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Li Y, Lai W, Zheng C, Babu JR, Xue C, Ai Q, Huggins KW. Neuroprotective Effect of Stearidonic Acid on Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Hippocampal Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122357. [PMID: 36552565 PMCID: PMC9774633 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids found in fish has been reported to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Stearidonic acid (SDA), a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, has been targeted as a potential surrogate for fish-based fatty acids. However, its role in neuronal degeneration is unknown. This study was designed to evaluate effects of SDA on Amyloid-β(A-β)-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal cells. Results showed that SDA effectively converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in hippocampal cells. Aβ-induced apoptosis in H19-7 cells was protected by SDA pretreatment as evidenced by its regulation on the expression of relevant pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, as well as the inhibition on caspase activation. SDA also protected H19-7 cells from Aβ-induced oxidative stress by regulating the expression of relevant pro- and anti-oxidative genes, as well as the improvement in activity of catalase. As for Aβ/LPS-induced neuronal inflammation, SDA pretreatment reduced the release of IL-1β and TNFα. Further, we found that the anti-Aβ effect of SDA involves its inhibition on the expression of amyloid precursor protein and the regulation on MAPK signaling. These results demonstrated that SDAs have neuroprotective effect in Aβ-induced H19-7 hippocampal cells. This beneficial effect of SDA was attributed to its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18765427301
| | - Wencong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Kevin W. Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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2
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Prado-Cabrero A, Nolan JM. Omega-3 nutraceuticals, climate change and threats to the environment: The cases of Antarctic krill and Calanus finmarchicus. AMBIO 2021; 50:1184-1199. [PMID: 33502683 PMCID: PMC8068752 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nutraceutical market for EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is promoting fishing for Euphasia superba (Antarctic krill) in the Southern Ocean and Calanus finmarchicus in Norwegian waters. This industry argues that these species are underexploited, but they are essential in their ecosystems, and climate change is altering their geographical distribution. In this perspective, we advocate the cessation of fishing for these species to produce nutraceuticals with EPA and DHA. We argue that this is possible because, contrary to what this industry promotes, the benefits of these fatty acids only seem significant to specific population groups, and not for the general population. Next, we explain that this is desirable because there is evidence that these fisheries may interact with the impact of climate change. Greener sources of EPA and DHA are already available on the market, and their reasonable use would ease pressure on the Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
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3
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Yeboah GK, Lobanova ES, Brush RS, Agbaga MP. Very long chain fatty acid-containing lipids: a decade of novel insights from the study of ELOVL4. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100030. [PMID: 33556440 PMCID: PMC8042400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play essential roles in maintaining cell structure and function by modulating membrane fluidity and cell signaling. The fatty acid elongase-4 (ELOVL4) protein, expressed in retina, brain, Meibomian glands, skin, testes and sperm, is an essential enzyme that mediates tissue-specific biosynthesis of both VLC-PUFA and VLC-saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA). These fatty acids play critical roles in maintaining retina and brain function, neuroprotection, skin permeability barrier maintenance, and sperm function, among other important cellular processes. Mutations in ELOVL4 that affect biosynthesis of these fatty acids cause several distinct tissue-specific human disorders that include blindness, age-related cerebellar atrophy and ataxia, skin disorders, early-childhood seizures, mental retardation, and mortality, which underscores the essential roles of ELOVL4 products for life. However, the mechanisms by which one tissue makes VLC-PUFA and another makes VLC-SFA, and how these fatty acids exert their important functional roles in each tissue, remain unknown. This review summarizes research over that last decade that has contributed to our current understanding of the role of ELOVL4 and its products in cellular function. In the retina, VLC-PUFA and their bioactive "Elovanoids" are essential for retinal function. In the brain, VLC-SFA are enriched in synaptic vesicles and mediate neuronal signaling by determining the rate of neurotransmitter release essential for normal neuronal function. These findings point to ELOVL4 and its products as being essential for life. Therefore, mutations and/or age-related epigenetic modifications of fatty acid biosynthetic gene activity that affect VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA biosynthesis contribute to age-related dysfunction of ELOVL4-expressing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyening Kofi Yeboah
