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Guérineau NC. Adaptive remodeling of the stimulus-secretion coupling: Lessons from the 'stressed' adrenal medulla. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:221-295. [PMID: 38408800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress is part of our daily lives and good health in the modern world is offset by unhealthy lifestyle factors, including the deleterious consequences of stress and associated pathologies. Repeated and/or prolonged stress may disrupt the body homeostasis and thus threatens our lives. Adaptive processes that allow the organism to adapt to new environmental conditions and maintain its homeostasis are therefore crucial. The adrenal glands are major endocrine/neuroendocrine organs involved in the adaptive response of the body facing stressful situations. Upon stress episodes and in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the first adrenal cells to be activated are the neuroendocrine chromaffin cells located in the medullary tissue of the adrenal gland. By releasing catecholamines (mainly epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine), adrenal chromaffin cells actively contribute to the development of adaptive mechanisms, in particular targeting the cardiovascular system and leading to appropriate adjustments of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as energy metabolism. Specifically, this chapter covers the current knowledge as to how the adrenal medullary tissue remodels in response to stress episodes, with special attention paid to chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Adrenal stimulus-secretion coupling encompasses various elements taking place at both the molecular/cellular and tissular levels. Here, I focus on stress-driven changes in catecholamine biosynthesis, chromaffin cell excitability, synaptic neurotransmission and gap junctional communication. These signaling pathways undergo a collective and finely-tuned remodeling, contributing to appropriate catecholamine secretion and maintenance of body homeostasis in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Metzner C, Mäki-Marttunen T, Karni G, McMahon-Cole H, Steuber V. The effect of alterations of schizophrenia-associated genes on gamma band oscillations. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35854005 PMCID: PMC9261091 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the synchronized oscillatory activity of neurons in general and, specifically in the gamma band, might play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. While these changes in oscillatory activity have traditionally been linked to alterations at the synaptic level, we demonstrate here, using computational modeling, that common genetic variants of ion channels can contribute strongly to this effect. Our model of primary auditory cortex highlights multiple schizophrenia-associated genetic variants that reduce gamma power in an auditory steady-state response task. Furthermore, we show that combinations of several of these schizophrenia-associated variants can produce similar effects as the more traditionally considered synaptic changes. Overall, our study provides a mechanistic link between schizophrenia-associated common genetic variants, as identified by genome-wide association studies, and one of the most robust neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Devor A, Phillips WA, Dale AM, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT. Computational Modeling of Genetic Contributions to Excitability and Neural Coding in Layer V Pyramidal Cells: Applications to Schizophrenia Pathology. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31616272 PMCID: PMC6775251 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in layer V of the neocortex are one of the most widely studied neuron types in the mammalian brain. Due to their role as integrators of feedforward and cortical feedback inputs, they are well-positioned to contribute to the symptoms and pathology in mental disorders-such as schizophrenia-that are characterized by a mismatch between the internal perception and external inputs. In this modeling study, we analyze the input/output properties of layer V pyramidal cells and their sensitivity to modeled genetic variants in schizophrenia-associated genes. We show that the excitability of layer V pyramidal cells and the way they integrate inputs in space and time are altered by many types of variants in ion-channel and Ca2+ transporter-encoding genes that have been identified as risk genes by recent genome-wide association studies. We also show that the variability in the output patterns of spiking and Ca2+ transients in layer V pyramidal cells is altered by these model variants. Importantly, we show that many of the predicted effects are robust to noise and qualitatively similar across different computational models of layer V pyramidal cells. Our modeling framework reveals several aspects of single-neuron excitability that can be linked to known schizophrenia-related phenotypes and existing hypotheses on disease mechanisms. In particular, our models predict that single-cell steady-state firing rate is positively correlated with the coding capacity of the neuron and negatively correlated with the amplitude of a prepulse-mediated adaptation and sensitivity to coincidence of stimuli in the apical dendrite and the perisomatic region of a layer V pyramidal cell. These results help to uncover the voltage-gated ion-channel and Ca2+ transporter-associated genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia phenotypes and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Devor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - William A Phillips
