1
|
Zhang LL, Dou JH, Sun L, Lu GH. Impact of Gender-Role Attitudes and Mental Health on Hostile Sexism and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04028-8. [PMID: 38740626 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year, tens of thousands of people worldwide choose to undergo cosmetic surgery in order to alter their appearance. In recent years, young people have gradually emerged to comprise the main driving force behind the increasing demand for cosmetic surgery. Previous studies have found that sexism may motivate young people to undergo such surgeries. However, few studies have been conducted to determine if this psychological mechanism influences the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Chinese university students. METHODS A total of 579 Chinese university students (280 girls and 299 boys, 17-20 years) volunteered to participate in the online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the Gender-Role Attitudes Questionnaire and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. We firstly evaluated the underlying factor structure of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and exploring pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. RESULTS According to the findings, hostile sexism was associated with greater levels of acceptance toward cosmetic surgery. Moreover, gender-role attitudes mediated the link between hostile sexism and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and this mediation was positively influenced by general mental health. CONCLUSION Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of Chinese university students' attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, hostile sexism may contribute to normalizing traditional gender stereotypes and encourage cosmetic surgery acceptability among Chinese university students. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jin-Hua Dou
- Office of Student Affairs, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shan-ting District People's Hospital, Zao-Zhuang, China.
- Management Committee of Shan-ting Economic Development Zone, Zao-Zhuang, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Lu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martin-Wagar CA, Attaway SE, Melcher KA. Differences among feminist and non-feminist women on weight bias internalization, body image, and disordered eating. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 37537638 PMCID: PMC10399034 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research yields mixed results on whether feminist beliefs or self-identification are protective against body image disturbance and eating pathology in non-clinical populations. Further, no studies have examined feminism among those with diagnosed eating disorders. Additionally, previous studies have not examined the relationship between feminist identity and weight stigma. This study investigated these relationships and if there are differences in body image, eating pathology, and weight stigma among feminist identity types in women with eating disorders and college women using ANCOVAs. METHODS Participants completed self-report measures and were women with eating disorders (N = 100) and college women (N = 240). RESULTS Sixty-four percent of the women with eating disorders and 75.8% of the college women identified as a feminist. An independent samples t-test found a significantly higher weight bias internalization in the clinical eating disorder sample than in the college women sample. No significant interactions were found between sample type and feminist identity for body image or weight bias internalization. Results were consistent when using a dichotomous feminist identity item and a seven-item continuous feminist identity item. CONCLUSIONS Despite the clear impacts of the intersection of weight status and gender, results from this study suggest that identifying as a feminist is not sufficient to combate weight stigma. Findings highlight the need for further research investigating weight bias internalization within eating disorder prevention efforts and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Attaway
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Katelyn A Melcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Modica CA, DiLillo V. A structural invariance analysis of the acceptance model of intuitive eating across black, hispanic, and white young-adult women. Body Image 2023; 44:157-169. [PMID: 36638751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, structural invariance of the acceptance model of intuitive eating was examined between a sample of Black (n = 420), Hispanic (n = 420), and White (n = 435) cisgender women between the ages of 18-30 years old residing in the United States. Mean age for the total sample (n = 1275) was 24.17 years old (SD = 3.65). Women were recruited via Qualtrics Sampling, and self-report measures were administered online. Multigroup analyses were employed within a structural equation modeling framework, and measurement invariance at the configural, metric, scalar, and strict/residual levels was investigated first. After uncovering and accounting for several error variances that were non-invariant, multigroup structural invariance analyses indicated that paths within the model were invariant across the three ethnicities of women. BMI was also incorporated into the model, which, likewise, showed invariance in its associations with specific constructs. With due cautions related to the impact of cultural ideals regarding appearance and the interplay of ethnicity and body-related experiences among women, these results provide preliminary evidence that the model may apply to Black, White, and Hispanic women in the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Modica
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States.