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ekaterina S Lobanova
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard S Brush
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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4
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Zhang W, Chen R, Yang T, Xu N, Chen J, Gao Y, Stetler RA. Fatty acid transporting proteins: Roles in brain development, aging, and stroke. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:35-45. [PMID: 28457600 PMCID: PMC5650946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are required for the brain development and significantly impact aging and stroke. Due to the hydrophobicity of fatty acids, fatty acids transportation related proteins that include fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), long chain acyl-coA synthase (ACS), fatty acid transportation proteins (FATPs), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and newly reported major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein (Mfsd2a) play critical roles in the uptake of various fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are not only involved in neurodevelopment, but also have great impact on neurological disease, such as aging related dementia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - R Anne Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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5
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Kim HY, Spector AA. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine: A neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:34-44. [PMID: 29572109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) is an endocannabinoid-like metabolite endogenously synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), the major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the brain. Although its biosynthetic mechanism has yet to be established, there is a closely linked relationship between the levels of synaptamide and its precursor DHA in the brain. Synaptamide at nanomolar concentrations promotes neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in developing neurons. Synaptamide also attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory response and reduces the deleterious effects of ethanol on neurogenic differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). These actions are mediated by a specific target receptor of synaptamide GPR110 (ADGRF1), a G-protein coupled receptor that is highly expressed in NSCs and the brain during development. Synaptamide binding to GPR110 induces cAMP production and phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). This signaling pathway leads to the expression of neurogenic and synaptogenic genes and suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes. The GPR110-dependent cellular effects of synaptamide are recapitulated in animal models, suggesting that synaptamide-derived mechanisms may have translational implications. The synaptamide bioactivity transmitted by newly deorphanized GPR110 provides a novel target for neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective control as well as new insight into mechanisms for DHA's beneficial effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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6
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Li J, Gu Z, Pan Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Dietary supplementation of α-linolenic acid induced conversion of n-3 LCPUFAs and reduced prostate cancer growth in a mouse model. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:136. [PMID: 28697730 PMCID: PMC5505143 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the substrate for long-chain n-3 PUFAs. The beneficial effects of ALA on chronic diseases are still in dispute, unlike those of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of ALA uptake from a vegetable oil source and its subsequent conversion to n-3 long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) in the tissues of growing mice, and to investigate its protective role in a prostate cancer animal model. We carried out the investigation in prostate-specific Pten-knockout mice with specified low-ALA (L-ALA, 2.5%) and high-ALA (H-ALA, 7.5%) diets. Total fatty acids in blood, liver, epididymal fat pad, prostate were detected and prostate weight were adjusted for body weight (mg/25 g). Results We found that dietary ALA triggered significant increases in ALA, EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA levels and a significant decrease in arachidonic acid levels during the mice’s growth stage. A dose-dependent effect was observed for ALA, EPA and DPA, but not DHA. Furthermore, the average prostate weights in the L-ALA and H-ALA groups were lower than those in the control and n-6 groups, and similar to those in the EPA and n-3 groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that dietary supplementation with ALA is an efficient means of improving n-3 LCPUFAs in vivo, and it has a biologically effective role to play in prostate cancer, similar to that of fish oils. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0529-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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7
