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Samhan-Arias AK, Poejo J, Marques-da-Silva D, Martínez-Costa OH, Gutierrez-Merino C. Are There Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes in Neurons with Different Roles in Calcium Signaling? Molecules 2023; 28:7909. [PMID: 38067638 PMCID: PMC10708093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid membrane nanodomains or lipid rafts are 10-200 nm diameter size cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains of the plasma membrane, gathering many proteins with different roles. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain. As caveolin-1, flotillin isoforms and gangliosides are currently used as neuronal lipid membrane nanodomain markers, we first analyzed the structural features of these components forming nanodomains at the plasma membrane since they are relevant for building supramolecular complexes constituted by these molecular signatures. Among the proteins associated with neuronal lipid membrane nanodomains, there are a large number of proteins that play major roles in calcium signaling, such as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for neurotransmitters, calcium channels, and calcium pumps. This review highlights a large variation between the calcium signaling proteins that have been reported to be associated with isolated caveolin-1 and flotillin-lipid membrane nanodomains. Since these calcium signaling proteins are scattered in different locations of the neuronal plasma membrane, i.e., in presynapses, postsynapses, axonal or dendritic trees, or in the neuronal soma, our analysis suggests that different lipid membrane-domain subtypes should exist in neurons. Furthermore, we conclude that classification of lipid membrane domains by their content in calcium signaling proteins sheds light on the roles of these domains for neuronal activities that are dependent upon the intracellular calcium concentration. Some examples described in this review include the synaptic and metabolic activity, secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, neuronal excitability (long-term potentiation and long-term depression), axonal and dendritic growth but also neuronal cell survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- LSRE—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering and LCM—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, School of Management and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
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Meza U, Romero-Méndez C, Sánchez-Armáss S, Rodríguez-Menchaca AA. Role of rafts in neurological disorders. Neurologia 2023; 38:671-680. [PMID: 37858892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rafts are protein-lipid structural nanodomains involved in efficient signal transduction and the modulation of physiological processes of the cell plasma membrane. Raft disruption in the nervous system has been associated with a wide range of disorders. DEVELOPMENT We review the concept of rafts, the nervous system processes in which they are involved, and their role in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, and Huntington disease. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence, preservation and/or reconstitution of rafts is a promising treatment strategy for a wide range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meza
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| | - C Romero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| | - S Sánchez-Armáss
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| | - A A Rodríguez-Menchaca
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
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Valenza M, Birolini G, Cattaneo E. The translational potential of cholesterol-based therapies for neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:583-598. [PMID: 37644213 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important metabolite and membrane component and is enriched in the brain owing to its role in neuronal maturation and function. In the adult brain, cholesterol is produced locally, predominantly by astrocytes. When cholesterol has been used, recycled and catabolized, the derivatives are excreted across the blood-brain barrier. Abnormalities in any of these steps can lead to neurological dysfunction. Here, we examine how precise interactions between cholesterol production and its use and catabolism in neurons ensures cholesterol homeostasis to support brain function. As an example of a neurological disease associated with cholesterol dyshomeostasis, we summarize evidence from animal models of Huntington disease (HD), which demonstrate a marked reduction in cholesterol biosynthesis with clinically relevant consequences for synaptic activity and cognition. In addition, we examine the relationship between cholesterol loss in the brain and cognitive decline in ageing. We then present emerging therapeutic strategies to restore cholesterol homeostasis, focusing on evidence from HD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Birolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
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Vuu YM, Kadar Shahib A, Rastegar M. The Potential Therapeutic Application of Simvastatin for Brain Complications and Mechanisms of Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:914. [PMID: 37513826 PMCID: PMC10385015 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are common drugs that are clinically used to reduce elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Based on their solubility, statins are considered to be either hydrophilic or lipophilic. Amongst them, simvastatin has the highest lipophilicity to facilitate its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Recent studies have suggested that simvastatin could be a promising therapeutic option for different brain complications and diseases ranging from brain tumors (i.e., medulloblastoma and glioblastoma) to neurological disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease). Specific mechanisms of disease amelioration, however, are still unclear. Independent studies suggest that simvastatin may reduce the risk of developing certain neurodegenerative disorders. Meanwhile, other studies point towards inducing cell death in brain tumor cell lines. In this review, we outline the potential therapeutic effects of simvastatin on brain complications and review the clinically relevant molecular mechanisms in different cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Alavi MS, Karimi G, Ghanimi HA, Roohbakhsh A. The potential of CYP46A1 as a novel therapeutic target for neurological disorders: An updated review of mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175726. [PMID: 37062503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key component of the cell membrane that impacts the permeability, fluidity, and functions of membrane-bound proteins. It also participates in synaptogenesis, synaptic function, axonal growth, dendrite outgrowth, and microtubule stability. Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are in balance in the brain. Its metabolism in the brain is mediated mainly by CYP46A1 or cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. It is responsible for eliminating about 80% of the cholesterol excess from the human brain. CYP46A1 converts cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC) that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the liver for the final elimination process. Studies show that cholesterol and 24HC levels change during neurological diseases and conditions. So, it was hypothesized that inhibition or activation of CYP46A1 would be an effective therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, preclinical studies, using genetic and pharmacological interventions, assessed the role of CYP46A1 in main neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxias, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, its role in seizures and brain injury was evaluated. The recent development of soticlestat, as a selective and potent CYP46A1 inhibitor, with significant anti-seizure effects in preclinical and clinical studies, suggests the importance of this target for future drug developments. Previous studies have shown that both activation and inhibition of CYP46A1 are of therapeutic value. This article, using recent studies, highlights the role of CYP46A1 in various brain diseases and insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Bruno F, Camuso S, Capuozzo E, Canterini S. The Antifungal Antibiotic Filipin as a Diagnostic Tool of Cholesterol Alterations in Lysosomal Storage Diseases and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010122. [PMID: 36671323 PMCID: PMC9855188 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is the most considerable member of a family of polycyclic compounds understood as sterols, and represents an amphipathic molecule, such as phospholipids, with the polar hydroxyl group located in position 3 and the rest of the molecule is completely hydrophobic. In cells, it is usually present as free, unesterified cholesterol, or as esterified cholesterol, in which the hydroxyl group binds to a carboxylic acid and thus generates an apolar molecule. Filipin is a naturally fluorescent antibiotic that exerts a primary antifungal effect with low antibacterial activity, interfering with the sterol stabilization of the phospholipid layers and favoring membrane leakage. This polyene macrolide antibiotic does not bind to esterified sterols, but only to non-esterified cholesterol, and it is commonly used as a marker to label and quantify free cholesterol in cells and tissues. Several lines of evidence have indicated that filipin staining could be a good diagnostic tool for the cholesterol alterations present in neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington Disease) and lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., Niemann Pick type C Disease and GM1 gangliosidosis). Here, we have discussed the uses and applications of this fluorescent molecule in lipid storage diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, exploring not only the diagnostic strength of filipin staining, but also its limitations, which over the years have led to the development of new diagnostic tools to combine with filipin approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
- Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Serena Camuso
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Capuozzo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (S.C.)
