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Gomez Ramos B, Ohnmacht J, de Lange N, Valceschini E, Ginolhac A, Catillon M, Ferrante D, Rakovic A, Halder R, Massart F, Arena G, Antony P, Bolognin S, Klein C, Krause R, Schulz MH, Sauter T, Krüger R, Sinkkonen L. Multiomics analysis identifies novel facilitators of human dopaminergic neuron differentiation. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:254-285. [PMID: 38177910 PMCID: PMC10897179 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) control voluntary movement, cognition, and reward behavior under physiological conditions and are implicated in human diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Many transcription factors (TFs) controlling human mDAN differentiation during development have been described, but much of the regulatory landscape remains undefined. Using a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) human iPSC reporter line, we here generate time series transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles of purified mDANs during differentiation. Integrative analysis predicts novel regulators of mDAN differentiation and super-enhancers are used to identify key TFs. We find LBX1, NHLH1 and NR2F1/2 to promote mDAN differentiation and show that overexpression of either LBX1 or NHLH1 can also improve mDAN specification. A more detailed investigation of TF targets reveals that NHLH1 promotes the induction of neuronal miR-124, LBX1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis, and NR2F1/2 controls neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Gomez Ramos
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jochen Ohnmacht
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Nikola de Lange
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elena Valceschini
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélien Ginolhac
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Catillon
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Daniele Ferrante
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - François Massart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roland Krause
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marcel H Schulz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner site Rhein-Main, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1445, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Wieting J, Jahn K, Eberlein CK, Bleich S, Frieling H, Deest M. Hypomethylation of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene promoter is associated with hyperphagia-related behavior in Prader-Willi syndrome: a case-control study. Behav Brain Res 2023; 450:114494. [PMID: 37182741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder based on the loss of paternally derived but maternally imprinted genes on chromosome 15q11-13, is typically associated with hyperphagia-related behavior leading to massive obesity. Recently, there has been increasing evidence for dysregulated expression patterns of genes outside the PWS locus that influence the behavioral phenotype and for alterations in the dopaminergic system associated with weight regulation in PWS. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of the promoter regions of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) genes and their association with hyperphagia-related behavior in PWS. Methylation of the DAT and DRD2 promoter regions was examined by DNA bisulfite sequencing in 32 individuals with PWS and compared with a control group matched for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Hyperphagia-related behavior was assessed using the Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ-CT). Analysis by linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of factor group on mean DAT promoter methylation rate with decreased mean methylation in PWS (7.3 ± 0.4%) compared to controls (18.8 ± 0.6%), p < 0.001. In the PWS group, we further identified effects of HQ-CT score and BMI on DAT promoter methylation. Although also statistically significantly different (8.4 ± 0.2 in PWS, 10.5 ± 0.3 in controls, p < 0.001), DRD2 promoter methylation visually appeared to be evenly distributed between groups, raising concerns regarding a biological effect. Here, we provide evidence for altered epigenetic regulation of the DAT gene in PWS, which is associated with PWS-typical hyperphagia-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte Wieting
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Jahn
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian K Eberlein
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deest
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Arfmann W, Achenbach J, Meyer-Bockenkamp F, Proskynitopoulos PJ, Groh A, Muschler MAN, Glahn A, Hagemeier L, Preuss V, Klintschar M, Frieling H, Rhein M. Comparing DRD2 Promoter Methylation Between Blood and Brain in Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:216-223. [PMID: 36747480 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is substantially involved in several forms of addiction. In addition to genetic polymorphisms, epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as an important means of regulation. Previously, DRD2 hypo- and hyper-methylation have been observed in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Blood samples are commonly used as a surrogate marker of epigenetic alterations in epigenetic research, but few specific comparisons between blood and brain tissue samples in AUD exist. METHODS We used post-mortem brain tissue samples of 17 deceased patients with AUD and 31 deceased controls to investigate the relationship between blood and brain methylation of the DRD2 promoter. RESULTS When investigating individual cytosine methylation sites (CpG), several significant differences were found in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in the study population. Investigating binding sites with significant differences in methylation levels revealed hypomethylated CpGs targeting mainly activating transcription factors. CONCLUSION These findings support an altered transcription of the DRD2 gene in AUD specimens with a consecutively changed reward response in the brain. While methylation between specific brain regions and blood is comparable, our study further suggests that blood methylation cannot provide meaningful perspectives on DRD2 promoter methylation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Arfmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Achenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fiona Meyer-Bockenkamp
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Phileas J Proskynitopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Groh
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc A N Muschler
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Hagemeier
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Preuss
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Klintschar
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Rhein
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Wu X, Xu FL, Xia X, Wang BJ, Yao J. MicroRNA-15a, microRNA-15b and microRNA-16 inhibit the human dopamine D1 receptor expression in four cell lines by targeting 3'UTR -12 bp to + 154 bp. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:276-287. [PMID: 31858826 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1703729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: The abnormal expression Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) gives rise to the dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmitter and may be associated with the occurrence of schizophrenia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate the DRD1 expression by binding 3'UTR and be involved in the post-transcriptional regulation.Methods: We first constructed the pmirGLO-recombined vectors of series of DRD1 gene 3'UTR-truncated fragments and performed the luciferase receptor assay to screen the underlying 3'UTR sequence targeted by miRNAs. Then, we predicted the potential miRNAs binding the target sequence and confirmed their effects using luciferase receptor assay after transfection of the miRNA mimics/inhibitors. We also examined the effects of the miRNA on the endogenous DRD1 expression.Results: We found that the DRD1 3'UTR ranging from -12 to +1135 bp was essential for the post-transcriptional regulation of miRNAs. The deletion of -12 to +154 bp fragment significantly increased the luciferase expression but not the mRNA expression. The miRNA-15a, miRNA-15b and miRNA 16 affected DRD1 expression in HEK293, U87, SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cell lines.Conclusion: The miRNA-15a, miRNA-15b and miRNA-16 inhibit the human dopamine D1 receptor expression by targeting 3'UTR -12 to +154 bp.HighlightsDRD1 3'UTR ranging from -12 to +1135 bp was essential for the post-transcriptional regulation of miRNAs.The deletion of -12 to +154 bp fragment significantly increased the luciferase expression but not the mRNA expression.The miRNA-15a, miRNA-15b and miRNA 16 affected DRD1 expression in different cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Zhang H, Lu J, Wu S. Sp4 controls constitutive expression of neuronal serine racemase and NF-E2-related factor-2 mediates its induction by valproic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194597. [PMID: 32603878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) synthesizes l-type serine to its enantimor, d-serine which participates in physiological processes and in pathological conditions. In the central nervous system, SR is highly expressed in neurons and astrocytes but expressed at relatively lower amount in microglia. However, the mechanism by which SR is highly expessed in neurons is hitherto unknown. We report that the SR mRNA and protein levels in Neuro-2a were increased by valproic acid (VPA), a neuron differentiation stimulator as well as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. SR proximal promoter contained nine putative Sp-binding elements and in the exon 1, three putative anti-oxidant elements (AREs) were conservative among human, rat, and mouse genome. The promoter constructs including 5'-, 3'-fragment, and full length fragment from mouse were individually cloned into a luciferase reporter. Using dual-luciferase assay, the promoter harboring 3'-fragment contained much lower activity than the construct containing 5'-fragment which was though resistant to VPA induction, relative to 3'-fragment. Overexpression of Sp4 or Nrf2 increased whereas knockdown of either decreased Srr mRNA and SR protein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, mutation of Sp-binding elements or AREs in the constructs significantly decreased luciferase activity of the corresponding promoter construct. With chromatin immunoprecipitation, Sp4 was demonstrated to interact directly with the Sp-binding elements whereas Nrf2 bound AREs in Srr mRNA promoter. Altogether, our study highlights that Sp4 controls constitutive expression of SR in neuron and VPA mediates SR expression in N2A cells which is associated with its effect on neuron differentiation, that is, the effect is mediated via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Jinfang Lu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