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Devassy JG, Leng S, Gabbs M, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:905-16. [PMID: 27633106 PMCID: PMC5015035 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions worldwide. Although the disease progression is becoming better understood, current medical interventions can only ameliorate some of the symptoms but cannot slow disease progression. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the advancement of this disorder, and n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in both the reduction in and resolution of inflammation. These effects may be mediated by the anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects of bioactive lipid mediators (oxylipins) derived from n-3 PUFAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in fish oil. Although interventions have generally used fish oil containing both EPA and DHA, several studies that used either EPA or DHA alone or specific oxylipins derived from these fatty acids indicate that they have distinct effects. Both DHA and EPA can reduce neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, but EPA positively influences mood disorders, whereas DHA maintains normal brain structure. Fewer studies with a plant-derived n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, suggest that other n-3 PUFAs and their oxylipins also may positively affect AD. Further research identifying the unique anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties of oxylipins from individual n-3 PUFAs will enable the discovery of novel disease-management strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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8
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Miller LR, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Seeds MC, Rahbar E, Morgan TM, Welborn A, Chilton SM, Gillis J, Hester A, Rukstalis M, Sergeant S, Chilton FH. Alterations in levels and ratios of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the temporal cortex and liver of vervet monkeys from birth to early adulthood. Physiol Behav 2015; 156:71-8. [PMID: 26705667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and increases in the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to n-3 LC-PUFAs in brain tissues and blood components have been associated with psychiatric and developmental disorders. Most studies have focused on n-3 LC-PUFA accumulation in the brain from birth until 2years of age, well before the symptomatic onset of such disorders. The current study addresses changes that occur in childhood and adolescence. Postmortem brain (cortical gray matter, inferior temporal lobe; n=50) and liver (n=60) from vervet monkeys fed a uniform diet from birth through young adulthood were collected from archived tissues. Lipids were extracted and fatty acid levels determined. There was a marked reduction in the ratio of n-6 LC-PUFAs, arachidonic acid (ARA) and adrenic acid (ADR), relative to the n-3 LC-PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in temporal cortex lipids from birth to puberty and then a more gradual decrease though adulthood. This decrease in ratio resulted from a 3-fold accumulation of DHA levels while concentrations of ARA remained constant. Early childhood through adolescence appears to be a critical period for DHA accretion in the cortex of vervet monkeys and may represent a vulnerable stage where lack of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs impacts development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Miller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrea Welborn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sarah M Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julianne Gillis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Austin Hester
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mae Rukstalis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Susan Sergeant
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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9
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Park HG, Park WJ, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. The fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene product catalyzes Δ4 desaturation to yield n-3 docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid in human cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:3911-9. [PMID: 26065859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a Δ4-desaturated C22 fatty acid and the limiting highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in neural tissue. The biosynthesis of Δ4-desaturated docosanoid fatty acids 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-6 are believed to proceed via a circuitous biochemical pathway requiring repeated use of a fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) protein to perform Δ6 desaturation on C24 fatty acids in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by 1 round of β-oxidation in the peroxisomes. We demonstrate here that the FADS2 gene product can directly Δ4-desaturate 22:5n-3→22:6n-3 (DHA) and 22:4n-6→22:5n-6. Human MCF-7 cells lacking functional FADS2-mediated Δ6-desaturase were stably transformed with FADS2, FADS1, or empty vector. When incubated with 22:5n-3 or 22:4n-6, FADS2 stable cells produce 22:6n-3 or 22:5n-6, respectively. Similarly, FADS2 stable cells when incubated with d5-18:3n-3 show synthesis of d5-22:6n-3 with no labeling of 24:5n-3 or 24:6n-3 at 24 h. Further, both C24 fatty acids are shown to be products of the respective C22 fatty acids via elongation. Our results demonstrate that the FADS2 classical transcript mediates direct Δ4 desaturation to yield 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-6 in human cells, as has been widely shown previously for desaturation by fish and many other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gyu Park
