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Strnadová V, Pačesová A, Charvát V, Šmotková Z, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Anorexigenic neuropeptides as anti-obesity and neuroprotective agents: exploring the neuroprotective effects of anorexigenic neuropeptides. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231385. [PMID: 38577975 PMCID: PMC11043025 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 1975, the incidence of obesity has increased to epidemic proportions, and the number of patients with obesity has quadrupled. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing other serious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiologic studies have defined obesity as a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Despite all these serious comorbidities associated with obesity, there is still a lack of effective antiobesity treatment. Promising candidates for the treatment of obesity are anorexigenic neuropeptides, which are peptides produced by neurons in brain areas implicated in food intake regulation, such as the hypothalamus or the brainstem. These peptides efficiently reduce food intake and body weight. Moreover, because of the proven interconnection between obesity and the risk of developing AD, the potential neuroprotective effects of these two agents in animal models of neurodegeneration have been examined. The objective of this review was to explore anorexigenic neuropeptides produced and acting within the brain, emphasizing their potential not only for the treatment of obesity but also for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Strnadová
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Pačesová
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Charvát
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šmotková
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sánchez-Varo R, López-Salas A, Beltran-Casanueva R, Díaz-Sánchez E, Alvarez-Contino JE, Barbancho-Fernández MA, Serrano-Castro P, Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, García-Casares N, Narváez M. Enhancement of neurogenesis and cognition through intranasal co-delivery of galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and neuropeptide Y receptor 1 (NPY1R) agonists: a potential pharmacological strategy for cognitive dysfunctions. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2024; 20:6. [PMID: 38549164 PMCID: PMC10976774 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-024-00230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial memory deficits and reduced neuronal survival contribute to cognitive decline seen in the aging process. Current treatments are limited, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. This research explored the combined effects of intranasally co-administered galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and neuropeptide Y1 receptor (NPY1R) agonists, recognized for their neural benefits, on spatial memory, neuronal survival, and differentiation in adult rats. After intranasal co-delivery of the GALR2 agonist M1145 and a NPY1R agonist to adult rats, spatial memory was tested with the object-in-place task 3 weeks later. We examined neuronal survival and differentiation by assessing BrdU-IR profiles and doublecortin (DCX) labeled cells, respectively. We also used the GALR2 antagonist M871 to confirm GALR2's crucial role in promoting cell growth. RESULTS Co-administration improved spatial memory and increased the survival rate of mature neurons. The positive effect of GALR2 in cell proliferation was confirmed by the nullifying effects of its antagonist. The treatment boosted DCX-labeled newborn neurons and altered dendritic morphology, increasing cells with mature dendrites. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that intranasal co-delivery of GALR2 and NPY1R agonists improves spatial memory, boosts neuronal survival, and influences neuronal differentiation in adult rats. The significant role of GALR2 is emphasized, suggesting new potential therapeutic strategies for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez-Varo
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander López-Salas
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Receptomics and Brain Disorders Lab, Universidad de Málaga. Facultad de Medicina., Edificio Lopez-Peñalver, Jimenez Fraud 10, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rasiel Beltran-Casanueva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Receptomics and Brain Disorders Lab, Universidad de Málaga. Facultad de Medicina., Edificio Lopez-Peñalver, Jimenez Fraud 10, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Díaz-Sánchez
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Vithas Málaga., Vithas Málaga. Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Erik Alvarez-Contino
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Receptomics and Brain Disorders Lab, Universidad de Málaga. Facultad de Medicina., Edificio Lopez-Peñalver, Jimenez Fraud 10, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Barbancho-Fernández
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Castro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Vithas Málaga., Vithas Málaga. Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Unit of Neurology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Receptomics and Brain Disorders Lab, Universidad de Málaga. Facultad de Medicina., Edificio Lopez-Peñalver, Jimenez Fraud 10, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Casares
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología. , Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga. , Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- NeuronLab. Departamento Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, Universidad de Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
- Vithas Málaga., Vithas Málaga. Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, Málaga, Spain.
