1
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Cantlay S, Garrison NL, Patterson R, Wagner K, Kirk Z, Fan J, Primerano DA, Sullivan MLG, Franks JM, Stolz DB, Horzempa J. Phenotypic and transcriptional characterization of F. tularensis LVS during transition into a viable but non-culturable state. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1347488. [PMID: 38380104 PMCID: PMC10877056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative, intracellular pathogen which can cause serious, potentially fatal, illness in humans. Species of F. tularensis are found across the Northern Hemisphere and can infect a broad range of host species, including humans. Factors affecting the persistence of F. tularensis in the environment and its epidemiology are not well understood, however, the ability of F. tularensis to enter a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) may be important. A broad range of bacteria, including many pathogens, have been observed to enter the VBNC state in response to stressful environmental conditions, such as nutrient limitation, osmotic or oxidative stress or low temperature. To investigate the transition into the VBNC state for F. tularensis, we analyzed the attenuated live vaccine strain, F. tularensis LVS grown under standard laboratory conditions. We found that F. tularensis LVS rapidly and spontaneously enters a VBNC state in broth culture at 37°C and that this transition coincides with morphological differentiation of the cells. The VBNC bacteria retained an ability to interact with both murine macrophages and human erythrocytes in in vitro assays and were insensitive to treatment with gentamicin. Finally, we present the first transcriptomic analysis of VBNC F. tularensis, which revealed clear differences in gene expression, and we identify sets of differentially regulated genes which are specific to the VBNC state. Identification of these VBNC specific genes will pave the way for future research aimed at dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving entry into the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Cantlay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
| | - Nicole L. Garrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
| | - Rachelle Patterson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
| | - Kassey Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
| | - Zoei Kirk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Donald A. Primerano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mara L. G. Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Franks
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Horzempa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, United States
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2
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Gundogdu K, Orus Iturriza A, Orruño M, Montánchez I, Eguiraun H, Martinez I, Arana I, Kaberdin VR. Addressing the Joint Impact of Temperature and pH on Vibrio harveyi Adaptation in the Time of Climate Change. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041075. [PMID: 37110498 PMCID: PMC10142252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming and acidification of the global ocean are two important manifestations of the ongoing climate change. To characterize their joint impact on Vibrio adaptation and fitness, we analyzed the temperature-dependent adaptation of Vibrio harveyi at different pHs (7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.3 and 8.5) that mimic the pH of the world ocean in the past, present and future. Comparison of V. harveyi growth at 20, 25 and 30 °C show that higher temperature per se facilitates the logarithmic growth of V. harveyi in nutrient-rich environments in a pH-dependent manner. Further survival tests carried out in artificial seawater for 35 days revealed that cell culturability declined significantly upon incubation at 25 °C and 30 °C but not at 20 °C. Moreover, although acidification displayed a negative impact on cell culturability at 25 °C, it appeared to play a minor role at 30 °C, suggesting that elevated temperature, rather than pH, was the key player in the observed reduction of cell culturability. In addition, analyses of the stressed cell morphology and size distribution by epifluorescent microscopy indicates that V. harveyi likely exploits different adaptation strategies (e.g., acquisition of coccoid-like morphology) whose roles might differ depending on the temperature-pH combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Gundogdu
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ander Orus Iturriza
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Itxaso Montánchez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Harkaitz Eguiraun
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
- Department of Graphic Design & Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iciar Martinez
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Vladimir R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Wang S, Wang B, You X, Du L. Transcriptomic responses of the fast-growing bacterium Vibrio natriegens during cold-induced loss of culturability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3009-3019. [PMID: 36964197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio natriegens has massive biotechnological potential owing to its fast growth rate. However, this bacterium rapidly loses its culturability during low-temperature preservation (LTP), the reason for which is still unknown. To reveal the metabolic responses of V. natriegens during LTP, we analyzed and compared the transcriptome before and after 8 days of preservation at 4 or 25 °C (room-temperature preservation (RTP)) in liquid culture medium. Most genes exhibited significant transcriptional responses to LTP. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we compared the transcriptional responses of different V. natriegens Gene Ontology (GO) sets during LTP or RTP. The enrichment of the GO set "SOS response" during LTP, but not RTP, indicated the occurrence of DNA damage during LTP. The GO set "respiratory electron transport chain" was suppressed during LTP and RTP. Although the GO set "response to oxidative stress" was not significantly altered, we observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) during LTP, suggesting a relationship between ROS and cold-induced loss of culturability (CILC) in V. natriegens. The faster loss of culturability and accumulation of ROS in 20 mL compared to 100 mL of liquid culture medium further suggested a relationship between CILC and oxygen availability. Furthermore, we showed that the deletion of Na+-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, but not type-II NADH dehydrogenase, accelerated CILC and increased intracellular ROS levels in V. natriegens. These findings will help to understand the cause of CILC which may lead to improving the stability of V. natriegens at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology (Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Wenzhou, 325006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin You
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology (Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Wenzhou, 325006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Du
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Pan H, Ren Q. Wake Up! Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria: Mechanism and Potential Application. Foods 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 36613298 PMCID: PMC9818539 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy for bacteria when encountered with unfavorable conditions. Under favorable environments such as nutrient supplementation, external stress elimination, or supplementation with resuscitation-promoting substances, bacteria will recover from the VBNC state, which is termed "resuscitation". The resuscitation phenomenon is necessary for proof of VBNC existence, which has been confirmed in different ways to exclude the possibility of culturable-cell regrowth. The resuscitation of VBNC cells has been widely studied for the purpose of risk control of recovered pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. From another aspect, the resuscitation of functional bacteria can also be considered a promising field to explore. To support this point, the resuscitation mechanisms were comprehensively reviewed, which could provide the theoretical foundations for the application of resuscitated VBNC cells. In addition, the proposed applications, as well as the prospects for further applications of resuscitated VBNC bacteria in the food industry are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Ren
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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5
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He Y, Zhao J, Yin H, Deng Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Viable but Non-Culturable Brettanomyces bruxellensis Induced by Hop Bitter Acids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902110. [PMID: 35707174 PMCID: PMC9189414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state has been studied in detail in bacteria. However, it has received much less attention in eukaryotic cells. The induction of a VBNC beer-spoilage yeast (Brettanomyces bruxellensis) by hop bitter acids with different concentrations and its recovery were studied in this work. B. bruxellensis cells were completely induced into the VBNC state by treatment of 250 mg/L hop bitter acids for 2 h. The addition of catalase at a concentration of 2,000 U/plate on YPD agars enabled these VBNC cells to recover their culturability within 2 days. Moreover, the transcriptome profiling revealed that 267 and 197 genes were significantly changed upon VBNC state entry and resuscitation, respectively. The differentially expressed genes involved in the peroxisome activities, ABC transporter, organic acid metabolism, and TCA cycle were mainly downregulated in the VBNC cells. In contrast, the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, and DNA replication were promoted. This study supplies a theoretical basis for microbial risk assessment in the brewing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Animal Products Processing Laboratory, Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Deng
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6
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Wang M, Ateia M, Hatano Y, Yoshimura C. Regrowth of Escherichia coli in environmental waters after chlorine disinfection: shifts in viability and culturability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 8:1521-1534. [PMID: 37534127 PMCID: PMC10394862 DOI: 10.1039/d1ew00945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial regrowth after water/wastewater disinfection poses severe risks to public health. However, regrowth studies under realistic water conditions that might critically affect bacterial regrowth are scarce. This study aimed to assess for the first time the regrowth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in terms of its viability and culturability in environmental waters after chlorine disinfection, which is the most widely used disinfection method. Post-chlorination regrowth tests were conducted in 1) standard 0.85% NaCl solution, 2) river water receiving domestic wastewater effluents, and 3) river water that is fully recharged by domestic wastewater effluents. The multiplex detection of plate count and fluorescence-based viability test was adopted to quantify the culturable and viable E. coli to monitor the regrowth process. The results confirmed that chlorine treatment (0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 initial free chlorine) induced more than 99.95% of