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Epigenetic Dysregulation of Dopaminergic System by Maternal Cafeteria Diet During Early Postnatal Development. Neuroscience 2020; 424:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Zhao J, Chen C, Bell RL, Qing H, Lin Z. Identification of HIVEP2 as a dopaminergic transcription factor related to substance use disorders in rats and humans. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:247. [PMID: 31586043 PMCID: PMC6778090 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Playing an important role in the etiology of substance use disorder (SUD), dopamine (DA) neurons are subject to various regulations but transcriptional regulations are largely understudied. For the first time, we report here that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Enhancer Binding Protein 2 (HIVEP2) is a dopaminergic transcriptional regulator. HIVEP2 is expressed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of DA neurons. Therein, HIVEP2 can target the intronic sequence GTGGCTTTCT of SLC6A3 and thereby activate the gene. In naive rats from the bi-directional selectively bred substance-preferring P vs -nonpreferring NP rat model of substance abuse vulnerability, increased gene activity in males was associated with the vulnerability, whereas decreased gene activity in the females was associated with the same vulnerability. In clinical subjects, extensive and significant HIVEP2-SLC6A3 interactions were observed for SUD. Collectively, HIVEP2-mediated transcriptional mechanisms are implicated in dopaminergic pathophysiology of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- 0000 0000 8841 6246grid.43555.32School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China ,0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Laboratory of Psychiatric Genomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Chunnuan Chen
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Laboratory of Psychiatric Genomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, P. R. China
| | - Richard L. Bell
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 USA
| | - Hong Qing
- 0000 0000 8841 6246grid.43555.32School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genomics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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Wu X, Meng JH, Xu FL, Wang BJ, Yao J. Functional analysis of 5 upstream polymorphic variations of the human dopamine D1 receptor gene. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5813-5817. [PMID: 31131520 PMCID: PMC6653764 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hua Meng
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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9
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OCT3 promoter haplotype is associated with metformin pharmacokinetics in Koreans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16965. [PMID: 30446679 PMCID: PMC6240047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) is expressed in various organs in humans and plays an important role in the transport of organic cations and drugs including metformin. In this study, we identified genetic variations of the OCT3 promoter and functionally characterized each variant by in vitro assays. Next, the association between the functional haplotype of the OCT3 promoter and pharmacokinetics of metformin was evaluated. In our study population, 7 variations and 2 major haplotypes were identified, of which H2 haplotype yielded a significantly higher luciferase activity than did the wild type. Two variants of H2, c.-1603G > A and c.-1547T > G, yielded significantly lower luciferase activities, whereas the luciferase activity of another variant, c.-29G > A, was significantly higher. Two transcription factors, Sp1 and USF1, were involved in the regulation of OCT3 transcription. Analysis of clinical data revealed that 25 subjects, either homozygous or heterozygous for H2, showed increased AUCinf and Cmax by 17.2% and 15.9%, respectively [P = 0.016 and 0.031, GMR (90% CI) = 1.17 (1.06–1.29) and 1.17 (1.04–1.31), respectively], compared to the 20 subjects in the control group. Our study suggests that an OCT3 promoter haplotype affects the pharmacokinetics of metformin in Koreans as well as the OCT3 transcription rate.
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10
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Zhao Y, Yu J, Zhao J, Chen X, Xiong N, Wang T, Qing H, Lin Z. Intragenic Transcriptional cis-Antagonism Across SLC6A3. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4051-4060. [PMID: 30259411 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A promoter can be regulated by various cis-acting elements so that delineation of the regulatory modes among them may help understand developmental, environmental and genetic mechanisms in gene activity. Here we report that the human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 carries a 5' distal 5-kb super enhancer (5KSE) which upregulated the promoter by 5-fold. Interestingly, 5KSE is able to prevent 3' downstream variable number tandem repeats (3'VNTRs) from silencing the promoter. This new enhancer consists of a 5'VNTR and three repetitive sub-elements that are conserved in primates. Two of 5KSE's sub-elements, E-9.7 and E-8.7, upregulate the promoter, but only the later could continue doing so in the presence of 3'VNTRs. Finally, E-8.7 is activated by novel dopaminergic transcription factors including SRP54 and Nfe2l1. Together, these results reveal a multimodal regulatory mechanism in SLC6A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,College of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, 518060, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Qing
- College of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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11
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Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082245. [PMID: 30065237 PMCID: PMC6121649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that vitamin D receptors have been found in neurons and glial cells, and their highest expression is in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and subcortical grey nuclei, and substantia nigra. Vitamin D helps the regulation of neurotrophin, neural differentiation, and maturation, through the control operation of growing factors synthesis (i.e., neural growth factor [NGF] and glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF), the trafficking of the septohippocampal pathway, and the control of the synthesis process of different neuromodulators (such as acetylcholine [Ach], dopamine [DA], and gamma-aminobutyric [GABA]). Based on these assumptions, we have written this review to summarize the potential role of vitamin D in neurological pathologies. This work could be titanic and the results might have been very fuzzy and even incoherent had we not conjectured to taper our first intentions and devoted our interests towards three mainstreams, demyelinating pathologies, vascular syndromes, and neurodegeneration. As a result of the lack of useful therapeutic options, apart from the disease-modifying strategies, the role of different risk factors should be investigated in neurology, as their correction may lead to the improvement of the cerebral conditions. We have explored the relationships between the gene-environmental influence and long-term vitamin D deficiency, as a risk factor for the development of different types of neurological disorders, along with the role and the rationale of therapeutic trials with vitamin D implementation.
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12
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The correlation between DNA methylation and transcriptional expression of human dopamine transporter in cell lines. Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:91-97. [PMID: 29030220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between DNA methylation and expression of human dopamine transporter (hDAT). We examined methylation status of hDAT in cells with various hDAT expression levels, including two dopaminergic neural cell lines (SK-N-AS and SH-SY-5Y) and one non-dopaminergic cell line (HEK293) by bisulfite sequencing PCR(BSP). The effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-dC or/and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi, sodium butyrate, NaB) on the DNA methylation status and mRNA expression levels of hDAT were examined. The results revealed marked hypomethylation of the two promoter regions (-1214 to -856bp and -48 to 439bp, the first base of exon 1 was taken as +1 bp)of hDAT in SK-N-AS (4.7%±2.0mC and 3.5%±1.0mC, respectively) compared with SH-SY-5Y (88.0%±4.4%mC and 81.1%±8.8%mC) and HEK293 (90.7%±2.4mC and 84.4%±8.6% mC) cell lines, indicating a cell-specific methylation regulation of hDAT. 5-aza-dC and NaB decreased hypermethylation,while increase hDAT expression in SH-SY-5Y cells and recovered hDAT mRNA expression in HEK293 cells. DNA methylation enabled the cell-specific differential expression of the hDAT gene. hDAT silencing was reversed by the introduction of DNA hypomethylation via 5-aza-dC or/and NaB.
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Liu K, Yu J, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Xiong N, Xu J, Wang T, Bell RL, Qing H, Lin Z. AZI23'UTR Is a New SLC6A3 Downregulator Associated with an Epistatic Protection Against Substance Use Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5611-5622. [PMID: 28983843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulated activity of SLC6A3, which encodes the human dopamine transporter (DAT), contributes to diseases such as substance abuse disorders (SUDs); however, the exact transcription mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we used a common genetic variant of the gene, intron 1 DNP1B sequence, as bait to screen and clone a new transcriptional activity, AZI23'UTR, for SLC6A3. AZI23'UTR is a 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the human 5-Azacytidine Induced 2 gene (AZI2) but appeared to be transcribed independently of AZI2. Found to be present in both human cell nuclei and dopamine neurons, this RNA was shown to downregulate promoter activity through a variant-dependent mechanism in vitro. Both reduced RNA density ratio of AZI23'UTR/AZI2 and increased DAT mRNA levels were found in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring rats. Secondary analysis of dbGaP GWAS datasets (Genome-Wide Association Studies based on the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes) revealed significant interactions between regions upstream of AZI23'UTR and SLC6A3 in SUDs. Jointly, our data suggest that AZI23'UTR confers variant-dependent transcriptional regulation of SLC6A3, a potential risk factor for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Liu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA.,School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA.,School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Computer Information Systems, Bentley University, Waltham, MA, 02452, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02478, USA.