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Alvarez‐Contino JE, Díaz‐Sánchez E, Mirchandani‐Duque M, Sánchez‐Pérez JA, Barbancho MA, López‐Salas A, García‐Casares N, Fuxe K, Borroto‐Escuela DO, Narváez M. GALR2 and Y1R agonists intranasal infusion enhanced adult ventral hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant-like effects involving BDNF actions. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:459-474. [PMID: 36599082 PMCID: PMC10952952 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to major depressive disorder (MDD), with more than 300 million people diagnosed and worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) interaction was shown in various limbic system regions at molecular-, cellular-, and behavioral-specific levels. The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the proliferating role of GAL2 receptor (GALR2) and Y1R agonists interaction upon intranasal infusion in the ventral hippocampus. We studied their hippocampal proliferating actions using the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on neuroblasts or stem cells and the expression of the brain-derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, we studied the formation of Y1R-GALR2 heteroreceptor complexes and analyzed morphological changes in hippocampal neuronal cells. Finally, the functional outcome of the NPY and GAL interaction on the ventral hippocampus was evaluated in the forced swimming test. We demonstrated that the intranasal infusion of GALR2 and the Y1R agonists promotes neuroblasts proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus and the induction of the neurotrophic factor BDNF. These effects were mediated by the increased formation of Y1R-GALR2 heteroreceptor complexes, which may mediate the neurites outgrowth observed on neuronal hippocampal cells. Importantly, BDNF action was found necessary for the antidepressant-like effects after GALR2 and the Y1R agonists intranasal administration. Our data may suggest the translational development of new heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores acting on Y1R-GALR2 heterocomplexes in the ventral hippocampus for the novel therapy of MDD or depressive-affecting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Erik Alvarez‐Contino
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Estela Díaz‐Sánchez
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Grupo Hospitalario VithasVithas MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Marina Mirchandani‐Duque
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Jose Andrés Sánchez‐Pérez
- Unit of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de MálagaHospital Universitario Virgen de la VictoriaMálagaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Barbancho
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Alexander López‐Salas
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Natalia García‐Casares
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dasiel O. Borroto‐Escuela
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of PhysiologyUniversity of UrbinoUrbinoItaly
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Grupo Hospitalario VithasVithas MálagaMálagaSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
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Galanin and Neuropeptide Y Interaction Enhances Proliferation of Granule Precursor Cells and Expression of Neuroprotective Factors in the Rat Hippocampus with Consequent Augmented Spatial Memory. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061297. [PMID: 35740319 PMCID: PMC9219743 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to several neurodegenereative diseases, where boosting hippocampal neurogenesis in these patients emerges as a potential therapeutic approach. Accumulating evidence for a neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) interaction was shown in various limbic system regions at molecular-, cellular-, and behavioral-specific levels. The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the role of the NPY and GAL interaction in the neurogenic actions on the dorsal hippocampus. We studied the Y1R agonist and GAL effects on: hippocampal cell proliferation through the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the expression of neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic factors, and the survival of neurons and neurite outgrowth on hippocampal neuronal cells. The functional outcome was evaluated in the object-in-place task. We demonstrated that the Y1R agonist and GAL promote cell proliferation and the induction of neuroprotective factors. These effects were mediated by the interaction of NPYY1 (Y1R) and GAL2 (GALR2) receptors, which mediate the increased survival and neurites’ outgrowth observed on neuronal hippocampal cells. These cellular effects are linked to the improved spatial-memory effects after the Y1R agonist and GAL co-injection at 24 h in the object-in-place task. Our results suggest the development of heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting Y1R–GALR2 heterocomplexes, therefore acting on the neuronal precursor cells of the DG in the dorsal hippocampus for the novel therapy of neurodegenerative cognitive-affecting diseases.
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5
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fores R, Pita M, Barbancho MA, Zamorano‐Gonzalez P, Casares NG, Fuxe K, Narváez M. Intranasal Delivery of Galanin 2 and Neuropeptide Y1 Agonists Enhanced Spatial Memory Performance and Neuronal Precursor Cells Proliferation in the Dorsal Hippocampus in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820210. [PMID: 35250569 PMCID: PMC8893223 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A need for new therapeutic approaches are necessary for dementia conditions and memory deficits of different origins, such as Alzheimer's disease. There is complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved, affecting adult hippocampal neurogenesis, in which neuropeptides and its neurogenesis regulation seem to participate. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1R) and galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in brain regions responsible for learning and memory processes, emphasizing the hippocampus. Moreover, a significant challenge for treatments involving peptide drugs is bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The current study assesses the sustained memory performance induced by GALR2 and NPYY1R agonists intranasal coadministration and their neurochemical hippocampal correlates. Memory retrieval was conducted in the object-in-place task together with in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) to manifest the formation of GALR2/Y1R heteroreceptor complexes and their dynamics under the different treatments. We evaluated cell proliferation through a 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) expression study within the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus. The GalR2 agonist M1145 was demonstrated to act with the Y1R agonist to improve memory retrieval at 24 hours in the object-in-place task. Our data show that the intranasal administration is a feasible technique for directly delivering Galanin or Neuropeptide Y compounds into CNS. Moreover, we observed the ability of the co-agonist treatment to enhance the cell proliferation in the DG of the dorsal hippocampus through 5- Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) expression analysis at 24 hours. The understanding of the cellular mechanisms was achieved by analyzing the GALR2/Y1R heteroreceptor complexes upon agonist coactivation of their two types of receptor protomers in Doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts. Our results may provide the basis for developing heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting GALR2-Y1R heterocomplexes. It involves especially the neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the dorsal hippocampus for the novel treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies as in the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
- Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Ramón Fores
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mariana Pita
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Neurogenética, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Miguel A. Barbancho
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Zamorano‐Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia García Casares
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Narváez,
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6