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
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10
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Wagner K, Vito S, Inceoglu B, Hammock BD. The role of long chain fatty acids and their epoxide metabolites in nociceptive signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 113-115:2-12. [PMID: 25240260 PMCID: PMC4254344 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid derived mediators contribute to inflammation and the sensing of pain. The contributions of omega-6 derived prostanoids in enhancing inflammation and pain sensation are well known. Less well explored are the opposing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the omega-6 derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Far less has been described about the epoxidized metabolites derived from omega-3 long chain fatty acids. The epoxide metabolites are turned over rapidly with enzymatic hydrolysis by the soluble epoxide hydrolase being the major elimination pathway. Despite this, the overall understanding of the role of lipid mediators in the pathology of chronic pain is growing. Here, we review the role of long chain fatty acids and their metabolites in alleviating both acute and chronic pain conditions. We focus specifically on the epoxidized metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 long chain fatty acids as well as a novel strategy to modulate their activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Steve Vito
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bora Inceoglu
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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11
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Casañas-Sánchez V, Pérez JA, Fabelo N, Herrera-Herrera AV, Fernández C, Marín R, González-Montelongo MC, Díaz M. Addition of docosahexaenoic acid, but not arachidonic acid, activates glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems in murine hippocampal HT22 cells: potential implications in neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2014; 131:470-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Casañas-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics; University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - José A. Pérez
- Department of Genetics; University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - Noemí Fabelo
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Animal Biology; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | | | - Cecilia Fernández
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology; Department of Physiology; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology; Department of Physiology; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - María C. González-Montelongo
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Animal Biology; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Animal Biology; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
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Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimal development. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:99-106. [PMID: 24780861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humans evolved a uniquely large brain among terrestrial mammals. Brain and nervous tissue is rich in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Docosahexaenoic acid is required for lower and high order functions in humans because of understood and emerging molecular mechanisms. Among brain components that depend on dietary components, DHA is limiting because its synthesis from terrestrial plant food precursors is low but its utilization when consumed in diet is very efficient. Negligible DHA is found in terrestrial plants, but in contrast, DHA is plentiful at the shoreline where it is made by single-celled organisms and plants, and in the seas supports development of very large marine mammal brains. Modern human brains accumulate DHA up to age 18, most aggressively from about half-way through gestation to about two years of age. Studies in modern humans and non-human primates show that modern infants consuming infant formulas that include only DHA precursors have lower DHA levels than for those with a source of preformed DHA. Functional measures show that infants consuming preformed DHA have improved visual and cognitive function. Dietary preformed DHA in the breast milk of modern mothers supports many-fold greater breast milk DHA than is found in the breast milk of vegans, a phenomenon linked to consumption of shore-based foods. Most current evidence suggests that the DHA-rich human brain required an ample and sustained source of dietary DHA to reach its full potential.