| | - Vicki DiLillo
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rural-urban differences in body appreciation and associations with life satisfaction in adults from Sabah, Malaysia. Body Image 2022; 43:385-392. [PMID: 36306557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of body appreciation have typically focused on measurement of the construct in urban populations and there remains very little research on body appreciation in rural communities. To fill this gap, the present study examined rural-urban differences in body appreciation in an adult Kadazan-Dusun sample from the state of Sabah in Malaysia. Participants from rural (n = 215) and urban (n = 219) locales in the West Coast administrative district of Sabah were asked to complete Malay versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and to provide their demographic details. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis evidenced both partial metric invariance (by allowing loadings for three items to vary) and partial scalar invariance (by freeing the intercept for one item) on the BAS-2. Between-group analyses indicated that rural participants had significantly greater body appreciation than urban participants overall. Additionally, urban men had significantly greater body appreciation than urban women, but there was no gender difference in the rural subsample. Finally, correlational analyses indicated that body appreciation was significantly associated with life satisfaction in both the rural and urban subsamples. The present results highlight the importance of further considering the phenomenology of body appreciation in rural communities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Devine S, Germain N, Ehrlich S, Eppinger B. Changes in the Prevalence of Thin Bodies Bias Young Women's Judgments About Body Size. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1212-1225. [PMID: 35802627 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221082941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is pervasive among young women in Western countries. Among the many forces that contribute to body dissatisfaction, the overrepresentation of thin bodies in visual media has received notable attention. In this study, we proposed that prevalence-induced concept change may be one of the cognitive mechanisms that explain how beauty standards shift. We conducted a preregistered online experiment with young women (N = 419) and found that when the prevalence of thin bodies in the environment increased, the concept of being overweight expanded to include bodies that would otherwise be judged as "normal." Exploratory analyses revealed significant individual differences in sensitivity to this effect, in terms of women's judgments about other bodies as well as their own. These results suggest that women's judgments about other women's bodies are biased by an overrepresentation of thinness and lend initial support to policies designed to increase size-inclusive representation in the media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Germain
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Ben Eppinger
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University.,Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Women and #MeToo in Italy: Internalized sexualization is associated with tolerance of sexual harassment and negative views of the #MeToo movement. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs a consequence of exposure to sexualized messages, girls and women may internalize the belief that sexual attractiveness to men is an important aspect of their identity. Whereas research on internalized sexualization has mainly focused on its consequences for girls’ well-being and academic outcomes, the present study (N = 222, women, aged 20 to 29) examined whether internalized sexualization is related to sexist attitudes and tolerance of sexual harassment among young women. It also analyzed internalized sexualization’ links to women’s views of notorious sexual abuse allegations in the so-called Weinstein scandal and attitudes towards the #MeToo movement, a campaign aimed at combatting sexual harassment and sexual assault. The study was conducted in Italy, a context characterized by pervasive sexualized messages and diffuse criticism against the #MeToo movement. The findings showed that internalized sexualization was associated with stronger endorsement of sexist attitudes and higher acceptance of sexual harassment myths, which worked as sequential mediators of skepticism towards sexual abuse allegations in the Weinstein scandals. Endorsement of sexist attitudes mediated the relation between internalized sexualization and negative attitudes towards the #MeToo movement. This study extends the knowledge on the correlates of sexualization, suggesting that women’s internalization of the belief that they should be sexually attractive to men might contribute to reinforce ideologies and attitudes that perpetrate women’s mistreatment while diminishing support for social activism on women’s behalf.
Collapse
|
7
|
"What can her body do?" Reducing weight stigma by appreciating another person's body functionality. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251507. [PMID: 33989320 PMCID: PMC8121301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight stigma is prevalent across multiple life domains, and negatively affects both psychological and physical health. Yet, research into weight stigma reduction techniques is limited, and rarely results in reduced antipathy toward higher-weight individuals. The current pre-registered study investigated a novel weight stigma reduction intervention. We tested whether a writing exercise focusing on body functionality (i.e., everything the body can do, rather than how it looks) of another person leads to reductions in weight stigma. METHOD Participants were 98 women (Mage = 23.17, Range = 16-63) who viewed a photograph of a higher-weight woman, "Anne," and were randomised to complete a writing exercise either describing what "Anne's" body could do (experimental group) or describing her home (active control group). Facets of weight stigma were assessed at pretest and posttest. RESULTS At posttest, the experimental group evidenced higher fat acceptance and social closeness to "Anne" compared with the active control group. However, no group differences were found in attribution complexity, responsibility, and likeability of "Anne". CONCLUSIONS A brief body functionality intervention effectively reduced some, but not all, facets of weight stigma in women. This study provides evidence that functionality-focused interventions may hold promise as a means to reduce weight stigma.