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Hashemi S, Fernandez Martinez JL, Saligan L, Sonis S. Exploring Genetic Attributions Underlying Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue in Prostate Cancer Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:326-339. [PMID: 28797855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite numerous proposed mechanisms, no definitive pathophysiology underlying radiotherapy-induced fatigue (RIF) has been established. However, the dysregulation of a set of 35 genes was recently validated to predict development of fatigue in prostate cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. OBJECTIVES To hypothesize novel pathways, and provide genetic targets for currently proposed pathways implicated in RIF development through analysis of the previously validated gene set. METHODS The gene set was analyzed for all phenotypic attributions implicated in the phenotype of fatigue. Initially, a "directed" approach was used by querying specific fatigue-related sub-phenotypes against all known phenotypic attributions of the gene set. Then, an "undirected" approach, reviewing the entirety of the literature referencing the 35 genes, was used to increase analysis sensitivity. RESULTS The dysregulated genes attribute to neural, immunological, mitochondrial, muscular, and metabolic pathways. In addition, certain genes suggest phenotypes not previously emphasized in the context of RIF, such as ionizing radiation sensitivity, DNA damage, and altered DNA repair frequency. Several genes also associated with prostate cancer depression, possibly emphasizing variable radiosensitivity by RIF-prone patients, which may have palliative care implications. Despite the relevant findings, many of the 35 RIF-predictive genes are poorly characterized, warranting their investigation. CONCLUSION The implications of herein presented RIF pathways are purely theoretical until specific end-point driven experiments are conducted in more congruent contexts. Nevertheless, the presented attributions are informative, directing future investigation to definitively elucidate RIF's pathoetiology. This study demonstrates an arguably comprehensive method of approaching known differential expression underlying a complex phenotype, to correlate feasible pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Hashemi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Leorey Saligan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Sonis
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Biomodels LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Epigenetic Regulation of Dopamine Transporter mRNA Expression in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1372-8. [PMID: 25963949 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a key regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission. As such, proper regulation of DAT expression is important to maintain homeostasis, and disruption of DAT expression can lead to neurobehavioral dysfunction. Based on genomic features within the promoter of the DAT gene, there is potential for DAT expression to be regulated through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms to DAT expression has not been empirically determined. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity increased DAT mRNA approximately 1.5-2 fold. This effect was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of DNMT1. Likewise, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproate and butyrate also increased DAT mRNA expression, but the response was much more robust with expression increasing over tenfold. Genetic knockdown of HDAC1 by siRNA also increased DAT expression, but not to the extent seen with pharmacological inhibition, suggesting additional isoforms of HDAC or other targets may contribute to the observed effect. Together, these data identify the relative contribution of DNMTs and HDACs in regulating expression. These finding may aid in understanding the mechanistic basis for changes in DAT expression in normal and pathophysiological states.
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Maertens A, Luechtefeld T, Kleensang A, Hartung T. MPTP's pathway of toxicity indicates central role of transcription factor SP1. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:743-55. [PMID: 25851821 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Deriving a Pathway of Toxicity from transcriptomic data remains a challenging task. We explore the use of weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to extract an initial network from a small microarray study of MPTP toxicity in mice. Five modules were statistically significant; each module was analyzed for gene signatures in the Chemical and Genetic Perturbation subset of the Molecular Signatures Database as well as for over-represented transcription factor binding sites and WGCNA clustered probes by function and captured pathways relevant to neurodegenerative disorders. The resulting network was analyzed for transcription factor candidates, which were narrowed down via text-mining for relevance to the disease model, and then combined with the large-scale interaction FANTOM4 database to generate a genetic regulatory network. Modules were enriched for transcription factors relevant to Parkinson's disease. Transcription factors significantly improved the number of genes that could be connected in a given component. For each module, the transcription factor that had, by far, the highest number of interactions was SP1, and it also had substantial experimental evidence of interactions. This analysis both captures much of the known biology of MPTP toxicity and suggests several candidates for further study. Furthermore, the analysis strongly suggests that SP1 plays a central role in coordinating the cellular response to MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maertens
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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McHugh PC, Buckley DA. The Structure and Function of the Dopamine Transporter and its Role in CNS Diseases. HORMONES AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2015; 98:339-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sabui S, Ghosal A, Said HM. Identification and characterization of 5'-flanking region of the human riboflavin transporter 1 gene (SLC52A1). Gene 2014; 553:49-56. [PMID: 25284511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human SLC52A1 gene encodes the riboflavin transporter-1 (RFVT-1), a plasma membrane protein that transports vitamin B2 (riboflavin, RF) into cells, and thus, plays a role in controlling cellular homeostasis of RF in those tissues that express the carrier protein (e.g. placenta and intestine). Currently, there is nothing known about transcriptional regulation of the SLC52A1 gene, therefore, we aimed to clone and characterize its 5'-flanking region. Using rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (5'-RACE), we identified one transcription start site (TSS). A 579 bp segment of the 5'-flanking region of this gene was cloned which exhibited robust promoter activity upon transfection in human intestinal epithelial cells. Deletion analysis revealed that the core promoter activity to be embedded in a region between -234 and -23 that lacked TATA element, was GC-rich, and harbored several putative cis-regulatory sites including KLFs, AP-2, EGRF and Sp-1. Mutating each of these sites led to a significant decrease in promoter activity (which was highest for the Sp-1 site), suggesting their possible involvement in regulating SLC52A1 transcription. Focusing on the Sp-1 site, EMSA, super-shift and ChIP analysis was performed that established the interaction of the Sp-1 transcription factor with the SLC52A1 promoter; also, co-transfection of the minimal SLC52A1 promoter with an Sp-1 containing vector in Drosophila SL-2 cells led to significant promoter activation. These results are the first to reveal the identity of the minimal SLC52A1 promoter and to establish an important role for Sp-1 in its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Sabui
- Department of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Abhisek Ghosal
- Department of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Hamid M Said
- Department of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
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Zhao Y, Xiong N, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Li N, Qing H, Lin Z. Human dopamine transporter gene: differential regulation of 18-kb haplotypes. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1481-94. [PMID: 24024899 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Since previous functional studies of short haplotypes and polymorphic sites of SLC6A3 have shown variant-dependent and drug-sensitive promoter activity, this study aimed to understand whether a large SLC6A3 regulatory region, containing these small haplotypes and polymorphic sites, can display haplotype-dependent promoter activity in a drug-sensitive and pathway-related manner. MATERIALS & METHODS By creating and using a single copy number luciferase-reporter vector, we examined regulation of two different SLC6A3 haplotypes (A and B) of the 5´ 18-kb promoter and two known downstream regulatory variable number tandem repeats by 17 drugs in four different cellular models. RESULTS The two regulatory haplotypes displayed up to 3.2-fold difference in promoter activity. The regulations were drug selective (37.5% of the drugs showed effects), and both haplotype and cell type dependent. Pathway analysis revealed at least 13 main signaling hubs targeting SLC6A3, including histone deacetylation, AKT, PKC and CK2 α-chains. CONCLUSION SLC6A3 may be regulated via either its promoter or the variable number tandem repeats independently by specific signaling pathways and in a haplotype-dependent manner. Furthermore, we have developed the first pathway map for SLC6A3 regulation. These findings provide a framework for understanding complex and variant-dependent regulations of SLC6A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School & Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Mailstop 318, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Luong KVQ, Nguyễn LTH. The beneficial role of thiamine in Parkinson disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:461-8. [PMID: 23462281 PMCID: PMC6493530 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration among elderly individuals. PD is clinically characterized by tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural imbalance. In this paper, we review the evidence for an association between PD and thiamine. Interestingly, a significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of serum thiamine, and thiamine supplements appear to have beneficial clinical effects against PD. Multiple studies have evaluated the connection between thiamine and PD pathology, and candidate pathways involve the transcription factor Sp1, p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, tyrosine hydroxylase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Thus, a review of the literature suggests that thiamine plays a role in PD, although further investigation into the effects of thiamine in PD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh V Q Luong