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Carey AN, Fisher DR, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B. The ability of walnut extract and fatty acids to protect against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress and inflammation in hippocampal cells. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 16:13-20. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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NGF blocks polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis in n−3 fatty acid-supplemented PC12 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1022-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Quartu M, Serra MP, Boi M, Pillolla G, Melis T, Poddighe L, Del Fiacco M, Falconieri D, Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, Piras A, Collu M, Banni S. Effect of acute administration of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil on rat cerebral cortex following transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:8. [PMID: 22239952 PMCID: PMC3315412 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion leads to inflammation and oxidative stress which damages membrane highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (HPUFAs) and eventually induces neuronal death. This study evaluates the effect of the administration of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil (E.O.), a mixture of terpenes and sesquiterpenes, on modifications of fatty acid profile and endocannabinoid (eCB) congener concentrations induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in the rat frontal cortex and plasma. METHODS Adult Wistar rats underwent BCCAO for 20 min followed by 30 min reperfusion (BCCAO/R). 6 hours before surgery, rats, randomly assigned to four groups, were gavaged either with E.O. (200 mg/0.45 ml of sunflower oil as vehicle) or with the vehicle alone. RESULTS BCCAO/R triggered in frontal cortex a decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the membrane highly polyunsaturated fatty acid most susceptible to oxidation. Pre-treatment with E.O. prevented this change and led further to decreased levels of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as assessed by Western Blot. In plasma, only after BCCAO/R, E.O. administration increased both the ratio of DHA-to-its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and levels of palmytoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). CONCLUSIONS Acute treatment with E.O. before BCCAO/R elicits changes both in the frontal cortex, where the BCCAO/R-induced decrease of DHA is apparently prevented and COX-2 expression decreases, and in plasma, where PEA and OEA levels and DHA biosynthesis increase. It is suggested that the increase of PEA and OEA plasma levels may induce DHA biosynthesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha activation, protecting brain tissue from ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria P Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giuliano Pillolla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tiziana Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Laura Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marina Del Fiacco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Danilo Falconieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Italy
| | - Lina Cordeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Italy
| | - Antonio Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
- Nutrisearch srl, Pula, Italy
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16
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Chen CT, Liu Z, Bazinet RP. Rapid de-esterification and loss of eicosapentaenoic acid from rat brain phospholipids: an intracerebroventricular study. J Neurochem 2010; 116:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Essential role of the redox-sensitive kinase p66shc in determining energetic and oxidative status and cell fate in neuronal preconditioning. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5242-52. [PMID: 20392947 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6366-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon in which low-level stressful stimuli upregulate endogenous defensive programs, resulting in subsequent resistance to otherwise lethal injuries. We previously observed that signal transduction systems typically associated with neurodegeneration such as caspase activation are requisite events for the expression of tolerance and induction of HSP70. In this work, we sought to determine the extent and duration of oxidative and energetic dysfunction as well as the role of effector kinases on metabolic function in preconditioned cells. Using an in vitro neuronal culture model, we observed a robust increase in Raf and p66(Shc) activation within 1 h of preconditioning. Total ATP content decreased by 25% 3 h after preconditioning but returned to baseline by 24 h. Use of a free radical spin trap or p66(shc) inhibitor increased ATP content whereas a Raf inhibitor had no effect. Phosphorylated p66(shc) rapidly relocalized to the mitochondria and in the absence of activated p66(shc), autophagic processing increased. The constitutively expressed chaperone HSC70 relocalized to autophagosomes. Preconditioned cells experience significant total oxidative stress measured by F(2)-isoprostanes and neuronal stress evaluated by F(4)-neuroprostane measurement. Neuroprostane levels were enhanced in the presence of Shc inhibitors. Finally, we found that inhibiting either p66(shc) or Raf blocked neuroprotection afforded by preconditioning as well as upregulation of HSP70, suggesting both kinases are critical for preconditioning but function in fundamentally different ways. This is the first work to demonstrate the essential role of p66(shc) in mediating requisite mitochondrial and energetic compensation after preconditioning and suggests a mechanism by which protein and organelle damage mediated by ROS can increase HSP70.