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An K, Cui Y, Zhong X, Li K, Zhang J, Liu H, Wen Z. Immortalized Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells With Inducible Galanin Expression Produce Controllable Pain Relief in Neuropathic Rats. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221103861. [PMID: 35726855 PMCID: PMC9218486 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221103861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of chronic pain is one of the most difficult problems in modern practice. Grafted human telomerase reverse transcriptase–immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) with inducible galanin (GAL) expression have been considered to be a potentially safe and controllable approach for the alleviation of chronic pain. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of hTERT-BMSCs/Tet-on/GAL cells secreting GAL under the transcriptional control of doxycycline (Dox) for controllable pain relief. After transplanted into the subarachnoid space of neuropathic rats induced by spared nerve injury of sciatic nerve, their analgesic actions were investigated by behavioral tests. The results showed that the pain-related behaviors, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated during 1 to 7 weeks after grafts of hTERT-BMSCs/Tet-on/GAL cells without motor incoordination. Importantly, these effects could be reversed by GAL receptor antagonist M35 and regulated by Dox induction as compared with control. Moreover, the GAL level in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal GAL receptor 1 (GalR1) expression were correlated with Dox administration, but not GAL receptor 2 (GalR2). Meanwhile, spinal protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) expression was also inhibited significantly. Taken together, these data suggest that inducible release of GAL from transplanted cells was able to produce controllable pain relief in neuropathic rats via inhibiting the PKMζ activation and activating its GalR1 rather than GalR2. This provides a promising step toward a novel stem cell–based strategy for pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingpeng Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First people's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunhe Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhishuang Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Komuro Y, Galas L, Morozov YM, Fahrion JK, Raoult E, Lebon A, Tilot AK, Kikuchi S, Ohno N, Vaudry D, Rakic P, Komuro H. The Role of Galanin in Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration in the Early Postnatal Mouse during Normal Development and after Injury. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8725-8741. [PMID: 34462307 PMCID: PMC8528496 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0900-15.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin, one of the most inducible neuropeptides, is widely present in developing brains, and its expression is altered by pathologic events (e.g., epilepsy, ischemia, and axotomy). The roles of galanin in brain development under both normal and pathologic conditions have been hypothesized, but the question of how galanin is involved in fetal and early postnatal brain development remains largely unanswered. In this study, using granule cell migration in the cerebellum of early postnatal mice (both sexes) as a model system, we examined the role of galanin in neuronal cell migration during normal development and after brain injury. Here we show that, during normal development, endogenous galanin participates in accelerating granule cell migration via altering the Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways. Upon brain injury induced by the application of cold insults, galanin levels decrease at the lesion sites, but increase in the surroundings of lesion sites. Granule cells exhibit the following corresponding changes in migration: (1) slowing down migration at the lesion sites; and (2) accelerating migration in the surroundings of lesion sites. Experimental manipulations of galanin signaling reduce the lesion site-specific changes in granule cell migration, indicating that galanin plays a role in such deficits in neuronal cell migration. The present study suggests that manipulating galanin signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for acutely injured brains during development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Deficits in neuronal cell migration caused by brain injury result in abnormal development of cortical layers, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we report that on brain injury, endogenous levels of galanin, a neuropeptide, are altered in a lesion site-specific manner, decreasing at the lesion sites but increasing in the surroundings of lesion sites. The changes in galanin levels positively correlate with the migration rate of immature neurons. Manipulations of galanin signaling ameliorate the effects of injury on neuronal migration and cortical layer development. These results shed a light on galanin as a potential therapeutic target for acutely injured brains during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Komuro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Jennifer K Fahrion
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Emilie Raoult
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Amanda K Tilot
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - David Vaudry
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, INSERM U1239, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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8
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Pita-Rodriguez M, Fores-Pons R, Barbancho MA, Fuxe K, Narváez M. Galanin and neuropeptide Y interactions elicit antidepressant activity linked to neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3565-3578. [PMID: 33044017 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A need for new antidepressants is necessary since traditional antidepressants have several flaws. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y1 receptor (NPYY1R) and galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in several regions of the limbic system, including the hippocampus. The current study assesses the antidepressant effects induced by GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation, together with the evaluation of cell proliferation through 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine expression within the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus (vDG). We employed in situ proximity ligation assay to manifest GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes. Additionally, the expression pattern of GALR2 and the activation of the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway after GALR2 and NPYY1R costimulation in cell cultures were examined. GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation resulted in sustained antidepressant behaviors in the FST after 24 h, linked to increased cell proliferation in the vDG. Moreover, an increased density of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes was observed in vDG, on doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts. Recruitment of the GALR2 expression to the plasma membrane was observed upon the coactivation of GALR2 and NPYY1R in cell cultures, presumably associated to the enhanced effects on the activation of ERK pathway. GALR2 may promote the GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes formation in the ventral hippocampus. It may induce a transformation of cell proliferation toward a neuronal lineage by enhancement of ERK pathway. Thus, it may give the mechanism for the antidepressant behavior observed. These results may provide the basis for the development of heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting GALR2/NPYY1R heteromers, especially in the neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus for the novel treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
- Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Mariana Pita-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Neurogenética, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ramón Fores-Pons
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Barbancho
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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9
