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Zhan X, Li Q, Tian P, Wang D. The attachment factors and attachment receptors of human noroviruses. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104591. [PMID: 39038896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading etiological agent causing the worldwide outbreaks of acute epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly acknowledged as cellular receptors or co-receptors for HuNoVs. However, certain genotypes of HuNoVs cannot bind with any HBGAs, suggesting potential additional co-factors and attachment receptors have not been identified yet. In addition, food items, such as oysters and lettuce, play an important role in the transmission of HuNoVs. In the past decade, a couple of attachment factors other than HBGAs have been identified and analyzed from foods and microbiomes. Attachment factors exhibit potential as inhibitors of viral binding to receptors on host cells. Therefore, it is imperative to further characterize the attachment factors for HuNoVs present in foods to effectively control the spread of HuNoVs within the food chain. This review summarizes the potential attachment factors/receptors of HuNoVs in humans, foods, and microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, 94706, USA
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Li J, Lyu C, An R, Wang D. Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Oyster Heat Shock Protein 70. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:380-390. [PMID: 38635140 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish. Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP70) may play as the primary attachment receptor to bind SARS-CoV-2's recombinant spike protein S1 subunit (rS1). However, detailed information about the interaction between rS1 and oHSP70 is still unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the affinity of recombinant oHSP70 (roHSP70) for rS1 (KD = 20.4 nM) is comparable to the receptor-binding affinity of rACE2 for rS1 (KD = 16.7 nM) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based Biacore and further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three truncated proteins (roHSP70-N/C/M) and five mutated proteins (p.I229del, p.D457del, p.V491_K495del, p.K556I, and p.ΣroHSP70) were constructed according to the molecular docking results. All three truncated proteins have significantly lower affinity for rS1 than the full-length roHSP70, indicating that all three segments of roHSP70 are involved in binding to rS1. Further, the results of SPR and ELISA showed that all five mutant proteins had significantly lower affinity for rS1 than roHSP70, suggesting that amino acids at these sites are involved in binding to rS1. This study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oyster tissues or using roHSP70 as the capture unit to selectively enrich virus particles for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Efficient capturing and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus from solid foods (green onion, strawberry, and mussel) using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles and real-time RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103921. [PMID: 34809947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be a public health concern and has caused large foodborne outbreaks and economic losses worldwide. Rapid detection of HAV in foods can help to confirm the source of outbreaks in a timely manner and prevent more people getting infected. In order to efficiently detect HAV at low levels of contamination in foods, rapid and easy-to-use techniques are required to separate and concentrate viral particles to a small volume. In the current study, HAV particles were eluted from green onion, strawberry, and mussel using glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and suspended viral particles were captured using protamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). This process caused a selective concentration of the viral particles, which could be followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that pH, NaCl concentration, and PMNP amount used for the capturing had significant effects on the recovery efficiency of HAV (P < 0.05). The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 9.0, 0.14 M NaCl, and 50 μL of PMNPs. The optimized PMNP capturing method enabled the rapid capture and concentration of HAV. A sensitive real-time RT-PCR test was developed with detection limits of 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g of HAV in green onion, strawberry, and mussel, respectively. In conclusion, the PMNP method is rapid and convenient in capturing HAV from complex solid food samples and can generate concentrated HAV sample solutions suitable for high-sensitivity real time RT-PCR detection of the virus.