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA 92683, USA
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Kawasaki T, Kurauchi K, Higashihata A, Deguchi T, Ishikawa Y, Yamauchi M, Sasanuma M, Hori H, Tsutsumi M, Wakamatsu Y, Yuba S, Kinoshita M. Transgenic medaka fish which mimic the endogenous expression of neuronal kinesin, KIF5A. Brain Res 2012; 1480:12-21. [PMID: 22975131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is spatiotemporally controlled by microtubule-dependent motor proteins, including kinesins. In order to elucidate the mechanisms controlling kinesin expression, it is important to analyze their genomic regulatory regions. In this study, we cloned the neuronal tissue-specific kinesin in medaka fish and generated transgenic fish which mimic endogenous neuronal kinesin expression in order to elucidate the mechanisms which regulate kinesin expression. Searches for medaka neuronal orthologues by RT-PCR identified a candidate gene expressed only in neuronal tissues. Using BAC clones, we determined the cDNA sequence and the gene structure of the candidate neuronal kinesin. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the candidate gene encoded medaka KIF5Aa. The endogenous medaka orthologue was found to be expressed only in the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, while expression of KIF5Ab was not exclusive to neuronal tissues. Transgenic (Tg) medaka that expressed EGFP under the control of the 6.9 kbp 5' and 1.9kbp 3' flanking regions of the KIF5Aa gene showed characteristic expression throughout the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, olfactory pit, eye and cranial nerve. Immunohistological analysis showed that EGFP expression in Tg fish co-localized with expression of HuC/D, a neuronal marker. These results demonstrate that the 6.9 kbp 5' and 1.9 kbp 3' flanking regions of medaka KIF5Aa have neuronal-specific promoter activity mimicking endogenous expression of medaka KIF5Ab. This transgenic fish strain will be useful for further functional analysis of the effects of these regulatory regions on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawasaki
- Health Research Institute, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nakoji, Amagasaki 661-0974, Japan
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L Ng K, Nguyễn L. Role of vitamin d in Parkinson's disease. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:134289. [PMID: 22619734 PMCID: PMC3349248 DOI: 10.5402/2012/134289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration in the elderly population. Clinically, it is characterized by tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural imbalance. A significant association between low serum vitamin D and PD has been demonstrated, suggesting that elevated vitamin D levels might provide protection against PD. Genetic studies have helped identify a number of proteins linking vitamin D to PD pathology, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), chromosome 22, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 gene (PARP-1), neurotrophic factor (NTF), and Sp1 transcription factor. Vitamin D has also been implicated in PD through its effects on L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (L-VSCC), nerve growth factor (NGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), prostaglandins (PGs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). A growing body of evidence suggests that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial for PD patients. Among the different forms of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) is best indicated for PD, because it is a highly active vitamin D3 metabolite with an appropriate receptor in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh L Ng
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA 92683, USA
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Beauchef G, Bigot N, Kypriotou M, Renard E, Porée B, Widom R, Dompmartin-Blanchere A, Oddos T, Maquart FX, Demoor M, Boumediene K, Galera P. The p65 Subunit of NF-κB Inhibits COL1A1 Gene Transcription in Human Dermal and Scleroderma Fibroblasts through Its Recruitment on Promoter by Protein Interaction with Transcriptional Activators (c-Krox, Sp1, and Sp3). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3462-78. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Johnson MM, Michelhaugh SK, Bouhamdan M, Schmidt CJ, Bannon MJ. The Transcription Factor NURR1 Exerts Concentration-Dependent Effects on Target Genes Mediating Distinct Biological Processes. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:135. [PMID: 22194714 PMCID: PMC3243378 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NURR1 plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of neurotransmitter phenotype in midbrain dopamine neurons. Conversely, decreased NURR1 expression is associated with a number of dopamine-related CNS disorders, including Parkinson's disease and drug addiction. In order to better understand the nature of NURR1-responsive genes and their potential roles in dopamine neuron differentiation and survival, we used a human neural cellular background (SK-N-AS cells) in which to generate a number of stable clonal lines with graded NURR1 gene expression that approximated that seen in DA cell-rich human substantia nigra. Gene expression profiling data from these NURR1-expressing clonal lines were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and subjected to bioinformatic analyses. The present study identified a large number of NURR1-responsive genes and demonstrated the potential importance of concentration-dependent NURR1 effects in the differential regulation of distinct NURR1 target genes and biological pathways. These data support the promise of NURR1-based CNS therapeutics for the neuroprotection and/or functional restoration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen M Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
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Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Xiong N, Lin Z. Identification of an intronic cis-acting element in the human dopamine transporter gene. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5393-9. [PMID: 22160470 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter gene (hDAT) encodes the dopamine transporter in dopamine (DA) neurons to regulate DA transmission. hDAT expression varies significantly from neuron to neuron, and from individual to individual so that dysregulation of hDAT is related to many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is critical to identify hDAT-specific cis-acting elements that regulate the hDAT expression. Previous studies showed that hDAT Intron 1 displayed inhibitory activity for reporter gene expression. Here we report that the hDAT Intron 1 contains a 121-bp fragment that down-regulated both SV40 and hDAT promoter activities by 80% in vitro. Subfragments of 121-bp still down-regulated the SV40 promoter but not the hDAT promoter, as supported by nuclear protein-binding activities. Collectively, 121-bp is a silencer in vitro that might coordinate with transcriptional activities both inside and outside 121-bp in regulation of hDAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478, USA
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Ramadan E, Basselin M, Taha AY, Cheon Y, Chang L, Chen M, Rapoport SI. Chronic valproate treatment blocks D2-like receptor-mediated brain signaling via arachidonic acid in rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1256-64. [PMID: 21839100 PMCID: PMC3190603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hyperdopaminergic signaling and an upregulated brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade may contribute to bipolar disorder (BD). Lithium and carbamazepine, FDA-approved for the treatment of BD, attenuate brain dopaminergic D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), and D(4)) receptor signaling involving AA when given chronically to awake rats. We hypothesized that valproate (VPA), with mood-stabilizing properties, would also reduce D(2)-like-mediated signaling via AA. METHODS An acute dose of quinpirole (1 mg/kg) or saline was administered to unanesthetized rats that had been treated for 30 days with a therapeutically relevant dose of VPA (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Regional brain AA incorporation coefficients, k*, and incorporation rates, J(in), markers of AA signaling and metabolism, were measured by quantitative autoradiography after intravenous [1-(14)C]AA infusion. Whole brain concentrations of prostaglandin (PG)E(2) and thromboxane (TX)B(2) also were measured. RESULTS Quinpirole compared to saline significantly increased k* in 40 of 83 brain regions, and increased brain concentrations of PGE(2) in chronic vehicle-treated rats. VPA treatment by itself reduced concentrations of plasma unesterified AA and whole brain PGE(2) and TXB(2), and blocked the quinpirole-induced increments in k* and PGE(2). CONCLUSION These results further provide evidence that mood stabilizers downregulate brain dopaminergic D(2)-like receptor signaling involving AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epolia Ramadan
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Transcriptional modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission genes by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in neuroblastoma cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:17-24. [PMID: 21785940 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are promising anti-tumor agents partly due to their ability to disrupt the hypoxic signaling pathway in human malignancies. However, little is known about any effects of these drugs on the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of trichostatin A (TSA)--a broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitor--on the transcriptional regulation of several genes involved in dopamine- and serotonergic neurotransmission. To this end, short-term parallel cultures of SK-NF-I neuroblastoma cells were treated with TSA either alone or in combination with hypoxia, and mRNA levels of dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) and D4 (DRD4), dopamine transporter (DAT), dopamine hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine receptor regulating factor (DRRF), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), serotonin receptor 1A (HTR1A), monoamino oxidase A (MAO-A), serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) were determined by quantitative PCR. We found that TSA did not antagonize the hypoxia-induced activation of D3 and D4 dopamine receptor genes, implying that induction of these genes is not mediated directly by hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha. On the other hand, TSA dramatically upregulated the expression of DAT and SLC6A4 (45-fold and 15-fold, respectively), while transcript levels of MAO-A and COMT were significantly reduced (by 70% and by more than 90%, respectively). Induction of DAT protein expression was detected by western blotting. These results suggest that inhibition of histone deacetylases might help restore presynaptic monoamine pools via suppression of catecholamine breakdown and facilitation of monoamine reuptake in neurons.