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Wang PY, Chen JJ, Su HM. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of primary rat hippocampal neurons attenuates the neurotoxicity induced by aggregated amyloid beta protein42 and up-regulates cytoskeletal protein expression. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Su HM. Mechanisms of n-3 fatty acid-mediated development and maintenance of learning memory performance. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:364-73. [PMID: 20233652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is specifically enriched in the brain and mainly anchored in the neuronal membrane, where it is involved in the maintenance of normal neurological function. Most DHA accumulation in the brain takes place during brain development in the perinatal period. However, hippocampal DHA levels decrease with age and in the brain disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this decrease is associated with reduced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning memory ability. A potential mechanism is proposed by which the n-3 fatty acids DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) aid the development and maintenance of spatial learning memory performance. The developing brain or hippocampal neurons can synthesize and take up DHA and incorporate it into membrane phospholipids, especially phosphatidylethanolamine, resulting in enhanced neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances synaptic plasticity by increasing long-term potentiation and synaptic protein expression to increase the dendritic spine density, number of c-Fos-positive neurons and neurogenesis in the hippocampus for learning memory processing. In aged rats, n-3 fatty acid supplementation reverses age-related changes and maintains learning memory performance. n-3 fatty acids have anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects, leading to neuron protection in the aged, damaged, and AD brain. Retinoid signaling may be involved in the effects of DHA on learning memory performance. Estrogen has similar effects to n-3 fatty acids on hippocampal function. It would be interesting to know if there is any interaction between DHA and estrogen so as to provide a better strategy for the development and maintenance of learning memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Chen Y, Tassone F, Berman RF, Hagerman PJ, Hagerman RJ, Willemsen R, Pessah IN. Murine hippocampal neurons expressing Fmr1 gene premutations show early developmental deficits and late degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:196-208. [PMID: 19846466 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Premutation CGG repeat expansions (55-200 CGG repeats; preCGG) within the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene give rise to the neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), primary ovarian insufficiency and neurodevelopmental problems. Morphometric analysis of Map2B immunofluorescence reveals that neurons cultured from heterozygous female mice with preCGG repeats in defined medium display shorter dendritic lengths and fewer branches between 7 and 21 days in vitro compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Although the numbers of synapsin and phalloidin puncta do not differ from WT, preCGG neurons possess larger puncta. PreCGG neurons display lower viability, and express elevated stress protein as they mature. PreCGG neurons have inherently different patterns of growth, dendritic complexity and synaptic architecture discernable early in the neuronal trajectory to maturation, and may reflect a cellular basis for the developmental component of the spectrum of clinical involvement in carriers of premutation alleles. The reduced viability of preCGG neurons is consistent with the mRNA toxicity and neurodegeneration associated with FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Zeiger SLH, Musiek ES, Zanoni G, Vidari G, Morrow JD, Milne GJ, McLaughlin B. Neurotoxic lipid peroxidation species formed by ischemic stroke increase injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1422-31. [PMID: 19699297 PMCID: PMC2767385 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, yet no neuroprotective agents for treatment are clinically available. There is a pressing need to understand the signaling molecules that mediate ischemic cell death and identify novel neuroprotective targets. Cyclopentenone isoprostanes (IsoPs), formed after free radical-mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid, are used as markers of stress, but their bioactivity is poorly understood. We have recently shown that 15-A(2t)-IsoP is a potent neurotoxin in vitro and increases the free radical burden in neurons. In this work, we demonstrate that 15-A(2t)-IsoP is abundantly produced in stroke-infarcted human cortical tissue. Using primary neuronal cultures we found that minimally toxic exposure to 15-A(2t)-IsoP does not alter ATP content, but in combination with oxygen glucose deprivation resulted in a significant hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and dramatically increased neuronal cell death. In the presence of Ca(2+), 15-A(2t)-IsoP led to a rapid induction of the permeability transition pore and release of cytochrome c. Taken with our previous work, these data support a model in which ischemia causes generation of reactive oxygen species, calcium influx, lipid peroxidation, and 15-A(2t)-IsoP formation. These factors combine to enhance opening of the permeability transition pore leading to cell death subsequent to mitochondrial cytochrome c release. These data are the first documentation of significant 15-A(2t)-IsoP formation after acute ischemic stroke and suggest that the addition of 15-A(2t)-IsoP to in vitro models of ischemia may help to more fully recapitulate stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. H. Zeiger
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Erik S. Musiek
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jason D. Morrow
