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Shayan E, Maheri F, Aflaki F, Mousavi SE, Zarrindast MR, Fakhraei N, Rezayat Sorkhabadi SM, Shushtarian SMM. Synergistic effects of citicoline and silymarin nanomicelles in restraint stress-exposed mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 464:114929. [PMID: 38428646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of citicoline and silymarin nanomicelles (SMnm) in repeated restraint stress (RRS). METHOD Mice were exposed to RRS for four consecutive days, 2 hrs. daily. On day 5 of the study, SMnm (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) and citicoline (25 and 75 mg/kg), and a combination of them (25 mg/kg, i.p.) were initiated. On day 18, anxiety-like behavior, behavioral despair, and exploratory behavior were evaluated. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus were dissected measuring brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) through Western Blot and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS In RR-exposed mice, anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) was enhanced by reductions in open arm time (OAT%) P < 0.001, and open arm entry (OAE%) P < 0.001. In the forced swimming test (FST), the immobility increased P < 0.001 while the swimming and climbing reduced P < 0.001. In the open field test (OFT), general motor activity was raised P < 0.05. Further, body weights reduced P < 0.001, and tissue BDNF and pCREB expressions decreased P < 0.001 while TNF-α increased P < 0.001. Conversely, SMnm, citicoline and their combination could reduce anxiety-like behavior P < 0.001. The combination group reduced the depressive-like behaviors P < 0.001. Moreover, body weights were restored P < 0.001. Besides, BDNF and pCREB expressions increased while TNF-α reduced, P < 0.001. CONCLUSION The combination synergistically improved emotion-like behaviors, alleviating the inflammation and upregulating the hippocampal BDNF-mediated CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shayan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Maheri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aflaki
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh-Elaheh Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Fakhraei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed-Mohammad-Masoud Shushtarian
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Martini F, Régis Leite M, Gonçalves Rosa S, Pregardier Klann I, Wayne Nogueira C. Strength exercise suppresses STZ-induced spatial memory impairment and modulates BDNF/ERK-CAMKII/CREB signalling pathway in the hippocampus of mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:213-221. [PMID: 31978253 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has generated scientific interest because of its prevalence in the population. Studies indicate that physical exercise promotes neuroplasticity and improves cognitive function in animal models and in human beings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of strength exercise on the hippocampal protein contents and memory performance in mice subjected to a model of sporadic AD induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Swiss mice received two injections of STZ (3 mg/kg, intracerebroventricular). After 21 days, they began physical training using a ladde. Mice performed this protocol for 4 weeks. After the last exercise training session, mice performed the Morris Water Maze test. The samples of hippocampus were excised and used to determine protein contents of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-Ca2+ (ERK), calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMKII) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) signalling pathway. Strength exercise was effective against the decrease in the time spent and distance travelled in the target quadrant by STZ-injected mice. Strength exercise was also effective against the reduction of mature BDNF, tropomyosin receptor kinase B and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) hippocampal protein levels in STZ mice. The decrease in the hippocampal ratio of pERK/ERK, pCAMKII/CAMKII and pCREB/CREB induced by STZ was reversed by strength exercise. Strength exercise decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio in the hippocampus of STZ-injected mice. The present study demonstrates that strength exercise modulated the hippocampal BDNF/ERK-CAMKII/CREB signalling pathway and suppressed STZ-induced spatial memory impairment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Martini
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlon Régis Leite
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isabella Pregardier Klann
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Taslimi Z, Komaki A, Sarihi A, Haghparast A. Effect of acute and chronic restraint stress on electrical activity of prefrontal cortex neurons in the reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference: An electrophysiological study. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:237-243. [PMID: 30660715 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased vulnerability to drug abuse has been observed after exposure to stress and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a major role in the control of the stress response and reward pathway. The current study was conducted to clarify the effects of acute and chronic restraint stress on PFC neural activity during the reinstatement of methamphetamine (METH)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Following the establishment of CPP (METH 0.5 mg/kg; s.c. for 3 days) and the extinction phase, male Wistar rats were divided into threshold (0.25 mg/kg; s.c.) and sub-threshold (0.125 mg/kg; s.c.) METH-treated super groups to induce reinstatement. Each super group contained control (non-stressed), acute restraint stress (ARS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) groups. in vivo single unit recordings were performed on the