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Carbone E, Borges R, Eiden LE, García AG, Hernández‐Cruz A. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1443-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Sanz-Lázaro S, Jiménez-Pompa A, Carmona-Hidalgo B, Ubeda M, Muñoz L, Caba-González JC, Hernández-Vivanco A, López-García S, Albillos A, Albillos A. The firing frequency of spontaneous action potentials and their corresponding evoked exocytosis are increased in chromaffin cells of CCl 4 -induced cirrhotic rats with respect to control rats. J Neurochem 2018; 148:359-372. [PMID: 30347483 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High catecolamine plasma levels because of sympathetic nervous system over-activity contribute to cirrhosis progression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland might potentiate the deleterious effect exerted by this over-activity. Electrophysiological patch-clamp and amperometric experiments with carbon-fibre electrodes were conducted in single chromaffin cells of control and CCl4 -induced cirrhotic rats. The spontaneous action potential firing frequency was increased in chromaffin cells of cirrhotic rats with respect to control rats. The exocytosis evoked by that firing was also increased. However, exocytosis elicited by ACh did not vary between control and cirrhotic rats. Exocytosis triggered by depolarizing pulses was also unchanged. Amperometric recordings confirmed the lack of increased catecholamine charge released in cirrhosis after ACh or depolarization stimuli. However, the amperometric spikes exhibited faster kinetics of release. The overall Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC), or in particular through Cav1 channels, did not vary between chromaffin cells of control and cirrhotic rats. The inhibition of VDCC by methionine-enkephaline or ATP was not either altered, but it was increased by adrenaline in cells of cirrhotic rats. When a cocktail composed by the three neurotransmitters was tested in order to approach a situation closer to the physiological condition, the inhibition of VDCC was similar between both types of cells. In summary, chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland might contribute to exacerbate the sympathetic nervous system over-activity in cirrhosis because of an increased exocytosis elicited by an enhanced spontaneous electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sanz-Lázaro
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Jiménez-Pompa
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carmona-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ubeda
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Caba-González
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Hernández-Vivanco
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai López-García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Albillos
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Lines GT, Edwards AG, Tveito A, Dale AM, Einevoll GT, Andreassen OA. Pleiotropic effects of schizophrenia-associated genetic variants in neuron firing and cardiac pacemaking revealed by computational modeling. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:5. [PMID: 30446648 PMCID: PMC5802468 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction. A possible factor underlying this comorbidity are the common variants in the large set of genes that have recently been discovered in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) as risk genes of schizophrenia. Many of these genes control the cell electrogenesis and calcium homeostasis. We applied biophysically detailed models of layer V pyramidal cells and sinoatrial node cells to study the contribution of schizophrenia-associated genes on cellular excitability. By including data from functional genomics literature to simulate the effects of common variants of these genes, we showed that variants of voltage-gated Na+ channel or hyperpolarization-activated cation channel-encoding genes cause qualitatively similar effects on layer V pyramidal cell and sinoatrial node cell excitability. By contrast, variants of Ca2+ channel or transporter-encoding genes mostly have opposite effects on cellular excitability in the two cell types. We also show that the variants may crucially affect the propagation of the cardiac action potential in the sinus node. These results may help explain some of the cardiac comorbidity in schizophrenia, and may facilitate generation of effective antipsychotic medications without cardiac side-effects such as arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Simula Research Laboratory and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Glenn T. Lines
- Simula Research Laboratory and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew G. Edwards
- Simula Research Laboratory and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aslak Tveito
- Simula Research Laboratory and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Dale
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gaute T. Einevoll
- 0000 0004 0607 975Xgrid.19477.3cDepartment of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Roles of Na +, Ca 2+, and K + channels in the generation of repetitive firing and rhythmic bursting in adrenal chromaffin cells. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:39-52. [PMID: 28776261 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) are the main source of circulating catecholamines (CAs) that regulate the body response to stress. Release of CAs is controlled neurogenically by the activity of preganglionic sympathetic neurons through trains of action potentials (APs). APs in CCs are generated by robust depolarization following the activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors that are highly expressed in CCs. Bovine, rat, mouse, and human CCs also express a composite array of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels that regulate the resting potential, shape the APs, and set the frequency of AP trains. AP trains of increasing frequency induce enhanced release of CAs. If the primary role of CCs is simply to relay preganglionic nerve commands to CA secretion, why should they express such a diverse set of ion channels? An answer to this comes from recent observations that, like in neurons, CCs undergo complex firing patterns of APs suggesting the existence of an intrinsic CC excitability (non-neurogenically controlled). Recent work has shown that CCs undergo occasional or persistent burst firing elicited by altered physiological conditions or deletion of pore-regulating auxiliary subunits. In this review, we aim to give a rationale to the role of the many ion channel types regulating CC excitability. We will first describe their functional properties and then analyze how they contribute to pacemaking, AP shape, and burst waveforms. We will also furnish clear indications on missing ion conductances that may be involved in pacemaking and highlight the contribution of the crucial channels involved in burst firing.