E. coli to enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and the reactivation of VBNC E. coli is presumably the major process of the regrowth. A second-order regrowth model well described the temporal shift of the survival ratio of culturable E. coli after the chlorination (R2: 0.73-1.00). The model application also revealed that the increase in initial chlorine concentration and chlorine dose limited the maximum regrowth rate and the maximum survival ratio, and the regrowth rate and percentage also changed with the water type. This study gives a better understanding of the potential regrowth after chlorine disinfection and highlights the need for investigating the detailed relation of the regrowth to environmental conditions such as major components of water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuta Hatano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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7
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Comparative Genomic Analysis of Vibrio cincinnatiensis Provides Insights into Genetic Diversity, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Pathogenic Traits of the Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094520. [PMID: 35562911 PMCID: PMC9101195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cincinnatiensis is a poorly understood pathogenic Vibrio species, and the underlying mechanisms of its genetic diversity, genomic plasticity, evolutionary dynamics, and pathogenicity have not yet been comprehensively investigated. Here, a comparative genomic analysis of V. cincinnatiensis was constructed. The open pan-genome with a flexible gene repertoire exhibited genetic diversity. The genomic plasticity and stability were characterized by the determinations of diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and barriers to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), respectively. Evolutionary divergences were exhibited by the difference in functional enrichment and selective pressure between the different components of the pan-genome. The evolution on the Chr I and Chr II core genomes was mainly driven by purifying selection. Predicted essential genes in V. cincinnatiensis were mainly found in the core gene families on Chr I and were subject to stronger evolutionary constraints. We identified diverse virulence-related elements, including the gene clusters involved in encoding flagella, secretion systems, several pili, and scattered virulence genes. Our results indicated the pathogenic potential of V. cincinnatiensis and highlighted that HGT events from other Vibrio species promoted pathogenicity. This pan-genome study provides comprehensive insights into this poorly understood species from the genomic perspective.
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8
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Xiao Y, Wang Z, Sun W, Luan Y, Piao M, Deng Y. Characterization and formation mechanisms of viable, but putatively non-culturable brewer's yeast induced by isomerized hop extract. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Zhang XH, Ahmad W, Zhu XY, Chen J, Austin B. Viable but nonculturable bacteria and their resuscitation: implications for cultivating uncultured marine microorganisms. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:189-203. [PMID: 37073345 PMCID: PMC10077291 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Culturing has been the cornerstone of microbiology since Robert Koch first successfully cultured bacteria in the late nineteenth century. However, even today, the majority of microorganisms in the marine environment remain uncultivated. There are various explanations for the inability to culture bacteria in the laboratory, including lack of essential nutrients, osmotic support or incubation conditions, low growth rate, development of micro-colonies, and the presence of senescent or viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells. In the marine environment, many bacteria have been associated with dormancy, as typified by the VBNC state. VBNC refers to a state where bacteria are metabolically active, but are no longer culturable on routine growth media. It is apparently a unique survival strategy that has been adopted by many microorganisms in response to harsh environmental conditions and the bacterial cells in the VBNC state may regain culturability under favorable conditions. The resuscitation of VBNC cells may well be an important way to cultivate the otherwise uncultured microorganisms in marine environments. Many resuscitation stimuli that promote the restoration of culturability have so far been identified; these include sodium pyruvate, quorum sensing autoinducers, resuscitation-promoting factors Rpfs and YeaZ, and catalase. In this review, we focus on the issues associated with bacterial culturability, the diversity of bacteria entering the VBNC state, mechanisms of induction into the VBNC state, resuscitation factors of VBNC cells and implications of VBNC resuscitation stimuli for cultivating these otherwise uncultured microorganisms. Bringing important microorganisms into culture is still important in the era of high-throughput sequencing as their ecological functions in the marine environment can often only be known through isolation and cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100 China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050 China
| | - Brian Austin
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK
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10