urethane-anesthetized rats in these groups. After baseline recordings (10-min period) of the neurons in the PFC, their firing activity was recorded for 50 min during the reinstatement phase after injection of METH. The results showed that the threshold dose, but not the sub-threshold dose, of METH significantly increased PFC neural activity in the non-stressed animals. The sub-threshold dose of METH notably changed this activity in both the ARS and CRS groups. These changes in the excited neurons after the sub-threshold dose in the ARS and CRS groups were significantly higher than those in the non-stressed group. It appears that the PFC is implicated in the associated reward pathway and stress functions. METH affected the firing rate of PFC neurons and stress amplified the effect of METH on changes in the neuronal firing rate in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Ieraci A, Mallei A, Musazzi L, Popoli M. Physical exercise and acute restraint stress differentially modulate hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and epigenetic mechanisms in mice. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1380-92. [PMID: 25820928 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise and stressful experiences have been shown to exert opposite effects on behavioral functions and brain plasticity, partly by involving the action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Although epigenetic modifications are known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of the different BDNF transcripts, it is poorly understood whether epigenetic mechanisms are also implied in the BDNF modulation induced by physical exercise and stress. Here, we show that total BDNF mRNA levels and BDNF transcripts 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 were reduced immediately after acute restraint stress (RS) in the hippocampus of mice, and returned to control levels 24 h after the stress session. On the contrary, exercise increased BDNF mRNA expression and counteracted the stress-induced decrease of BDNF transcripts. Physical exercise-induced up-regulation of BDNF transcripts was accounted for by increase in histone H3 acetylated levels at specific BDNF promoters, whereas the histone H3 trimethylated lysine 27 and dimethylated lysine 9 levels were unaffected. Acute RS did not change the levels of acetylated and methylated histone H3 at the BDNF promoters. Furthermore, we found that physical exercise and RS were able to differentially modulate the histone deacetylases mRNA levels. Finally, we report that a single treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, prior to acute stress exposure, prevented the down-regulation of total BDNF and BDNF transcripts 1, 2, 3, and 6, partially reproducing the effect of physical exercise. Overall, these results suggest that physical exercise and stress are able to differentially modulate the expression of BDNF transcripts by possible different epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Ma L, Zhang J, Yang P, Wang E, Qin L. Acute restraint stress alters sound-evoked neural responses in the rat auditory cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 290:608-20. [PMID: 25668592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known to elicit various adaptive or maladaptive responses in the nervous system function. Psychophysical studies have revealed that stress exposure induced the changes in auditory response that can be interpreted as a transient, stress-induced hypersensitivity to sounds. However, the underlying neural mechanism remains unresolved. Thus, in this study, we explored the neural activities of the auditory cortex (AC) in response to stress. We elicited stress by physically immobilizing rats and recorded the extracellular single-unit activities through the electrodes chronically implanted in the AC of rats. By comparing the spike activities of the same rat before, during and after immobilization, we found temporal and significant changes in the sound-evoked neural activities. In most cases, acute restraint stress enhanced neural responses evoked by pure-tones and click-trains, but in a minority of neurons, stress suppressed responses. The immobilization-induced enhancement was more frequently found in the neurons that originally had a low responsibility for sound stimuli. The enhancement effects on pure-tone response were reflected by an increase of response magnitude, decrease of response latency, and extension of bandwidth of tuning curve (BW). But the spontaneous firing rate and best frequency (BF) remained unchanged. Stress also increased the ability of neural response to synchronize to click-trains, even in the neurons whose response magnitude was not significantly increased. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that stress alters the function of auditory system at the level of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - P Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - E Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - L Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Sim YB, Park SH, Kim SS, Lim SM, Jung JS, Lee JK, Suh HW. Pertussis toxin administered spinally induces a hypoglycemic effect on normal and diabetic mice. Pharmacology 2014; 94:29-40. [PMID: 25171426 DOI: 10.1159/000363578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To show whether intrathecal (i.t.) treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) produces a hypoglycemic effect in ICR, db/db and streptozotocin-treated mice. METHODS The blood glucose level (BGL) was measured after i.t. treatment with PTX, AB5 toxins and PTX subunits. Insulin or leptin levels were measured after PTX injection. The effect of PTX on the BGL was examined in adrenalectomized (ADX) mice. Glucose transporter (GLUT) levels were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS PTX attenuated the elevated BGL in the D-glucose-fed model in a long-term manner. Heat-labile toxin (HLT), HLT subunit B or Shiga toxin, which belong to the AB5 toxins, administered i.t. did not affect the BGL. PTX A protomer (PTX-A) or PTX B oligomers (PTX-B) injected i.t. did not have an effect on the BGL as well. However, combined treatment with PTX-A and PTX-B subunits caused a hypoglycemic effect. The leptin level was gradually reduced by PTX for up to 6 days, without affecting the insulin level. PTX administered i.t. significantly decreased the BGL further in ADX mice. Moreover, GLUT-2 (hypothalamus and pituitary gland), GLUT-4 (muscle) and GLUT-3 (adrenal gland) expression levels were increased, whereas GLUT-1 (brain cortex, liver, muscle and spinal cord), GLUT-2 (liver) and GLUT-3 (brain cortex and pituitary gland) expression levels were decreased. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that PTX administered spinally produces a hypoglycemic effect in a long-term manner, and PTX-induced hypoglycemia appears to be mediated by the reduction in activity of the glucocorticoid system. Furthermore, PTX may modulate the insulin level during hypoglycemia. Among GLUTs, GLUT-4 in muscle, GLUT-2 in the liver, hypothalamus and pituitary gland as well as GLUT-1 in the adrenal gland may be responsible for PTX-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Beom Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Lee JK, Kwon MS, Kim HR, Kim HG, Sim YB, Park SH, Suh HW. Temporal expression of hippocampal lysophosphatidic acid receptors and their roles in kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Han A, Sung YB, Chung SY, Kwon MS. Possible additional antidepressant-like mechanism of sodium butyrate: targeting the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:292-302. [PMID: 24607816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling mediated by histone acetylation might be involved in the pathophysiology and the treatment of depression. Recently, it has been reported that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as sodium butyrate (SB), could be a potential therapeutic agent for depression treatment. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the antidepressant mechanism of SB in the hippocampus. The mice were exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 14 consecutive days (2 h/day) to induce depression-like behaviors. To assess depression-like behaviors, sucrose preference test, light dark test (LD), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST) were performed after CRS. We observed that CRS decreased HDAC2 and 5 mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus. In addition, SB co-treatment decreased the depression-like behaviors that are induced by CRS. SB prevented and normalized the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), acetylation of histone H3 (AceH3), HDAC2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression level that were decreased by CRS in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the decreased HDAC2 and 5 expressions in the hippocampus of CRS may be a type of spontaneous coping response against CRS. However, it seems to be unsuccessful to prevent depression induction since reduction of pCREB, AceH3 and BDNF were accompanied by CRS in the hippocampus. Moreover, the reduced AceH3 level may be associated with the decreased pCREB, which appears to lead to the decreased BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Chung
- Department of Pathology, DIRAMS, 40 Jwadong-gil, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea.
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Fan Y, Chen P, Li Y, Cui K, Noel DM, Cummins ED, Brown RW, Zhu MY. Corticosterone administration up-regulated expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopamine β-hydroxylase in rat locus coeruleus and its terminal regions. J Neurochem 2014; 128:445-58. [PMID: 24111919 PMCID: PMC3924588 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been reported to activate the locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system. In this study, corticosterone (CORT) was orally administrated to rats for 21 days to mimic stress status. In situ hybridization measurements showed that CORT ingestion significantly increased mRNA levels of norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in the LC region. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting revealed that CORT treatment also increased protein levels of NET and DBH in the LC, as well as NET protein levels in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex and the amygdala. However, CORT-induced increase in DBH protein levels only appeared in the hippocampus and the amygdala. Elevated NET and DBH expression in most of these areas (except for NET protein levels in the LC) was abolished by simultaneous treatment with combination of corticosteroid receptor antagonist mifepristone and spironolactone (s.c. for 21 days). Also, treatment with mifepristone alone prevented CORT-induced increases of NET expression and DBH protein levels in the LC. In addition, behavioral tasks showed that CORT ingestion facilitated escape in avoidance trials using an elevated T-maze, but interestingly, there was no significant effect on the escape trial. Corticosteroid receptor antagonists failed to counteract this response in CORT-treated rats. In the open-field task, CORT treatment resulted in less activity in a defined central zone compared to controls and corticosteroid receptor antagonist treatment alleviated this increase. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that chronic exposure to CORT results in a phenotype that mimics stress-induced alteration of noradrenergic phenotypes, but the effects on behavior are task dependent. As the sucrose consumption test strongly suggests CORT ingestion-induced depression-like behavior, further elucidation of underlying mechanisms may improve our understanding of the correlation between stress and the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine
| | - Ping Chen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine
| | - Kui Cui