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Di Cola G, Fantilli AC, Pisano MB, Ré VE. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: A literature review. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 338:108986. [PMID: 33257099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Di Cola
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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5
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Kingsley DH, Chen H, Annous BA, Meade GK. Evaluation of a Male-Specific DNA Coliphage Persistence Within Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:120-125. [PMID: 30919239 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) are currently used to assess the virologic quality of shellfish-growing waters and to assess the impact of sewage release or adverse weather events on bivalve shellfish. Since MSC can have either DNA or RNA genomes, and most research has been performed exclusively on RNA MSCs, persistence of M13, a DNA MSC, was evaluated for its persistence as a function of time and temperature within Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were individually exposed to seawater containing a total of 1010 to 1012 pfu of M13 for 24 h at 15 °C followed by maintenance in tanks with as many as 21 oysters in continuously UV-sterilized water for up to 6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 22 °C. Two trials for each temperature were performed combining three shucked oysters per time point which were assayed by tenfold serial dilution in triplicate. Initial contamination levels averaged 106.9 and ranged from 106.0 to 107.0 of M13. For oysters held for 3 weeks, log10 reductions were 1.7, 3.8, and 4.2 log10 at 7, 15, and 22 °C, respectively. Oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks showed average reductions of 3.6 and 5.1 log10, respectively, but still retained infectious M13. In total, this work shows that DNA MSC may decline within shellfish in a manner analogous to RNA MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Bassam A Annous
- ARS, ERRC, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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Ko SM, Cho SY, Oh MJ, Kwon J, Vaidya B, Kim D. Application of Concanavalin A-Linked Magnetic Beads for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1997-2002. [PMID: 30476442 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prompt and inexpensive detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is essential to control acute hepatitis outbreaks associated with the consumption of contaminated raw or minimally processed food. In this study, various carbohydrate-binding lectins, including concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin, were compared for their binding affinity to HAV. Con A, which showed significantly higher binding affinity than other lectins, was used to develop an alternative and affordable method to conventional antibody-linked immunomagnetic separation prior to detection of HAV using reverse transcriptase PCR. This method, Con A-linked immunomagnetic separation combined with reverse transcriptase PCR, can detect HAV at a dilution concentration of 10-4 of the virus stock (titer: 104 median tissue culture infective dose per mL), indicating that Con A could be a promising candidate for concentrating HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Ko
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- 3 Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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Lowmoung T, Pombubpa K, Duangdee T, Tipayamongkholgul M, Kittigul L. Distribution of Naturally Occurring Norovirus Genogroups I, II, and IV in Oyster Tissues. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:415-422. [PMID: 28550646 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated different tissues of naturally contaminated oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) for the presence of noroviruses. RNA from digestive tissues, gills, and mantle of the oysters was extracted and tested for norovirus genogroup (G) I, GII, and GIV using RT-nested PCR. In spiking experiments with a known norovirus, GII.4, the detection limits were 2.97 × 102 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues, 2.62 × 102 RNA copies/g of gills, and 1.61 × 103 RNA copies/g of mantle. A total of 85 oyster samples were collected from a fresh market in Bangkok, Thailand. Noroviruses were found in the oyster samples (40/85, 47%): GI (29/85, 34.1%), GII (9/85, 10.5%), mixed GI and GII (1/85, 1.2%), and GIV (1/85, 1.2%). All three genogroups were found in the digestive tissues of oysters. Norovirus GI was present in all three tissues with the highest frequency in the mantle, and was additionally detected in multiple tissues in some oysters. GII was also detected in all three tissues, but was not detected in multiple tissues in the same oyster. For genogroup I, only GI.2 could be identified and it was found in all tissues. For genogroup II, three different genotypes were identified, namely GII.4 which was detected in the gills and the mantle, GII.17 which was detected in the digestive tissues, and GII.21 which was detected in the mantle. GIV.1 was identified in the digestive tissues of one oyster. This is the first report on the presence of human GIV.1 in oyster in Thailand, and the results indicate oyster as a possible vehicle for transmission of all norovirus genogroups in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruta Lowmoung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Duangdee
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Zhou Z, Tian Z, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Q, Wang D, Shi X. In Situ Capture RT-qPCR: A New Simple and Sensitive Method to Detect Human Norovirus in Oysters. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28421051 PMCID: PMC5376551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major cause worldwide for non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. In this study, we applied a novel viral receptor mediated in situ capture RT-qPCR (ISC-RT-qPCR) to detect HuNoVs in oysters and compared with the traditional RT-qPCR method. Ten HuNoVs RT-PCR positive and 5 negative clinical samples from gastroenteritis patients were used to compare specificity and sensitivity of ISC-RT-qPCR against that of the RT-qPCR assay. ISC-RT-qPCR had at a one-log and a two-log increase in sensitivity over that of the RT-qPCR assay for genotype I (GI) and GII, respectively. Distributions of HuNoVs in oyster tissues were investigated in artificially inoculated oysters. GI HuNoVs could be detected in all tissues in inoculated oysters by both ISC-RT-qPCR and RT-qPCR. GII HuNoVs could only be detected in gills and digestive glands by both methods. The number of viral genomic copies (vgc) measured by ISC-RT-qPCR was comparable with RT-qPCR in the detection of GI and GII HuNoVs in inoculated oysters. Thirty-six oyster samples from local market were assayed for HuNoVs by both assays. More HuNoVs could be detected by ISC-RT-qPCR in retail oysters. The detection rates of GI HuNoVs in gills, digestive glands, and residual tissues were 33.3, 25.0, and 19.4% by ISC-RT-qPCR; and 5.6, 11.1, and 11.1% by RT-qPCR, respectively. The detection rates of GII HuNoVs in gills were 2.8% by ISC-RT-qPCR; no GII HuNoV was detected in these oysters