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Association between Genetically Proxied Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase and Age at Onset of Huntington’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111551. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have found that statins may play a potential role in the age at onset (AAO) of Huntington’s disease (HD). We performed this Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the association between genetically proxied inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with age at onset of HD. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HMG-CoA reductase associated with LDL cholesterol in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis were used. The summary data of residual AAO of HD were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis (n = 9064 HD patients). MR estimates representing lifelong inhibition of drug targets were generated using random-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis. Results: Genetically proxied plasma LDL cholesterol (β = 0.039, 95% CI = −0.454 to 0.531) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition equivalent to a 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL) reduction in LDL cholesterol (β = −2.228, 95% CI = −4.830 to 0.374) were not associated with age at onset of HD. Conclusion: The plasma LDL cholesterol levels and the reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol levels by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (i.e., statins) were not associated with the age of HD onset.
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Saba J, Couselo FL, Bruno J, Carniglia L, Durand D, Lasaga M, Caruso C. Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocyte and Microglia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1116-1143. [PMID: 34852742 PMCID: PMC9886821 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. HD causes motor, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction. Since no existing treatment affects the course of this disease, new treatments are needed. Inflammation is frequently observed in HD patients before symptom onset. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the presence of reactive microglia, astrocytes and inflammatory factors within the brain, is also detected early. However, in comparison to other neurodegenerative diseases, the role of neuroinflammation in HD is much less known. Work has been dedicated to altered microglial and astrocytic functions in the context of HD, but less attention has been given to glial participation in neuroinflammation. This review describes evidence of inflammation in HD patients and animal models. It also discusses recent knowledge on neuroinflammation in HD, highlighting astrocyte and microglia involvement in the disease and considering anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Saba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico López Couselo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Address correspondence to this author at the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 10, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tel: +54 11 5285 3380; E-mail:
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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11
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Zhao Y, Gagliano Taliun SA. Lipid-lowering drug targets and Parkinson's disease: A sex-specific Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:940118. [PMID: 36119674 PMCID: PMC9477004 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.940118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and it is the second most common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. There is no cure and current treatments only alleviate symptoms. Modifiable risk factors have been explored as possible options for decreasing risk or developing drug targets to treat PD, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). There is evidence of sex differences for cholesterol levels as well as for PD risk. Genetic datasets of increasing size are permitting association analyses with increased power, including sex-stratified analyses. These association results empower Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, which, given certain assumptions, test whether there is a causal relationship between the risk factor and the outcome using genetic instruments. Sex-specific causal inference approaches could highlight sex-specific effects that may otherwise be masked by sex-agnostic approaches. We conducted a sex-specific two-sample cis-MR analysis based on genetic variants in LDL-C target encoding genes to assess the impact of lipid-lowering drug targets on PD risk. To complement the cis-MR analysis, we also conducted a sex-specific standard MR analysis (using genome-wide independent variants). We did not find evidence of a causal relationship between LDL-C levels and PD risk in females [OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.60, 1.69), IVW random-effects] or males [OR (95% CI) = 0.93 (0.55, 1.56)]. The sex-specific standard MR analysis also supported this conclusion. We encourage future work assessing sex-specific effects using causal inference techniques to better understand factors that may contribute to complex disease risk differently between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Temi S, Rudyk C, Armstrong J, Landrigan JA, Dedek C, Salmaso N, Hildebrand ME. Differential expression of GluN2 NMDA receptor subunits in the dorsal horn of male and female rats. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:179-192. [PMID: 33509021 PMCID: PMC7849732 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2020.1871205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed throughout the CNS, including in the spinal dorsal horn. The GluN2 subtypes of NMDAR subunit, which include GluN2A, GluN2B, and GluN2D in the dorsal horn, confer NMDARs with structural and functional variability, enabling heterogeneity in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Despite essential roles for NMDARs in physiological and pathological pain processing, the distribution and function of these specific GluN2 isoforms across dorsal horn laminae remain poorly understood. Surprisingly, there is a complete lack of knowledge of GluN2 expression in female rodents. We, therefore, investigated the relative expression of specific GluN2 variants in the dorsal horn of lumbar (L4/L5) spinal cord from both male and female rats. In order to detect synaptic GluN2 isoforms, we used pepsin antigen-retrieval to unmask these highly cross-linked protein complexes. We found that GluN2B and GluN2D are preferentially localized to the pain-processing superficial regions of the dorsal horn in males, while only GluN2B is predominantly localized to the superficial dorsal horn of female rats. The GluN2A subunit is diffusely localized to neuropil throughout the dorsal horn of both males and females, while GluN2B and GluN2D immunolabelling are found both in the neuropil and on the soma of dorsal horn neurons. Finally, we identified an unexpected enhanced expression of GluN2B in the medial division of the superficial dorsal horn, but in males only. These sex-specific localization patterns of GluN2-NMDAR subunits across dorsal horn laminae have significant implications for the understanding of divergent spinal mechanisms of pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Temi
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Chris Dedek
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Michael E. Hildebrand
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Nuclear and cytoplasmic huntingtin inclusions exhibit distinct biochemical composition, interactome and ultrastructural properties. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6579. [PMID: 34772920 PMCID: PMC8589980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the strong evidence linking the aggregation of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD), the mechanisms underlying Htt aggregation and neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the ultrastructural properties and protein composition of Htt cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in mammalian cells and primary neurons overexpressing mutant exon1 of the Htt protein. Our findings provide unique insight into the ultrastructural properties of cytoplasmic and nuclear Htt inclusions and their mechanisms of formation. We show that Htt inclusion formation and maturation are complex processes that, although initially driven by polyQ-dependent Htt aggregation, also involve the polyQ and PRD domain-dependent sequestration of lipids and cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins related to HD dysregulated pathways; the recruitment and accumulation of remodeled or dysfunctional membranous organelles, and the impairment of the protein quality control and degradation machinery. We also show that nuclear and cytoplasmic Htt inclusions exhibit distinct biochemical compositions and ultrastructural properties, suggesting different mechanisms of aggregation and toxicity.
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14
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Song Y, Liu J, Zhao K, Gao L, Zhao J. Cholesterol-induced toxicity: An integrated view of the role of cholesterol in multiple diseases. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1911-1925. [PMID: 34562355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High levels of cholesterol are generally considered to be associated with atherosclerosis. In the past two decades, however, a number of studies have shown that excess cholesterol accumulation in various tissues and organs plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Here, we summarize the effects of excess cholesterol on disease pathogenesis, including liver diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, pituitary-thyroid axis dysfunction, immune disorders, and COVID-19, while proposing that excess cholesterol-induced toxicity is ubiquitous. We believe this concept will help broaden the appreciation of the toxic effect of excess cholesterol, and thus potentially expand the therapeutic use of cholesterol-lowering medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China.