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Solomon I, Voiculescu VM, Caruntu C, Lupu M, Popa A, Ilie MA, Albulescu R, Caruntu A, Tanase C, Constantin C, Neagu M, Boda D. Neuroendocrine Factors and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Affair to Remember. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:9787831. [PMID: 29854027 PMCID: PMC5966665 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9787831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Therefore, the major goal of cancer treatment is inhibition of tumor cell growth and of metastasis development. In order to choose the best management option for HNSCC patients, we need to identify reliable prognostic factors and to develop new molecular techniques in order to obtain a better understanding of therapy resistance. By acting as neurohormones, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators, the neuroendocrine factors are able to signal the maintenance of physiological homeostasis or progression to malignant disease. Certain neuropeptides possess strong antitumor properties acting as tumor suppressors and immunomodulators, providing additional benefits for future potential therapeutic strategies. In light of the current understanding, cancer starts as a localized disease that can be effectively treated if discovered on proper time. Unfortunately, more than often cancer cells migrate to the surrounding tissues generating distant metastases, thus making the prognosis and survival in this stage much worse. As cellular migration is mandatory for tumor invasion and metastasis development, searching for alternate controllers of these processes, such as the neuroendocrine factors, it is an active tremendous task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Solomon
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Voiculescu
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 2Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- 3Department of Physiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 4Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N. C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- 5Department of Dermatology, MEDAS Titan Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Popa
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- 6Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 7Department of Biochemistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Albulescu
- 8Chemical and Pharmaceutical National Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- 9Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Carol Davila Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 10Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- 10Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
- 11Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- 11Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- 12Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- 11Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- 12Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 13Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- 6Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Hohberger B, Jünemann A, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA, Schrödl F. Distribution of the neuro-regulatory peptide galanin in the human eye. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 27914762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a neuro-regulatory peptide involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While data of GAL origin/distribution in the human eye are rather fragmentary and since recently the presence of GAL-receptors in the normal human eye has been reported, we here systematically search for sources of ocular GAL in the human eye. Human eyes (n=14) were prepared for single- and double-immunohistochemistry of GAL and neurofilaments (NF). Cross- and flat-mount sections were achieved; confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. In the anterior eye, GAL-immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) was detected in basal layers of corneal epithelium, endothelium, and in nerve fibers and keratinocytes of the corneal stroma. In the conjunctiva, GAL-IR was seen throughout all epithelial cell layers. In the iris, sphincter and dilator muscle and endothelium of iris vessels displayed GAL-IR. It was also detected in stromal cells containing melanin granules, while these were absent in others. In the ciliary body, ciliary muscle and pigmented as well as non-pigmented ciliary epithelium displayed GAL-IR. In the retina, GAL-IR was detected in cells associated with the ganglion cell layer, and in endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels. In the choroid, nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma as well as fibers forming boutons and surrounding choroidal blood vessels displayed GAL-IR. Further, the majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive, as revealed by co-localization-experiments with NF, while a minority displayed NF- or GAL-IR only. GAL-IR was also detected in choroidal melanocytes, as identified by the presence of intracellular melanin-granules, as well as in cells lacking melanin-granules, most likely representing macrophages. GAL-IR was detected in numerous cells and tissues throughout the anterior and posterior eye and might therefore be an important regulatory peptide for many aspects of ocular control. Upcoming studies in diseased tissue will help to clarify the role of GAL in ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Research Program of Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Dept. of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Khan D, Khan M, Runesson J, Zaben M, Gray WP. GalR3 mediates galanin proliferative effects on postnatal hippocampal precursors. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:14-17. [PMID: 28431685 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galanin, a neuropeptide co-released from noradrenergic and serotonergic projection neurons to the dentate gyrus, has recently emerged as an important mediator for signaling neuronal activity to the subgranular neurogenic stem cell niche supporting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Galanin and its receptors appear to play key roles in depression-like behavior, and effects on hippocampal neurogenesis are relevant to pharmacological strategies for treating depression, which in part appear to rely on restoring altered neurogenesis. We previously demonstrated that the GalR2/3 receptor agonist Gal 2-11 is proliferative and proneurogenic for postnatal hippocampal progenitor cells; however, the specific receptor mediation remained to be identified. With the recent availability of M1145 (a specific GalR2 agonist), and SNAP 37889 (GalR3 specific antagonist), we extend our previous studies and show that while M1145 has no proliferative effect, the co-treatment of postnatal rat hippocampal progenitors with Gal 2-11 and SNAP 37889 completely abolished the Gal 2-11 proliferative effects. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that GalR3 and not GalR2 is the specific receptor subtype that mediates the proliferative effects of galanin on hippocampal progenitor cells. These results implicate GALR3 in the mediation of galanin neurogenic effects and, potentially, its neurogenic anti-depressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Khan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Khan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Runesson
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Zaben
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - W P Gray
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Shimozaki K. Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 and 2 Confer Overlapping Transcriptional Programs for the Proliferation of Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:995-1008. [PMID: 27778125 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis originates from neural stem cells (NSCs) in specific regions of the adult brain. The molecular mechanisms that control the self-renewal and multipotency of NSCs have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, emerging evidence has revealed that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family DNA dioxygenases TET1 and TET2 play important roles in the central nervous system. Here, I present evidence that Tet1 and Tet2 are expressed in cultured NSCs derived from adult mouse brain and play an important role in the proliferative self-renewal of NSCs in an undifferentiated state. The investigation of intracellular molecular networks involving both Tet1 and Tet2 by gene knockdown and comprehensive genetic analyses showed that overlapping molecular mechanisms involving TET1 and TET2 regulate the expression of at least 16 genes required for DNA replication and cell cycle control. Interestingly, transcriptional regulation of the selected gene through TET1 and TET2 did not correlate with direct CpG demethylation of the gene promoter. These findings suggest that TET1 and TET2 play an important role in the proliferation of NSCs in the adult mouse brain by specifically regulating common genes for DNA replication and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shimozaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Life Science Support Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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13