Collapse
|
8
|
Influence of objectification belief and consumerism culture on Chinese women’s views of cosmetic surgery. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
9
|
Xiao L, Wang F. Examining the Links Between Beauty Ideals Internalization, the Objectification of Women, and Ambivalent Sexism Among Chinese Women: The Effects of Sexual Orientation. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:553-562. [PMID: 32394113 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread propagation of beauty ideals has made their influence inescapable for women worldwide. Numerous studies have suggested the negative consequences of the internalization of beauty ideals. However, researchers have mostly focused on Western cultures, with only a few studies addressing China. Given that Chinese traditional Confucian values emphasize more reproduction and family duties of women, women suffer more pressures in China. However, not all women experience and respond to cultural practices in the same way. The present study aimed to examine the mechanism underlying the link between the internalization of beauty ideals and ambivalent sexism and the differences in this link among subgroups of Chinese women. Data were collected from a sample of 293 (146 heterosexual women, 147 sexual minority women). The results showed that the associations of the internalization of beauty ideals with hostile sexism and benevolent sexism were mediated by the objectification of women. Furthermore, the link between the internalization of beauty ideals and the objectification of women depended on women's sexual orientation. More specifically, for lesbian and bisexual women but not heterosexual women, the internalization of beauty ideals was positively associated with the objectification of women. The present study addressed a major gap by examining how and for whom the internalization of beauty ideals was associated with increased hostile sexism and benevolent sexism among Chinese women. Sociocultural factors and implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Recent discourses within breast cancer and gendered studies literature suggest some women are challenging postmastectomy bodies as abject bodies. Tattooing is an emerging body project in contemporary society that can offer women who live disembodied from their postmastectomized body an alternative. We consider embodied health movements, a type of social movement, to explore how acquiring meaningful tattoo art over a mastectomized site can been seen as challenging hegemonic, gendered discourses of the female breast and patriarchal ideals of beauty, post mastectomy. As part of emancipatory practices, tattooed bodies have historically been used to challenge dominant discourses related to identity and is currently evolving into practices of self-expression, healing, and transformation. As an emerging phenomenon among women, it is important for nurses to understand the prevalence and role of tattoos more broadly, and the possible means for women to embody healing and transformation post mastectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Bruce
- Department of NursingUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harsey SJ, Zurbriggen EL. Men and women’s self-objectification, objectification of women, and sexist beliefs. SELF AND IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2020.1784263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Harsey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Swami V, Tran US, Barron D, Afhami R, Aimé A, Almenara CA, Alp Dal N, Amaral ACS, Andrianto S, Anjum G, Argyrides M, Atari M, Aziz M, Banai B, Borowiec J, Brewis A, Cakir Kocak Y, Campos JADB, Carmona C, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chen H, Chobthamkit P, Choompunuch B, Constantinos T, Crumlish A, Cruz JE, Dalley SE, Damayanti D, Dare J, Donofrio SM, Draksler A, Escasa-Dorne M, Fernandez EF, Ferreira MEC, Frederick DA, García AA, Geller S, George A, Ghazieh L, Goian C, Gorman C, Grano C, Handelzalts JE, Horsburgh H, Jackson T, Javela Delgado LGJ, Jović M, Jović M, Kantanista A, Kertechian SK, Kessels L, Król-Zielińska M, Kuan G, Kueh YC, Kumar S, Kvalem IL, Lombardo C, Luis López Almada E, Maïano C, Manjary M, Massar K, Matera C, Mereiles JFF, Meskó N, Namatame H, Nerini A, Neto F, Neto J, Neves AN, Ng SK, Nithiya DR, Omar SS, Omori M, Panasiti MS, Pavela Banai I, Pila E, Pokrajac-Bulian A, Postuvan V, Prichard I, Razmus M, Sabiston CM, Sahlan RN, Sarfo JO, Sawamiya Y, Stieger S, SturtzSreetharan C, Tee E, Ten Hoor GA, Thongpibul K, Tipandjan A, Tudorel O, Tylka T, Vally Z, Vargas-Nieto JC, Vega LD, Vidal-Mollón J, Vintila M, Williams D, Wutich A, Yamamiya Y, Zambrano D, Zanetti MC, Živčić-Bećirević I, Voracek M. The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations. Body Image 2020; 32:199-217. [PMID: 32032822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 % of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 % wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 % were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02-.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Carlos A Almenara
- Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nursel Alp Dal
- Midwifery Department, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais, São Barbacena, Brazil
| | - Sonny Andrianto
- Department of Psychology, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gulnaz Anjum
