1
|
Masato A, Bubacco L. The αSynuclein half-life conundrum. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106524. [PMID: 38705490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
αSynuclein (αSyn) misfolding and aggregation frequently precedes neuronal loss associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and other Synucleinopathies. The progressive buildup of pathological αSyn species results from alterations on αSyn gene and protein sequence, increased local concentrations, variations in αSyn interactome and protein network. Therefore, under physiological conditions, it is mandatory to regulate αSyn proteostasis as an equilibrium among synthesis, trafficking, degradation and extracellular release. In this frame, a crucial parameter is protein half-life. It provides indications of the turnover of a specific protein and depends on mRNA synthesis and translation regulation, subcellular localization, function and clearance by the designated degradative pathways. For αSyn, the molecular mechanisms regulating its proteostasis in neurons have been extensively investigated in various cellular models, either using biochemical or imaging approaches. Nevertheless, a converging estimate of αSyn half-life has not emerged yet. Here, we discuss the challenges in studying αSyn proteostasis under physiological and pathological conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the experimental strategies proposed so far, and the relevance of determining αSyn half-life from a translational perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim JY, Kim H. Effects of behavioural swallowing therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 25:269-280. [PMID: 35282718 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2022.2045356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A previous 2014 systematic review outlining the treatment effects of swallowing therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrated a lack of well-designed randomised controlled studies. This current review presents and evaluates the latest evidence for behaviour swallowing therapies for PD-related dysphagia to enhance speech-language pathologists' evidence-based decision-making around treatment choices. METHOD A systematic review of articles published in English and Korean was conducted from January 2014 through June 2020 using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Two authors independently searched the literature and differences after the search were settled following discussion and consensus. Identified studies were evaluated for quality with the ABC rating scale and critical appraisal criteria. RESULT Eight studies after initial search and three additional studies which met our original criteria but were not freely available, or published after the initial search period were also included. Eleven studies included the following treatments: biofeedback therapy (N = 1), respiratory-swallow coordination training (N = 2), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (N = 1), expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) (N = 2), intensive exercise-based swallowing program (ISP) (N = 1), chin-down strategy (N = 2), Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (N = 1), and therapeutic singing (N = 1). CONCLUSION Most of the behavioural therapies improved swallowing function in PD. Treatments that enhanced airway function globally demonstrated positive effects on swallow function as did intensive, targeted swallowing treatment. However, the chin-down strategy did not show a significant effect on swallowing measured by flexible endoscopic evaluations of swallowing. EMST detraining effects implied a need to design maintenance training in PD. In the future, well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to consolidate the effects of these therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Kim
- Graduate Program in Speech-Language Pathology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - HyangHee Kim
- Graduate Program in Speech-Language Pathology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate Program of Speech-Language Pathology; Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Development of Small Molecules Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation: A Promising Strategy to Treat Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030839. [PMID: 36986700 PMCID: PMC10059018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, is characterized by the accumulation of protein deposits in the dopaminergic neurons. These deposits are primarily composed of aggregated forms of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Despite the extensive research on this disease, only symptomatic treatments are currently available. However, in recent years, several compounds, mainly of an aromatic character, targeting α-Syn self-assembly and amyloid formation have been identified. These compounds, discovered by different approaches, are chemically diverse and exhibit a plethora of mechanisms of action. This work aims to provide a historical overview of the physiopathology and molecular aspects associated with Parkinson’s disease and the current trends in small compound development to target α-Syn aggregation. Although these molecules are still under development, they constitute an important step toward discovering effective anti-aggregational therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong-Chen X, Yong C, Yang X, Chen-Yu S, Li-Hua P. Signaling pathways in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:73. [PMID: 36810524 PMCID: PMC9944326 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and its treatment remains a big challenge. The pathogenesis of PD may be related to environmental and genetic factors, and exposure to toxins and gene mutations may be the beginning of brain lesions. The identified mechanisms of PD include α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and gut dysbiosis. The interactions among these molecular mechanisms complicate the pathogenesis of PD and pose great challenges to drug development. At the same time, the diagnosis and detection of PD are also one of obstacles to the treatment of PD due to its long latency and complex mechanism. Most conventional therapeutic interventions for PD possess limited effects and have serious side effects, heightening the need to develop novel treatments for this disease. In this review, we systematically summarized the pathogenesis, especially the molecular mechanisms of PD, the classical research models, clinical diagnostic criteria, and the reported drug therapy strategies, as well as the newly reported drug candidates in clinical trials. We also shed light on the components derived from medicinal plants that are newly identified for their effects in PD treatment, with the expectation to provide the summary and outlook for developing the next generation of drugs and preparations for PD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong-Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - ShenTu Chen-Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li-Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dar GH, Badierah R, Nathan EG, Bhat MA, Dar AH, Redwan EM. Extracellular vesicles: A new paradigm in understanding, diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:967231. [PMID: 36408114 PMCID: PMC9669424 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.967231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are becoming one of the leading causes of disability and death across the globe due to lack of timely preventions and treatments. Concurrently, intensive research efforts are being carried out to understand the etiology of these age-dependent disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-biological nanoparticles released by cells-are gaining tremendous attention in understanding their role in pathogenesis and progression of NDs. EVs have been found to transmit pathogenic proteins of NDs between neurons. Moreover, the ability of EVs to exquisitely surmount natural biological barriers, including blood-brain barrier and in vivo safety has generated interest in exploring them as potential biomarkers and function as natural delivery vehicles of drugs to the central nervous system. However, limited knowledge of EV biogenesis, their heterogeneity and lack of adequate isolation and analysis tools have hampered their therapeutic potential. In this review, we cover the recent advances in understanding the role of EVs in neurodegeneration and address their role as biomarkers and delivery vehicles to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, S.P. College, Cluster University Srinagar, Srinagar, India
- Hassan Khoyihami Memorial Degree College, Bandipora, India
| | - Raied Badierah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erica G. Nathan
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge Cancer Center, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abid Hamid Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toomey CE, Heywood WE, Evans JR, Lachica J, Pressey SN, Foti SC, Al Shahrani M, D’Sa K, Hargreaves IP, Heales S, Orford M, Troakes C, Attems J, Gelpi E, Palkovits M, Lashley T, Gentleman SM, Revesz T, Mills K, Gandhi S. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological driver of early stage Parkinson's. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:134. [PMID: 36076304 PMCID: PMC9461181 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular drivers of early sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear, and the presence of widespread end stage pathology in late disease masks the distinction between primary or causal disease-specific events and late secondary consequences in stressed or dying cells. However, early and mid-stage Parkinson's brains (Braak stages 3 and 4) exhibit alpha-synuclein inclusions and neuronal loss along a regional gradient of severity, from unaffected-mild-moderate-severe. Here, we exploited this spatial pathological gradient to investigate the molecular drivers of sporadic PD. METHODS We combined high precision tissue sampling with unbiased large-scale profiling of protein expression across 9 brain regions in Braak stage 3 and 4 PD brains, and controls, and verified these results using targeted proteomic and functional analyses. RESULTS We demonstrate that the spatio-temporal pathology gradient in early-mid PD brains is mirrored by a biochemical gradient of a changing proteome. Importantly, we identify two key events that occur early in the disease, prior to the occurrence of alpha-synuclein inclusions and neuronal loss: (i) a metabolic switch in the utilisation of energy substrates and energy production in the brain, and (ii) perturbation of the mitochondrial redox state. These changes may contribute to the regional vulnerability of developing alpha-synuclein pathology. Later in the disease, mitochondrial function is affected more severely, whilst mitochondrial metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration are affected across all brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an in-depth regional profile of the proteome at different stages of PD, and highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction is detectable prior to neuronal loss, and alpha-synuclein fibril deposition, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the key drivers of early disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E. Toomey
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Wendy E. Heywood