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8
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Halnes G, Devor A, Witoelar A, Bettella F, Djurovic S, Wang Y, Einevoll GT, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Functional Effects of Schizophrenia-Linked Genetic Variants on Intrinsic Single-Neuron Excitability: A Modeling Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:49-59. [PMID: 26949748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SCZ) featuring ion channels and calcium transporters. For some of these risk factors, independent prior investigations have examined the effects of genetic alterations on the cellular electrical excitability and calcium homeostasis. In the present proof-of-concept study, we harnessed these experimental results for modeling of computational properties on layer V cortical pyramidal cells and identified possible common alterations in behavior across SCZ-related genes. METHODS We applied a biophysically detailed multicompartmental model to study the excitability of a layer V pyramidal cell. We reviewed the literature on functional genomics for variants of genes associated with SCZ and used changes in neuron model parameters to represent the effects of these variants. RESULTS We present and apply a framework for examining the effects of subtle single nucleotide polymorphisms in ion channel and calcium transporter-encoding genes on neuron excitability. Our analysis indicates that most of the considered SCZ-related genetic variants affect the spiking behavior and intracellular calcium dynamics resulting from summation of inputs across the dendritic tree. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alteration in the ability of a single neuron to integrate the inputs and scale its excitability may constitute a fundamental mechanistic contributor to mental disease, alongside the previously proposed deficits in synaptic communication and network behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Halnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Devor
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research (TM-M, AW, FB, YW, OAA), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (GH, GTE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Departments of Neurosciences (AD, YW, AMD) and Radiology (AD, AMD), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (AD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction (FB, YW, OAA) and Department of Medical Genetics (SD), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (SD), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen; and Department of Physics (GTE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Lefkowitz JJ, DeCrescenzo V, Duan K, Bellve KD, Fogarty KE, Walsh JV, ZhuGe R. Catecholamine exocytosis during low frequency stimulation in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells is primarily asynchronous and controlled by the novel mechanism of Ca2+ syntilla suppression. J Physiol 2014; 592:4639-55. [PMID: 25128575 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.278127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs), stimulated by the splanchnic nerve, generate action potentials (APs) at a frequency near 0.5 Hz in the resting physiological state, at times described as 'rest and digest'. How such low frequency stimulation in turn elicits sufficient catecholamine exocytosis to set basal sympathetic tone is not readily explained by the classical mechanism of stimulus-secretion coupling, where exocytosis is synchronized to AP-induced Ca(2+) influx. By using simulated action potentials (sAPs) at 0.5 Hz in isolated patch-clamped mouse ACCs, we show here that less than 10% of all catecholaminergic exocytosis, measured by carbon fibre amperometry, is synchronized to an AP. The asynchronous phase, the dominant phase, of exocytosis does not require Ca(2+) influx. Furthermore, increased asynchronous exocytosis is accompanied by an AP-dependent decrease in frequency of Ca(2+) syntillas (i.e. transient, focal Ca(2+) release from internal stores) and is ryanodine sensitive. We propose a mechanism of disinhibition, wherein APs suppress Ca(2+) syntillas, which themselves inhibit exocytosis as they do in the case of spontaneous catecholaminergic exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Valerie DeCrescenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Kailai Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Karl D Bellve
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Kevin E Fogarty
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - John V Walsh
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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10
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Monkey adrenal chromaffin cells express α6β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94142. [PMID: 24727685 PMCID: PMC3984115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that contain α6 and β4 subunits have been demonstrated functionally in human adrenal chromaffin cells, rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, and on noradrenergic terminals in the hippocampus of adolescent mice. In human adrenal chromaffin cells, α6β4* nAChRs (the asterisk denotes the possible presence of additional subunits) are the predominant subtype whereas in rodents, the predominant nAChR is the α3β4* subtype. Here we present molecular and pharmacological evidence that chromaffin cells from monkey (Macaca mulatta) also express α6β4* receptors. PCR was used to show the presence of transcripts for α6 and β4 subunits and pharmacological characterization was performed using patch-clamp electrophysiology in combination with α-conotoxins that target the α6β4* subtype. Acetylcholine-evoked currents were sensitive to inhibition by BuIA[T5A,P6O] and MII[H9A,L15A]; α-conotoxins that inhibit α6-containing nAChRs. Two additional agonists were used to probe for the expression of α7 and β2-containing nAChRs. Cells with currents evoked by acetylcholine were relatively unresponsive to the α7-selctive agonist choline but responded to the agonist 5-I-A-85380. These studies provide further insights into the properties of natively expressed α6β4* nAChRs.