by RT-qPCR. Overall, all results demonstrated that ISC-RT-qPCR is a promising method for detecting HuNoVs in oyster samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.CShanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghai, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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Cormier J, Janes M. Concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus and its indicator from artificial seawater using zeolite. J Virol Methods 2016; 235:1-8. [PMID: 27150045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is the leading worldwide cause of acute viral hepatitis, and outbreaks caused by this virus often occur in fecal polluted waters. Rapid concentration and detection of viral contamination in water environments can prevent economic loss and can identify the source of contamination within a short time. However, conventional methods for virus concentration are often laborious, time consuming, and subject to clogging. Furthermore, most methods require a secondary concentration step to reduce the final volume of samples. We developed a method to concentrate HAV from seawater using zeolite in aid of rapid detection. In this method,artificial seawater was inoculated with HAV (7-8 log TCID50) and filtered with zeolite. The viruses were then eluted from zeolite with sodium dodecyl sulfate and detected via real-time PCR (qPCR). Zeolite was able to concentrate HAV from artificial seawater with ∼99% efficiency in less than 5min and was more efficient in seawater than in fresh water. The entire concentration and detection can be done in approximately 2h. Compared to existing methods, this method eliminated the need for a secondary concentration step as well as the necessity to modify the pH or salinity of the seawater during concentration, and was simple and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Cormier
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Marlene Janes
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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10
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Mangal M, Bansal S, Sharma SK, Gupta RK. Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: A Rapid and Accurate Answer to Food Safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1568-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.782483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Rooney BL, Pettipas J, Grudeski E, Mykytczuk O, Pang XL, Booth TF, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Detection of circulating norovirus genotypes: hitting a moving target. Virol J 2014; 11:129. [PMID: 25037234 PMCID: PMC4112979 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although national surveillance programs are in place to monitor norovirus epidemiology, the emergence of new strains and the genetic diversity among genotypes can be challenging for clinical laboratories. This study evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of one real-time RT-PCR and two end-point RT-PCRs commonly used in microbiology laboratories. METHODS Lower limit of detection (LoD) was determined using 10-fold dilutions of noroviruses belonging to different genotypes. The clinical performance of the real-time and end-point RT-PCRs was assessed in parallel using nucleic acids extracted from 186 stool specimens. RESULTS The real-time RT-PCR was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of norovirus genotypes that are currently circulating in Canada. In contrast, the two end-point RT-PCRs displayed poor analytical sensitivity or complete failure to detect certain norovirus genotypes, which was correlated to sequence mismatches in the primer-binding sites. In an attempt to improve norovirus detection with the end-point RT-PCRs, both assays were processed concurrently and detection from either assay was considered a positive result. Concurrent testing resulted in only a modest increase in clinical sensitivity (75.0%) compared to each assay alone (62.5% and 71.9%). However, the false positivity rate increased from 1.98% and 3.36% for the assays alone to 5.47% with concurrent testing. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the benefits of a real-time method and provides support for routine surveillance to monitor norovirus epidemiology and ongoing proficiency testing to ensure detection of circulating norovirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda-Lee Rooney
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oksana Mykytczuk
- Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim F Booth
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Seasonal and regional prevalence of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and rotavirus in shellfish harvested from South Korea. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Seasonal dynamics and diversity of bacteria in retail oyster tissues. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 173:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Concentration of enteric virus indicator from seawater using granular activated carbon. J Virol Methods 2014; 196:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Xue L, Wu Q, Dong R, Kou X, Li Y, Zhang J, Guo W. Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses Associated with Sporadic Gastroenteritis During Winter in Guangzhou, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:888-95. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base), South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base), South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruimin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base), South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglai Li
- Laboratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base), South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base), South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Cook N, Ruggeri FM, Sellwood J, Nasser A, Nascimento MSJ, D'Agostino M, Santos R, Saiz JC, Rzeżutka A, Bosch A, Gironés R, Carducci A, Muscillo M, Kovač K, Diez-Valcarce M, Vantarakis A, von Bonsdorff CH, de Roda Husman AM, Hernández M, van der Poel WHM. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:786-814. [PMID: 22091646 PMCID: PMC7114518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food, mostly through ingestion and occasionally through skin contact. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water run-offs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Foodstuffs of animal origin can be contaminated, and their consumption may cause human infection if the viruses are not inactivated during food processing. Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of environmental samples are necessary to elucidate the public health hazards associated with exposure to environmental viruses. Whereas monitoring of viral nucleic acids by PCR methods is relatively straightforward and well documented, detection of infectious virus particles is technically more demanding and not always possible (e.g. human norovirus or hepatitis E virus). The human pathogenic viruses that are most relevant in this context are nonenveloped and belong to the families of the Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Hepeviridae, Picornaviridae and Reoviridae. Sampling methods and strategies, first-choice detection methods and evaluation criteria are reviewed.