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine
| | - Daniel M. Noel
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences; East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Cummins
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences; East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Russell W. Brown
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences; East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine
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Park SH, Sim YB, Kim CH, Lee JK, Lee JH, Suh HW. Role of α-CGRP in the regulation of neurotoxic responses induced by kainic acid in mice. Peptides 2013; 44:158-62. [PMID: 23587546 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) is an excitatory and neurotoxic substance. The role of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) in the regulation of KA-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death was investigated in the present study. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration with KA (0.07 μg) increased hippocampal α-CGRP mRNA level in ICR mice. The α-CGRP mRNA level began to increase at 1h, reached at maximal level at 6 and 12h, and returned to the control level by 24h after i.c.v. administration with KA. In addition, KA-induced hippocampal CA3 neuronal death in C57BL6 (wild type) group was more pronounced compared to KA-induced hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell death in α-CGRP knock-out (KO) group. Furthermore, sumatriptan, a CGRP releasing inhibitor, significantly protected the pyramidal cell death in CA3 hippocampal region induced by KA administered i.c.v. in ICR mice. Our results suggest that α-CGRP may play an important role in the regulation of KA-induced pyramidal cell death in CA3 region of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Not all stress is equal: CREB is not necessary for restraint stress reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned reward. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:63-8. [PMID: 23458740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress elicits relapse to cocaine seeking in humans and in animal models. Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is required for swim stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. However, the role of CREB in other stress-induced reinstatement models has not been examined. To determine whether CREB is required across different stressors we examined the ability of restraint to elicit reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned place preference in wild-type and CREBαΔ mutant mice. In contrast to previously published differences in swim stress-induced reinstatement, both wild-type and CREBαΔ mutant mice demonstrated restraint stress elicited reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned reward. While CREB is necessary for swim stress-elicited zif268 expression within the nucleus accubmens (NAc) shell and prelimbic cortex (PrL), restraint-stress-elicited comparable increases in zif268 expression within these regions in both wild-type and CREBαΔ mutant mice. Our findings suggest that not all stressors engage the same circuits or molecular mechanisms to elicit reinstatement behavior.
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Baquedano E, García-Cáceres C, Diz-Chaves Y, Lagunas N, Calmarza-Font I, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM, Argente J, Chowen JA, Frago LM. Prenatal stress induces long-term effects in cell turnover in the hippocampus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis in adult male rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27549. [PMID: 22096592 PMCID: PMC3212572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchronic gestational stress leads to permanent modifications in the hippocampus-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis of offspring probably due to the increase in circulating glucocorticoids known to affect prenatal programming. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cell turnover is affected in the hippocampus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis by subchronic prenatal stress and the intracellular mechanisms involved. Restraint stress was performed in pregnant rats during the last week of gestation (45 minutes; 3 times/day). Only male offspring were used for this study and were sacrificed at 6 months of age. In prenatally stressed adults a decrease in markers of cell death and proliferation was observed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and pituitary. This was associated with an increase in insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA levels, phosphorylation of CREB and calpastatin levels and inhibition of calpain -2 and caspase -8 activation. Levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were increased and levels of the pro-apoptotic factor p53 were reduced. In conclusion, prenatal restraint stress induces a long-term decrease in cell turnover in the hippocampus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis that might be at least partly mediated by an autocrine-paracrine IGF-I effect. These changes could condition the response of this axis to future physiological and pathophysiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baquedano
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- Laboratory of Neuroactive Steroids, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Lagunas
- Laboratory of Neuroactive Steroids, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Calmarza-Font
- Laboratory of Neuroactive Steroids, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M. Garcia-Segura