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15
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Pikuleva IA, Cartier N. Cholesterol Hydroxylating Cytochrome P450 46A1: From Mechanisms of Action to Clinical Applications. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:696778. [PMID: 34305573 PMCID: PMC8297829 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.696778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential component of the brain, and its local metabolism are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to cholesterol; hence, cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system represents a balance between in situ biosynthesis and elimination. Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a central nervous system-specific enzyme, converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol, which can freely cross the blood-brain barrier and be degraded in the liver. By the dual action of initiating cholesterol efflux and activating the cholesterol synthesis pathway, CYP46A1 is the key enzyme that ensures brain cholesterol turnover. In humans and mouse models, CYP46A1 activity is altered in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, spinocerebellar ataxias, glioblastoma, and autism spectrum disorders. In mouse models, modulations of CYP46A1 activity mitigate the manifestations of Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Nieman-Pick type C, and Machao-Joseph (spinocerebellar ataxia type 3) diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, glioblastoma, and prion infection. Animal studies revealed that the CYP46A1 activity effects are not limited to cholesterol maintenance but also involve critical cellular pathways, like gene transcription, endocytosis, misfolded protein clearance, vesicular transport, and synaptic transmission. How CYP46A1 can exert central control of such essential brain functions is a pressing question under investigation. The potential therapeutic role of CYP46A1, demonstrated in numerous models of brain disorders, is currently being evaluated in early clinical trials. This review summarizes the past 70 years of research that has led to the identification of CYP46A1 and brain cholesterol homeostasis as powerful therapeutic targets for severe pathologies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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16
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Benraiss A, Mariani JN, Osipovitch M, Cornwell A, Windrem MS, Villanueva CB, Chandler-Militello D, Goldman SA. Cell-intrinsic glial pathology is conserved across human and murine models of Huntington's disease. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109308. [PMID: 34233199 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial pathology is a causal contributor to the striatal neuronal dysfunction of Huntington's disease (HD). We investigate mutant HTT-associated changes in gene expression by mouse and human striatal astrocytes, as well as in mouse microglia, to identify commonalities in glial pathobiology across species and models. Mouse striatal astrocytes are fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) from R6/2 and zQ175 mice, which respectively express exon1-only or full-length mHTT, and human astrocytes are generated either from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) expressing full-length mHTT or from fetal striatal astrocytes transduced with exon1-only mHTT. Comparison of differential gene expression across these conditions, all with respect to normal HTT controls, reveals cell-type-specific changes in transcription common to both species, yet with differences that distinguish glia expressing truncated mHTT versus full-length mHTT. These data indicate that the differential gene expression of glia expressing truncated mHTT may differ from that of cells expressing full-length mHTT, while identifying a conserved set of dysregulated pathways in HD glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mikhail Osipovitch
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Adam Cornwell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Martha S Windrem
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Carlos Benitez Villanueva
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Devin Chandler-Militello
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Iuliano M, Seeley C, Sapp E, Jones EL, Martin C, Li X, DiFiglia M, Kegel-Gleason KB. Disposition of Proteins and Lipids in Synaptic Membrane Compartments Is Altered in Q175/Q7 Huntington's Disease Mouse Striatum. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:618391. [PMID: 33815086 PMCID: PMC8013775 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.618391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction at synapses is thought to be an early change contributing to cognitive, psychiatric and motor disturbances in Huntington's disease (HD). In neurons, mutant Huntingtin collects in aggregates and distributes to the same sites as wild-type Huntingtin including on membranes and in synapses. In this study, we investigated the biochemical integrity of synapses in HD mouse striatum. We performed subcellular fractionation of striatal tissue from 2 and 6-month old knock-in Q175/Q7 HD and Q7/Q7 mice. Compared to striata of Q7/Q7 mice, proteins including GLUT3, Na+/K+ ATPase, NMDAR 2b, PSD95, and VGLUT1 had altered distribution in Q175/Q7 HD striata of 6-month old mice but not 2-month old mice. These proteins are found on plasma membranes and pre- and postsynaptic membranes supporting hypotheses that functional changes at synapses contribute to cognitive and behavioral symptoms of HD. Lipidomic analysis of mouse fractions indicated that compared to those of wild-type, fractions 1 and 2 of 6 months Q175/Q7 HD had altered levels of two species of PIP2, a phospholipid involved in synaptic signaling, increased levels of cholesterol ester and decreased cardiolipin species. At 2 months, increased levels of species of acylcarnitine, phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin were measured. EM analysis showed that the contents of fractions 1 and 2 of Q7/Q7 and Q175/Q7 HD striata had a mix of isolated synaptic vesicles, vesicle filled axon terminals singly or in clusters, and ER and endosome-like membranes. However, those of Q175/Q7 striata contained significantly fewer and larger clumps of particles compared to those of Q7/Q7. Human HD postmortem putamen showed differences from control putamen in subcellular distribution of two proteins (Calnexin and GLUT3). Our biochemical, lipidomic and EM analysis show that the presence of the HD mutation conferred age dependent disruption of localization of synaptic proteins and lipids important for synaptic function. Our data demonstrate concrete biochemical changes suggesting altered integrity of synaptic compartments in HD mice that may mirror changes in HD patients and presage cognitive and psychiatric changes that occur in premanifest HD.
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18
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Meza U, Romero-Méndez C, Sánchez-Armáss S, Rodríguez-Menchaca AA. Role of rafts in neurological disorders. Neurologia 2021; 38:S0213-4853(21)00024-4. [PMID: 33726969 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rafts are function-structural cell membrane nano-domains. They contribute to explain the efficiency of signal transduction at the low physiological membrane concentrations of the signaling partners by their clustering inside specialized signaling domains. DEVELOPMENT In this article, we review the current model of the membrane rafts and their physio-pathological relevance in the nervous system, including their role in Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. CONCLUSIONS Rafts disruption/dysfunction has been shown to relate diverse neurological diseases. Therefore, it has been suggested that preservation of membrane rafts may represent a strategy to prevent or delay neuronal dysfunctions in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meza
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| | - C Romero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - S Sánchez-Armáss
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - A A Rodríguez-Menchaca
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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19
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Gene Expression Analysis Identifies Cholesterol Metabolism Dysregulation in Hippocampus of Phenytoin-Resistant Pentylenetetrazol-Kindled Epileptic Mice. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:485-490. [PMID: 33604751 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaco-resistant Epilepsy has been a major challenge for medical interventions in controlling seizures. To date, up to 33% of the patients with epilepsy do not show adequate response to anti-epileptic drugs even after prolonged combinatorial drug usage. Using microarray, this study explores the changes in hippocampal gene expression in the phenytoin-resistant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled mouse model of epilepsy. Our results from mRNA microarray analysis show distinct gene expression profiles in the hippocampus of phenytoin-resistant and sensitive mice. Pathway enrichment analysis showed differential expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in phenytoin-resistant and sensitive mice.