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Le Guyader FS, Atmar RL, Le Pendu J. Transmission of viruses through shellfish: when specific ligands come into play. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:103-10. [PMID: 22440973 PMCID: PMC3839110 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are known as vectors for human pathogens and despite regulation based on enteric bacteria they are still implicated in viral outbreaks. Among shellfish, oysters are the most common vector of contamination, and the pathogens most frequently involved in these outbreaks are noroviruses, responsible for acute gastroenteritis in humans. Analysis of shellfish-related outbreak data worldwide show an unexpected high proportion of NoV GI strains. Recent studies performed in vitro, in vivo and in the environment indicate that oysters are not just passive filters, but can selectively accumulate norovirus strains based on viral carbohydrate ligands shared with humans. These observations contribute to explain the GI bias observed in shellfish-related outbreaks compared to other outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, MS BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique, 8 quai Moncousu BP 70721, 44007 Nante Cedex 1, France
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18
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Namsai A, Louisirirotchanakul S, Wongchinda N, Siripanyaphinyo U, Virulhakul P, Puthavathana P, Myint K, Gannarong M, Ittapong R. Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:608-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine how enteric viruses persist within shellfish tissues. Several lines of novel evidence show that phagocytic blood cells (hemocytes) of Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) play an important role in the retention of virus particles. Our results demonstrated an association of virus contamination with hemocytes but not with hemolymph. Live oysters contaminated overnight with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus (MNV) had 56% and 80% of extractable virus associated with hemocytes, respectively. Transfer of HAV-contaminated hemocytes to naïve (virus-free) oysters resulted in naïve oyster meat testing HAV positive for up to 3 weeks. Acid tolerance of HAV, MNV, poliovirus (PV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) correlated with the ability of each virus to persist within oysters. Using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to evaluate persistence of these viruses in oysters, we showed that HAV persisted the longest (>21 days) and was most acid resistant, MNV and PV were less tolerant of acidic pH, persisting for up to 12 days and 1 day, respectively, and FCV did not persist (<1 day) within oysters and was not acid tolerant. This suggests that the ability of a virus to tolerate the acidic conditions typical of phagolysosomal vesicles within hemocytes plays a role in determining virus persistence in shellfish. Evaluating oyster and hemocyte homogenates and live contaminated oysters as a prelude to developing improved viral RNA extraction methods, we found that viruses were extracted more expediently from hemocytes than from whole shellfish tissues and gave similar RT-PCR detection sensitivities.
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Abstract
SUMMARYFoodborne zoonoses have a major impact on public health in China. Its booming economy and rapid socioeconomic changes have affected food production, food supplies and food consumption habits, resulting in an increase in the number of outbreaks of foodborne zoonoses. Both emerging and re-emerging foodborne zoonoses have attracted increasing national and international attention in recent years. This paper briefly reviews the main foodborne zoonoses that have had a major impact on public health over the last 20 years in China. The major causative microorganisms, including foodborne bacteria, parasites and viruses, are discussed. The prevention and control of foodborne zoonoses are difficult challenges in China. The information provided here may aid the development of effective prevention and control strategies for foodborne zoonoses.