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Webling K, Groves-Chapman JL, Runesson J, Saar I, Lang A, Sillard R, Jakovenko E, Kofler B, Holmes PV, Langel Ü. Pharmacological stimulation of GAL1R but not GAL2R attenuates kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:83-92. [PMID: 26764217 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and part of a bigger family of bioactive peptides. Galanin exerts its biological activity through three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, GAL1-3R. Throughout the last 20years, data has accumulated that galanin can have a neuroprotective effect presumably mediated through the activation of GAL1R and GAL2R. In order to test the pharmaceutical potential of galanin receptor subtype selective ligands to inhibit excitotoxic cell death, the GAL1R selective ligand M617 and the GAL2R selective ligand M1145 were compared to the novel GAL1/2R ligand M1154, in their ability to reduce the excitotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injected kainate acid in rats. The peptide ligands were evaluated in vitro for their binding preference in a competitive (125)I-galanin receptor subtype binding assay, and G-protein signaling was evaluated using both classical signaling and a label-free real-time technique. Even though there was no significant difference in the time course or severity of the kainic acid induced epileptic behavior in vivo, administration of either M617 or M1154 before kainic acid administration significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the potential therapeutic value of agonists selective for GAL1R in the prevention of neuronal cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Galanin/analogs & derivatives
- Galanin/pharmacology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Humans
- Kainic Acid/toxicity
- Ligands
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica L Groves-Chapman
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rannar Sillard
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Jakovenko
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Beart PM. Synaptic signalling and its interface with neuropathologies: snapshots from the past, present and future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:76-90. [PMID: 27144305 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This 'Past to Future' Review as part of the 60th anniversary year of the Journal of Neurochemistry focuses on synaptic transmission and associated signalling, and seeks to identify seminal progress in neurochemistry over the last 10 years which has advanced our understanding of neuronal communication in brain. The approach adopted analyses neurotransmitters on a case by case basis (i.e. amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, neuropeptides, ATP/purines and gasotransmitters) to highlight novel findings that have changed the way we view each type of transmitter, to explore commonalities and interactions, and to note how new insights have changed the way we view the biology of degenerative, psychiatric and behavioural conditions. Across all transmitter systems there was remarkable growth in the identification of targets likely to provide therapeutic benefit and which undoubtedly was driven by the elucidation of circuit function and new vistas of synaptic signalling. There has been an increasing trend to relate signalling to disease, notably for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and related conditions, and which has occurred for each transmitter family. Forebrain circuitry and tonic excitatory control have been the centre of great attention yielding novel findings that will impact upon cognitive, emotional and addictive behaviours. Other impressive insights focus on gasotransmitters integrating activity as volume transmitters. Exciting developments in how serotonin, cholinergic, l-glutamate, galanin and adenosine receptors and their associated signalling can be beneficially targeted should underpin the development of new therapies. Clearly integrated, multifaceted neurochemistry has changed the way we view synaptic signalling and its relevance to pathobiology. Highlighted are important advances in synaptic signalling over the last decade in the Journal of Neurochemistry. Across all transmitter systems elucidation of circuit function, and notably molecular insights, have underpinned remarkable growth in the identification of targets likely to provide therapeutic benefit in neuropathologies. Another commonality was wide interest in forebrain circuitry and its tonic excitatory control. Increasingly observations relate to signalling in disease and behavioural conditions. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Scanlon CS, Banerjee R, Inglehart RC, Liu M, Russo N, Hariharan A, van Tubergen EA, Corson SL, Asangani IA, Mistretta CM, Chinnaiyan AM, D'Silva NJ. Galanin modulates the neural niche to favour perineural invasion in head and neck cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6885. [PMID: 25917569 PMCID: PMC4476386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is an indicator of poor survival in multiple cancers. Unfortunately, there is no targeted treatment for PNI since the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. PNI is an active process, suggesting that cancer cells communicate with nerves. However, nerve-tumour crosstalk is understudied due to the lack of in vivo models to investigate the mechanisms. Here, we developed an in vivo model of PNI to characterise this interaction. We show that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) initiates nerve-tumour crosstalk via activation of its G-protein-coupled receptor, GALR2. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which GAL from nerves stimulates GALR2 on cancer cells to induce NFATC2-mediated transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 and GAL. Prostaglandin E2 promotes cancer invasion, and in a feedback mechanism, GAL released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating PNI. This study describes a novel in vivo model for PNI and reveals the dynamic interaction between nerve and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Springstead Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nickole Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amirtha Hariharan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A van Tubergen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sara L Corson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- 1] Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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16
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Sciolino NR, Smith JM, Stranahan AM, Freeman KG, Edwards GL, Weinshenker D, Holmes PV. Galanin mediates features of neural and behavioral stress resilience afforded by exercise. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:255-64. [PMID: 25301278 PMCID: PMC4250306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise promotes resilience to stress and increases galanin in the locus coeruleus (LC), but the question of whether changes in galanin signaling mediate the stress-buffering effects of exercise has never been addressed. To test the contributions of galanin to stress resilience, male Sprague Dawley rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulation for drug delivery and frontocortical cannulation for microdialysis, and were housed with or without a running wheel for 21d. Rats were acutely injected with vehicle or the galanin receptor antagonist M40 and exposed to a single session of either footshock or no stress. Other groups received galanin, the galanin receptor antagonist M40, or vehicle chronically for 21d prior to the stress session. Microdialysis sampling occurred during stress exposure and anxiety-related behavior was measured on the following day in the elevated plus maze. Dendritic spines were visualized by Golgi impregnation in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons and quantified. Exercise increased galanin levels in the LC. Under non-stressed conditions, anxiety-related behavior and dopamine levels were comparable between exercised and sedentary rats. In contrast, exposure to stress reduced open arm exploration in sedentary rats but not in exercise rats or those treated chronically with ICV galanin, indicating improved resilience. Both exercise and chronic, ICV galanin prevented the increased dopamine overflow and loss of dendritic spines observed after stress in sedentary rats. Chronic, but not acute M40 administration blocked the resilience-promoting effects of exercise. The results indicate that increased galanin levels promote features of resilience at both behavioral and neural levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Sciolino