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20
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Dave AM, Peeples ES. Cholesterol metabolism and brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:37-44. [PMID: 33106607 PMCID: PMC8511855 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) results from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain. The pathophysiology of NE is complex and our understanding of its underlying pathways continues to evolve. There is considerable evidence that cholesterol dysregulation is involved in several adult diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the research is less robust in pediatrics, there is emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the pathophysiology of neonatal NE. This narrative review provides an overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain along with several examples from the adult literature where pathologic alterations in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with inflammatory and ischemic brain injury. Using those data as a background, the review then discusses the current preclinical data supporting the involvement of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NE as well as how brain-specific cholesterol metabolites may serve as serum biomarkers for brain injury. Lastly, we review the potential for using the cholesterol metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets. Further investigation of the shifts in cholesterol synthesis and metabolism after hypoxia-ischemia may prove vital in understanding NE pathophysiology as well as providing opportunities for rapid diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: This review summarizes emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of NE. Using data from NE as well as analogous adult disease states, this article reviews the potential for using cholesterol pathways as targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions and using cholesterol metabolites as biomarkers for injury. When possible, gaps in the current literature were identified to aid in the development of future studies to further investigate the interactions between cholesterol pathways and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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21
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Sodero AO. 24S-hydroxycholesterol: Cellular effects and variations in brain diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 157:899-918. [PMID: 33118626 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain exhibits a characteristic cholesterol homeostasis, with low synthesis rate and active catabolism. Brain cholesterol turnover is possible thanks to the action of the enzyme cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) or 24-cholesterol hydroxylase, that transforms cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). But before crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this oxysterol, that is the most abundant in the brain, can act locally, affecting the functioning of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells. The first part of this review addresses different aspects of 24S-HC production and elimination from the brain. The second part concentrates in the effects of 24S-HC at the cellular level, describing how this oxysterol affects cell viability, amyloid β production, neurotransmission, and transcriptional activity. Finally, the role of 24S-HC in Alzheimer, Huntington and Parkinson diseases, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as the possibility of using this oxysterol as predictive and/or evolution biomarker in different brain disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro O Sodero
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Matencio A, Caldera F, Cecone C, López-Nicolás JM, Trotta F. Cyclic Oligosaccharides as Active Drugs, an Updated Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E281. [PMID: 33003610 PMCID: PMC7601923 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many reviews of the cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin (CD) and CD-based materials used for drug delivery, but the capacity of CDs to complex different agents and their own intrinsic properties suggest they might also be considered for use as active drugs, not only as carriers. The aim of this review is to summarize the direct use of CDs as drugs, without using its complexing potential with other substances. The direct application of another oligosaccharide called cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose (CNN) is also described. The review is divided into lipid-related diseases, aggregation diseases, antiviral and antiparasitic activities, anti-anesthetic agent, function in diet, removal of organic toxins, CDs and collagen, cell differentiation, and finally, their use in contact lenses in which no drug other than CDs are involved. In the case of CNN, its application as a dietary supplement and immunological modulator is explained. Finally, a critical structure-activity explanation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Matencio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (C.C.); (F.T.)
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23
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González-Guevara E, Cárdenas G, Pérez-Severiano F, Martínez-Lazcano JC. Dysregulated Brain Cholesterol Metabolism Is Linked to Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1113-1127. [PMID: 32410324 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon-1 of the huntingtin gene. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism and distribution have been reported in Huntington's disease, including abnormal interactions between mutant huntingtin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, decreased levels of apolipoprotein E/cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein receptor complexes, and alterations in the synthesis of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholestrol, a key intermediary in cholesterol metabolism and a possible marker in neurodegenerative diseases, decreased proportionally to the degree of caudate nucleus atrophy. The interaction of mutant huntingtin with sterol regulatory element-binding proteins is of particular interest given that sterol regulatory element-binding proteins play a dual role: They take part in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, but also in the inflammatory response that induces immune cell migration as well as toxic effects, particularly in astrocytes. This work summarizes current evidence on the metabolic and immune implications of sterol regulatory element-binding protein dysregulation in Huntington's disease, highlighting the potential use of drugs that modulate these alterations. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología y Enfermedades Neuro-Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Pol A, Morales-Paytuví F, Bosch M, Parton RG. Non-caveolar caveolins – duties outside the caves. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs241562. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Caveolae are invaginations of the plasma membrane that are remarkably abundant in adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle. Caveolae provide cells with resources for mechanoprotection, can undergo fission from the plasma membrane and can regulate a variety of signaling pathways. Caveolins are fundamental components of caveolae, but many cells, such as hepatocytes and many neurons, express caveolins without forming distinguishable caveolae. Thus, the function of caveolins goes beyond their roles as caveolar components. The membrane-organizing and -sculpting capacities of caveolins, in combination with their complex intracellular trafficking, might contribute to these additional roles. Furthermore, non-caveolar caveolins can potentially interact with proteins normally excluded from caveolae. Here, we revisit the non-canonical roles of caveolins in a variety of cellular contexts including liver, brain, lymphocytes, cilia and cancer cells, as well as consider insights from invertebrate systems. Non-caveolar caveolins can determine the intracellular fluxes of active lipids, including cholesterol and sphingolipids. Accordingly, caveolins directly or remotely control a plethora of lipid-dependent processes such as the endocytosis of specific cargoes, sorting and transport in endocytic compartments, or different signaling pathways. Indeed, loss-of-function of non-caveolar caveolins might contribute to the common phenotypes and pathologies of caveolin-deficient cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pol
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Morales-Paytuví
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM) IMB, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Grassi S, Giussani P, Mauri L, Prioni S, Sonnino S, Prinetti A. Lipid rafts and neurodegeneration: structural and functional roles in physiologic aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:636-654. [PMID: 31871065 PMCID: PMC7193971 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are small, dynamic membrane areas characterized by the clustering of selected membrane lipids as the result of the spontaneous separation of glycolipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol in a liquid-ordered phase. The exact dynamics underlying phase separation of membrane lipids in the complex biological membranes are still not fully understood. Nevertheless, alterations in the membrane lipid composition affect the lateral organization of molecules belonging to lipid rafts. Neural lipid rafts are found in brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and are characterized by a high enrichment of specific lipids depending on the cell type. These lipid rafts seem to organize and determine the function of multiprotein complexes involved in several aspects of signal transduction, thus regulating the homeostasis of the brain. The progressive decline of brain performance along with physiological aging is at least in part associated with alterations in the composition and structure of neural lipid rafts. In addition, neurodegenerative conditions, such as lysosomal storage disorders, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's diseases, are frequently characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism, which in turn affects the structure of lipid rafts. Several events underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases appear to depend on the altered composition of lipid rafts. Thus, the structure and function of lipid rafts play a central role in the pathogenesis of many common neurodegenerative diseases.jlr;61/5/636/F1F1f1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. mailto:
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Tobore TO. Towards a comprehensive understanding of the contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1455-1468. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Petrov AM, Pikuleva IA. Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylation by CYP46A1: Benefits of Modulation for Brain Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:635-648. [PMID: 31001737 PMCID: PMC6694357 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylation is the major mechanism for cholesterol removal from the brain and the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme. This review describes CYP46A1 in the context of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and summarizes available experimental data on CYP46A1 association with different neurologic diseases, including the mechanisms by which changes in the CYP46A1 activity in the brain could be beneficial for these diseases. The modulation of CYP46A1 activity by genetic and pharmacologic means is also presented along with a brief synopsis of the two clinical trials that evaluate CYP46A1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease as well as Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Fracassi A, Marangoni M, Rosso P, Pallottini V, Fioramonti M, Siteni S, Segatto M. Statins and the Brain: More than Lipid Lowering Agents? Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:59-83. [PMID: 28676012 PMCID: PMC6341496 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170703101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Statins represent a class of medications widely prescribed to efficiently treat dyslipidemia. These drugs inhibit 3-βhydroxy 3β-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Besides cholesterol, MVA pathway leads to the production of several other compounds, which are essen-tial in the regulation of a plethora of biological activities, including in the central nervous system. For these reasons, statins are able to induce pleiotropic actions, and acquire increased interest as potential and novel modulators in brain processes, es-pecially during pathological conditions. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize and examine the current knowledge about pharmacokinetic and phar-macodynamic properties of statins in the brain. In addition, effects of statin on brain diseases are discussed providing the most up-to-date information. Methods: Relevant scientific information was identified from PubMed database using the following keywords: statins and brain, central nervous system, neurological diseases, neurodegeneration, brain tumors, mood, stroke. Results: 315 scientific articles were selected and analyzed for the writing of this review article. Several papers highlighted that statin treatment is effective in preventing or ameliorating the symptomatology of a number of brain pathologies. Howev-er, other studies failed to demonstrate a neuroprotective effect. Conclusion: Even though considerable research studies suggest pivotal functional outcomes induced by statin therapy, addi-tional investigation is required to better determine the pharmacological effectiveness of statins in the brain, and support their clinical use in the management of different neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fracassi
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Siteni
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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29
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Oxysterol research: a brief review. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:517-526. [PMID: 30936243 PMCID: PMC6490702 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
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30
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Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:103-113. [PMID: 30685361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism. The wide array of enzymatic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymatic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymatic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease that results in motor, cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction. It is caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion mutation in the widely expressed HTT protein. The clinical manifestations of HD have been largely attributed to the neurodegeneration of specific neuronal cell types in the brain. However, it has become clear that other cell types, including astrocytes, play important roles in the pathogenesis of HD. The mutant HTT (mHTT) protein is present in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system. Studies designed to understand the contribution of mHTT expression in non-neuronal cell types to HD pathogenesis has lagged considerably behind those focused on neurons. However, the role of astrocytes in HD has received more attention over the last 5-10 years. In this chapter we present an overview of HD and our current understanding of astrocytic involvement in this disease. We describe the neuropathological features of HD and provide evidence of morphological and molecular changes in mHTT expressing astrocytes. We review data from animal models and HD patients that implicate mHTT expressing astrocytes to the progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, CIRC 425B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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32
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Boussicault L, Kacher R, Lamazière A, Vanhoutte P, Caboche J, Betuing S, Potier MC. CYP46A1 protects against NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in Huntington's disease: Analysis of lipid raft content. Biochimie 2018; 153:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Chaibva M, Gao X, Jain P, Campbell WA, Frey SL, Legleiter J. Sphingomyelin and GM1 Influence Huntingtin Binding to, Disruption of, and Aggregation on Lipid Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:273-285. [PMID: 29399649 PMCID: PMC5793032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion beyond a critical threshold of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract near the N-terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein. Expanded polyQ promotes the formation of a variety of oligomeric and fibrillar aggregates of htt that accumulate into the hallmark proteinaceous inclusion bodies associated with HD. htt is also highly associated with numerous cellular and subcellular membranes that contain a variety of lipids. As lipid homeostasis and metabolism abnormalities are observed in HD patients, we investigated how varying both the sphingomyelin (SM) and ganglioside (GM1) contents modifies the interactions between htt and lipid membranes. SM composition is altered in HD, and GM1 has been shown to have protective effects in animal models of HD. A combination of Langmuir trough monolayer techniques, vesicle permeability and binding assays, and in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to directly monitor the interaction of a model, synthetic htt peptide and a full-length htt-exon1 recombinant protein with model membranes comprised of total brain lipid extract (TBLE) and varying amounts of exogenously added SM or GM1. The addition of either SM or GM1 decreased htt insertion into the lipid monolayers. However, TBLE vesicles with an increased SM content were more susceptible to htt-induced permeabilization, whereas GM1 had no effect on permeablization. Pure TBLE bilayers and TBLE bilayers enriched with GM1 developed regions of roughened, granular morphologies upon exposure to htt-exon1, but plateau-like domains with a smoother appearance formed in bilayers enriched with SM. Oligomeric aggregates were observed on all bilayer systems regardless of induced morphology. Collectively, these observations suggest that the lipid composition and its subsequent effects on membrane material properties strongly influence htt binding and aggregation on lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxmore Chaibva
- The
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- The
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Pranav Jain
- The
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Warren A. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, 300 N. Washington Avenue, Campus Box 0393, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, United States
| | - Shelli L. Frey
- Department
of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, 300 N. Washington Avenue, Campus Box 0393, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 717-337-6259 (S.L.F.)
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Blanchette
Rockefeller Neurosciences Institutes, West
Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 304-293-0175 (J.L.)
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34
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Membrane cholesterol depletion in cortical neurons highlights altered NMDA receptor functionality in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:509-519. [PMID: 29154925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons, with unknown aetiology. Lipid rafts, cholesterol enriched microdomains of the plasma membrane, have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders like ALS. The NMDA-receptor subcellular localization in lipid rafts is known to play many roles, from modulating memory strength to neurotoxicity. In this study, performed on the widely used G93A mouse model of ALS, we have shown an equal content of total membrane cholesterol in Control and G93A cortical cultures. Moreover, by electrophysiological studies, we have recorded NMDA- and AMPA-evoked currents which were not significantly different between the two neuronal populations. To study the role of membrane cholesterol on glutamate receptor functionality, we have analysed NMDA and AMPA receptors following cholesterol membrane depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Interestingly, MβCD chronic treatment has provoked a significant reduction of NMDA-evoked currents in both cellular populations which was dose- and time-dependent but significantly higher in ALS neurons compared to Control. The different MβCD effect on NMDA-evoked currents was not due to a different membrane receptor subunit composition but seemed to cause in both neuronal populations a NMDA receptor membrane redistribution. MβCD treatment effect was receptor-specific since no alterations in the two neuronal populations were detected on AMPA receptors. These results lead us to speculate for an altered proteomic composition of lipid rafts in cortical mutated neurons and suggest the need for further studies on the lipid rafts composition and on their interaction with membrane receptors in ALS cortices.