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetic & Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - James R. Evans
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Joanne Lachica
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah N. Pressey
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sandrine C. Foti
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mesfer Al Shahrani
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Neurometabolic Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karishma D’Sa
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Neurometabolic Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Simon Heales
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Neurometabolic Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael Orford
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Neurometabolic Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Budapest, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Genetic & Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. Bidirectional, unlike unidirectional transport, allows transporting axonal cargos against their concentration gradient. J Theor Biol 2022; 546:111161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Upaganlawar AB, Taksande BG, Umekar MJ, Behl T, Abdellatif AAH, Bhaskaran PM, Dachani SR, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Involvement of molecular chaperone in protein-misfolding brain diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112647. [PMID: 35149361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding causes aggregation and build-up in a variety of brain diseases. There are numeral molecules that are linked with the protein homeostasis mechanism. Molecular chaperones are one of such molecules that are responsible for protection against protein misfolded and aggregation-induced neurotoxicity. Many studies have explored the participation of molecular chaperones in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's diseases. In this review, we highlighted the constructive role of molecular chaperones in neurological diseases characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation and their capability to control aberrant protein interactions at an early stage thus successfully suppressing pathogenic cascades. A comprehensive understanding of the protein misfolding associated with brain diseases and the molecular basis of involvement of chaperone against aggregation-induced cellular stress might lead to the progress of new therapeutic intrusion-related to protein misfolding and aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nasik, Maharashta, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Sudarshan Reddy Dachani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Al-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan university, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Habib CN, Mohamed MR, Tadros MG, Tolba MF, Menze ET, Masoud SI. The potential neuroprotective effect of diosmin in rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 914:174573. [PMID: 34656609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on improving the symptoms and the dopaminergic effects; nevertheless, they cannot delay the disease progression. Diosmin (DM), a naturally occurring flavone that is obtained from citrus fruits, has demonstrated anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in many diseases. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of diosmin in rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate its potential underlying mechanisms. A preliminary dose-response study was conducted where rats were treated with DM (50,100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. Catalepsy, motor impairment, spontaneous locomotion, body weight, histological examination and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity were evaluated in both the midbrains and striata of rats. Treatment with DM (200 mg/kg) showed the most promising outcome therefore, it was selected for further evaluation of α-synuclein, Bax, Bcl2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in addition to biochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results showed that DM (200 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented rotenone-induced motor impairment, weight reduction and histological damage. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited rotenone-induced decrease in TH expression. These results were correlated with reduction in α-synuclein immunoreactivity, together with improvement of Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to rotenone group. DM also attenuated rotenone-induced increase in NF-кB expression as well as TNF- α levels. Moreover, DM inhibited rotenone-induced upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, the current study suggests that DM might be a promising candidate for managing the neuropathological course of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed R Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Somia I Masoud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poewe W, Volc D, Seppi K, Medori R, Lührs P, Kutzelnigg A, Djamshidian A, Thun-Hohenstein C, Meissner WG, Rascol O, Schneeberger A, Staffler G, Poewe W, Seppi K, Djamshidian A, deMarzi R, Heim B, Mangesius S, Stolz R, Wachowicz K, Volc D, Thun-Hohenstein C, Riha C, Schneeberger A, Bürger V, Galabova G. Safety and Tolerability of Active Immunotherapy Targeting α-Synuclein with PD03A in Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1079-1089. [PMID: 34092654 PMCID: PMC8461711 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapies targeting α-synuclein aim to limit its extracellular spread in the brain and prevent progression of pathology in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD03A is a specific active immunotherapy (SAIT) involving immunization with a short peptide formulation. Objective: This phase 1 study characterized the safety and tolerability of PD03A in patients with early PD. A key secondary objective was to evaluate immunological activity following immunization. Methods: This was a phase 1 study of two different doses of PD03A versus placebo in PD patients. Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to receive four priming plus one booster vaccination of PD03A 15μg, PD03A 75μg or placebo and were followed for 52 weeks. Results: Overall, 36 patients were randomized, of which 35 received five immunizations and completed the study. All patients experienced at least one adverse event. Transient local injection site reactions affected all but two patients; otherwise most AEs were considered unrelated to study treatment. A substantial IgG antibody response against PD03 was observed with a maximum titer achieved at Week-12. Differences in titers between both active groups versus placebo were statistically significant from the second immunization at Week-8 until Week-52. Conclusion: The safety profile and positive antibody response of PD03A supports the further development of active immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Volc
- PROSENEX Study Center at Privatklinik Confraternitaet, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Service de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux and Université Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Toulouse CIC1436, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, and NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roberto deMarzi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrice Heim
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Raphaela Stolz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Dieter Volc
- PROSENEX Study Center at Privatklinik Confraternitaet, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Constanze Riha
- PROSENEX Study Center at Privatklinik Confraternitaet, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tandon A, Singh SJ, Chaturvedi RK. Nanomedicine against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1507-1545. [PMID: 33087025 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201021140904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are the two most rampant neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Existing treatments have a limited effect on the pathophysiology but are unable to fully arrest the progression of the disease. This is due to the inability of these therapeutic molecules to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. We discuss how nanotechnology has enabled researchers to develop novel and efficient nano-therapeutics against these diseases. The development of nanotized drug delivery systems has permitted an efficient, site-targeted, and controlled release of drugs in the brain, thereby presenting a revolutionary therapeutic approach. Nanoparticles are also being thoroughly studied and exploited for their role in the efficient and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. We summarize the role of different nano-carriers and RNAi-conjugated nanoparticle-based therapeutics for their efficacy in pre-clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges underlying the use of nanomedicine with a focus on their route of administration, concentration, metabolism, and any toxic effects for successful therapeutics in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Tandon
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangh J Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Katunina EA. [Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. New opportunities in the context of COVID-19]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:101-106. [PMID: 34037362 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents data from recent studies on the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of amantadines, and also describes a possible protective effect against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Katunina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dakik H, Mantash S, Nehme A, Kobeissy F, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Mirzaei P, Mechref Y, Gaillard A, Prestoz L, Zibara K. Analysis of the Neuroproteome Associated With Cell Therapy After Intranigral Grafting in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621121. [PMID: 33776636 PMCID: PMC7991918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in large-scale proteomics analysis have been very useful in understanding pathogenesis of diseases and elaborating therapeutic strategies. Proteomics has been employed to study Parkinson disease (PD); however, sparse studies reported proteome investigation after cell therapy approaches. In this study, we used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and systems biology to identify differentially expressed proteins in a translational mouse model of PD after cell therapy. Proteins were extracted from five nigrostriatal-related brain regions of mice previously lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine in the substantia nigra. Protein expression was compared in non-grafted brain to 1 and 7 days after intranigral grafting of E12.5 embryonic ventral mesencephalon (VM). We found a total of 277 deregulated proteins after transplantation, which are enriched for lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and PD, thus confirming that our animal model is similar to human PD and that the presence of grafted cells modulates the expression of these proteins. Notably, seven proteins (Acta1, Atp6v1e1, Eci3, Lypla2, Pip4k2a, Sccpdh, and Sh3gl2) were commonly down-regulated after engraftment in all studied brain regions. These proteins are known to be involved in the formation of lipids and recycling of dopamine (DA) vesicle at the synapse. Moreover, intranigral transplantation of VM cells decreased the expression of proteins related to oxidative stress, especially in the nigrostriatal pathway containing the DA grafted neurons. In the same regions, an up-regulation of several proteins including α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase was observed, whereas expression of tetraspanin 7 was shut down. Overall, these results suggest that intranigral transplantation of VM tissue in an animal model of PD may induce a decrease of oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal pathway and a restoration of the machinery of neurotransmitters, particularly DA release to promote DA transmission through a decrease of D2 DA receptors endocytosis. Identification of new mechanistic elements involved in the nigrostriatal reconstruction process, using translational animal models and systems biology, is a promising approach to enhance the repair of this pathway in PD patients undergoing cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dakik