- Department of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Marios Argyrides
- School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Paphos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Mohammad Atari
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Mudassar Aziz
- Department of Social Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Benjamin Banai
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Joanna Borowiec
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alexandra Brewis
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | | | | | - Carmen Carmona
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand; School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Bovornpot Choompunuch
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Aine Crumlish
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon E Dalley
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Devi Damayanti
- Department of Psychology, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joanna Dare
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, United States
| | - Stacey M Donofrio
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anja Draksler
- Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute and Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo, Yaffo, Israel
| | - Alexias George
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Louai Ghazieh
- Department of Human Resources, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cosmin Goian
- Department of Social Work, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Colin Gorman
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Heather Horsburgh
- School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | | | - Marija Jović
- Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Jović
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Loes Kessels
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Król-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Garry Kuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yee Cheng Kueh
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Mandar Manjary
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Norbert Meskó
- Department of General and Evolutionary Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Department of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Neto
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Brasília, Taguatinga, Brazil
| | - Angela Nogueira Neves
- Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Siu-Kuen Ng
- Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Devi R Nithiya
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeth, India
| | - Salma Samir Omar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mika Omori
- Department of Psychology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vita Postuvan
- Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute and Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Magdalena Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reza N Sahlan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- Department of Nursing, All Nations University College, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Department of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria; Department of Psychology, Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Cindi SturtzSreetharan
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Eugene Tee
- Department of Psychology, HELP University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Gill A Ten Hoor
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kulvadee Thongpibul
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Tracy Tylka
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Luis Diego Vega
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Vidal-Mollón
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mona Vintila
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Deborah Williams
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Amber Wutich
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danilo Zambrano
- Department of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lonrez, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ivanka Živčić-Bećirević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pazhoohi F, Garza R, Kingstone A. Effects of Breast Size, Intermammary Cleft Distance (Cleavage) and Ptosis on Perceived Attractiveness, Health, Fertility and Age: Do Life History, Self-Perceived Mate Value and Sexism Attitude Play a Role? ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-020-00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