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Moruno-Manchon JF, Uzor NE, Kesler SR, Wefel JS, Townley DM, Nagaraja AS, Pradeep S, Mangala LS, Sood AK, Tsvetkov AS. Peroxisomes contribute to oxidative stress in neurons during doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 86:65-71. [PMID: 29180229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin, a commonly used anti-neoplastic agent, causes severe neurotoxicity. Doxorubicin promotes thinning of the brain cortex and accelerates brain aging, leading to cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin contributes to cellular damage. In addition to mitochondria, peroxisomes also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promote cell senescence. Here, we investigated if doxorubicin affects peroxisomal homeostasis in neurons. We demonstrate that the number of peroxisomes is increased in doxorubicin-treated neurons and in the brains of mice which underwent doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. Pexophagy, the specific autophagy of peroxisomes, is downregulated in neurons, and peroxisomes produce more ROS. 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), an activator of the transcription factor TFEB, which regulates expression of genes involved in autophagy and lysosome function, mitigates damage of pexophagy and decreases ROS production induced by doxorubicin. We conclude that peroxisome-associated oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin may contribute to neurotoxicity, cognitive dysfunction, and accelerated brain aging in cancer patients and survivors. Peroxisomes might be a valuable new target for mitigating neuronal damage caused by chemotherapy drugs and for slowing down brain aging in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ndidi-Ese Uzor
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shelli R Kesler
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Wefel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debra M Townley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Archana Sidalaghatta Nagaraja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrey S Tsvetkov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States.
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Coisne C, Tilloy S, Monflier E, Wils D, Fenart L, Gosselet F. Cyclodextrins as Emerging Therapeutic Tools in the Treatment of Cholesterol-Associated Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2016; 21:E1748. [PMID: 27999408 PMCID: PMC6273856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, like atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are closely linked to alterations of cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, innovative pharmacological approaches aiming at counteracting cholesterol imbalance display promising therapeutic potential. However, these approaches need to take into account the existence of biological barriers such as intestinal and blood-brain barriers which participate in the organ homeostasis and are major defense systems against xenobiotics. Interest in cyclodextrins (CDs) as medicinal agents has increased continuously based on their ability to actively extract lipids from cell membranes and to provide suitable carrier system for drug delivery. Many novel CD derivatives are constantly generated with the objective to improve CD bioavailability, biocompatibility and therapeutic outcomes. Newly designed drug formulation complexes incorporating CDs as drug carriers have demonstrated better efficiency in treating cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. CD-based therapies as cholesterol-sequestrating agent have recently demonstrated promising advances with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB in atherosclerosis as well as with the 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in clinical trials for Niemann-Pick type C disease. Based on this success, many investigations evaluating the therapeutical beneficial of CDs in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases are currently on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coisne
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Sébastien Tilloy
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), University Artois, CNRS, UMR 8181, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Eric Monflier
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), University Artois, CNRS, UMR 8181, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Daniel Wils
- ROQUETTE, Nutrition & Health R & D, 62136 Lestrem, France.
| | - Laurence Fenart
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
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37
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Chen JY, Tran C, Hwang L, Deng G, Jung ME, Faull KF, Levine MS, Cepeda C. Partial Amelioration of Peripheral and Central Symptoms of Huntington's Disease via Modulation of Lipid Metabolism. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 5:65-81. [PMID: 27031732 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-150181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by uncontrollable dance-like movements, as well as cognitive deficits and mood changes. A feature of HD is a metabolic disturbance that precedes neurological symptoms. In addition, brain cholesterol synthesis is significantly reduced, which could hamper synaptic transmission. OBJECTIVE Alterations in lipid metabolism as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in the R6/2 mouse model of HD were examined. METHODS Electrophysiological recordings in vitro examined the acute effects of cholesterol-modifying drugs. In addition, behavioral testing, effects on synaptic activity, and measurements of circulating and brain tissue concentrations of cholesterol and the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), were examined in symptomatic R6/2 mice and littermate controls raised on normal chow or a ketogenic diet (KD). RESULTS Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) from symptomatic R6/2 mice showed increased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) compared with littermate controls. Incubation of slices in cholesterol reduced the frequency of large-amplitude sIPSCs. Addition of BHB or the Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317 reduced the frequency and amplitude of sIPSCs. Surprisingly, incubation in simvastatin to reduce cholesterol levels also decreased the frequency of sIPSCs. HD mice fed the KD lost weight more gradually, performed better in an open field, had fewer stereotypies and lower brain levels of cholesterol than mice fed a regular diet. CONCLUSIONS Lipid metabolism represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention in HD. Modifying cholesterol or ketone levels acutely in the brain can partially rescue synaptic alterations, and the KD can prevent weight loss and improve some behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Chen
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Conny Tran
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lin Hwang
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Valenza M, Chen JY, Di Paolo E, Ruozi B, Belletti D, Ferrari Bardile C, Leoni V, Caccia C, Brilli E, Di Donato S, Boido MM, Vercelli A, Vandelli MA, Forni F, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Tosi G, Cattaneo E. Cholesterol-loaded nanoparticles ameliorate synaptic and cognitive function in Huntington's disease mice. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1547-64. [PMID: 26589247 PMCID: PMC4693506 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol levels are reduced in mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), suggesting that locally synthesized, newly formed cholesterol is less available to neurons. This may be detrimental for neuronal function, especially given that locally synthesized cholesterol is implicated in synapse integrity and remodeling. Here, we used biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) modified with glycopeptides (g7) and loaded with cholesterol (g7‐NPs‐Chol), which per se is not blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeable, to obtain high‐rate cholesterol delivery into the brain after intraperitoneal injection in HD mice. We report that g7‐NPs, in contrast to unmodified NPs, efficiently crossed the BBB and localized in glial and neuronal cells in different brain regions. We also found that repeated systemic delivery of g7‐NPs‐Chol rescued synaptic and cognitive dysfunction and partially improved global activity in HD mice. These results demonstrate that cholesterol supplementation to the HD brain reverses functional alterations associated with HD and highlight the potential of this new drug‐administration route to the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of BioSciences, Centre for Stem Cell Research Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jane Y Chen
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience Brain Research Institute David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eleonora Di Paolo
- Department of BioSciences, Centre for Stem Cell Research Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Belletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Costanza Ferrari Bardile
- Department of BioSciences, Centre for Stem Cell Research Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Brilli
- Department of BioSciences, Centre for Stem Cell Research Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marina M Boido
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Maria A Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Flavio Forni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience Brain Research Institute David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience Brain Research Institute David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of BioSciences, Centre for Stem Cell Research Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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39
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Boussicault L, Alves S, Lamazière A, Planques A, Heck N, Moumné L, Despres G, Bolte S, Hu A, Pagès C, Galvan L, Piguet F, Aubourg P, Cartier N, Caboche J, Betuing S. CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation, is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease. Brain 2016; 139:953-70. [PMID: 26912634 PMCID: PMC4766376 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (Exp-HTT) leading to degeneration of striatal neurons. Altered brain cholesterol homeostasis has been implicated in Huntington’s disease, with increased accumulation of cholesterol in striatal neurons yet reduced levels of cholesterol metabolic precursors. To elucidate these two seemingly opposing dysregulations, we investigated the expression of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the neuronal-specific and rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol conversion to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC). CYP46A1 protein levels were decreased in the putamen, but not cerebral cortex samples, of post-mortem Huntington’s disease patients when compared to controls.