- ER045, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sarah Mantash
- ER045, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Ali Nehme
- ER045, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Masoud Zabet-Moghaddam
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Parvin Mirzaei
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Laetitia Prestoz
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim C, Kwon S, Iba M, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Adame A, Shin SJ, Fields JA, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Effects of innate immune receptor stimulation on extracellular α-synuclein uptake and degradation by brain resident cells. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:281-290. [PMID: 33594256 PMCID: PMC8080790 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are age-related neurological disorders characterized by the progressive deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates and include Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Although cell-to-cell α-syn transmission is thought to play a key role in the spread of α-syn pathology, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. Neuroinflammation is another key pathological feature of synucleinopathies. Previous studies have identified several immune receptors that mediate neuroinflammation in synucleinopathies, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, the species of α-syn aggregates varies from study to study, and how different α-syn aggregate species interact with innate immune receptors has yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether innate immune receptors can facilitate the uptake of different species of α-syn aggregates. Here, we examined whether stimulation of TLRs could modulate the cellular uptake and degradation of α-syn fibrils despite a lack of direct interaction. We observed that stimulation of TLR2 in vitro accelerated α-syn fibril uptake in neurons and glia while delaying the degradation of α-syn in neurons and astrocytes. Internalized α-syn was rapidly degraded in microglia regardless of whether TLR2 was stimulated. However, cellular α-syn uptake and degradation kinetics were not altered by TLR4 stimulation. In addition, upregulation of TLR2 expression in a synucleinopathy mouse model increased the density of Lewy-body-like inclusions and induced morphological changes in microglia. Together, these results suggest that cell type-specific modulation of TLR2 may be a multifaceted and promising therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies; inhibition of neuronal and astroglial TLR2 decreases pathogenic α-syn transmission, but activation of microglial TLR2 enhances microglial extracellular α-syn clearance. New treatments for neurological disorders could target immune receptors associated with the build-up of protein aggregates in neurons. Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal deposition of α-synuclein, but the mechanism how α-synuclein spreads between cells is still elusive. Changyoun Kim and Eliezer Masliah at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, USA, and co-workers investigated indirect role of TLR2 in α-synuclein spreading. TLR2 has been known to interact with β-sheet-enriched oligomeric forms of α-synuclein, but not with fibrilar forms of α-synuclein (fibril). Herein, the authors found that TLR2 stimulation accelerated the uptake of fibrils in both neurons and glial cells, delayed degradation of internalized fibrils and worsen α-synuclein pathology in mouse brains. The study provides indirect modulation of α-synuclein spearding via innate immune receptor which might be a potential therapy for synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gou DH, Huang TT, Li W, Gao XD, Haikal C, Wang XH, Song DY, Liang X, Zhu L, Tang Y, Ding C, Li JY. Inhibition of copper transporter 1 prevents α-synuclein pathology and alleviates nigrostriatal degeneration in AAV-based mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101795. [PMID: 33232911 PMCID: PMC7691620 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of α-synuclein aggregates is a major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Copper promotes α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity in vitro. The level of copper and copper transporter 1, which is the only known high-affinity copper importer in the brain, decreases in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients. However, the relationship between copper, copper transporter 1 and α-synuclein pathology remains elusive. Here, we aim to decipher the molecular mechanisms of copper and copper transporter 1 underlying Parkinson's disease pathology. We employed yeast and mammalian cell models expressing human α-synuclein, where exogenous copper accelerated intracellular α-synuclein inclusions and silencing copper transporter 1 reduced α-synuclein aggregates in vitro, suggesting that copper transporter 1 might inhibit α-synuclein pathology. To study our hypothesis in vivo, we generated a new transgenic mouse model with copper transporter 1 conditional knocked-out specifically in dopaminergic neuron. Meanwhile, we unilaterally injected adeno-associated viral human-α-synuclein into the substantia nigra of these mice. Importantly, we found that copper transporter 1 deficiency significantly reduced S129-phosphorylation of α-synuclein, prevented dopaminergic neuronal loss, and alleviated motor dysfunction caused by α-synuclein overexpression in vivo. Overall, our data indicated that inhibition of copper transporter 1 alleviated α-synuclein mediated pathologies and provided a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Ctr1 deficiency reduces α-synuclein aggregates in vitro. Ctr1 deficiency inhibits the level of pathological α-synuclein in vivo. Ctr1 deficiency prevents nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in vivo. Ctr1 deficiency alleviates motor dysfunction caused by α-synuclein in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Gou
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xin-Di Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xin-He Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Dong-Yan Song
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Co-administration of TiO 2-nanowired dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) and mesenchymal stem cells enhanced neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease exacerbated by concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:101-155. [PMID: 33223034 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) is a powerful antioxidant compound with profound neuroprotective effects in stroke and brain injury. However, its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well known. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the key factors in precipitating PD like symptoms in civilians and particularly in military personnel. Thus, it would be interesting to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of NBP in PD following concussive head injury (CHI). In this chapter effect of nanowired delivery of NBP together with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in PD with CHI is discussed based on our own investigations. It appears that CHI exacerbates PD pathophysiology in terms of p-tau, α-synuclein (ASNC) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the loss of TH immunoreactivity in substantia niagra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum (STr) along with dopamine (DA), dopamine decarboxylase (DOPAC). And homovanillic acid (HVA). Our observations are the first to show that a combination of NBP with MSCs when delivered using nanowired technology induces superior neuroprotective effects in PD brain pathology exacerbated by CHI, not reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim C, Beilina A, Smith N, Li Y, Kim M, Kumaran R, Kaganovich A, Mamais A, Adame A, Iba M, Kwon S, Lee WJ, Shin SJ, Rissman RA, You S, Lee SJ, Singleton AB, Cookson MR, Masliah E. LRRK2 mediates microglial neurotoxicity via NFATc2 in rodent models of synucleinopathies. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay0399. [PMID: 33055242 PMCID: PMC8100991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal α-synuclein deposition that include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. The pathology of these conditions also includes neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Neuron-released α-synuclein has been shown to induce neurotoxic, proinflammatory microglial responses through Toll-like receptor 2, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we show that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a critical role in the activation of microglia by extracellular α-synuclein. Exposure to α-synuclein was found to enhance LRRK2 phosphorylation and activity in mouse primary microglia. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 markedly diminished α-synuclein-mediated microglial neurotoxicity via lowering of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in mouse cultures. We determined that LRRK2 promoted a neuroinflammatory cascade by selectively phosphorylating and inducing nuclear translocation of the immune transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 2 (NFATc2). NFATc2 activation was seen in patients with synucleinopathies and in a mouse model of synucleinopathy, where administration of an LRRK2 pharmacological inhibitor restored motor behavioral deficits. Our results suggest that modulation of LRRK2 and its downstream signaling mediator NFATc2 might be therapeutic targets for treating synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alexandria Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Soo-Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farotti L, Paolini Paoletti F, Simoni S, Parnetti L. Unraveling Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease: Contribution of CSF Biomarkers. Biomark Insights 2020; 15:1177271920964077. [PMID: 33110345 PMCID: PMC7555566 DOI: 10.1177/1177271920964077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on clinical history and physical examination, but misdiagnosis is common in early stages. Identification of biomarkers for PD may allow for early and more precise diagnosis and provide information about prognosis. Developments in analytical chemistry allow for the detection of a large number of molecules in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are known to be associated with the pathogenesis of PD. Given the pathophysiology of PD, CSF α-synuclein species have the strongest rationale for use, also providing encouraging preliminary results in terms of early diagnosis. In the field of classical Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, low CSF Aβ42 levels have shown a robust prognostic value in terms of development of cognitive impairment. Other CSF biomarkers including lysosomal enzymes, neurofilament light chain, markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, although promising, have not proved to be reliable for diagnostic and prognostic purposes yet. Overall, the implementation of CSF biomarkers may give a substantial contribution to the optimal use of disease-modifying drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Farotti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Simone Simoni
