subsequent extinction phase. Conditioning of PetCO(2) (decrease), respiratory cycle time (decrease) and inspiratory duty time (increase) was established and subsequently extinguished. When participants were clustered according to their conditioned PetCO(2) responses during acquisition, only a group showing a conditioned decrease in PetCO(2) showed also a differential cardiac acceleration, a decrease in expiratory duration and an increase in inspiratory duty time in response to the CS+. These results suggest that preparation for defensive action is characterized by a tendency towards hyperventilation and cardiac acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Van Diest
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Repeated experiences of air hunger and ventilatory behavior in response to hypercapnia in the standardized rebreathing test: effects of anxiety. Biol Psychol 2007; 77:223-32. [PMID: 18077078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed air hunger (AH) and ventilatory responses to repeated CO(2) exposures in healthy women (N=31), scoring high or low for trait anxiety. A standardized rebreathing test, implying a gradually increasing CO(2) stimulus, was administered three times with 15-min intervals. Respiratory behavior and the intensity of AH perception were measured continuously. Across repeated exposures, maximal tolerance for AH habituated and the slope of AH (increase in AH per unit increase in CO(2)) diminished. Also the dynamics of the breathing response changed across trials. The thresholds for AH and tidal volume (V(T)) moved closer to each other, whereas the threshold for the respiratory rate (RR) was generally postponed. In addition, the association between AH and V(T) was stronger than between AH and RR, and the latter association became weaker over trials, particularly in high anxious persons. This suggests that AH perception became increasingly influenced by psychological factors, especially in high anxious persons. The results suggest that habituation of perceived air hunger is depending on a complex interplay between both changes in respiratory behavior and in perceptual-cognitive processes related to trait anxiety.
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Bogaerts K, Notebaert K, Van Diest I, Devriese S, De Peuter S, Van den Bergh O. Accuracy of respiratory symptom perception in different affective contexts. J Psychosom Res 2005; 58:537-43. [PMID: 16125521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The accuracy of respiratory symptom perception was investigated in different affective contexts in participants (N=48) scoring high or low for negative affectivity (NA). METHODS Within-subject correlations were calculated between two subjective ratings and their respective physiological referent (the rating of "deeper breathing" and respiratory volume, and rating of "faster breathing" and breathing frequency) across nine consecutive breathing trials. Three different air mixtures were used: room air, air enriched with 7.5% CO(2), and with 10% CO(2). For half the participants, the trials were framed in a pleasant context, created by adding a pleasant odour to the air mixture in addition to information announcing pleasant feelings as a result of breathing the air mixtures. The other half received the trials in a distressing context: A foul smelling odour was added and the information announced unpleasant feelings. RESULTS High-NA persons were overall less accurate than were low-NA persons in the perception of respiratory volume. For breathing frequency, high-NA persons were significantly less accurate in the distressing condition than in the pleasant one, whereas for low-NA persons, the information frame did not matter. CONCLUSION The study shows that the accuracy of respiratory symptom reports is reduced in high-NA persons, especially in a distressing context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Bogaerts
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Sumners DP, Turner DL. Long term modulation of the leg exercise ventilatory response is not elicited by hypercapnic arm exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003; 138:107-14. [PMID: 14519382 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that long-term modulation (LTM) of the exercise ventilatory response, evidenced as an augmentation in minute ventilation (V(I)) and tidal volume (VT) during the early phase of exercise, is only evident when the muscle groups recruited are the same during testing and during hypercapnic exercise conditioning. Measurements of cardiorespiratory variables were made at rest and during leg cycling (fH=107+/-5) exercise in eight male subjects, 1 week before and 1 h after conditioning. Conditioning involved either: (a) ten trials of arm cranking exercise (V(I)=29.0+/-4.4), or (b) ten trials of arm cranking exercise paired with external respiratory dead space (1400 ml; V(I)=57.3+/-6.5). Neither arm conditioning paradigm evoked any of the modulatory responses described in previous studies. We, therefore, conclude that the general upregulation of the spinal respiratory motoneuron pool excitability after conditioning (the "final common pathway" hypothesis), may be inadequate to fully explain the underlying mechanisms of LTM of ventilation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paul Sumners
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
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Abstract
In this article, it is argued that learning participates to fulfill the metabolic requirements by adapting respiratory control to changing internal and external states. Recent classical-conditioning experiments in newborn mice or adult rats show the close link between conditioned respiratory and arousal responses. The conditioned fear model may be a suitable and largely unexplored model of emotionally induced hyperventilation. The parabrachial nucleus and periacqueducal grey may play a pivotal role in the ventilatory component of conditioned fear. The sensitivity of breathing to conditioning in newborn and adult animals suggests that learning processes may shape breathing pattern throughout life.
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Denot-Ledunois S, Vardon G, Perruchet P, Gallego J. The effect of attentional load on the breathing pattern in children. Int J Psychophysiol 1998; 29:13-21. [PMID: 9641244 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiments designed to establish the effects of video games on breathing patterns have led to contradictory results. Several authors reported that video games tended to increase breathing frequency (i.e. to reduce breath duration), whereas others reported the opposite. We postulated that video games contain different psychophysiological components which may have opposite effects on breathing pattern. On the one hand, arousal and emotion may tend to stimulate breathing. On the other, focusing attention on the game may prompt subject to inhibit any movement--including breathing--which might be a potential nuisance variable. The aim of this study was to assess the specific effects of the attentional load in an experimental environment characterized by its low emotional impact. We measured breathing variables, cardiac frequency and cortisol levels in 10 healthy children (mean age = 9.2 +/- 1.5 years) who were familiar with the environment, the experimenter and the video game. Breath duration rose significantly, from 2.56 to 3.16 s, as a function of game difficulty. Cortisol levels, heart rate and the thoracic contribution to breathing displayed no significant changes. Taken together, these data suggest that focusing attention on the game tended to inhibit breathing and that previous contradictory reports in this respect were due to the confounding effects of emotion.
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