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Paredes UM, Bubb VJ, Haddley K, Macho GA, Quinn JP. An evolutionary conserved region (ECR) in the human dopamine receptor D4 gene supports reporter gene expression in primary cultures derived from the rat cortex. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:46. [PMID: 21599953 PMCID: PMC3121617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detecting functional variants contributing to diversity of behaviour is crucial for dissecting genetics of complex behaviours. At a molecular level, characterisation of variation in exons has been studied as they are easily identified in the current genome annotation although the functional consequences are less well understood; however, it has been difficult to prioritise regions of non-coding DNA in which genetic variation could also have significant functional consequences. Comparison of multiple vertebrate genomes has allowed the identification of non-coding evolutionary conserved regions (ECRs), in which the degree of conservation can be comparable with exonic regions suggesting functional significance. Results We identified ECRs at the dopamine receptor D4 gene locus, an important gene for human behaviours. The most conserved non-coding ECR (D4ECR1) supported high reporter gene expression in primary cultures derived from neonate rat frontal cortex. Computer aided analysis of the sequence of the D4ECR1 indicated the potential transcription factors that could modulate its function. D4ECR1 contained multiple consensus sequences for binding the transcription factor Sp1, a factor previously implicated in DRD4 expression. Co-transfection experiments demonstrated that overexpression of Sp1 significantly decreased the activity of the D4ECR1 in vitro. Conclusion Bioinformatic analysis complemented by functional analysis of the DRD4 gene locus has identified a) a strong enhancer that functions in neurons and b) a transcription factor that may modulate the function of that enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Paredes
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Hossain MM, Richardson JR. Mechanism of pyrethroid pesticide-induced apoptosis: role of calpain and the ER stress pathway. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:512-25. [PMID: 21555338 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin has been demonstrated to cause apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular pathways leading to deltamethrin-induced apoptosis have not been established. To identify these pathways, SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells were exposed to deltamethrin (100 nM-5 μM) for 24-48 h. Deltamethrin produced a time- and dose-dependent increase (21-300%) in DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis. Data demonstrate that the initiation of DNA fragmentation resulted from interaction of deltamethrin with Na⁺ channels and consequent calcium influx, as tetrodotoxin and the intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator BAPTA-AM completely prevented apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was accompanied by increased caspase-9 and -3 activities and was abolished by specific caspase-9 and -3 inhibitors. However, deltamethrin did not increase cytosolic cytochrome c levels, indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was likely not involved. Additional studies demonstrated that deltamethrin exposure activated caspase-12 activity and that pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of calpain prevented deltamethrin-induced DNA fragmentation, thus indicating a role for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. This was confirmed by the observation that inhibition of eIF2α abolished deltamethrin-induced DNA fragmentation. Together, these data demonstrate that deltamethrin causes apoptosis through its interaction with Na⁺ channels, leading to calcium overload and activation of the ER stress pathway. Because ER stress and the subsequent unfolded protein response have been observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, these data provide mechanistic information by which high-level exposure to pyrethroids may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Hossain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Talkowski ME, McCann KL, Chen M, McClain L, Bamne M, Wood J, Chowdari KV, Watson A, Prasad KM, Kirov G, Georgieva L, Toncheva D, Mansour H, Lewis DA, Owen M, O’Donovan M, Papasaikas P, Sullivan P, Ruderfer D, Yao JK, Leonard S, Thomas P, Miyajima F, Quinn J, Lopez AJ, Nimgaonkar VL. Fine-mapping reveals novel alternative splicing of the dopamine transporter. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1434-47. [PMID: 20957647 PMCID: PMC4575812 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3, DAT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). We previously detected association between SZ and intronic SLC6A3 variants that replicated in two independent Caucasian samples, but had no obvious function. In follow-up analyses, we sequenced the coding and intronic regions of SLC6A3 to identify complete linkage disequilibrium patterns of common variations. We genotyped 78 polymorphisms, narrowing the potentially causal region to two correlated clusters of associated SNPs localized predominantly to introns 3 and 4. Our computational analysis of these intronic regions predicted a novel cassette exon within intron 3, designated E3b, which is conserved among primates. We confirmed alternative splicing of E3b in post-mortem human substantia nigra (SN). As E3b introduces multiple in-frame stop codons, the SLC6A3 open reading frame is truncated and the spliced product may undergo nonsense mediated decay. Thus, factors that increase E3b splicing could reduce the amount of unspliced product available for translation. Observations consistent with this prediction were made using cellular assays and in post-mortem human SN. In mini-gene constructs, the extent of splicing is also influenced by at least two common haplotypes, so the alternative splicing was evaluated in relation to SZ risk. Meta-analyses across genome-wide association studies did not support the initial associations and further post-mortem studies did not suggest case-control differences in splicing. These studies do not provide a compelling link to schizophrenia. However, the impact of the alternative splicing on other neuropsychiatric disorders should be investigated. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen L. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhil Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Konasale M. Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lyudmilla Georgieva
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Hader Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics & Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sherry Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pramod Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio Miyajima
- Division of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Quinn
- Division of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence: Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar, Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, WPIC, Room 441, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Bamne MN, Talkowski ME, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL. Functional analysis of upstream common polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:977-82. [PMID: 19273584 PMCID: PMC2930346 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter (DAT, SLC6A3) has been extensively investigated because of its potential involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. The core elements responsible for its transcription have been identified. A regulatory role for certain genomic variants upstream to the core promoter is known. Recently, other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in this region and are thought to be associated with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Hence, we have investigated the impact of common SNPs in a 2.8-kilobase region flanking the core promoter region (-2.7 to +63 base pair) in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Haplotypes generated by site-directed mutagenesis revealed varying impact of individual SNPs on promoter activity using dual luciferase assays. In silico analyses also predicted allele-specific binding of transcription factors for some of these SNPs. Though electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated several factors that appeared to bind to specific sites within this region, allele-specific binding was not detected for any SNP apart from rs3756450. We have thus identified novel putative regulatory domains flanking the core promoter of DAT that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhil N. Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Room 441, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; tel: 412-246-6353, 1-877 363 5895, 1-800 994 8182, fax: 412-246-6350, e-mail:
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Shumay E, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Genomic features of the human dopamine transporter gene and its potential epigenetic States: implications for phenotypic diversity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11067. [PMID: 20548783 PMCID: PMC2883569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1 or SLC6A3) has been associated with various brain-related diseases and behavioral traits and, as such, has been investigated intensely in experimental- and clinical-settings. However, the abundance of research data has not clarified the biological mechanism of DAT regulation; similarly, studies of DAT genotype-phenotype associations yielded inconsistent results. Hence, our understanding of the control of the DAT protein product is incomplete; having this knowledge is critical, since DAT plays the major role in the brain's dopaminergic circuitry. Accordingly, we reevaluated the genomic attributes of the SLC6A3 gene that might confer sensitivity to regulation, hypothesizing that its unique genomic characteristics might facilitate highly dynamic, region-specific DAT expression, so enabling multiple regulatory modes. Our comprehensive bioinformatic analyzes revealed very distinctive genomic characteristics of the SLC6A3, including high inter-individual variability of its sequence (897 SNPs, about 90 repeats and several CNVs spell out all abbreviations in abstract) and pronounced sensitivity to regulation by epigenetic mechanisms, as evident from the GC-bias composition (0.55) of the SLC6A3, and numerous intragenic CpG islands (27 CGIs). We propose that this unique combination of the genomic features and the regulatory attributes enables the differential expression of the DAT1 gene and fulfills seemingly contradictory demands to its regulation; that is, robustness of region-specific expression and functional dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shumay