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - J M Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - A M Stranahan
- Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - K G Freeman
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - G L Edwards
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - D Weinshenker
- Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - P V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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17
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Santiago M, Antunes C, Guedes M, Sousa N, Marques CJ. TET enzymes and DNA hydroxymethylation in neural development and function - how critical are they? Genomics 2014; 104:334-40. [PMID: 25200796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications of the genome play important roles in controlling gene transcription thus regulating several molecular and cellular processes. A novel epigenetic modification - 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) - has been recently described and attracted a lot of attention due to its possible involvement in the active DNA demethylation mechanism. TET enzymes are dioxygenases capable of oxidizing the methyl group of 5-methylcytosines (5mC) and thus converting 5mC into 5hmC. Although most of the work on TET enzymes and 5hmC has been carried out in embryonic stem (ES) cells, the highest levels of 5hmC occur in the brain and in neurons, pointing to a role for this epigenetic modification in the control of neuronal differentiation, neural plasticity and brain functions. Here we review the most recent advances on the role of TET enzymes and DNA hydroxymethylation in neuronal differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Santiago
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Claudia Antunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marta Guedes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C Joana Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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18
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Cordero-Llana O, Rinaldi F, Brennan PA, Wynick D, Caldwell MA. Galanin promotes neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells in vitro and contributes to the generation of new olfactory neurons in the adult mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:93-104. [PMID: 24726665 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a pleiotropic neuropeptide widely expressed in the nervous system. It plays a role in many diverse physiological functions - including nociception, cognition and metabolism regulation - and acts as neurotrophic/neuroprotective factor for several neuronal populations. In this article we sought to determine the role of galanin on neural stem cell function and its contribution to the plasticity of the nervous system. Here we show that galanin and its receptors are expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the developing striatum. Stimulation with galanin results in upregulation of Bcl-Xl, Bcl-2, Mash-1 and Olig-2 that are part of well known pro-survival/pro-neuronal signalling pathways. Accordingly, treatment with galanin increases the number of neurons upon differentiation from these progenitors. We then show that these effects are recapitulated in NPCs isolated from the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), where galanin increases the total number of neurons and the number of newly-generated neurons upon differentiation in vitro. The significance of these findings is highlighted in the adult brain where loss of galanin leads to a marked decrease in the rate of adult SVZ neurogenesis and a reduction in the number of newly generated cells in the olfactory bulb. Interestingly, Gal-KO mice display normal performances in simple tasks of olfactory detection and discrimination, which points to the existence of a certain degree of redundancy in SVZ neurogenesis. Our findings establish the role of galanin as a modulator of neural stem cell function and support the importance of galanin for brain plasticity and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cordero-Llana
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Peter A Brennan
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Wynick
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, UK.
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19
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Nunan R, Sivasathiaseelan H, Khan D, Zaben M, Gray W. Microglial VPAC1R mediates a novel mechanism of neuroimmune-modulation of hippocampal precursor cells via IL-4 release. Glia 2014; 62:1313-27. [PMID: 24801739 PMCID: PMC4336555 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the production of new neurons from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), occurs throughout adulthood in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where it supports learning and memory. The innate and adaptive immune systems are increasingly recognized as important modulators of hippocampal neurogenesis under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the mechanisms by which the immune system regulates hippocampal neurogenesis are incompletely understood. In particular, the role of microglia, the brains resident immune cell is complex, as they have been reported to both positively and negatively regulate neurogenesis. Interestingly, neuronal activity can also regulate the function of the immune system. Here, we show that depleting microglia from hippocampal cultures reduces NSPC survival and proliferation. Furthermore, addition of purified hippocampal microglia, or their conditioned media, is trophic and proliferative to NSPCs. VIP, a neuropeptide released by dentate gyrus interneurons, enhances the proliferative and pro-neurogenic effect of microglia via the VPAC1 receptor. This VIP-induced enhancement is mediated by IL-4 release, which directly targets NSPCs. This demonstrates a potential neuro-immuno-neurogenic pathway, disruption of which may have significant implications in conditions where combined cognitive impairments, interneuron loss, and immune system activation occurs, such as temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nunan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Brain galanin system genes interact with life stresses in depression-related phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1666-73. [PMID: 24706871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403649111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a stress-inducible neuropeptide and cotransmitter in serotonin and norepinephrine neurons with a possible role in stress-related disorders. Here we report that variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), despite their disparate genomic loci, conferred increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events in a European white population cohort totaling 2,361 from Manchester, United Kingdom and Budapest, Hungary. Bayesian multivariate analysis revealed a greater relevance of galanin system genes in highly stressed subjects compared with subjects with moderate or low life stress. Using the same method, the effect of the galanin system genes was stronger than the effect of the well-studied 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4). Conventional multivariate analysis using general linear models demonstrated that interaction of galanin system genes with life stressors explained more variance (1.7%, P = 0.005) than the life stress-only model. This effect replicated in independent analysis of the Manchester and Budapest subpopulations, and in males and females. The results suggest that the galanin pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression in humans by increasing the vulnerability to early and recent psychosocial stress. Correcting abnormal galanin function in depression could prove to be a novel target for drug development. The findings further emphasize the importance of modeling environmental interaction in finding new genes for depression.