AbstractSocial media platforms are accused repeatedly of creating environments in which women are bullied and harassed. We argue that online aggression toward women aims to reinforce traditional feminine norms and stereotypes. In a mixed methods study, we find that this type of aggression on Twitter is common and extensive and that it can spread far beyond the original target. We locate over 2.9 million tweets in one week that contain instances of gendered insults (e.g., “bitch,” “cunt,” “slut,” or “whore”)—averaging 419,000 sexist slurs per day. The vast majority of these tweets are negative in sentiment. We analyze the social networks of the conversations that ensue in several cases and demonstrate how the use of “replies,” “retweets,” and “likes” can further victimize a target. Additionally, we develop a sentiment classifier that we use in a regression analysis to compare the negativity of sexist messages. We find that words in a message that reinforce feminine stereotypes inflate the negative sentiment of tweets to a significant and sizeable degree. These terms include those insulting someone’s appearance (e.g., “ugly”), intellect (e.g., “stupid”), sexual experience (e.g., “promiscuous”), mental stability (e.g., “crazy”), and age (“old”). Messages enforcing beauty norms tend to be particularly negative. In sum, hostile, sexist tweets are strategic in nature. They aim to promote traditional, cultural beliefs about femininity, such as beauty ideals, and they shame victims by accusing them of falling short of these standards.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sudkämper A, Ryan MK, Kirby TA, Morgenroth T. A comprehensive measure of attitudes and behaviour: Development of the Support for Gender Equality among Men Scale. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Dryden C, Anderson J. The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Exploring Women’s Experiences: Embodied Pathways and Influences for Exercise Participation. SOCIETIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soc9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been well-documented that women face pressures to conform to a slim, toned, and athletic body, becoming “tyrannised” by beauty ideals. Under these contemporary ideologies of perfectionism, women are placed under constant surveillance, evaluation and, objectification and are thus reduced to “being” their bodies. However, there is little known about the potential relationships between different types of exercise, body image, and exercise motivation. With this in mind, this paper contributes towards a small but developing body of research that utilises feminist phenomenology to reveal twelve women’s early embodied motivations for exercising and draws upon material gathered from a three-year ethnography into the embodied experiences of women in fitness cultures. This paper delves into the influences on their continued participation over time and explores how these experiences shape their understandings of the embodied self and the broader constructions of the gendered body. The discussion provided illuminates how early influences on exercise participation and how pressures on women to conform to dominant notions of the “feminine” body are imposed by structural, cultural, historical, and localised forces in ways that affect and shape future physical activity participation, and the physical cultures where these tensions are played out.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sáez G, Riemer AR, Brock RL, Gervais SJ. Objectification in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Examining Relationship Satisfaction of Female Objectification Recipients and Male Objectifying Perpetrators. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Griffiths S, Murray SB, Medeiros A, Blashill AJ. The tall and the short of it: An investigation of height ideals, height preferences, height dissatisfaction, heightism, and height-related quality of life impairment among sexual minority men. Body Image 2017; 23:146-154. [PMID: 29031097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human height has attracted empirical interest from a variety of psychological perspectives. However, little research has explored height from the perspective of sexual minority men, inclusive of their height beliefs, height preferences, height dissatisfaction, experiences of heightism, and height-related quality of life impairment. We explored these height variables in 2733 sexual minority men who completed a survey distributed nationwide to Australian and New Zealander users of geosocial-networking smartphone applications. Results showed that men's ideal height (M=182.26cm, SD=5.93cm) was taller than their actual height (M=178.96cm, SD=7.52cm). Shorter and taller men reported negative and positive treatment from others due to their height, respectively, with the cross-over (i.e., neutral) point at approximately 175-176cm. Heightism was reported by 11.0% of men. Height dissatisfaction and heightism were uniquely associated with quality of life impairment; the size of these associations was small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, United States; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bannerman A. Resisting oppression: body psychotherapy techniques to empower women. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2017.1347107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Bannerman