- Laboratory of Neuroactive Steroids, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kim BS, Kim MY, Leem YH. Hippocampal neuronal death induced by kainic acid and restraint stress is suppressed by exercise. Neuroscience 2011; 194:291-301. [PMID: 21722713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether chronic exercise suppressed hippocampal neuronal death due to repeated stress followed by i.c.v. kainic acid (KA) injection, and whether cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation contributed to the neuroprotective effect in this experimental paradigm. To achieve the objective, mice were subjected to treadmill running for 8 weeks (19 m/min, 1 h/d, 5 d/wk) followed by seven consecutive days of repeated restraint stress (2 h/d), and then i.c.v. injection of KA (0.05 μg/5 μL). Hippocampal neuronal death was assessed using Nissl staining, and protein levels were measured using Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Hippocampal neuronal loss in mice subjected to restraint stress and KA injection was exacerbated compared with KA injection alone, which was reversed in the hippocampal CA3 region with prior chronic exercise. To further identify the neuroprotective effects of chronic exercise administration on hippocampal insults by repeated stress, levels of stress-related factors were measured. First, there was no significant difference in serum corticosterone and glucocorticoid (Gc) receptor levels in mice with restraint alone and restraint combined with prior chronic exercise. Second, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels were significantly enhanced in restrained mice and were revered in restraint with chronic exercise. However, pCREB levels in the hippocampus in restraint mice with chronic exercise were profoundly increased compared with levels in restraint-alone mice. Among the MAPKs, pERK1/2 levels in restraint mice with chronic exercise were significantly higher than levels in mice with restraint alone. Furthermore, pCaMKII levels in restraint mice with chronic exercise were markedly elevated compared with levels in mice after restraint alone. Prior chronic exercise suppressed KA-induced hippocampal neuronal death in hippocampal CA3 region in restrained mice via declined ROS levels, which was lower MDA and nitrite levels, and activation of CREB, which was mediated by ERK1/2 and CaMKII, suggesting that chronic exercise exerts a protective effect on excitatory neurodegenerative disorders including epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-S Kim
- Department of Sports and Leisure, Sungshin Women's University, Dongseon 3-ga, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-742, Republic of Korea
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Griselda CM. d-Arginine action against neurotoxicity induced by glucocorticoids in the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1353-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kwon MS, Lee JK, Park SH, Sim YB, Jung JS, Won MH, Kim SM, Suh HW. Neuroprotective Effect of Visnagin on Kainic Acid-induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Mice Hippocampus. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:257-63. [PMID: 21165322 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Visnagin (4-methoxy-7-methyl-5H-furo[3,2-g][1]-benzopyran-5-one), which is an active principle extracted from the fruits of Ammi visnaga, has been used as a treatment for low blood-pressure and blocked blood vessel contraction by inhibition of calcium influx into blood cells. However, the neuroprotective effect of visnagin was not clearly known until now. Thus, we investigated whether visnagin has a neuroprotective effect against kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal cell death. In the cresyl violet staining, pre-treatment or post-treatment visnagin (100 mg/kg, p.o. or i.p.) showed a neuroprotective effect on KA (0.1 µg) toxicity. KA-induced gliosis and proinflammatory marker (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) inductions were also suppressed by visnagin administration. These results suggest that visnagin has a neuroprotective effect in terms of suppressing KA-induced pathogenesis in the brain, and that these neuroprotective effects are associated with its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Aerospace Medical Research, Aerospace Medical Center, ROKAF (Republic of Korea Air Force), Cheongwon 363-842, Korea
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Mitsui S, Osako Y, Yokoi F, Dang MT, Yuri K, Li Y, Yamaguchi N. A mental retardation gene, motopsin/neurotrypsin/prss12, modulates hippocampal function and social interaction. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2368-78. [PMID: 20092579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin is a mosaic serine protease secreted from neuronal cells in various brain regions, including the hippocampus. The loss of motopsin function causes nonsyndromic mental retardation in humans and impairs long-term memory formation in Drosophila. To understand motopsin's function in the mammalian brain, motopsin knockout (KO) mice were generated. Motopsin KO mice did not have significant deficits in memory formation, as tested using the Morris water maze, passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. A social recognition test showed that the motopsin KO mice had the ability to recognize two stimulator mice, suggesting normal social memory. In a social novelty test, motopsin KO mice spent a longer time investigating a familiar mouse than wild-type (WT) mice did. In a resident-intruder test, motopsin KO mice showed prolonged social interaction as compared with WT mice. Consistent with the behavioral deficit, spine density was significantly decreased on apical dendrites, but not on basal dendrites, of hippocampal pyramidal neurons of motopsin KO mice. In contrast, pyramidal neurons at the cingulate cortex showed normal spine density. Spatial learning and social interaction induced the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in hippocampal neurons of WT mice, whereas the phosphorylation of CREB was markedly decreased in mutant mouse brains. Our results indicate that an extracellular protease, motopsin, preferentially affects social behaviors, and modulates the functions of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh, Nankoku, Japan.