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Volc D, Poewe W, Kutzelnigg A, Lührs P, Thun-Hohenstein C, Schneeberger A, Galabova G, Majbour N, Vaikath N, El-Agnaf O, Winter D, Mihailovska E, Mairhofer A, Schwenke C, Staffler G, Medori R. Safety and immunogenicity of the α-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:591-600. [PMID: 32562684 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust evidence supports the role of α-synuclein pathology as a driver of neuronal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PD01A is a specific active immunotherapy with a short peptide formulation targeted against oligomeric α-synuclein. This phase 1 study assessed the safety and tolerability of the PD01A immunotherapeutic in patients with Parkinson's disease. METHODS We did a first-in-human, randomised, phase 1 study of immunisations with PD01A, followed by three consecutive study extensions. Patients aged 45-65 years with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (≤4 years since diagnosis and Hoehn and Yahr Stage 1 to 2), imaging results (dopamine transporter single photon emission CT and MRI) consistent with their Parkinson's disease diagnosis, and on stable doses of Parkinson's disease medications for at least 3 months were recruited at a single private clinic in Vienna, Austria. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1), using a computer-generated sequence with varying block size, to receive four subcutaneous immunisations with either 15 μg or 75 μg PD01A injected into the upper arms and followed up initially for 52 weeks, followed by a further 39 weeks' follow-up. Patients were then randomly assigned (1:1) again to receive the first booster immunisation at 15 μg or 75 μg and were followed up for 24 weeks. All patients received a second booster immunisation of 75 μg and were followed up for an additional 52 weeks. Patients were masked to dose allocation. Primary (safety) analyses included all treated patients. These four studies were registered with EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT numbers 2011-002650-31, 2013-001774-20, 2014-002489-54, and 2015-004854-16. FINDINGS 32 patients were recruited between Feb 14, 2012, and Feb 6, 2013, and 24 were deemed eligible and randomly assigned to receive four PD01A priming immunisations. One patient had a diagnosis change to multiple system atrophy and was withdrawn and two patients withdrew consent during the studies. 21 (87%) of 24 patients received all six immunisations and completed 221-259 weeks in-study (two patients in the 15 μg dose group and one patient in the 75 μg dose group discontinued). All patients experienced at least one adverse event, but most of them were considered unrelated to study treatment (except for transient local injection site reactions, which affected all but one patient). Serial MRI assessments also ruled out inflammatory processes. Systemic treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (n=4), headache (n=3), myalgia (n=3), muscle rigidity (n=2), and tremor (n=2). The geometric group mean titre of antibodies against the immunising peptide PD01 increased from 1:46 at baseline to 1:3580 at week 12 in the 15 μg dose group, and from 1:76 to 1:2462 at week 12 in the 75 μg dose group. Antibody titres returned to baseline over 2 years, but could be rapidly reactivated after booster immunisation from week 116 onwards, reaching geometric group mean titres up to 1:20218. INTERPRETATION Repeated administrations of PD01A were safe and well tolerated over an extended period. Specific active immunotherapy resulted in a substantial humoral immune response with target engagement. Phase 2 studies are needed to further assess the safety and efficacy of PD01A for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. FUNDING AFFiRiS, Michael J Fox Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Volc
- Confraternitaet-Privatklinik Josefstadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nour Majbour
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nishant Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Schwenke
- Schwenke Consulting: Strategies and Solutions in Statistics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen L, Huang GL, Lü MH, Zhang YX, Xu J, Bai SP. Amide derivatives of Gallic acid: Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitory activities against in vitro α-synuclein aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115596. [PMID: 32631566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA), a natural phenolic acid, has received numerous attention because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. More importantly, GA can act as an efficient inhibitor of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation at early stages. Nevertheless, some evidences suggest that GA is unlikely to cross the blood-brain barrier because of its high hydrophilicity. Hence, GA may not be considered as a promising candidate or entering brain and directly affecting the central nervous system. Accordingly, we have designed and synthesized a series of amide derivatives of GA, some of which possess appropriate lipophilicity and hydrophilicity with LogP (2.09-2.79). Meanwhile, these sheet-like conjugated compounds have good π-electron delocalization and high ability of hydrogen-bond formation. Some compounds have shown better in vitro anti-aggregation activities than GA towards α-Syn, with IC50 down to 0.98 μM. The valid modification strategy of GA is considered an efficient way to discover novel inhibitors of α-Syn aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Long Huang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming-Huan Lü
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ji Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Su-Ping Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road 601, 453003 Xinxiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
O'Hara DM, Kalia SK, Kalia LV. Methods for detecting toxic α-synuclein species as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:291-307. [PMID: 32116096 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. However, prior to the formation of these large aggregates, α-syn forms oligomers and small fibrils, which are believed to be the pathogenic species leading to the death of neurons in the substantia nigra in disease. The majority of aggregated α-syn is phosphorylated, and it is thought that this post-translational modification may be critical in disease pathogenesis. Thus, early detection of the toxic forms of α-syn may provide a window of opportunity for an intervention to halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in PD. Expression of α-syn is not restricted to the central nervous system and the protein can be found elsewhere, including bodily fluids and peripheral tissues. This review will examine current methods for detecting toxic forms of α-syn in accessible biospecimens and outline emerging techniques that may provide reliable identification of biomarkers for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M O'Hara
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Porro C, Panaro MA, Lofrumento DD, Hasalla E, Trotta T. The multiple roles of exosomes in Parkinson's disease: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:469-476. [PMID: 31405314 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1650371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a relatively new field of research in neurodegenerative disease and they are thought to be one of the ways that neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), spread in the brain. EVs are membrane vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space and they are produced by all cells of the nervous tissue. The classification of the vesicle subtypes comprises exosomes, microvesicles/microparticles, apoptotic bodies. EVs change in number and content in response to environmental conditions and may function as shuttles for the delivery of cargo between cells. Recent data suggest that exosomes secreted by both activated microglia and neurons play an important role in α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading and increase of neuroinflammation, thus exacerbating neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. α-syn is a presynaptic protein secreted by neurons in small amounts, and it is the main component of Lewy bodies, one of the histopathological features of PD. Several factors have shown to induce and/or modulate α-syn structure and oligomerization in vitro. Under pathological conditions, progressive accumulation of α-syn and the formation of oligomers have been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. This review gives an overview about the multiple roles of exosomes in PD, despite their role in the progression of neurodegeneration, exosomes could represent a specific drug delivery tool for a difficult target such as the brain, which poses an obstacle to most drugs and they could also represent new biomarkers to track the progression of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Elona Hasalla
- Department of Pre-Clinic Subjects, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "Aleksander Xhuvani" , Elbasan , Albania