- Somatic Counseling Psychology Department, Graduate School of Psychology, Naropa University, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferguson CJ, Donnellan MB. Are Associations Between "Sexist" Video Games and Decreased Empathy Toward Women Robust? A Reanalysis of Gabbiadini et al. 2016. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [PMID: 28639206 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gabbiadini, A., Riva, P., Andrighetto, L., Volpato, C., & Bushman, B, (PloS ONE, 2016) provided evidence for a connection between "sexist" video games and decreased empathy toward girls using an experimental paradigm. These claims are based on a moderated mediation model. They reported a three-way interaction between game condition, gender, and avatar identification when predicting masculine ideology in their original study. Masculine ideology was associated, in turn, with decreased empathy. However, there were no main experimental effects for video game condition on empathy. The current analysis considers the strength of the evidence for claims made in the original study on a sample of 153 adolescents (M age = 16.812, SD = 1.241; 44.2% male). We confirmed that there was little evidence for an overall effect of game condition on empathy toward girls or women. We tested the robustness of the original reported moderated mediation models against other, theoretically derived alternatives, and found that effects differed based on how variables were measured (using alternatives in their public data file) and the statistical model used. The experimental groups differed significantly and substantially in terms of age suggesting that there might have been issues with the procedures used to randomly assign participants to conditions. These results highlight the need for preregistration of experimental protocols in video game research and raise some concerns about how moderated mediation models are used to support causal inferences. These results call into question whether use of "sexist" video games is a causal factor in the development of reduced empathy toward girls and women among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Stetson University, 421 N. Woodland Blvd., DeLand, FL, 32729, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McMillan C, Jenkins A. "A magical little pill that will relieve you of your womanly issues": What young women say about menstrual suppression. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2016; 11:32932. [PMID: 27885971 PMCID: PMC5123211 DOI: 10.3402/qhw.v11.32932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptions of menstruation by media discourses portray this bodily function to be messy, inconvenient, and as an unnecessary phenomenon to be controlled or possibly eliminated. Commercials shown on YouTube targeted toward young women suggest that having a monthly period is not healthy and a lifestyle that is menses free is both pharmacologically available and recommended in order to live a fuller life. We explored the meanings attached to online menstrual suppression commercials with 10 women aged between 18 and 25. In-depth open-ended interviews were conducted over a 10-month period in 2014 after each participant viewed three menstrual suppression online advertisements. Feminist critical discourse was used for analysis with both authors coding for inter-rater reliability recognizing how our age difference and relationship as mother and daughter informed our interpretation. An overarching theme of tension emerged from the interviews with participants feeling detached due to the gendered stereotypes the commercials used to frame menstruation as compared to their own lived experience. Meanings associated with the menstrual suppression commercials were contrary to the participants' lived experience of menstruation as a healthy process not a detrimental one to their well-being as suggested by the commercials. Subliminal messages within the advertisements were identified as reinforcing gender bias and prejudices, including those associated with femininity. Despite attempting to emulate popular culture, the menstrual suppression advertisements were largely dismissed by this group of participants as undermining their intelligence and of intentionally creating divisive binaries between groups of women. This study suggests that historical bias and stereotypical prejudices were identified by this group of young women within the marketing of menstrual suppression products and, as such, were dismissed as inauthentic to the menstruation experience reflecting a form of menstrual activism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen McMillan
- School of Social Work, Renison University College, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;
| | - Amanda Jenkins
- Department of Applied Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Intersection of Gender and Sexuality: Sexism Shapes Men’s Same-Sex Sexuality in Terms of Self-Label Identification and Partner Choice in China. SEX ROLES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Sexually objectifying portrayals of women are a frequent occurrence in mainstream media, raising questions about the potential impact of exposure to this content on others' impressions of women and on women's views of themselves. The goal of this review was to synthesize empirical investigations testing effects of media sexualization. The focus was on research published in peer-reviewed, English-language journals between 1995 and 2015. A total of 109 publications that contained 135 studies were reviewed. The findings provided consistent evidence that both laboratory exposure and regular, everyday exposure to this content are directly associated with a range of consequences, including higher levels of body dissatisfaction, greater self-objectification, greater support of sexist beliefs and of adversarial sexual beliefs, and greater tolerance of sexual violence toward women. Moreover, experimental exposure to this content leads both women and men to have a diminished view of women's competence, morality, and humanity. Limitations with the existing research approaches and measures are discussed, and suggestions for future research directions are provided.