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Vandael DHF, Mahapatra S, Calorio C, Marcantoni A, Carbone E. Cav1.3 and Cav1.2 channels of adrenal chromaffin cells: emerging views on cAMP/cGMP-mediated phosphorylation and role in pacemaking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:1608-18. [PMID: 23159773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (VGCCs) are voltage sensors that convert membrane depolarizations into Ca²⁺ signals. In the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, the Ca²⁺ signals driven by VGCCs regulate catecholamine secretion, vesicle retrievals, action potential shape and firing frequency. Among the VGCC-types expressed in these cells (N-, L-, P/Q-, R- and T-types), the two L-type isoforms, Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3, control key activities due to their particular activation-inactivation gating and high-density of expression in rodents and humans. The two isoforms are also effectively modulated by G protein-coupled receptor pathways delimited in membrane micro-domains and by the cAMP/PKA and NO/cGMP/PKG phosphorylation pathways which induce prominent Ca²⁺ current changes if opposingly regulated. The two L-type isoforms shape the action potential and directly participate to vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis. The low-threshold of activation and slow rate of inactivation of Ca(v)1.3 confer to this channel the unique property of carrying sufficient inward current at subthreshold potentials able to activate BK and SK channels which set the resting potential, the action potential shape, the cell firing mode and the degree of spike frequency adaptation during spontaneous firing or sustained depolarizations. These properties help chromaffin cells to optimally adapt when switching from normal to stress-mimicking conditions. Here, we will review past and recent findings on cAMP- and cGMP-mediated modulations of Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3 and the role that these channels play in the control of chromaffin cell firing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H F Vandael
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Italy
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Mahapatra S, Marcantoni A, Zuccotti A, Carabelli V, Carbone E. Equal sensitivity of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels to the opposing modulations of PKA and PKG in mouse chromaffin cells. J Physiol 2012; 590:5053-73. [PMID: 22826131 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.236729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse chromaffin cells (MCCs) express high densities of L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs), which control pacemaking activity and catecholamine secretion proportionally to their density of expression. In vivo phosphorylation of LTCCs by cAMP-PKA and cGMP–PKG, regulate LTCC gating in two opposing ways: the cAMP-PKA pathway potentiates while the cGMP–PKG cascade inhibits LTCCs. Despite this, no attempts have been made to answer three key questions related to the two Cav1 isoforms expressed in MCCs (Cav1.2 and Cav1.3): (i) how much are the two Cav1 channels basally modulated by PKA and PKG?, (ii) to what extent can Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 be further regulated by PKA or PKG activation?, and (iii) are the effects of both kinases cumulative when simultaneously active? Here, by comparing the size of L-type currents of wild-type (WT; Cav1.2+Cav1.3) and Cav1.3−/− KO (Cav1.2) MCCs, we provide new evidence that both PKA and PKG pathways affect Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 to the same extent either under basal conditions or induced stimulation. Inhibition of PKA by H89 (5 μM) reduced the L-type current in WT and KO MCCs by∼60%,while inhibition of PKG by KT 5823 (1 μM) increased by∼40% the same current in both cell types. Given that Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 carry the same quantity of Ca2+ currents, this suggests equal sensitivity of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 to the two basal modulatory pathways. Maximal stimulation of cAMP–PKA by forskolin (100 μM) and activation of cGMP–PKG by pCPT-cGMP (1mM) uncovered a∼25% increase of L-type currents in the first case and∼65% inhibition in the second case in both WT and KO MCCs, suggesting equal sensitivity of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 during maximal PKA or PKG stimulation. The effects of PKA and PKG were cumulative and most evident when one pathway was activated and the other was inhibited. The