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu H, Chen L, Zhou F, Zhang YX, Xu J, Xu M, Bai SP. Anti-oligomerization sheet molecules: Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitory activities against α-synuclein aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3089-3096. [PMID: 31196755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) play a key role in the development of Parkinson Disease (PD). One of the effective approaches is to stabilize the native, monomeric protein with suitable molecule ligands. We have designed and synthesized a series of sheet-like conjugated compounds which possess different skeletons and various heteroatoms in the two blocks located at both ends of linker, which have good π-electron delocalization and high ability of hydrogen-bond formation. They have shown anti-aggregation activities in vitro towards α-Syn with IC50 down to 1.09 μM. The molecule is found binding in parallel to the NACore within NAC domain of α-Syn, interfering aggregation of NAC region within different α-Syn monomer, and further inhibiting or slowing down the formation of α-Syn oligomer nuclei at lag phase. The potential inhibitor obtained by our strategy is considered to be highly efficient to inhibit α-Syn aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ji Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, 450001 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Information of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su-Ping Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road 601, 453003 Xinxiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ciulla M, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Stefano AD. Role of Dietary Supplements in the Management of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070271. [PMID: 31295842 PMCID: PMC6681233 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of food supplements or functional food has significantly increased in the past decades, especially to compensate both the modern lifestyle and the food shortages of the industrialized countries. Despite food supplements are habitually intended to correct nutritional deficiencies or to support specific physiological functions, they are often combined with common drug therapies to improve the patient's health and/or mitigate the symptoms of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cystic fibrosis, cancer, liver and gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, increased attentions are given to the patient's diet, and the use of food supplements and functional food rich in vitamins and antioxidants plays a very important role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Natural compounds, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals can prevent, delay, or alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD in contrast to some of the main physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease, like oxidative stress, free radical formation, and neuroinflammation. The purpose of this review is to collect scientific evidences which support the use of specific biomolecules and biogenic elements commonly found in food supplements or functional food to improve the clinical framework of patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciulla
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Twohig D, Nielsen HM. α-synuclein in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:23. [PMID: 31186026 PMCID: PMC6558879 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer’s disease (AD) afflicted brain is neuropathologically defined by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αSyn), mainly associated with synucleinopathies like Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), is involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Lewy-related pathology (LRP), primarily comprised of αSyn, is present in a majority of autopsied AD brains, and higher levels of αSyn in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD have been linked to cognitive decline. Recent studies also suggest that the asymptomatic accumulation of Aβ plaques is associated with higher CSF αSyn levels in subjects at risk of sporadic AD and in individuals carrying autosomal dominant AD mutations. Experimental evidence has further linked αSyn mainly to tau hyperphosphorylation, but also to the pathological actions of Aβ and the APOEε4 allele, the latter being a major genetic risk factor for both AD and DLB. In this review, we provide a summary of the current evidence proposing an involvement of αSyn either as an active or passive player in the pathophysiological ensemble of AD, and furthermore describe in detail the current knowledge of αSyn structure and inferred function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Twohig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hua J, Yin N, Xu S, Chen Q, Tao T, Zhang J, Ding J, Fan Y, Hu G. Enhancing the Astrocytic Clearance of Extracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates by Ginkgolides Attenuates Neural Cell Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1017-1028. [PMID: 31165943 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated forms of the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the efficient clearance of aggregated α-Syn represents a potential approach in PD therapy. Astrocytes are the most numerous glia cells in the brain and play an essential role in supporting brain functions in PD state. In the present study, we demonstrated that cultured primary astrocytes engulfed and degraded extracellular aggregated recombinant human α-Syn. Meanwhile, we observed that the clearance of α-Syn by astrocytes was abolished by proteasome inhibitor MG132 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). We further showed that intracellular α-Syn was reduced after ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) treatment, and the decrease was reversed by MG132 and 3MA. More importantly, GB and BB reduced indirect neurotoxicity to neurons induced by α-Syn-stimulated astrocytic conditioned medium. Together, we firstly find that astrocytes can engulf and degrade α-Syn aggregates via the proteasome and autophagy pathways, and further show that GB and BB enhance astrocytic clearance of α-Syn, which gives us an insight into the novel therapy for PD in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Fuhua Road, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuo Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Campos-Acuña J, Elgueta D, Pacheco R. T-Cell-Driven Inflammation as a Mediator of the Gut-Brain Axis Involved in Parkinson's Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:239. [PMID: 30828335 PMCID: PMC6384270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, a neuronal circuit involved in the control of movements, thereby the main manifestations correspond to motor impairments. The major molecular hallmark of this disease corresponds to the presence of pathological protein inclusions called Lewy bodies in the midbrain of patients, which have been extensively associated with neurotoxic effects. Importantly, different research groups have demonstrated that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate into the substantia nigra of PD patients and animal models. Moreover, several studies have consistently demonstrated that T-cell deficiency results in a strong attenuation of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in animal models of PD, thus indicating a key role of adaptive immunity in the neurodegenerative process. Recent evidence has shown that CD4+ T-cell response involved in PD patients is directed to oxidised forms of α-synuclein, one of the main constituents of Lewy bodies. On the other hand, most PD patients present a number of non-motor manifestations. Among non-motor manifestations, gastrointestinal dysfunctions result especially important as potential early biomarkers of PD, since they are ubiquitously found among confirmed patients and occur much earlier than motor symptoms. These gastrointestinal dysfunctions include constipation and inflammation of the gut mucosa and the most distinctive pathologic features associated are the loss of neurons of the enteric nervous system and the generation of Lewy bodies in the gut. Moreover, emerging evidence has recently shown a pivotal role of gut microbiota in triggering the development of PD in genetically predisposed individuals. Of note, PD has been positively correlated with inflammatory bowel diseases, a group of disorders involving a T-cell driven inflammation of gut mucosa, which is strongly dependent in the composition of gut microbiota. Here we raised the hypothesis that T-cell driven inflammation, which mediates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD, is triggered in the gut mucosa. Accordingly, we discuss how structural components of commensal bacteria or how different mediators produced by gut-microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and dopamine, may affect the behaviour of T-cells, triggering the development of T-cell responses against Lewy bodies, initially confined to the gut mucosa but later extended to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Campos-Acuña
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Elgueta
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim C, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Yamakado H, Mante M, Adame A, Fields JA, Masliah D, Iba M, Lee HJ, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating α-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:43. [PMID: 30092810 PMCID: PMC6085656 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies of the aging population are an heterogeneous group of neurological disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and are characterized by the progressive accumulation of α-synuclein in neuronal and glial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition immune receptor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies because TLR2 is elevated in the brains of patients with PD and TLR2 is a mediator of the neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates. Therefore, blocking TLR2 might alleviate α-synuclein pathological and functional effects. For this purpose, herein, we targeted TLR2 using a functional inhibitory antibody (anti-TLR2). METHODS Two different human α-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice were used in this study. α-synuclein low expresser mouse (α-syn-tg, under the PDGFβ promoter, D line) was stereotaxically injected with TLR2 overexpressing lentivirus to demonstrate that increment of TLR2 expression triggers neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. α-synuclein high expresser mouse (α-Syn-tg; under mThy1 promoter, Line 61) was administrated with anti-TLR2 to examine that functional inhibition of TLR2 ameliorates neuropathology and behavioral defect in the synucleinopathy animal model. In vitro α-synuclein transmission live cell monitoring system was used to evaluate the role of TLR2 in α-synuclein cell-to-cell transmission. RESULTS We demonstrated that administration of anti-TLR2 alleviated α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and astroglial cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits in an α-synuclein tg mouse model of PD/DLB. Moreover, in vitro studies with neuronal and astroglial cells showed that the neuroprotective effects of anti-TLR2 antibody were mediated by blocking the neuron-to-neuron and neuron-to-astrocyte α-synuclein transmission which otherwise promotes NFκB dependent pro-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This study proposes TLR2 immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies of the aging population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Deborah Masliah
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ghiglieri V, Calabrese V, Calabresi P. Alpha-Synuclein: From Early Synaptic Dysfunction to Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 29780350 PMCID: PMC5945838 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, many experimental and clinical studies have provided solid evidence that alpha-synuclein (α-syn), a small, natively unfolded protein, is closely related to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. To provide an overview on the different roles of this protein, here we propose a synopsis of seminal and recent studies that explored the many aspects of α-syn. Ranging from the physiological functions to its neurodegenerative potential, the relationship with the possible pathogenesis of PD will be discussed. Close attention will be paid on early cellular and molecular alterations associated with the presence of α-syn aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghiglieri
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, Scienze Sociali, Umane e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ullah H, Khan H. Anti-Parkinson Potential of Silymarin: Mechanistic Insight and Therapeutic Standing. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:422. [PMID: 29755356 PMCID: PMC5934474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves aggregation of α-synuclein and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Pathogenesis of PD may also be related to one’s genetic background. PD is most common among geriatric population and approximately 1–2% of population suffers over age 65 years. Currently no successful therapies are in practice for the management of PD and available therapies tend to decrease the symptoms of PD only. Furthermore, these are associated with diverse range of adverse effects profile. The neuroprotective effects of polyphenols are widely studied and documented. Among phytochemicals, silymarin is one of the most widely used flavonoids because of its extensive therapeutic properties and has been indicated in pathological conditions of prostate, CNS, lungs, skin, liver, and pancreas. Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans (silybin, isosilybin, and silychristin), small amount of flavonoids (taxifolin), fatty acids, and other polyphenolic compounds extracted from the dried fruit of Silybum marianum and is clinically used for hepatoprotective effects since ancient times. Neuroprotective effects of silymarin have been studied in various models of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, PD, and cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature exploring the effects of silymarin administration on the progression of PD. Reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, altering cellular apoptosis machinery, and estrogen receptor machinery are mechanisms that are responsible for neuroprotection by silymarin, as discussed in this review. Additionally, because of poor aqueous solubility, the bioavailability of silymarin is low and only 23–47% of silymarin reaches systemic circulation after oral administration. Our primary focus is on the chemical basis of the pharmacology of silymarin in the treatment of PD and its mechanisms and possible therapeutic/clinical status while addressing the bioavailability limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) is the main component of anomalous protein aggregates (Lewy bodies) that play a crucial role in several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies) like Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. However, the mechanisms involved in its transcriptional regulation are poorly understood. We investigated here the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor and transcriptional regulator p27Kip1 (p27) in the regulation of α-SYN expression. We observed that selective deletion of p27 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology in neural cells resulted in increased levels of α-SYN. Knock-down of the member of the same family p21Cip1 (p21) also led to increased α-SYN levels, indicating that p27 and p21 collaborate in the repression of α-SYN transcription. We demonstrated that this repression is mediated by the transcription factor E2F4 and the member of the retinoblastoma protein family p130 and that it is dependent of Cdk activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed specific binding sites for p27, p21 and E2F4 in the proximal α-SYN gene promoter. Finally, luciferase assays revealed a direct action of p27, p21 and E2F4 in α-SYN gene expression. Our findings reveal for the first time a negative regulatory mechanism of α-SYN expression, suggesting a putative role for cell cycle regulators in the etiology of synucleinopathies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cacciatore I, Ciulla M, Marinelli L, Eusepi P, Di Stefano A. Advances in prodrug design for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:295-305. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1429400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Ciulla
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piera Eusepi
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Autophagy enhancement is rendered ineffective in presence of α-synuclein in melanoma cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:381-394. [PMID: 28748508 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cellular concentration of α-synuclein (α-syn) predisposes it to misfolding and aggregation that in turn impair the degradation pathways. This poses a limitation to the use of overexpression models for studies on α-syn clearance by autophagy, which is widely investigated for its therapeutic potential. This limitation can be overcome with the use of endogenous models. In this study, SK-MEL-28, a melanoma cell model with endogenous α-syn expression, was employed to study α-syn clearance through autophagy. We demonstrated the dual localization of α-syn to nucleus and cytoplasm that varied in response to changes in cellular environment. Autophagy inhibition and exposure to dopamine favored cytoplasmic localization of α-syn, while autophagy induction favored increased localization to the nucleus. The inhibitory effect of dopamine on autophagy was heightened in presence of α-syn. Additionally, because α-syn had a regulatory effect on autophagy, cells showed an increased resistance to autophagy induction in presence of α-syn. This resistance prevented effective induction of autophagy even under conditions of prolonged autophagy inhibition. These results highlight alternate physiological roles of α-syn, particularly in non-neuronal cells. Because autophagy enhancement could reverse neither the increase in α-syn levels nor the autophagy inhibition, there arises a need to evaluate the efficacy of autophagy-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects 2-3% of the population ≥65 years of age. Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, which causes striatal dopamine deficiency, and intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of α-synuclein are the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson disease. Multiple other cell types throughout the central and peripheral autonomic nervous system are also involved, probably from early disease onwards. Although clinical diagnosis relies on the presence of bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, Parkinson disease is associated with many non-motor symptoms that add to overall disability. The underlying molecular pathogenesis involves multiple pathways and mechanisms: α-synuclein proteostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Recent research into diagnostic biomarkers has taken advantage of neuroimaging in which several modalities, including PET, single-photon emission CT (SPECT) and novel MRI techniques, have been shown to aid early and differential diagnosis. Treatment of Parkinson disease is anchored on pharmacological substitution of striatal dopamine, in addition to non-dopaminergic approaches to address both motor and non-motor symptoms and deep brain stimulation for those developing intractable L-DOPA-related motor complications. Experimental therapies have tried to restore striatal dopamine by gene-based and cell-based approaches, and most recently, aggregation and cellular transport of α-synuclein have become therapeutic targets. One of the greatest current challenges is to identify markers for prodromal disease stages, which would allow novel disease-modifying therapies to be started earlier.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov AA. α-Synuclein-carrying extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease: deadly transmitters. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:43-51. [PMID: 27473175 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play a key role in delivery of various biological material and complex signals from one cell to another at long distances. These small extracellular vehicles are involved in mediating multiple physiological and pathogenic processes. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), exosomes contribute to disease propagation through transferring misfolded proteins from affected cells to normal cells. In PD, progressive degeneration of neurons arises from the extensive accumulation of toxic forms of α-synuclein in the cytoplasm. α-Synuclein could exist in several forms, some of which (i.e., oligomeric and polymeric forms) are cytotoxic. Neuron-derived exosomes were found to transfer α-synuclein toxic forms between neuronal and non-neuronal cells (such as astrocytes and microglia) thereby contributing to PD spreading. Deposition of α-synuclein in glial cells induces inflammation that could be further propagated to other glial cells and neurons. Neuroinflammation promotes degeneration of neurons and aggravates the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Serbsky Federal Research Center of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander A Chistiakov
- Serbsky Federal Research Center of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. What can trigger the onset of Parkinson's disease - A modeling study based on a compartmental model of α-synuclein transport and aggregation in neurons. Math Biosci 2016; 278:22-9. [PMID: 27211070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop a minimal model describing events leading to the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). The model accounts for α-synuclein (α-syn) production in the soma, transport toward the synapse, misfolding, and aggregation. The production and aggregation of polymeric α-syn is simulated using a minimalistic 2-step Finke-Watzky model. We utilized the developed model to analyze what changes in a healthy neuron are likely to lead to the onset of α-syn aggregation. We checked the effects of interruption of α-syn transport toward the synapse, entry of misfolded (infectious) α-syn into the somatic and synaptic compartments, increasing the rate of α-syn synthesis in the soma, and failure of α-syn degradation machinery. Our model suggests that failure of α-syn degradation machinery is probably the most likely cause for the onset of α-syn aggregation leading to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Kuznetsov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2694, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Kim C, Ojo-Amaize E, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Desplats P, Wrasidlo W, Adame A, Nchekwube E, Oyemade O, Okogun J, Chan M, Cottam H, Masliah E. Hypoestoxide reduces neuroinflammation and α-synuclein accumulation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:236. [PMID: 26683203 PMCID: PMC4683943 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of α-synuclein and neuroinflammation are key pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). There is no cure for the disease; however, targeting the pathological features might be available to modulate the disease onset and progression. Hypoestoxide (HE) has been demonstrated as a NF-κB modulator, thereby acting as a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug. METHODS In order to assess the effect of HE in a mouse model of PD, mThy1-α-syn transgenic mice received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of either vehicle or HE (5 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. RESULTS Treatment of HE decreased microgliosis, astrogliosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in α-syn transgenic mice. HE administration also prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons and ameliorated motor behavioral deficits in the α-syn transgenic mice, and α-synuclein pathology was significantly reduced by treatment of HE. In addition, increased levels of nuclear phosphorylated NF-κB in the frontal cortex of α-syn transgenic mice were significantly reduced by HE administration. CONCLUSIONS These results support the therapeutic potential of HE for PD and other α-synuclein-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Wolf Wrasidlo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Emeka Nchekwube