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21
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Zaben MJ, Gray WP. Neuropeptides and hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:431-8. [PMID: 24215800 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis is important for modulating the behavioural responses to stress and for certain forms of learning and memory. The mechanisms underlying the necessary coupling of neuronal activity to neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) function remain poorly understood. Within the dentate subgranular stem cell niche, local interneurons appear to play an important part in this excitation-neurogenesis coupling via GABAergic transmission, which promotes neuronal differentiation and integration. Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin have emerged as important mediators for signalling local and extrinsic interneuronal activity to subgranular zone precursors. Here we review the distribution of these neuropeptides and their receptors in the neurogenic area of the hippocampus and their precise effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. We also discuss neuropeptides' potential involvement in functional aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis particularly their involvement in the modulation of learning and memory and behavior responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, 3rd Floor, Room 3.33, The Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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22
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Mansouri S, Barde S, Ortsäter H, Eweida M, Darsalia V, Langel U, Sjöholm A, Hökfelt T, Patrone C. GalR3 activation promotes adult neural stem cell survival in response to a diabetic milieu. J Neurochem 2013; 127:209-20. [PMID: 23927369 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes impairs adult neurogenesis which could play a role in the CNS complications of this serious disease. The goal of this study was to determine the potential role of galanin in protecting adult neural stem cells (NSCs) from glucolipotoxicity and to analyze whether apoptosis and the unfolded protein response were involved in the galanin-mediated effect. We also studied the regulation of galanin and its receptor subtypes under diabetes in NSCs in vitro and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in vivo. The viability of mouse SVZ-derived NSCs and the involvement of apoptosis (Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3) and unfolded protein response [C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) Glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (GRP78/BiP), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation] were assessed in the presence of glucolipotoxic conditions after 24 h. The effect of diabetes on the regulation of galanin and its receptor subtypes was assessed on NSCs in vitro and in SVZ tissues isolated from normal and type 2 diabetes ob/ob mice. We show increased NSC viability following galanin receptor (GalR)3 activation. This protective effect correlated with decreased apoptosis and CHOP levels. We also report how galanin and its receptors are regulated by diabetes in vitro and in vivo. This study shows GalR3-mediated neuroprotection, supporting a potential future therapeutic development, based on GalR3 activation, for the treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mansouri
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Beck B, Pourié G. Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and other feeding-regulatory peptides active in the hippocampus: role in learning and memory. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:541-61. [PMID: 23865799 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region of primary importance for neurogenesis, which occurs during early developmental states as well as during adulthood. Increases in neuronal proliferation and in neuronal death with age have been associated with drastic changes in memory and learning. Numerous neurotransmitters are involved in these processes, and some neuropeptides that mediate neurogenesis also modulate feeding behavior. Concomitantly, feeding peptides, which act primarily in the hypothalamus, are also present in the hippocampus. This review aims to ascertain the role of several important feeding peptides in cognitive functions, either through their local synthesis in the hippocampus or through their actions via specific receptors in the hippocampus. A link between neurogenesis and the orexigenic or anorexigenic properties of feeding peptides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- INSERM U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Expositions aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre, France.
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24
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Zhang RR, Cui QY, Murai K, Lim YC, Smith ZD, Jin S, Ye P, Rosa L, Lee YK, Wu HP, Liu W, Xu ZM, Yang L, Ding YQ, Tang F, Meissner A, Ding C, Shi Y, Xu GL. Tet1 regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:237-45. [PMID: 23770080 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA hydroxylation catalyzed by Tet dioxygenases occurs abundantly in embryonic stem cells and neurons in mammals. However, its biological function in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Tet1 plays an important role in regulating neural progenitor cell proliferation in adult mouse brain. Mice lacking Tet1 exhibit impaired hippocampal neurogenesis accompanied by poor learning and memory. In adult neural progenitor cells deficient in Tet1, a cohort of genes involved in progenitor proliferation were hypermethylated and downregulated. Our results indicate that Tet1 is positively involved in the epigenetic regulation of neural progenitor cell proliferation in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Rui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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25
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Agasse F, Xapelli S, Coronas V, Christiansen SH, Rosa AI, Sardá-Arroyo L, Santos T, Ferreira R, Schitine C, Harnois T, Bourmeyster N, Bragança J, Bernardino L, Malva JO, Woldbye DP. Galanin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Søren H. Christiansen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra I. Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Schitine
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Harnois
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - José Bragança
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Rupert AE, Ou Y, Sandberg M, Weber SG. Electroosmotic push-pull perfusion: description and application to qualitative analysis of the hydrolysis of exogenous galanin in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:838-48. [PMID: 23614879 DOI: 10.1021/cn400082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here a method that perfuses a small region of an organotypic hippocampal culture with a solution containing an enzyme substrate, a neuropeptide. Perfusate containing hydrolysis products is continually collected and subsequently analyzed for the products of the enzymatic degradation of the peptide substrate. The driving force for perfusion is an electric field. The fused silica capillaries used as "push" and "pull" or "source" and "collection" capillaries have a ζ-potential that is negative and greater in magnitude than the tissue's ζ-potential. Thus, depending on the magnitudes of particular dimensions, the electroosmotic flow in the capillaries augments the fluid velocity in the tissue. The flow rate is not directly measured; however, we determine it using a finite-element approach. We have determined the collection efficiency of the system using an all d-amino acid internal standard. The flow rates are low, in the nL/min range, and adjustable by controlling the current or voltage in the system. The collection efficiency of the d-amino acid peptide internal standard is variable, increasing with increased current and thus electroosmotic flow rate. The collection efficiency can be rationalized in the context of a Peclet number. Electroosmotic push-pull perfusion of the neuropeptide galanin (gal1-29) through the extracellular space of an organotypic hippocampal culture results in its hydrolysis by ectopeptidase reactions occurring in the extracellular space. The products of hydrolysis were identified by MALDI-MS. Experiments at two levels of current (8-12 μA and 19-40 μA) show that the probability of seeing hydrolysis products (apparently from aminopeptidases) is greater in the Cornu Ammonis area 3 (CA3) than in the Cornu Ammonis area 1 (CA1) in the higher current experiments. In the lower current experiments, shorter peptide products of aminopeptidases (gal13-29 to gal20-19) are seen with greater frequency in CA3 than in CA1 but there is no statistically significant difference for longer peptides (gal3-29 to gal12-29).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Rupert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Y. Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - M. Sandberg