two extreme combinations(PKA activation–PKG inhibition vs. PKG activation-PKA inhibition) varied the size of L-type currents by one order of magnitude (from 180% to 18% of control size). Taken together our data suggest that: (i) Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 are equally sensitive to PKA and PKG action under both basal conditions and maximal stimulation, and (ii) PKA and PKG act independently on both Cav1.2 and Cav1.3, producing cumulative effects when opposingly activated. These extreme Cav1 channel modulations may occur either during high-frequency sympathetic stimulation to sustain prolonged catecholamine release (maximal L-type current) or following activation of the NO–cGMP–PKG signalling pathway (minimal L-type current) to limit the steady release of catecholamines.
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Hernández-Vivanco A, Pérez-Alvarez A, Caba-González JC, Alonso MT, Moreno-Ortega AJ, Cano-Abad M, Ruiz-Nuño A, Carmona-Hidalgo B, Albillos A. Selectivity of Action of Pregabalin on Ca2+ Channels but Not on Fusion Pore, Exocytotic Machinery, or Mitochondria in Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Gland. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:263-72. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.190652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Calcium channel types contributing to chromaffin cell excitability, exocytosis and endocytosis. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:321-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Functional chromaffin cell plasticity in response to stress: focus on nicotinic, gap junction, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:368-86. [PMID: 22252244 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An increase in circulating catecholamines constitutes one of the mechanisms whereby human body responds to stress. In response to chronic stressful situations, the adrenal medullary tissue exhibits crucial morphological and functional changes that are consistent with an improvement of chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling efficiency. Stimulus-secretion coupling encompasses multiple intracellular (chromaffin cell excitability, Ca(2+) signaling, exocytosis, endocytosis) and intercellular pathways (splanchnic nerve-mediated synaptic transmission, paracrine and endocrine communication, gap junctional coupling), each of them being potentially subjected to functional remodeling upon stress. This review focuses on three chromaffin cell incontrovertible actors, the cholinergic nicotinic receptors and the voltage-dependent T-type Ca(2+) channels that are directly involved in Ca(2+)-dependent events controlling catecholamine secretion and electrical activity, and the gap junctional communication involved in the modulation of catecholamine secretion. We show here that these three actors react differently to various stressors, sometimes independently, sometimes in concert or in opposition.
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Segura-Chama P, Rivera-Cerecedo CV, González-Ramírez R, Felix R, Hernández-Guijo JM, Hernández-Cruz A. Atypical Ca2+ currents in chromaffin cells from SHR and WKY rat strains result from the deficient expression of a splice variant of the α1D Ca2+ channel. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H467-78. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00849.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ currents ( ICa) recorded from adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats are similar to one another, but different from those recorded in other rodent species. ICa in WKY/SHR CCs comprises an early, transient ( ICae) and a late, sustained component ( ICas). In Wistar CCs, ICae is absent, and ICas is of greater amplitude. Activation and steady-state inactivation of ICae and ICas in WKY/SHR CCs suggest the recruitment of at least two populations of Ca2+ channels with different voltage dependence and kinetics. In WKY/SHR CCs, ICae is inhibited by nifedipine, enhanced by BAY K 8644, is not blocked by the mibefradil analog NNC 55–0396, and displays Ca2+-dependent inactivation and fast deactivation kinetics, suggesting that it results from the opening of L-type rather than T-type Ca2+ channels. ICae properties suggest that it originates from the opening of Ca2+ channels formed with the short splice variant (CaV1.342A). RT-PCR showed that expression of CaV1.342A mRNA is similar in both Wistar and WKY/SHR, but that the long variant (CaV1.342) is virtually absent in WKY/SHR. Thus ICae corresponds to the recruitment of CaV1.342A channels, unmasked by the absence of CaV1.342 channels. Studies in WKY CCs do not report major functional alterations, despite the unusual expression pattern of CaV1.3 splice variants. It remains to be established if more subtle functional alterations exist, and if the atypical splicing pattern of CaV1.3 could be related to the functional and behavioral alterations reported in WKY/SHR rats, including their susceptibility to develop hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia V. Rivera-Cerecedo