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ES); (JSF); (NDV)
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ES); (JSF); (NDV)
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ES); (JSF); (NDV)
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33
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Nicotine stimulates transcriptional activity of the human dopamine transporter gene. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bai Q, Burton EA. Cis-acting elements responsible for dopaminergic neuron-specific expression of zebrafish slc6a3 (dopamine transporter) in vivo are located remote from the transcriptional start site. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1138-51. [PMID: 19755139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the transcriptional regulation of the zebrafish solute carrier family 6 member 3 gene (slc6a3, dopamine transporter, dat), as a first step towards isolating regulatory sequences useful for driving transgene expression within dopaminergic neurons of the zebrafish CNS in vivo. We found that the 3.0 kb slc6a3 mRNA is expressed in each of the major groups of dopaminergic neurons previously identified in the zebrafish CNS. The slc6a3 gene spans >20 kb of genomic DNA and contains 15 exons. The genomic organization of slc6a3 is highly conserved with respect to its human orthologue, including the presence of an untranslated first exon. The promoter lacks a canonical TATA box and there are multiple transcriptional start sites. Functional analysis of cis-acting elements responsible for the expression pattern of slc6a3 was carried out by generating stable transgenic zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent reporters under transcriptional control of fragments of slc6a3 genomic sequence. The region between -2 kb and +5 kb with respect to the transcriptional start site contains the core slc6a3 promoter, in addition to neuronal enhancers and/or non-neuronal repressors that restrict expression to the CNS, but this region lacks cis-acting elements responsible for slc6a3 expression in dopaminergic neurons. The upstream sequence between -6 kb and -2 kb contains an enhancer element that drives slc6a3 expression in dopaminergic neurons of the pretectal region, and additional sequences that partially repress expression in non-dopaminergic neurons. However, expression of slc6a3 in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral diencephalon and telencephalon is dependent on elements that lie outside the region -6 kb to +5 kb. These data provide a detailed analysis of the slc6a3 gene and show that its expression in different populations of dopamine neurons is driven by discrete enhancers, rather than a single target sequence for a terminal factor involved in specifying neurochemical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
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35
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Mithramycin protects against dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the mouse brain after administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res 2009; 1301:189-96. [PMID: 19748494 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of mithramycin, an inhibitor of transcription factor Specificity protein (Sp)-1, on the behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the mouse striatum after administration of methamphetamine (METH). Pretreatment with mithramycin (75, 150 or 300 microg/kg) did not alter acute hyperlocomotion in mice after a single administration of METH (3 mg/kg). However, the development of behavioral sensitization in mice after repeated administration of METH (3 mg/kg/day, once daily for 5 days) was significantly blocked by pretreatment with mithramycin (300 microg/kg). Furthermore, pretreatment with mithramycin (300 microg/kg) significantly attenuated the hyperthermia in mice after repeated administration of METH (3 mg/kgx3, 3-h intervals). Moreover, the combination of pretreatment and subsequent administration of mithramycin (75, 150 or 300 microg/kg) significantly attenuated the reductions of dopamine (DA), its major metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and DA transporter (DAT) in the striatum after repeated administration of METH (3 mg/kgx3, 3-h intervals), and these attenuations were dose dependent. These findings suggest that mithramycin attenuates the development of behavioral sensitization and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice after repeated administration of METH. Therefore, mithramycin could have potential for the treatment of METH abusers, particularly since this drug has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. In the future, however, another Sp1 inhibitors with fewer side effects might be more appropriate.
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Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL, Palkovits M. Catecholaminergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:535-606. [PMID: 19342614 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first provide a short overview of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of sympatho-adrenomedullary, sympatho-neural, and brain catecholaminergic systems. Important processes of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, release, secretion, uptake, reuptake, degradation, and transporters in acutely or chronically stressed organisms are described. We emphasize the structural variability of catecholamine systems and the molecular genetics of enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines and transporters. Characterization of enzyme gene promoters, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, transcription factors, gene expression and protein translation, as well as different phases of stress-activated transcription and quantitative determination of mRNA levels in stressed organisms are discussed. Data from catecholamine enzyme gene knockout mice are shown. Interaction of catecholaminergic systems with other neurotransmitter and hormonal systems are discussed. We describe the effects of homotypic and heterotypic stressors, adaptation and maladaptation of the organism, and the specificity of stressors (physical, emotional, metabolic, etc.) on activation of catecholaminergic systems at all levels from plasma catecholamines to gene expression of catecholamine enzymes. We also discuss cross-adaptation and the effect of novel heterotypic stressors on organisms adapted to long-term monotypic stressors. The extra-adrenal nonneuronal adrenergic system is described. Stress-related central neuronal regulatory circuits and central organization of responses to various stressors are presented with selected examples of regulatory molecular mechanisms. Data summarized here indicate that catecholaminergic systems are activated in different ways following exposure to distinct stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Chandran NS, Vunnava P, Wu Y, Kapatos G. Specificity proteins Sp1 and Sp3 interact with the rat GTP cyclohydrolase I proximal promoter to regulate transcription. J Neurochem 2008; 104:1233-48. [PMID: 18004997 PMCID: PMC2265209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the proximal promoter GC-box in regulating basal and cAMP-dependent GTP Cyclohydrolase I gene transcription was investigated using a variety of cell lines and techniques. These studies show that the GC-box is composed of a triad of cis-elements that in vitro bind specificity proteins Sp1 and Sp3. Sp1 and Sp3 were found associated with the native proximal promoter in PC12 cells but were not recruited to the promoter during cAMP-dependent transcription. Studies using Drosophila SL2 cells showed that Sp3 occupies two sites within the GC-box and enhances transcription when acting alone and synergistically when combined with nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) and CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein (C/EBP)beta, cognate binding proteins for the adjacent cAMP response element (CRE) and CCAAT-box cAMP response elements. In contrast, Sp1 bound only one site within the GC-box and did not enhance transcription unless combined with NF-Y and C/EBPbeta. Studies in SL2 cells also showed that Sp1 and Sp3 do not co-occupy the GC-box, and accordingly Sp1 competes for Sp3 binding to repress Sp3-dependent transcription. In PC12 cells, complete mutation of the GC-box reduced basal but not cAMP-dependent transcription, resulting in an overall increase in the cAMP response and demonstrating that formation of this enhanceosome does not require Sp1 or Sp3. Experiments in which the GC-box was replaced with a Gal4 element and the promoter challenged with Gal4 fusion proteins support this conclusion and a role for Sp3 in maintaining high levels of basal transcription in PC12 cells. Equivalent amounts of Sp1 and Sp3 were found associated with the native proximal promoter in PC12 and Rat2 cells, which differ 10-fold in basal transcription. Similar levels of methylation of CpG dinucleotides located within the GC-box were also observed in these two cells lines. These results suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 bound to the GC-box might help to preserve an open chromatin configuration at the proximal promoter in cells which constitutively express low levels of GTP Cyclohydrolase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Sarath Chandran
- Cellular and Clinical Neurobiology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vunnava
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Kapatos