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Olusola Oyemade
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Joseph Okogun
- Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Howard Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Immune Modulation, Inc., P.O. Box 998, Bloomington, CA, 92316-0998, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Antagonizing Neuronal Toll-like Receptor 2 Prevents Synucleinopathy by Activating Autophagy. Cell Rep 2015; 13:771-782. [PMID: 26489461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired autophagy has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and might be responsible for deposition of aggregated proteins in neurons. However, little is known about how neuronal autophagy and clearance of aggregated proteins are regulated. Here, we show a role for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pathogen-recognizing receptor in innate immunity, in regulation of neuronal autophagy and clearance of α-synuclein, a protein aggregated in synucleinopathies, including in PD. Activation of TLR2 resulted in the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in neurons as a result of inhibition of autophagic activity through regulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. In contrast, inactivation of TLR2 resulted in autophagy activation and increased clearance of neuronal α-synuclein, and hence reduced neurodegeneration, in transgenic mice and in in vitro models. These results uncover roles of TLR2 in regulating neuronal autophagy and suggest that the TLR2 pathway may be targeted for autophagy activation strategies in treating neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
To investigate possible effects of diffusion on α-synuclein (α-syn) transport in axons, we developed two models of α-syn transport, one that assumes that α-syn is transported only by active transport, as part of multiprotein complexes, and a second that assumes an interplay between motor-driven and diffusion-driven α-syn transport. By comparing predictions of the two models, we were able to investigate how diffusion could influence axonal transport of α-syn. The predictions obtained could be useful for future experimental work aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport of α-syn. We also attempted to simulate possible defects in α-syn transport early in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assumed that in healthy axons α-syn localizes in the axon terminal while in diseased axons α-syn does not localize in the terminal (this was simulated by postulating a zero α-syn flux into the terminal). We found that our model of a diseased axon predicts the build-up of α-syn close to the axon terminal. This build-up could cause α-syn accumulation in Lewy bodies and the subsequent axonal death pattern observed in PD ('dying back' of axons).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Kuznetsov
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218-2694 , USA
| | - A V Kuznetsov
- b Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-7910 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ouzounoglou E, Kalamatianos D, Emmanouilidou E, Xilouri M, Stefanis L, Vekrellis K, Manolakos ES. In silico modeling of the effects of alpha-synuclein oligomerization on dopaminergic neuronal homeostasis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:54. [PMID: 24885905 PMCID: PMC4062111 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Alpha-synuclein (ASYN) is central in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Converging pieces of evidence suggest that the levels of ASYN expression play a critical role in both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease. ASYN fibrils are the main component of inclusions called Lewy Bodies (LBs) which are found mainly in the surviving neurons of the substantia nigra. Despite the accumulated knowledge regarding the involvement of ASYN in molecular mechanisms underlying the development of PD, there is much information missing which prevents understanding the causes of the disease and how to stop its progression. Results Using a Systems Biology approach, we develop a biomolecular reactions model that describes the intracellular ASYN dynamics in relation to overexpression, post-translational modification, oligomerization and degradation of the protein. Especially for the proteolysis of ASYN, the model takes into account the biological knowledge regarding the contribution of Chaperone Mediated Autophagy (CMA), macro-autophagic and proteasome pathways in the protein’s degradation. Importantly, inhibitory phenomena, caused by ASYN, concerning CMA (more specifically the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a, abbreviated as Lamp2a receptor, which is the rate limiting step of CMA) and the proteasome are carefully modeled. The model is validated by simulation studies of known experimental overexpression data from SH-SY5Y cells and the unknown model parameters are estimated either computationally or by experimental fitting. The calibrated model is then tested under three hypothetical intervention scenarios and in all cases predicts increased cell viability that agrees with experimental evidence. The biomodel has been annotated and is made available in SBML format. Conclusions The mathematical model presented here successfully simulates the dynamic phenomena of ASYN overexpression and oligomerization and predicts the biological system’s behavior in a number of scenarios not used for model calibration. It allows, for the first time, to qualitatively estimate the protein levels that are capable of deregulating proteolytic homeostasis. In addition, it can help form new hypotheses for intervention that could be tested experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Graduate Program "Information Technologies in Medicine and Biology", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim C, Cho ED, Kim HK, You S, Lee HJ, Hwang D, Lee SJ. β1-integrin-dependent migration of microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e91. [PMID: 24743837 PMCID: PMC3972795 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is an integral pathological feature of major neurodegenerative diseases. The recruitment of microglia to affected brain regions and the activation of these cells are the major events leading to disease-associated neuroinflammation. In a previous study, we showed that neuron-released α-synuclein can activate microglia through activating the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway, resulting in proinflammatory responses. However, it is not clear whether other signaling pathways are involved in the migration and activation of microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein. In the current study, we demonstrated that TLR2 activation is not sufficient for all of the changes manifested by microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein. Specifically, the migration of and morphological changes in microglia, triggered by neuron-released α-synuclein, did not require the activation of TLR2, whereas increased proliferation and production of cytokines were strictly under the control of TLR2. Construction of a hypothetical signaling network using computational tools and experimental validation with various peptide inhibitors showed that β1-integrin was necessary for both the morphological changes and the migration. However, neither proliferation nor cytokine production by microglia was dependent on the activation of β1-integrin. These results suggest that β1-integrin signaling is specifically responsible for the recruitment of microglia to the disease-affected brain regions, where neurons most likely release relatively high levels of α-synuclein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Deok Cho
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- 1] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bae EJ, Lee HJ, Jang YH, Michael S, Masliah E, Min DS, Lee SJ. Phospholipase D1 regulates autophagic flux and clearance of α-synuclein aggregates. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1132-41. [PMID: 24632948 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are characterized by abnormal accumulations of aggregated proteins. Brains in these diseases also show accumulation of autophagic vesicles in the neuronal cytoplasm, suggesting impairment of the autophagic process. As autophagy involves de novo membrane production and vesicle fusion, extensive changes in lipid molecules are necessary. However, the involvement of signaling lipid-modifying enzymes in autophagy and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases are not clear. Using specific inhibitor, we show that loss of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) activity resulted in an accumulation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), p62, and polyubiquitinated proteins, signs representing malfunction in autophagic flux. Fluorescence and electron microscopic analyses demonstrated impaired fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, resulting in accumulation of autophagosomes. Within the cells with impaired autophagic flux, α-synuclein aggregates accumulated in autophagosomes. Knockdown of PLD1 expression using small interfering RNA also resulted in impaired autophagic flux and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in autophagosomes. Neuronal toxicity caused by α-synuclein accumulation was rescued by overexpression of PLD1; however, expression of activity-deficient mutant, PLD1-KRM, showed reduced rescue effects. Finally, we demonstrated that both PLD activity and expression levels were reduced in brain tissues of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients, whereas the amounts of α-synuclein and p62 were increased in the same tissue samples. Collectively, these results suggest that insufficient PLD activity, and therefore, the changes in phospholipid compositions within membranes, might be an important contributor to impaired autophagic process and protein accumulation in Lewy body diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E-J Bae
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- 1] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y-H Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - S Michael
- Department of Neurosciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D S Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea [2] IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hyun CH, Yoon CY, Lee HJ, Lee SJ. LRRK2 as a Potential Genetic Modifier of Synucleinopathies: Interlacing the Two Major Genetic Factors of Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:249-57. [PMID: 24465140 PMCID: PMC3897686 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases are characterized by deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Synucleinopathy lesions spread to larger brain areas as the disease progresses, and prion-like cell-to-cell transmission of aggregated α-synuclein is thought to be the underlying mechanism for this pathological spreading. LRRK2 is another protein linked to the pathogenesis of PD, and its presence in Lewy bodies has attracted much attention as to whether LRRK2 and α-synuclein interplay during the pathogenesis of PD. However, the relationship between these two crucial proteins still remains unclear. In this review article, we will discuss the current state of knowledge in terms of how these proteins cause the disease and provide the hypothetical mechanisms by which LRRK2 might modify the generation and progression of synucleinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan Hyun