Collapse
|
25
|
Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Zheng L, Zheng Y. Young gay men’s sexism predict their male facial masculinity preference in China. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
27
|
Ward LM, Vandenbosch L, Eggermont S. The impact of men's magazines on adolescent boys' objectification and courtship beliefs. J Adolesc 2015; 39:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Burkley M, Burkley E, Stermer SP, Andrade A, Bell AC, Curtis J. The Ugly Duckling Effect: Examining Fixed versus Malleable Beliefs about Beauty. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.5.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
29
|
Liu J, Chen H, Gao X, Meng R, Jackson T. Attention and recognition biases associated with stature dissatisfaction among young men in China. Body Image 2014; 11:562-9. [PMID: 25241032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated information-processing biases related to height dissatisfaction among young Chinese men. In Study 1, 32 highly stature dissatisfied (HSD) men and 36 less stature dissatisfied (LSD) men performed a dot probe task featuring height-related words and neutral words. HSD men were significantly slower than LSD men were in responding to probes that followed short stature words, but the groups did not differ in response speeds to probes that followed tall stature or neutral words. In Study 2, 33 HSD men and 34 LSD men completed an implicit learning task followed by a word recognition task. HSD men recognized significantly more short stature words from the initial task, but recognition accuracy for other word types did not differ between groups. Together, these findings suggest that HSD men are more inclined than LSD men to selectively avoid cues that reflect shortness in stature and to selectively recognize such cues later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Gao
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd., China
| | - Todd Jackson
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Davidson MM, Gervais SJ, Sherd LW. The Ripple Effects of Stranger Harassment on Objectification of Self and Others. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684313514371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the frequency and negative consequences of stranger harassment, only a scant number of studies have explicitly examined stranger harassment and its consequences through the lens of objectification theory. The current study introduced and tested a mediation model in which women’s experiences of stranger harassment may lead to self-objectification, which in turn may lead to objectification of other people. To examine this model, undergraduate women ( N = 501) completed measures of stranger harassment (including the verbal harassment and sexual pressure subscales of the Stranger Harassment Index), body surveillance, and objectification of other women and men. Consistent with hypotheses, significant positive correlations emerged among total stranger harassment, verbal harassment, sexual pressure, body surveillance, and other-objectification of women. Other-objectification of men showed a similar pattern of results, with the exception of being unrelated to total stranger harassment and sexual pressure. Consistent with the proposed model, body surveillance was a significant mediator of the relation between total stranger harassment and other-objectification of both women and men, as well as the relation between verbal harassment and other-objectification of both women and men. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions for research on stranger harassment, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Meghan Davidson
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sarah J. Gervais
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lindsey W. Sherd
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Swami V, Pietschnig J, Stewart N, Nader IW, Stieger S, Shannon S, Voracek M. Blame it on patriarchy: More sexist attitudes are associated with stronger consideration of cosmetic surgery for oneself and one's partner. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 48:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.740566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
32
|
Swami V, Tovée MJ. Men's oppressive beliefs predict their breast size preferences in women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:1199-1207. [PMID: 23412650 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of men's breast size preferences have yielded equivocal findings, with studies variously indicating a preference for small, medium, or large breasts. Here, we examined the impact of men's oppressive beliefs in shaping their female breast size ideals. British White men from the community in London, England (N = 361) viewed figures of women that rotated in 360° and varied in breast size along five levels. They then rated the figure that they found most physically attractive and also completed measures assessing their sexist attitudes and tendency to objectify women. Results showed that medium breasts were rated most frequent as attractive (32.7 %), followed by large (24.4 %) and very large (19.1 %) breasts. Further analyses showed that men's preferences for larger female breasts were significantly associated with a greater tendency to be benevolently sexist, to objectify women, and to be hostile towards women. These results were discussed in relation to feminist theories, which postulate that beauty ideals and practices in contemporary societies serve to maintain the domination of one sex over the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2UW, UK,