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, S 405 30 Sweden
| | - S. G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
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27
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Yutsudo N, Kamada T, Kajitani K, Nomaru H, Katogi A, Ohnishi YH, Ohnishi YN, Takase KI, Sakumi K, Shigeto H, Nakabeppu Y. fosB-null mice display impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis and spontaneous epilepsy with depressive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:895-906. [PMID: 23303048 PMCID: PMC3672000 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are at high risk for major depression relative to the general population, and both disorders are associated with changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, although the mechanisms underlying disease onset remain unknown. The expression of fosB, an immediate early gene encoding FosB and ΔFosB/Δ2ΔFosB by alternative splicing and translation initiation, is known to be induced in neural progenitor cells within the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the hippocampus, following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated expression of fosB gene products can promote neural stem cell proliferation. We recently found that fosB-null mice show increased depressive behavior, suggesting impaired neurogenesis in fosB-null mice. In the current study, we analyzed neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of fosB-null and fosB(d/d) mice that express ΔFosB/Δ2ΔFosB but not FosB, in comparison with wild-type mice, alongside neuropathology, behaviors, and gene expression profiles. fosB-null but not fosB(d/d) mice displayed impaired neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus and spontaneous epilepsy. Microarray analysis revealed that genes related to neurogenesis, depression, and epilepsy were altered in the hippocampus of fosB-null mice. Thus, we conclude that the fosB-null mouse is the first animal model to provide a genetic and molecular basis for the comorbidity between depression and epilepsy with abnormal neurogenesis, all of which are caused by loss of a single gene, fosB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yutsudo
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kajitani
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Katogi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko H Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori N Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Takase
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigeto
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, Tel: +81 92 642 6800, Fax: +81 92 642 6791, E-mail:
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28
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Kalkan Y, Unal B, Keles ON, Kara A. Numerical analysis of age and gender-dependent neuronal cells in postnatal development of rat hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Effects of exogenous galanin on neuropathic pain state and change of galanin and its receptors in DRG and SDH after sciatic nerve-pinch injury in rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37621. [PMID: 22624057 PMCID: PMC3356287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of neuroanatomical, neurophysiologic, and neurochemical mechanisms are thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain have not been completely delineated. It has been demonstrated that neuropeptide galanin (Gal) is upregulated after injury in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn (SDH) where it plays a predominantly antinociceptive role. In the present study, sciatic nerve-pinch injury rat model was used to determine the effects of exogenous Gal on the expression of the Gal and its receptors (GalR1, GalR2) in DRG and SDH, the alterations of pain behavior, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and morphology of sciatic nerve. The results showed that exogenous Gal had antinociceptive effects in this nerve-pinch injury induced neuropathic pain animal model. It is very interesting that Gal, GalR1 and GalR2 change their expression greatly in DRG and SDH after nerve injury and intrathecal injection of exougenous Gal. Morphological investigation displays a serious damage after nerve-pinch injury and an amendatory regeneration after exogenous Gal treatment. These findings imply that Gal, via activation of GalR1 and/or GalR2, may have neuroprotective effects in reducing neuropathic pain behaviors and improving nerve regeneration after nerve injury.
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30
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Santos T, Maia J, Agasse F, Xapelli S, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanomedicine boosts neurogenesis: new strategies for brain repair. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:973-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Xu X, Jiang H, Liu H, Zhang W, Xu X, Li Z. The effects of galanin on dorsal root ganglion neurons with high glucose treatment in vitro. Brain Res Bull 2011; 87:85-93. [PMID: 22051611 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of neurons to high glucose concentrations is considered a determinant of diabetic neuropathy. The extracellular high concentration of glucose can cause neuronal cellular damage. Galanin (Gal) not only plays a role in processing of sensory information but also participates in energy homeostasis and glucoregulation. However, the effects of Gal on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with high glucose are not clear. Using an in vitro model of high glucose-treated DRG neurons in culture, the effects of Gal on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, cell viability, apoptosis, expression of Gal and its receptors (GalR1 and GalR2) of DRG neurons were investigated. Neurons were dissociated from embryonic day 15 (E15) rat DRG and cultured for 48 h and then maintained in serum-free neurobasal medium containing high glucose (45 mmol/L) or normal glucose (25 mmol/L) for 24h. Mannitol (20 mmol/L) was also used to create a high osmotic pressure mimicking the high glucose condition. The results showed that high glucose caused a rapid increasing of intracellular ROS, decreases of cell viability, and upregulation of Gal and its mRNA. Exogenous Gal (1 μmol/L) inhibited the above effects caused by high glucose. Interestingly, high glucose caused downregulation of GalR1 and its mRNA and administration of exogenous Gal could further decrease their expression, whereas expression of GalR2 and its mRNA was not affected at different experimental conditions. The results of the present study indicate for the first time that Gal and its receptor system are involved in high glucose-induced DRG neuronal injury. The contribution of exogenous Gal on neuroprotection appears to be quite significant. These results provide rationale and experimental evidence for development and further studies of Gal on therapeutic strategy for improving diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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