Cyp46A1
mRNA and CYP46A1 protein levels were also decreased in the striatum of the R6/2 Huntington’s disease mouse model and in ST
hdh
Q111 cell lines.
In vivo
, in a wild-type context, knocking down CYP46A1 expression in the striatum, via an adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of selective shCYP46A1, reproduced the Huntington’s disease phenotype, with spontaneous striatal neuron degeneration and motor deficits, as assessed by rotarod.
In vitro
, CYP46A1 restoration protected ST
hdh
Q111 and Exp-HTT-expressing striatal neurons in culture from cell death. In the R6/2 Huntington’s disease mouse model, adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of CYP46A1 into the striatum decreased neuronal atrophy, decreased the number, intensity level and size of Exp-HTT aggregates and improved motor deficits, as assessed by rotarod and clasping behavioural tests. Adeno-associated virus-CYP46A1 infection in R6/2 mice also restored levels of cholesterol and lanosterol and increased levels of desmosterol.
In vitro
, lanosterol and desmosterol were found to protect striatal neurons expressing Exp-HTT from death. We conclude that restoring CYP46A1 activity in the striatum promises a new therapeutic approach in Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Boussicault
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- 3 Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, INSERM ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, Sorbonne Universités- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHU Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Anabelle Planques
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France 4 Development and Neuropharmacology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, INSERM CNRS 7141. Collège de France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lara Moumné
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Despres
- 3 Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, INSERM ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, Sorbonne Universités- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHU Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Susanne Bolte
- 5 Cellular Imaging Facility, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine CNRS FR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Hu
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France 6 Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christiane Pagès
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurie Galvan
- 7 Semel Institute, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Francoise Piguet
- 8 Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS/UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Gao X, Campbell WA, Chaibva M, Jain P, Leslie AE, Frey SL, Legleiter J. Cholesterol Modifies Huntingtin Binding to, Disruption of, and Aggregation on Lipid Membranes. Biochemistry 2015; 55:92-102. [PMID: 26652744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormally long CAG-repeats in the huntingtin gene that encode an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domain near the N-terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein. Expanded polyQ domains are directly correlated to disease-related htt aggregation. Htt is found highly associated with a variety of cellular and subcellular membranes that are predominantly comprised of lipids. Since cholesterol homeostasis is altered in HD, we investigated how varying cholesterol content modifies the interactions between htt and lipid membranes. A combination of Langmuir trough monolayer techniques, vesicle permeability and binding assays, and in situ atomic force microscopy were used to directly monitor the interaction of a model, synthetic htt peptide and a full-length htt-exon1 recombinant protein with model membranes comprised of total brain lipid extract (TBLE) and varying amounts of exogenously added cholesterol. As the cholesterol content of the membrane increased, the extent of htt insertion decreased. Vesicles containing extra cholesterol were resistant to htt-induced permeabilization. Morphological and mechanical changes in the bilayer associated with exposure to htt were also drastically altered by the presence of cholesterol. Disrupted regions of pure TBLE bilayers were grainy in appearance and associated with a large number of globular aggregates. In contrast, morphological changes induced by htt in bilayers enriched in cholesterol were plateau-like with a smooth appearance. Collectively, these observations suggest that the presence and amount of cholesterol in lipid membranes play a critical role in htt binding and aggregation on lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Warren A Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, United States
| | - Maxmore Chaibva
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Pranav Jain
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ashley E Leslie
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Shelli L Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, United States
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States.,NanoSAFE, P.O. Box 6223, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,The Center for Neurosciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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41
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Kreilaus F, Spiro AS, Hannan AJ, Garner B, Jenner AM. Brain Cholesterol Synthesis and Metabolism is Progressively Disturbed in the R6/1 Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease: A Targeted GC-MS/MS Sterol Analysis. J Huntingtons Dis 2015; 4:305-18. [DOI: 10.3233/jhd-150170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kreilaus
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Adena S. Spiro
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkvillie, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Jenner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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42
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Kreilaus F, Spiro AS, McLean CA, Garner B, Jenner AM. Evidence for altered cholesterol metabolism in Huntington's disease post mortem brain tissue. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:535-46. [PMID: 26373857 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholesterol plays an essential role in membrane structure and function, being especially important in the brain. Alteration of brain cholesterol synthesis and metabolism has been demonstrated in several Huntington's disease (HD) mouse and cell models; however, less is known about these alterations in human tissue. This study aimed to identify alterations to cholesterol synthetic and metabolic pathways in human HD brain tissue. METHODS A broad range of cholesterol synthetic precursors, metabolites and oxidation products were measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in five regions of human post mortem HD brain and compared with age- and sex-matched control tissues. The level of enzymes that regulate cholesterol homeostasis, cholesterol 24-hydroxylase and delta(24)-sterol reductase were investigated by Western blotting and qPCR in putamen. RESULTS The most significant changes were localized to the putamen, where a 60% decrease in 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 30% increase in cholesterol and 100-200% increase in synthetic precursors (lathosterol, zymosterol and desmosterol) was detected. The enzymes cholesterol 24-hydroxylase and delta(24)-sterol reductase were also significantly decreased in HD putamen as compared with control tissues. Free radical-generated cholesterol oxidation products 7-keto cholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol were also increased by 50-70% in HD putamen. CONCLUSION Human HD brain has significantly decreased cholesterol metabolism and disrupted cholesterol homeostasis. Our data also indicate that lipid oxidative stress accompanies HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kreilaus
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Adena S Spiro
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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43
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Naia L, Rego AC. Sirtuins: double players in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2183-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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The impairment of cholesterol metabolism in Huntington disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1095-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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Chali F, Djelti F, Eugene E, Valderrama M, Marquer C, Aubourg P, Duykaerts C, Miles R, Cartier N, Navarro V. Inhibiting cholesterol degradation induces neuronal sclerosis and epileptic activity in mouse hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1345-55. [PMID: 25847620 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in neuronal cholesterol have been associated with several degenerative diseases. An enhanced excitability and synchronous firing in surviving neurons are among the sequels of neuronal death in these diseases and also in some epileptic syndromes. Here, we attempted to increase neuronal cholesterol levels, using a short hairpin RNA to suppress expression of the enzyme cytochrome P450 family 46, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 gene (CYP46A1). This protein hydroxylates cholesterol and so facilitates transmembrane extrusion. A short hairpin RNA CYP46A1construction coupled to the adeno-associated virus type 5 was injected focally and unilaterally into mouse hippocampus. It was selectively expressed first in neurons of the cornu ammonis (hippocampus) (CA)3a region. Cytoplasmic and membrane cholesterol increased, and the neuronal soma volume increased and then decreased before pyramidal cells died. As CA3a pyramidal cells died, interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) events occurred during exploration and non-rapid eye movement sleep. With time, neuronal death spread to involve pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA1 region. CA1 neuronal death was correlated with a delayed local expression of phosphorylated tau. Astrocytes were activated throughout the hippocampus and microglial activation was specific to regions of neuronal death. CA1 neuronal death was correlated with distinct aberrant EEG activity. During exploratory behaviour and rapid eye movement sleep, EEG oscillations at 7-10 Hz (theta) could accelerate to 14-21 Hz (beta) waves. They were accompanied by low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations of peak power at ~300 Hz and a range of 250-350 Hz. Although episodes of EEG acceleration were not correlated with changes in exploratory behaviour, they were followed in some animals by structured seizure-like discharges. These data strengthen links between increased cholesterol, neuronal sclerosis and epileptic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chali