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Brookes KJ, Neale BM, Sugden K, Khan N, Asherson P, D'Souza UM. Relationship between VNTR polymorphisms of the human dopamine transporter gene and expression in post-mortem midbrain tissue. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1070-8. [PMID: 17579365 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently one of the most prevalent childhood behavioral disorders. The disorder is found to be highly heritable, suggesting a large genetic component. Association studies have repeatedly implicated the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene, and in particular the 10-repeat allele of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3'UTR of the gene. Inconclusive data has been generated from several earlier studies on the functional effects of this polymorphism. Therefore, there is call for further investigation and thus the focus on data described here from TaqMan RT-PCR assays. The expression levels of the DAT1 gene from post-mortem midbrain tissue was measured in relation to the polymorphism present at the 3'UTR VNTR, together with a further VNTR marker located within intron 8 of the gene (Int8 VNTR). The findings suggest that the presence of the 10-repeat allele of the 3'UTR VNTR, the 3-repeat of the intron 8 VNTR and both VNTR markers are correlated with increased levels of the DAT1 transcript in midbrain post-mortem tissue. Further work using linear regression (LR) shows agreement with the correlation analysis, and either nominal significance or a trend in that direction. Given the small sample size, bootstrapping-derived confidence intervals were calculated for the LR. These empirical analyses suggest that the 3'UTR VNTR to show a significant main effect on relative DAT1 expression. Furthermore, a significant effect was found for the combined model (3'UTR and Int8 VNTR markers) on expression. These data provide further evidence on the plausible molecular mechanism underlying the aetiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeley J Brookes
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Friedel S, Saar K, Sauer S, Dempfle A, Walitza S, Renner T, Romanos M, Freitag C, Seitz C, Palmason H, Scherag A, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Schimmelmann BG, Wewetzer C, Meyer J, Warnke A, Lesch KP, Reinhardt R, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Hinney A, Remschmidt H, Schäfer H, Konrad K, Hübner N, Hebebrand J. Association and linkage of allelic variants of the dopamine transporter gene in ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:923-33. [PMID: 17579611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we had reported a genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 102 families with affected sibs of German ancestry; the highest multipoint LOD score of 4.75 was obtained on chromosome 5p13 (parametric HLOD analysis under a dominant model) near the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1). We genotyped 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this candidate gene and its 5' region in 329 families (including the 102 initial families) with 523 affected offspring. We found that (1) SNP rs463379 was significantly associated with ADHD upon correction for multiple testing (P=0.0046); (2) the global P-value for association of haplotypes was significant for block two upon correction for all (n=3) tested blocks (P=0.0048); (3) within block two we detected a nominal P=0.000034 for one specific marker combination. This CGC haplotype showed relative risks of 1.95 and 2.43 for heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively; and (4) finally, our linkage data and the genotype-IBD sharing test (GIST) suggest that genetic variation at the DAT1 locus explains our linkage peak and that rs463379 (P<0.05) is the only SNP of the above haplotype that contributed to the linkage signal. In sum, we have accumulated evidence that genetic variation at the DAT1 locus underlies our ADHD linkage peak on chromosome 5; additionally solid association for a single SNP and a haplotype were shown. Future studies are required to assess if variation at this locus also explains other positive linkage results obtained for chromosome 5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Friedel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jacobsen KX, MacDonald H, Lemonde S, Daigle M, Grimes DA, Bulman DE, Albert PR. A Nurr1 point mutant, implicated in Parkinson's disease, uncouples ERK1/2-dependent regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 29:117-22. [PMID: 17890097 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor NURR1 is critical for the development of mesencephalic dopamine neurons and directly regulates tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) via specific NGFI-B response elements (NBRE). We identified a Parkinson's disease patient with a NURR1 mutation, resulting in a p.Ser125Cys change, immediately adjacent to the putative ERK1/2 phosphorylation site. Here we show, in dopaminergic SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cells, that this substitution markedly attenuated NURR1-induced transcriptional activation through a human TH promoter NBRE. Furthermore, in SK-N-AS cells co-transfected with the dopamine-D2S receptor and NURR1, the dopamine-D2 agonist quinpirole stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced transcriptional activation by wild-type NURR1 but not the p.Ser125Cys NURR1 mutant, and these actions were blocked by the specific MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. These results indicate that Ser125 is critical for basal and ERK1/2-induced NURR1 activity and suggest a role for this and other NURR1 mutations in the regulation of dopamine synthesis and predisposition to Parkinson's disease.
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Rogaeva A, Ou XM, Jafar-Nejad H, Lemonde S, Albert PR. Differential Repression by Freud-1/CC2D1A at a Polymorphic Site in the Dopamine-D2 Receptor Gene. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20897-905. [PMID: 17535813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Freud-1/CC2D1A is a transcriptional repressor of the serotonin-1A receptor gene and was recently genetically linked to non-syndromic mental retardation. To identify new Freud-1 gene targets, data base mining for Freud-1 recognition sequences was done. A highly homologous intronic element (D2-DRE) was identified in the human dopamine-D2 receptor (DRD2) gene, and the role of Freud-1 in regulating the gene at this site was assessed. Recombinant Freud-1 bound specifically to the D2-DRE, and a major protein-D2-DRE complex was identified in nuclear extracts that was supershifted using Freud-1-specific antibodies. Endogenous Freud-1 binding to the D2-DRE in cells was detected using chromatin immunoprecipitation. The D2-DRE conferred strong repressor activity in transcriptional reporter assays that was dependent on the Freud-1 recognition sequence. In three different human cell lines, the level of Freud-1 protein was inversely related to DRD2 expression. Knockdown of endogenous Freud-1 using small interfering RNA resulted in an up-regulation of DRD2 RNA and binding sites, demonstrating a crucial role for Freud-1 in DRD2 regulation. A previously uncharacterized single nucleotide A/G polymorphism (rs2734836) was located adjacent to the D2-DRE and conferred allele-specific Freud-1 binding and repression, with the major G-allele having reduced activity. These studies demonstrate a key role for Freud-1 to regulate DRD2 expression and provide the first mechanistic insights into its transcriptional regulation. Allele-specific regulation of DRD2 expression by Freud-1 may possibly associate with psychiatric disorders or mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Rogaeva
- Ottawa Health Research Institute (Neuroscience) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H-8M5, Canada
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42
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Wang J, Michelhaugh SK, Bannon MJ. Valproate robustly increases Sp transcription factor-mediated expression of the dopamine transporter gene within dopamine cells. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1982-6. [PMID: 17439486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that valproate, a drug used in the treatment of mania and bipolar disorders, epilepsies, and addictions, may modulate dopamine transporter (DAT) function, yet the effects of valproate on DAT gene expression have not been directly assessed. Utilizing a human dopaminergic cell line and rat midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in organotypic culture, we found that valproate increased endogenous DAT gene expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Given previous data demonstrating that members of the specificity protein (Sp) family of transcription factors are strong trans-activators of DAT gene transcription, we investigated the Sp-dependence of valproate effects. Valproate-induced transcription of a DAT reporter construct was significantly attenuated by coexpression of a dominant negative form of Sp, mutation of a Sp-responsive cis-element, or expression in a Sp-null cellular background (SL-2 cells). Valproate significantly altered Sp protein abundance in both dopaminergic model systems employed. In summary, valproate treatment significantly increased DAT gene expression in a Sp transcription factor-dependent manner. Some of valproate's therapeutic effects may involve activation of DAT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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43
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Albert P, Hadjighasem M, Czesak M, Rogaeva A, Remes-Lenicov F, Jacobsen K, Daigle M. Identification of Novel Transcriptional Regulators in the Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005752.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Chen W, Cai SY, Xu S, Denson LA, Soroka CJ, Boyer JL. Nuclear receptors RXRalpha:RARalpha are repressors for human MRP3 expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1221-7. [PMID: 17272513 PMCID: PMC2605854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00191.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP3/Mrp3 (ABCC3) is upregulated in cholestasis, an adaptive response that may protect the liver from accumulation of toxic compounds, such as bile salts and bilirubin conjugates. However, the mechanism of this upregulation is poorly understood. We and others have previously reported that fetoprotein transcription factor/liver receptor homolog-1 is an activator of MRP3/Mrp3 expression. In searching for additional regulatory elements in the human MRP3 promoter, we have now identified nuclear receptor retinoic X receptor-alpha:retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RXRalpha:RARalpha) as a repressor of MRP3 activation by transcription factor Sp1. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that cotransfection of transcription factor Sp1 stimulates the MRP3 promoter activity and that additions of RXRalpha:RARalpha abrogated this activation in a dose-dependent manner. Site mutations and gel shift assays have identified a Sp1 binding GC box motif at -113 to -108 nts upstream from the MRP3 translation start site, where RXRalpha:RARalpha specifically reduced Sp1 binding to this site. Mutation of the GC box also reduced MRP3 promoter activity. The functional role of RXRalpha:RARalpha as a repressor of MRP3 expression was further confirmed by RARalpha small-interfering RNA knockdown in HepG2 cells, which upregulated endogenous MRP3 expression. In summary, our results indicate that activator Sp1 and repressor RXRalpha:RARalpha act in concert to regulate MRP3 expression. Since RXRalpha:RARalpha expression is diminished by cholestatic liver injury, loss of RXRalpha:RARalpha may lead to upregulation of MRP3/Mrp3 expression in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Chen