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Kwon MS, Seo YJ, Choi SM, Won MH, Lee JK, Park SH, Jung JS, Sim YB, Suh HW. The time-dependent effect of lipopolysaccharide on kainic acid-induced neuronal death in hippocampal CA3 region: possible involvement of cytokines via glucocorticoid. Neuroscience 2009; 165:1333-44. [PMID: 19961903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that glucocorticoid (Gc) can induce neuronal cell toxicity in the hippocampus. In addition, we examined that serum Gc increased by restraint stress aggravated kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal death in hippocampal CA3 region. However, the effect of other stressful stimulus like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increasing serum Gc on KA-induced neuronal death was not elucidated until now. Thus, we examined the time course effect of LPS on KA-induced neuronal death in the hippocampal CA3 region of mice, especially to address the role of Gc and inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we found that an aggravating effect of LPS on KA-induced neuronal death was correlated with an alteration of hippocampal IL-1beta mRNA level at all time points, and the serum Gc and hippocampal IL-1beta mRNA level was peak at 90 min after LPS treatment (LPS 90 min) when the aggravating effect of LPS on KA-induced neuronal death was maximum. In addition, RU38486 (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) decreased the hippocampal IL-1beta mRNA level and abolished the aggravating effect of LPS on KA-induced neuronal death at LPS 90 min and 24 h. In the immunohistochemical study, we found activated and ramified microglia (OX-42) and astrocyte (GFAP) at 24 h after LPS treatment (LPS 24 h) in the hippocampus. These results suggest that Gc itself, cytokines triggered by Gc, or both appears to be involved in the LPS effect depending on LPS pretreatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Kwon
- Department of Aerospace Medical Research, Aerospace Medical Center, Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF), Chungcheongbuk-Do, South Korea
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Protracted exposure to supraphysiological levels of corticosterone does not cause neuronal loss or damage and protects against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:965-76. [PMID: 19616023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High levels of stress or stress hormones have been reported to exacerbate a variety of human disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, reproductive, and nervous systems. In rats, high glucocorticoid levels have been reported to cause neuronal death and injury as well as enhance susceptibility to neurotoxic agents and attenuate repair mechanisms; however, the impact of high dosages of CORT in mice has not been fully evaluated. We investigated the ability of supraphysiological levels of CORT to cause hippocampal neuronal death, and to modulate the neurotoxicity of kainic acid (KA) in male C57BL/6J mice. Timed-release CORT pellets (10, 35, 100 mg/21 d) were implanted subcutaneously in the back of mice, and the sustained release of glucocorticoid caused involution of the thymus and decreased the weight of the spleen. Kainic acid caused stage 1 seizures that were unaffected by CORT; however, steroid treatment decreased KA-associated mortality. Little neuronal damage was detected by the cupric-silver neurodegeneration stain. Neurotoxicity caused by an intraperitoneal injection of 25mg/kg KA was attenuated by seven days of CORT pre-treatment. The KA-induced increase in cupric-silver staining, reactive gliosis, microglial activation, and blood-brain barrier disruption was attenuated indicating neuroprotection. Our data indicate supraphysiological levels of CORT do not cause neuronal death or injury in hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice and provide neuroprotection against KA-induced neural damage.
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Abstract
Delirium is a severe, acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that is highly prevalent in acute hospital populations. Delirium has noticeable effects on length of hospitalization, cost of care, mortality and morbidity. In addition to these well-established adverse consequences, there is increasing evidence linking delirium and a higher risk of long-term cognitive impairment (LTCI), including dementia. A prior review (Jackson, Gordon, Hart, Hopkins, & Ely, 2004), in which nine studies (total N = 1,885, years 1989-2003) were considered, concluded that there was evidence for an association between delirium and LTCI. Here we provide a review of studies published since Jackson's review. We included nine reports, with a total of 2,025 patients. The studies show diverse sample sizes, methodologies, designs and patient populations. However, taken together, the results of these new studies broadly confirm that there is a link between delirium and LTCI. We go on to discuss putative mechanisms and explanations. These include (1) delirium as a marker of chronic progressive pathology, but unrelated to any progression, (2) delirium as a consequence of acute brain damage which is also responsible for a 'single hit' or triggering of active processes causing LTCI, (3) delirium itself as a cause of LTCI, and (4) drug treatment of delirium or other conditions as a cause of LTCI. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair M J MacLullich
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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