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Fathia Djelti
- CNRS URA2210, MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses, 92265, France.,INSERM U986 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuel Eugene
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Mario Valderrama
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catherine Marquer
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- CNRS URA2210, MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses, 92265, France.,INSERM U986 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Charles Duykaerts
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Richard Miles
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- CNRS URA2210, MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses, 92265, France.,INSERM U986 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre and Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
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46
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Hyperactivation of D1 and A2A receptors contributes to cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:41-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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47
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Vecsernyés M, Fenyvesi F, Bácskay I, Deli MA, Szente L, Fenyvesi É. Cyclodextrins, blood-brain barrier, and treatment of neurological diseases. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:711-29. [PMID: 25482528 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological barriers are the main defense systems of the homeostasis of the organism and protected organs. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by the endothelial cells of brain capillaries, not only provides nutrients and protection to the central nervous system but also restricts the entry of drugs, emphasizing its importance in the treatment of neurological diseases. Cyclodextrins are increasingly used in human pharmacotherapy. Due to their favorable profile to form hydrophilic inclusion complexes with poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, they are present as excipients in many marketed drugs. Application of cyclodextrins is widespread in formulations for oral, parenteral, nasal, pulmonary, and skin delivery of drugs. Experimental and clinical data suggest that cyclodextrins can be used not only as excipients for centrally acting marketed drugs like antiepileptics, but also as active pharmaceutical ingredients to treat neurological diseases. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin received orphan drug designation for the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C disease. In addition to this rare lysosomal storage disease with neurological symptoms, experimental research revealed the potential therapeutic use of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin nanoparticles in neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, neuroinfections and brain tumors. In this context, the biological effects of cyclodextrins, their interaction with plasma membranes and extraction of different lipids are highly relevant at the level of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- Cyclolab Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Fenyvesi
- Cyclolab Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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48
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Valenza M, Marullo M, Di Paolo E, Cesana E, Zuccato C, Biella G, Cattaneo E. Disruption of astrocyte-neuron cholesterol cross talk affects neuronal function in Huntington's disease. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:690-702. [PMID: 25301063 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, neurons require local cholesterol production, which is supplied by astrocytes through apoE-containing lipoproteins. In Huntington's disease (HD), such cholesterol biosynthesis in the brain is severely reduced. Here we show that this defect, occurring in astrocytes, is detrimental for HD neurons. Astrocytes bearing the huntingtin protein containing increasing CAG repeats secreted less apoE-lipoprotein-bound cholesterol in the medium. Conditioned media from HD astrocytes and lipoprotein-depleted conditioned media from wild-type (wt) astrocytes were equally detrimental in a neurite outgrowth assay and did not support synaptic activity in HD neurons, compared with conditions of cholesterol supplementation or conditioned media from wt astrocytes. Molecular perturbation of cholesterol biosynthesis and efflux in astrocytes caused similarly altered astrocyte-neuron cross talk, whereas enhancement of glial SREBP2 and ABCA1 function reversed the aspects of neuronal dysfunction in HD. These findings indicate that astrocyte-mediated cholesterol homeostasis could be a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate neuronal dysfunction in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valenza
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Marullo
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - E Di Paolo
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - E Cesana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Zuccato
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - G Biella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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49
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Sasmal D, Lu HP. Single-molecule patch-clamp FRET microscopy studies of NMDA receptor ion channel dynamics in living cells: revealing the multiple conformational states associated with a channel at its electrical off state. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12998-3005. [PMID: 25148304 PMCID: PMC4183623 DOI: 10.1021/ja506231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics plays a critical role in the activation, deactivation, and open-close activities of ion channels in living cells. Such conformational dynamics is often inhomogeneous and extremely difficult to be directly characterized by ensemble-averaged spectroscopic imaging or only by single channel patch-clamp electric recording methods. We have developed a new and combined technical approach, single-molecule patch-clamp FRET microscopy, to probe ion channel conformational dynamics in living cell by simultaneous and correlated measurements of real-time single-molecule FRET spectroscopic imaging with single-channel electric current recording. Our approach is particularly capable of resolving ion channel conformational change rate process when the channel is at its electrically off states and before the ion channel is activated, the so-called "silent time" when the electric current signals are at zero or background. We have probed NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor ion channel in live HEK-293 cell, especially, the single ion channel open-close activity and its associated protein conformational changes simultaneously. Furthermore, we have revealed that the seemingly identical electrically off states are associated with multiple conformational states. On the basis of our experimental results, we have proposed a multistate clamshell model to interpret the NMDA receptor open-close dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu
Kumar Sasmal
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling
Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling
Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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50
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Soto-Acosta R, Bautista-Carbajal P, Syed GH, Siddiqui A, Del Angel RM. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits replication and viral morphogenesis of dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:132-40. [PMID: 25017471 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the most common mosquito borne viral disease in humans. The infection with any of the 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV) can either be asymptomatic or manifest in two clinical forms, the mild dengue fever or the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever that may progress into dengue shock syndrome. A DENV replicative cycle relies on host lipid metabolism; specifically, DENV infection modulates cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, generating a lipid-enriched cellular environment necessary for viral replication. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-DENV effect of the Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a hypolipidemic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A dose-dependent inhibition in viral yield and NS1 secretion was observed in supernatants of infected cells treated for 24 and 48 h with different concentrations of NDGA. To evaluate the effect of NDGA in DENV replication, a DENV4 replicon transfected Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of NDGA. NDGA treatment significantly reduced DENV replication, reiterating the importance of lipids in viral replication. NDGA treatment also led to reduction in number of lipid droplets (LDs), the neutral lipid storage organelles involved in DENV morphogenesis that are known to increase in number during DENV infection. Furthermore, NDGA treatment resulted in dissociation of the C protein from LDs. Overall our results suggest that NDGA inhibits DENV infection by targeting genome replication and viral assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Soto-Acosta
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Gulam H Syed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rosa M Del Angel
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., Mexico.
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