- Unidad Académica Bioterio, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, and
| | - Ricardo González-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City; and
| | - Ricardo Felix
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Jesús M. Hernández-Guijo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Alvarez A, Hernández-Vivanco A, McIntosh JM, Albillos A. Native α6β4* nicotinic receptors control exocytosis in human chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland. FASEB J 2011; 26:346-54. [PMID: 21917987 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have electrophysiologically characterized native nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in human chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland as well as their contribution to the exocytotic process. α-Conotoxin AuIB blocked by 14 ± 1% the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced nicotinic current. α-Conotoxin MII (α-Ctx MII) exhibited an almost full blockade of the nicotinic current at nanomolar concentrations (IC(50)=21.6 nM). The α6*-preferring α-Ctx MII mutant analogs, α-Ctx MII[H9A,L15A] and α-Ctx MII[S4A,E11A,L15A], blocked nAChR currents with an IC(50) of 217.8 and 33 nM, respectively. These data reveal that nAChRs in these cells include the α6* subtype. The washout of the blockade exerted by α-conotoxin BuIA (α-Ctx BuIA; 1 μM) on ACh-evoked currents was slight and slow, arguing in favor of the presence of a β4 subunit in the nAChR composition. Exocytosis was almost fully blocked by 1 μM α-Ctx MII, its mutant analogs, or α-Ctx BuIA. Finally, the fluorescent analog Alexa Fluor 546-BuIA showed distinct staining in these cells. Our results reveal that α6β4* nAChRs are expressed and contribute to exocytosis in human chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, the main source of adrenaline under stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Mahapatra S, Marcantoni A, Vandael DH, Striessnig J, Carbone E. Are Ca(v)1.3 pacemaker channels in chromaffin cells? Possible bias from resting cell conditions and DHP blockers usage. Channels (Austin) 2011; 5:219-24. [PMID: 21406973 DOI: 10.4161/chan.5.3.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse and rat chromaffin cells (MCCs, RCCs) fire spontaneously at rest and their activity is mainly supported by the two L-type Ca(2+) channels expressed in these cells (Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3). Using Ca(v)1.3(-/-) KO MCCs we have shown that Ca(v)1.3 possess all the prerequisites for carrying subthreshold currents that sustain low frequency cell firing near resting (0.5 to 2 Hz at -50 mV): low-threshold and steep voltage dependence of activation, slow and incomplete inactivation during pulses of several hundreds of milliseconds. Ca(v)1.2 contributes also to pacemaking MCCs and possibly even Na(+) channels may participate in the firing of a small percentage of cells. We now show that at potentials near resting (-50 mV), Ca(v)1.3 carries equal amounts of Ca(2+) current to Ca(v)1.2 but activates at 9 mV more negative potentials. MCCs express only TTX-sensitive Na(v)1 channels that activate at 24 mV more positive potentials than Ca(v)1.3 and are fully inactivating. Their blockade prevents the firing only in a small percentage of cells (13%). This suggests that the order of importance with regard to pacemaking MCCs is: Ca(v)1.3, Ca(v)1.2 and Na(v)1. The above conclusions, however, rely on the proper use of DHPs, whose blocking potency is strongly holding potential dependent. We also show that small increases of KCl concentration steadily depolarize the MCCs causing abnormally increased firing frequencies, lowered and broadened AP waveforms and an increased facility of switching "non-firing" into "firing" cells that may lead to erroneous conclusions about the role of Ca(v)1.3 and Ca(v)1.2 as pacemaker channels in MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Mahapatra
- Department of Neuroscience, NIS Center, CNISM Research Unit, Torino, Italy
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