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Gogal RM, Kerr R, Kingsley DH, Granata LA, LeRoith T, Holliman SD, Dancho BA, Flick GJ. High hydrostatic pressure processing of murine norovirus 1-contaminated oysters inhibits oral infection in STAT-1(-/-)-deficient female mice. J Food Prot 2011; 74:209-14. [PMID: 21333139 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that high pressure processing (HPP) is effective in preventing in vitro replication of murine norovirus strain 1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus surrogate, in a monocyte cell line following extraction from MNV-1-contaminated oysters. In the present study, the efficacy of HPP to prevent in vivo replication within mice fed HPP-treated MNV-1-seeded oyster extracts was evaluated. Oyster homogenate extracts seeded with MNV-1 were given 5-min, 400-MPa (58,016-psi) treatments and orally gavaged into immunodeficient (STAT-1(-/-)) female mice. Mice orally gavaged with HPP-treated MNV-1 showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) weight loss leading to enhanced morbidity, whereas those given 100 and 200 PFU of HPP-treated MNV-1 were comparable to uninfected controls. MNV-1 was detected, via real-time PCR, within the liver, spleen, and brain of all mice fed non-HPP-treated homogenate but was not detected in the tissues of mice fed HPP-treated homogenates or in uninfected control mice. Hepatocellular necrosis and lymphoid depletion in the spleen were observed in non-HPP-treated MNV-1 mice only. These results clearly show that HPP prevents MNV-1 infection in vivo and validates that viral inactivation by HPP in vitro is essentially equivalent to that in vivo. Further, the data suggest that HPP may be an effective food processing intervention for norovirus-contaminated shellfish and thus may decrease risk to both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals who consume shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gogal
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in the world. Gastroenteritis caused by bacterial and parasitic pathogens is commonly linked to food sources, but the link between NoV and contaminated foods has been more difficult to establish. Even when epidemiological information indicates that an outbreak originated with food, the presence of NoV in the suspect product may not be confirmed. If food is found to contain a common strain of NoV that circulates widely in the community, it is not possible to use strain typing to link the contamination to patient cases. Although food is certainly implicated in NoV spread, there are additional person-to-person and fomite transmission routes that have been shown to be important. NoV has an extremely low infectious dose, is stable in the environment, and resists disinfection. Cell culture methods are not available, so viability cannot be determined. Finally, many NoV outbreaks originate with when an infected food handler contaminates ready-to-eat food, which can be interpreted as foodborne or person-to-person transmission. This review will discuss both the physical characteristics of NoVs and the available epidemiological information with particular reference to the role of foods in NoV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Mattison
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, PL2204E, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Distribution in tissue and seasonal variation of norovirus genogroup I and II ligands in oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5621-30. [PMID: 20562271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00148-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, filter large volumes of water as part of their feeding activities and are able to accumulate and concentrate different types of pathogens, particularly noroviruses, from fecal human pollution. Based on our previous observation of a specific binding of the Norwalk strain (prototype norovirus genogroup I) to the oyster digestive tract through an A-like carbohydrate structure indistinguishable from human blood group A antigen and on the large diversity between strains in terms of carbohydrate-binding specificities, we evaluated the different ligands implicated in attachment to oysters tissues of strains representative of two main genogroups of human norovirus. The GI.1 and GII.4 strains differed in that the latter recognized a sialic acid-containing ligand, present in all tissues, in addition to the A-like ligand of the digestive tract shared with the GI.1 strain. Furthermore, bioaccumulation experiments using wild-type or mutant GI.1 Viruslike particles showed accumulation in hemocytes largely, but not exclusively, based on interaction with the A-like ligand. Moreover, a seasonal effect on the expression of these ligands was detected, most visibly for the GI.1 strain, with a peak in late winter and spring, a period when GI strains are regularly involved in oyster-related outbreaks. These observations may explain some of the distinct epidemiological features of strains from different genogroups.
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Wang D, Yu S, Chen W, Zhang D, Shi X. Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:104-8. [PMID: 20497494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. METHODS AND RESULTS After inoculating with V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) and incubating for 24 h, the contaminated oysters were depurated with artificial seawater for 14 days. At each step, the tissue homogenate supernatants of oysters were spread-plated onto thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, followed by colony confirmation by the polymerase chain reaction. The pathogen was detected in the gills, digestive glands (including stomach, digestive ducts and digestive diverticula), adductor muscle and mantle cilia. After a 48-h depuration period at 17-19 degrees C, the retention rate of V. parahaemolyticus in the gills (28.1%) and digestive glands (13.5%) was higher than that in adductor muscle and mantle cilia (1.4 and 2.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The population of V. parahaemolyticus in the digestive glands was the highest among all tissues tested, followed by the gills. The data indicate that digestive glands and gills are good sample candidates for direct monitoring of V. parahaemolyticus contamination in oysters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus in various oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. This study provides information to help in monitoring for V. parahaemolyticus in commercial oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Bor Luh Food Safety Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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AKIBA T, TANAKA T, NAGANO M, MORI K, HAYASHI Y, OBATA H, CHIBA T, IKUTA Y, KAMIYA Y, NAKAMA A, HOSAKA M, KAI A. Detection of Norovirus RNA in Bivalve Molluscs by Using Bacteria-Culture-Employed Method (A3T Method). Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2010; 51:237-41. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.51.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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