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chae Young Yoon
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xilouri M, Brekk OR, Landeck N, Pitychoutis PM, Papasilekas T, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z, Kirik D, Stefanis L. Boosting chaperone-mediated autophagy in vivo mitigates α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration. Brain 2013; 136:2130-46. [PMID: 23757764 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein levels are critical to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Wild-type α-synuclein is degraded partly by chaperone-mediated autophagy, and aberrant α-synuclein may act as an inhibitor of the pathway. To address whether the induction of chaperone-mediated autophagy may represent a potential therapy against α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity, we overexpressed lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a, the rate-limiting step of chaperone-mediated autophagy, in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, rat primary cortical neurons in vitro, and nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Overexpression of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2a in cellular systems led to upregulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy, decreased α-synuclein turnover, and selective protection against adenoviral-mediated wild-type α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Protection was observed even when the steady-state levels of α-synuclein were unchanged, suggesting that it occurred through the attenuation of α-synuclein-mediated dysfunction of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Overexpression of the lysosomal receptor through the nigral injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors effectively ameliorated α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by increasing the survival of neurons located in the substantia nigra as well as the axon terminals located in the striatum, which was associated with a reduction in total α-synuclein levels and related aberrant species. We conclude that induction of chaperone-mediated autophagy may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies through two different mechanisms: amelioration of dysfunction of chaperone-mediated autophagy and lowering of α-synuclein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Xilouri
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Neuron-released oligomeric α-synuclein is an endogenous agonist of TLR2 for paracrine activation of microglia. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1562. [PMID: 23463005 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein and sustained microglial activation are important contributors to the pathogenic processes of Parkinson's disease. However, the relationship between disease-associated protein aggregation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains unknown. Here, using a combination of in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches, we show that extracellular α-synuclein released from neuronal cells is an endogenous agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which activates inflammatory responses in microglia. The TLR2 ligand activity of α-synuclein is conformation-sensitive; only specific types of oligomer can interact with and activate TLR2. This paracrine interaction between neuron-released oligomeric α-synuclein and TLR2 in microglia suggests that both of these proteins are novel therapeutic targets for modification of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease and related neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chaari A, Hoarau-Véchot J, Ladjimi M. Applying chaperones to protein-misfolding disorders: molecular chaperones against α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:196-205. [PMID: 23748003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn) into inclusions known as lewy bodies (LB) within neurons. This accumulation is also due to insufficient formation and activity of dopamine produced in certain neurons within the substantia nigra. Lewy bodies are the pathological hallmark of the idiopathic disorder and the cascade that allows α-synuclein to misfold, aggregate and form these inclusions has been the subject of intensive research. Targeting these early steps of oligomerization is one of the main therapeutic approaches in order to develop neurodegenerative-modifying agents. Because the folding and refolding of alpha synuclein is the key point of this cascade, we are interested in this review to summarize the role of some molecular chaperones proteins such as Hsp70, Hsp90 and small heat shock proteins (sHsp) and Hsp 104. Hsp70 and its co-chaperone, Hsp70 and small heat shock proteins can prevent neurodegeneration by preventing α-syn misfolding, oligomerization and aggregation in vitro and in Parkinson disease animal models. Hsp104 is able to resolve disordered protein aggregates and cross beta amyloid conformers. Together, these chaperones have a complementary effect and can be a target for therapeutic intervention in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Chaari
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee HJ, Cho ED, Lee KW, Kim JH, Cho SG, Lee SJ. Autophagic failure promotes the exocytosis and intercellular transfer of α-synuclein. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e22. [PMID: 23661100 PMCID: PMC3674407 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates is a major characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The intracytoplasmic deposition of α-synuclein aggregates and Lewy bodies, often found in PD and other α-synucleinopathies, is thought to be linked to inefficient cellular clearance mechanisms, such as the proteasome and autophagy/lysosome pathways. The accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in neuronal cytoplasm causes numerous autonomous changes in neurons. However, it can also affect the neighboring cells through transcellular transmission of the aggregates. Indeed, a progressive spreading of Lewy pathology among brain regions has been hypothesized from autopsy studies. We tested whether inhibition of the autophagy/lysosome pathway in α-synuclein-expressing cells would increase the secretion of α-synuclein, subsequently affecting the α-synuclein deposition in and viability of neighboring cells. Our results demonstrated that autophagic inhibition, via both pharmacological and genetic methods, led to increased exocytosis of α-synuclein. In a mixed culture of α-synuclein-expressing donor cells with recipient cells, autophagic inhibition resulted in elevated transcellular α-synuclein transmission. This increase in protein transmission coincided with elevated apoptotic cell death in the recipient cells. These results suggest that the inefficient clearance of α-synuclein aggregates, which can be caused by reduced autophagic activity, leads to elevated α-synuclein exocytosis, thereby promoting α-synuclein deposition and cell death in neighboring neurons. This finding provides a potential link between autophagic dysfunction and the progressive spread of Lewy pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, SMART-IABS, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lema Tomé CM, Tyson T, Rey NL, Grathwohl S, Britschgi M, Brundin P. Inflammation and α-synuclein's prion-like behavior in Parkinson's disease--is there a link? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:561-74. [PMID: 22544647 PMCID: PMC3589652 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease patients exhibit progressive spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in the nervous system. This slow process follows a specific pattern in an inflamed tissue environment. Recent research suggests that prion-like mechanisms contribute to the propagation of α-synuclein pathology. Little is known about factors that might affect the prion-like behavior of misfolded α-synuclein. In this review, we suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role. We discuss causes of inflammation in the olfactory bulb and gastrointestinal tract and how this may promote the initial misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein, which might set in motion events that lead to Parkinson's disease neuropathology. We propose that neuroinflammation promotes the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein and that novel anti-inflammatory therapies targeting this mechanism could slow disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Lema Tomé
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Trevor Tyson
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nolwen L. Rey
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Grathwohl
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, 4070 Switzerland
| | - Markus Britschgi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, 4070 Switzerland
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schildknecht S, Gerding HR, Karreman C, Drescher M, Lashuel HA, Outeiro TF, Di Monte DA, Leist M. Oxidative and nitrative alpha-synuclein modifications and proteostatic stress: implications for disease mechanisms and interventions in synucleinopathies. J Neurochem 2013; 125:491-511. [PMID: 23452040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (ASYN) is a major constituent of the typical protein aggregates observed in several neurodegenerative diseases that are collectively referred to as synucleinopathies. A causal involvement of ASYN in the initiation and progression of neurological diseases is suggested by observations indicating that single-point (e.g., A30P, A53T) or multiplication mutations of the gene encoding for ASYN cause early onset forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The relative regional specificity of ASYN pathology is still a riddle that cannot be simply explained by its expression pattern. Also, transgenic over-expression of ASYN in mice does not recapitulate the typical dopaminergic neuronal death observed in PD. Thus, additional factors must contribute to ASYN-related toxicity. For instance, synucleinopathies are usually associated with inflammation and elevated levels of oxidative stress in affected brain areas. In turn, these conditions favor oxidative modifications of ASYN. Among these modifications, nitration of tyrosine residues, formation of covalent ASYN dimers, as well as methionine sulfoxidations are prominent examples that are observed in post-mortem PD brain sections. Oxidative modifications can affect ASYN aggregation, as well as its binding to biological membranes. This would affect neurotransmitter recycling, mitochondrial function and dynamics (fission/fusion), ASYN's degradation within a cell and, possibly, the transfer of modified ASYN to adjacent cells. Here, we propose a model on how covalent modifications of ASYN link energy stress, altered proteostasis, and oxidative stress, three major pathogenic processes involved in PD progression. Moreover, we hypothesize that ASYN may act physiologically as a catalytically regenerated scavenger of oxidants in healthy cells, thus performing an important protective role prior to the onset of disease or during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schildknecht
- Department of Biology, Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|