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ginger J. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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Dietary fats, cerebrovasculature integrity and Alzheimer's disease risk. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 49:159-70. [PMID: 19896503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that dietary fats influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but less clear is the mechanisms by which this occurs. Alzheimer's is an inflammatory disorder, many consider in response to fibrillar formation and extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta). Alternatively, amyloidosis could notionally be a secondary phenomenon to inflammation, because some studies suggest that cerebrovascular disturbances precede amyloid plaque formation. Hence, dietary fats may influence AD risk by either modulating Abeta metabolism, or via Abeta independent pathways. This review explores these two possibilities taking into consideration; (i) the substantial affinity of Abeta for lipids and its ordinary metabolism as an apolipoprotein; (ii) evidence that Abeta has potent vasoactive properties and (iii) studies which show that dietary fats modulate Abeta biogenesis and secretion. We discuss accumulating evidence that dietary fats significantly influence cerebrovascular integrity and as a consequence altered Abeta kinetics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Specifically, chronic ingestion of saturated fats or cholesterol appears to results in BBB dysfunction and exaggerated delivery from blood-to-brain of peripheral Abeta associated with lipoproteins of intestinal and hepatic origin. Interestingly, the pattern of saturated fat/cholesterol induced cerebrovascular disturbances in otherwise normal wild-type animal strains is analogous to established models of AD genetically modified to overproduce Abeta, consistent with a causal association. Saturated fats and cholesterol may exacerbate Abeta induced cerebrovascular disturbances by enhancing exposure of vessels of circulating Abeta. However, presently there is no evidence to support this contention. Rather, SFA and cholesterol appear to more broadly compromise BBB integrity with the consequence of plasma protein leakage into brain, including lipoprotein associated Abeta. The latter findings are consistent with the concept that AD is a dietary-fat induced phenotype of vascular dementia, reflecting the extraordinary entrapment of peripherally derived lipoproteins endogenously enriched in Abeta. Rather than being the initiating trigger for inflammation in AD, accumulation of extracellular lipoprotein-Abeta may be a secondary amplifier of dietary induced inflammation, or possibly, simply be consequential. Clearly, delineating the mechanisms by which dietary fats increase AD risk may be informative in developing new strategies for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:355-74. [PMID: 19619583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is little doubt regarding the essential nature of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), yet the capacity of dietary ALA to maintain adequate tissue levels of long chain n-3 fatty acids remains quite controversial. This simple point remains highly debated despite evidence that removal of dietary ALA promotes n-3 fatty acid inadequacy, including that of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that many experiments demonstrate that dietary inclusion of ALA raises n-3 tissue fatty acid content, including DHA. Herein we propose, based upon our previous work and that of others, that ALA is elongated and desaturated in a tissue-dependent manner. One important concept is to recognize that ALA, like many other fatty acids, rapidly undergoes beta-oxidation and that the carbons are conserved and reused for synthesis of other products including cholesterol and fatty acids. This process and the differences between utilization of dietary DHA or liver-derived DHA as compared to ALA have led to the dogma that ALA is not a useful fatty acid for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 fatty acids, including DHA. Herein, we propose that indeed dietary ALA is a crucial dietary source of n-3 fatty acids and its dietary inclusion is critical for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 levels.
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Reza-López SA, Anderson GH, Szeto IMY, Taha AY, Ma DWL. High vitamin intake by Wistar rats during pregnancy alters tissue fatty acid concentration in the offspring fed an obesogenic diet. Metabolism 2009; 58:722-30. [PMID: 19375598 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diet during pregnancy affects the long-term health of the offspring. Vitamins are known to modulate lipid metabolism, which may be reflected in tissue fatty acid (FA) concentrations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high vitamin intake during pregnancy on tissue FA concentration of the offspring. Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with either the recommended vitamin or 10-fold higher amounts (HV) during pregnancy. Afterward, offspring were weaned onto an obesogenic diet. Liver, quadriceps, adipose, and brain were collected over 48 weeks. Fatty acid concentration of tissue total lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography. At birth, the liver from HV offspring was higher in monounsaturated, stearic, and arachidonic acids. At weaning, the liver from HV offspring was higher in stearic and oleic acids; and in adipose tissue, n-6 and n-3 FAs were lower only in the male HV offspring (P < .05). At 12 weeks, HV offspring had higher concentrations of total fat, saturates, monounsaturates, and n-6 FA in muscle (P < .05), but not in other tissues. At 48 weeks, gestational diet did not affect tissue total lipid FA concentrations; but differences remained in specific tissue phospholipids species. Liver phospholipids from HV offspring were lower in monounsaturates and n-6 FA. Brain phosphatidylethanolamine was higher in oleic, n-6 FA, and docosahexaenoic acid in the HV offspring. Phosphatidylinositol was lower in saturates, monounsaturates, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids only in HV female offspring. These observations demonstrate that high vitamin intake during pregnancy has short- and long-term effects on tissue FA concentration in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Reza-López
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
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Extier A, Perruchot MH, Baudry C, Guesnet P, Lavialle M, Alessandri JM. Differential effects of steroids on the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by human neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:295-301. [PMID: 19576517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are crucial for proper functioning of cell membranes, particularly in brain. Biologically important PUFA include docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 series) and arachidonic acid (n-6 series) which can be formed from their respective dietary essential precursors, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Steroid hormones are thought to modulate PUFA synthesis in humans but whether they regulate PUFA status in brain and/or in neural membranes is unknown. In human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, we compared the effect of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone on PUFA synthesis. Cells were incubated with ALA and/or LA 7 microM in combination with estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone at 10 nM without serum. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography and the mRNA expression of genes involved in PUFA metabolism by real-time RT-PCR. Estradiol affected both the n-3 and the n-6 PUFA conversion, the n-3 PUFA pathway being more sensitive to the estradiol treatment. In ALA-supplemented cells, estradiol increased while testosterone decreased the long-chain n-3 PUFA content (+17% and -15%, respectively) and the mRNA expression of the Delta5-desaturase (+11% and -9%), these two events being strongly correlated. Progesterone did not affect the PUFA composition. The positive effect of estradiol was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780. We conclude that steroids have differential effects on PUFA synthesis and that their mode of action could involve the modulation of the Delta5-desaturase mRNA expression in neuroblastoma cells. These results help our understanding of the regulation of brain PUFA metabolism by steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Extier
- Unit of Lipid Nutrition & Regulation of Brain Functions, Nu.Re.Li.Ce, UR909, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, F 78352-Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Florent-Béchard S, Desbène C, Garcia P, Allouche A, Youssef I, Escanyé MC, Koziel V, Hanse M, Malaplate-Armand C, Stenger C, Kriem B, Yen-Potin FT, Olivier JL, Pillot T, Oster T. The essential role of lipids in Alzheimer's disease. Biochimie 2009; 91:804-9. [PMID: 19303044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health concern due to longer life expectancy in the Western countries. Although the precise cause of AD is still unknown, soluble beta-amyloid (Abeta) oligomers are considered the proximate effectors of the synaptic injury and neuronal death occurring in the early stages of AD. Abeta oligomers may directly interact with the synaptic membrane, leading to impairment of synaptic functions and subsequent signalling pathways triggering neurodegeneration. Therefore, membrane structure and lipid status should be considered determinant factors in Abeta-oligomer-induced synaptic and cell injuries, and therefore AD progression. Numerous epidemiological studies have highlighted close relationships between AD incidence and dietary patterns. Among the nutritional factors involved, lipids significantly influence AD pathogenesis. It is likely that maintenance of adequate membrane lipid content could prevent the production of Abeta peptide as well as its deleterious effects upon its interaction with synaptic membrane, thereby protecting neurons from Abeta-induced neurodegeneration. As major constituents of neuronal lipids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are of particular interest in the prevention of AD valuable diet ingredients whose neuroprotective properties could be essential for designing preventive nutrition-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the functional relevance of neuronal membrane features with respect to susceptibility to Abeta oligomers and AD pathogenesis, as well as the prospective capacities of lipids to prevent or to delay the disease.
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Wu H, Ichikawa S, Tani C, Zhu B, Tada M, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y, Nakamura Y. Docosahexaenoic acid induces ERK1/2 activation and neuritogenesis via intracellular reactive oxygen species production in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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