- Liver Center, Yale Univ. School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208019, 333 Cedar St., 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA
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Stöber G, Sprandel J, Jabs B, Pfuhlmann B, Möller-Ehrlich K, Knapp M. Family-based study of markers at the 5'-flanking region of the human dopamine transporter gene reveals potential association with schizophrenic psychoses. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:422-7. [PMID: 16783497 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-006-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes an inherited or acquired presynaptic hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons. The human dopamine transporter gene (hSLC6A3; hDAT) represents one major mechanism for the termination of dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study examines the degree of genetic association of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the hSLC6A3 to schizophrenia in a family-based association design. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived by a previous systematic mutation scan approximately 1.2 kb of the 5'-UTR of the hSLC6A3 locus were genotyped for transmission disequilibrium between 82 index cases (56 males) with schizophrenia and their biological parents. We observed no preferential transmission of alleles from heterozygous parents to affected offspring. Five estimated haplotypes accounted for a frequency of 90% in the index cases, and were identical in cases and non-transmitted parental control haplotypes. Distinct five-locus-genotypes accumulated in schizophrenia compared to parental controls at P-value 0.0038 with odds-ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 0.99-4.14). In conclusion, our present findings support the genetic involvement of distinct hSLC6A3 genotypes in schizophrenia. We propose replication in extended samples and examination of the functional relevance of the associated genotypes on human dopamine transporter expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Stöber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Stöber G, Sprandel J, Schmidt F, Faul T, Jabs B, Knapp M. Association study of 5'-UTR polymorphisms of the human dopamine transporter gene with manic depression. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:490-5. [PMID: 17042887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the degree of association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms at the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the human dopamine transporter gene (hSLC6A3; hDAT1) in bipolar affective disorder. METHODS In a case-control design study, the polymorphisms were genotyped for allelic and genotypic distribution between 105 index cases (50 males) with bipolar affective disorder according to DSM IV and 199 unaffected control subjects (120 males). RESULTS At the 5'-UTR locus of hSLC6A3, no significant allelic or genotypic differences were observed between index cases and controls. However, distinct 5-locus genotypes accumulated in subjects with bipolar affective disorder compared to control subjects (p = 0.029, odds ratio 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.02). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data do not provide evidence for a major role of the 5'-UTR of the dopamine transporter gene in bipolar affective disorder. A minor contribution of distinct genotypes may be possible and warrants replication in extended samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Stöber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Mitchell DC, Stafford LJ, Li D, Bar-Eli M, Liu M. Transcriptional regulation of KiSS-1 gene expression in metastatic melanoma by specificity protein-1 and its coactivator DRIP-130. Oncogene 2006; 26:1739-47. [PMID: 16964286 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the metastasis suppressor gene, KiSS-1 has been strongly correlated to the progression of metastases in numerous types of cancers. The mechanism through which KiSS-1 is lost during metastasis, however, is still not completely known. Previous studies have shown that genetic material on human chromosome 6q16.3-q23 is essential for KiSS-1 expression in normal tissues. Additionally, microcell-mediated transfer of this chromosome in cancerous tissue results in rescued expression of KiSS-1 and reduced metastatic phenotype. Here, we show that loss of Sp1-coactivator protein DRIP-130, which is encoded by human chromosome 6q16.3-q23, results in reduced KiSS-1 promoter activation in highly malignant melanoma cells. Co-expression of Sp1 and DRIP-130 not only rescues KiSS-1 expression, but also induces an inhibition of the invasive and migratory behavior in highly metastatic melanoma cells, similar to the overexpression of KiSS-1 metastasis suppressor gene in those cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that KiSS-1 expression is regulated by Sp1 elements within the first 100-bp region of the KiSS-1 promoter and that targeted deletion of a single GC-rich region spanning -93 to -58 interrupts Sp1- and DRIP-130-modulated transcriptional control of KiSS-1 expression. Our results thus suggest that DRIP-130 is a key regulator in KiSS-1 transactivation in normal tissue, and that the loss of DRIP-130 expression, as a result of the gross loss of human chromosome 6q16.3-q23, provokes increased tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mitchell
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Arango-Rodriguez ML, Navarro-Quiroga I, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Martinez-Arguelles DB, Bannon MJ, Kouri J, Forgez P, Rostene W, Garcia-Villegas R, Jimenez I, Martinez-Fong D. Biophysical characteristics of neurotensin polyplex for in vitro and in vivo gene transfection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1009-20. [PMID: 16730907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously we improved the neurotensin (NT)-polyplex by the coupling of HA2 fusogenic peptide (FP) and Vp1 SV40 karyophilic peptide (KP). We now report the proportion of [(125)I]-NT, [(3)H]-FP, and poly-l-lysine (PLL) in the NT-polyplex, and some of its biophysical properties. We concluded that the most efficient NT-polyplex comprised 1 NT, 4 FP, and 2 PLL molecules. Electrophoresis revealed that high acidity is detrimental for NT-polyplex stability. Electron microscopy and electrophoresis studies showed that 6 muM KP and 1% serum condensed the plasmid DNA (pDNA) before the appearance of toroid structures. Four plasmids were used to evaluate the transfection efficiency. In vitro, maximum expression was produced at molar ratios (pDNA : [(125)I]-NT-[(3)H]-FP-PLL conjugate) of 1:34 for pEGFP-N1 and 1:27 for pECFP-Nuc. Cotransfection of those plasmids was attained at their optimum molar ratios. In vivo, maximum expression of the pDAT-BDNF-flag in dopamine neurons was produced at a 1:45 molar ratio, whereas that of pDAT-EGFP was at 1:20. The NT-polyplex in the presence of 1 muM SR-48692, an NT-receptor specific antagonist, and untargeted polyplex did not cause transfection in vivo demonstrating the specificity of gene transfer via NT-receptor endocytosis. This information is essential for synthesizing an efficient NT-polyplex that can provide a useful tool for specific gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Arango-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV, Apartado postal 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
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Liu F, Pore N, Kim M, Voong KR, Dowling M, Maity A, Kao GD. Regulation of histone deacetylase 4 expression by the SP family of transcription factors. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:585-97. [PMID: 16280357 PMCID: PMC1356571 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases mediate critical cellular functions but relatively little is known about mechanisms controlling their expression, including expression of HDAC4, a class II HDAC implicated in the modulation of cellular differentiation and viability. Endogenous HDAC4 mRNA, protein levels and promoter activity were all readily repressed by mithramycin, suggesting regulation by GC-rich DNA sequences. We validated consensus binding sites for Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors in the HDAC4 promoter through truncation studies and targeted mutagenesis. Specific and functional binding by Sp1/Sp3 at these sites was confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electromobility shift assays (EMSA). Cotransfection of either Sp1 or Sp3 with a reporter driven by the HDAC4 promoter led to high activities in SL2 insect cells (which lack endogenous Sp1/Sp3). In human cells, restored expression of Sp1 and Sp3 up-regulated HDAC4 protein levels, whereas levels were decreased by RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of either protein. Finally, variable levels of Sp1 were in concordance with that of HDAC4 in a number of human tissues and cancer cell lines. These studies together characterize for the first time the activity of the HDAC4 promoter, through which Sp1 and Sp3 modulates expression of HDAC4 and which may contribute to tissue or cell-line-specific expression of HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, PA 19104, USA
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Van Craenenbroeck K, De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Vanhoenacker P, Haegeman G. Role of glucocorticoids in dopamine-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 245:10-22. [PMID: 16310935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
'Psychoneuroendocrinology' is now quickly emerging as a hot interdisciplinary research field that addresses the interplay between neuronal and endocrine signaling in psychiatric diseases. Both glucocorticoid hormones and dopamine have an important role in maintaining normal brain functions. In this review, molecular and mechanistic aspects of glucocorticoid effects on brain function and behavior will be discussed with specific reference to dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Craenenbroeck
- Laboratory for Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction, LEGEST, Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University-UGent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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