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Oswald DL, Franzoi SL, Frost KA. Experiencing Sexism and Young Women's Body Esteem. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2012.31.10.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Subjectivity uncertainty theory of objectification: Compensating for uncertainty about how to positively relate to others by downplaying their subjective attributes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Sorokowski P, Butovskaya ML. Height preferences in humans may not be universal: evidence from the Datoga people of Tanzania. Body Image 2012; 9:510-6. [PMID: 22871368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies in Western societies have shown that women prefer relatively taller men as potential partners, whereas men prefer women who are slightly shorter than themselves. Here, we discuss possible limitations of previous results within the context of the stimuli used (i.e., differences in the perceived body size of female silhouettes). Our results show that, at least in a Polish sample (N=231), modified stimuli did not essentially change the observed male-taller preferences. In contrast, we report height preferences in a traditional ethnic group, the Datoga people from Tanzania (N=107), in which men and women preferred extreme sexual dimorphism in stature (SDS) sets (i.e., men and women chose women much taller or much shorter than themselves). Thus, our data do not accord with the suggestion of a universal preference for taller men, but rather suggests that height preferences may be influenced by cultural, environmental, and ecological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida, 1, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Forbes GB, Jung J, Vaamonde JD, Omar A, Paris L, Formiga NS. Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Three Cultures: Argentina, Brazil, and the U.S. SEX ROLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Franzoi SL, Vasquez K, Sparapani E, Frost K, Martin J, Aebly M. Exploring Body Comparison Tendencies. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684311427028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined similarities and differences in women’s and men’s comparison tendencies and perfection beliefs when evaluating their face, body shape, and physical abilities, as well as how these tendencies and beliefs relate to their body esteem. College students (90 women and 88 men) completed the Body Esteem Scale and answered questions concerning their social comparison and temporal comparison tendencies related to face, body shape, and physical abilities evaluations as well as personal perfection body beliefs. As predicted, women were more likely than men to compare their face and bodies to other same-sex persons whom they perceived as having either similar or better physical qualities than themselves in those body domains, with their most likely comparison tendency being upward social comparison. More men than women held body perfection beliefs for all three body domains, and men were most likely to rely on future temporal comparison when evaluating their body shape. Comparison tendencies and perfection beliefs also were differentially related to women’s and men’s body esteem: Whereas women relied on self-critical social comparison strategies associated with negative body esteem, men’s comparison strategies and perfection beliefs were more self-hopeful. Implications for practitioners treating body image issues are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kris Vasquez
- Department of Psychology, Alverno College, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erin Sparapani
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katherine Frost
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jessica Martin
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Megan Aebly
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Slevec J, Tiggemann M. Media Exposure, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Middle-aged Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684311420249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of our study was to examine the influence of media exposure on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in middle-aged women. A sample of 101 women, aged between 35 and 55 years, completed questionnaire measures of media exposure, thin-ideal internalization, social comparison, appearance investment, aging anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating. Television, but not magazine exposure, was positively related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In contrast, both television and magazine exposure were positive correlates of all four proposed media-processing variables (internalization, social comparison, appearance investment, and aging anxiety), which were themselves positive correlates of both body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Structural equation modelling revealed that the influence of media exposure was fully mediated by the proposed media processes. The analyses also indicated that our proposed sociocultural model of disordered eating provided a reasonably good fit to the data, suggesting that sociocultural theory can be extended to women of middle-age. An important practical implication of this finding is that strategies aimed at challenging and minimizing these media processes may reduce some of the negative impact of media exposure in middle-aged women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Slevec
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Two studies investigated body guilt (i.e., feeling regret and remorse over how the body looks and a desire for reparative action to “fix” the body) within the framework of objectification theory among predominantly White British undergraduate women. In Study 1 ( N = 225), participants completed self-report measures of interpersonal sexual objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, body guilt, and eating restraint. Path analyses indicated support for the inclusion of body guilt in the objectification model, with body shame and body guilt fully mediating the relationship between self-surveillance and eating restraint. In Study 2 ( N = 85), participants reported higher body guilt, self-surveillance, body shame, and eating restraint when self-objectification was situationally activated, compared to the activation of body empowerment or a neutral condition. Path analyses in the second study replicated the objectification model from Study 1 with a state measure of self-objectification. These findings suggest that women also feel guilt (in addition to shame) about their bodies when attention is directed toward their physical appearance and wish to “correct” their body via disordered eating. Acknowledging women’s feelings of guilt in relation to not meeting restrictive beauty standards furthers our understanding of women’s experience of objectification and provides an additional target for reducing women’s mental health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Afroditi Pina
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|