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Song H, Lee SY. High concentration of sodium chloride could induce the viable and culturable states of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:741-749. [PMID: 33650683 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis were transferred into Luria-Bertani medium without NaCl (LBWS) and adjusted to various pHs (4, 5, 6 and 7) with lactic acid containing 0·75, 5, 10 and 30% NaCl, and stored at 25°C until the bacterial populations reached below detectable levels on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Although E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis did not grow on TSA when incubated in LBWS with 30% NaCl for 35 and 7 days, more than 60 and 70% of the bacterial cells were shown to be viable via fluorescent staining with SYTO9 and propidium iodide (PI), respectively, suggesting that a number of cells could be induced into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. These bacteria that were induced into a VBNC state were transferred to a newly prepared tryptic soy broth (TSB) and then incubated at 37°C for several days. After more than 7 days, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis regained their culturability. We, therefore, suggest that E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis entered the VBNC state under the adverse condition of higher salt concentrations and were revived when these conditions were reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu F, Zhang Y, Liang H, Gao D. Resilience of methane cycle and microbial functional genes to drought and flood in an alkaline wetland: A metagenomic analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129034. [PMID: 33239237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline wetlands distributed in arid or semi-arid areas are hotspots of methane (CH4) emissions. Periods of drought and flood, although regular, are stressful events encountered by methanogenic anaerobes in alkaline wetlands. To investigate the response of the CH4 cycle of alkaline wetlands to such stresses, we take Zhalong wetland as an example, then determined the CH4 flux and soil microbiomes in the wetland during wet, dry, and flooded periods. The in-situ CH4 flux in the wet period was 9.55-17.29 mg‧m-2‧h-1, but sharply degraded to 3.37-6.61 mg‧m-2‧h-1 in the dry period. It resumed to 4.51-20.80 mg‧m-2‧h-1 when the wetland was flooded again, which indicated that methanogenesis is quite resilient to drought. Syntrophic acetogenesis, and subsequently aceticlastic methanogenesis, were the dominant methanogenic pathways and resisted drought. Members belonging to Syntrophobacterales were the dominant syntrophic acetogens. They enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state to resist drought. The dominant Methanosarcinales have the ability to repair reactive oxygen species damage during dry periods. The community of CH4 sink was governed by anaerobic methanotrophs, which entered a VBNC state or used repair systems to survive dry periods. This study revealed the responses of the CH4 cycle and microbial functional genes to drought and flood in alkaline wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Centre for Urban Environmental Remedeation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Dawen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; Centre for Urban Environmental Remedeation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
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12
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Dong K, Pan H, Yang D, Rao L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Liao X. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non‐culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:149-183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Hanxu Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Lei Rao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
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13
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Plágaro AH, Pearman PB, Kaberdin VR. Defining the transcription landscape of the Gram-negative marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Genomics 2018; 111:1547-1556. [PMID: 30423347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium ubiquitously present in natural aquatic systems. Although environmental adaptability in V. harveyi may be enabled by profound reprogramming of gene expression previously observed during responses to starvation, suboptimal temperatures and other stress factors, the key characteristics of V. harveyi transcripts and operons, such as their boundaries and size as well as location of small RNA genes, remain largely unknown. To reveal the main features of the V. harveyi transcriptome, total RNA of this organism was analyzed by differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq). Analysis of the dRNA-seq data made it possible to define the primary transcriptome of V. harveyi along with cis-acting regulatory elements (riboswitches and leader sequences) and new genes. The latter encode a number of putative polypeptides and new phylogenetically conserved antisense RNAs potentially involved in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Hernández Plágaro
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Peter B Pearman
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vladimir R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE-UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain.
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14
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Liu J, Deng Y, Li L, Li B, Li Y, Zhou S, Shirtliff ME, Xu Z, Peters BM. Discovery and control of culturable and viable but non-culturable cells of a distinctive Lactobacillus harbinensis strain from spoiled beer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11446. [PMID: 30061572 PMCID: PMC6065415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Occasional beer spoilage incidents caused by false-negative isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, result in significant profit loss and pose a major concern in the brewing industry. In this study, both culturable and VBNC cells of an individual Lactobacillus harbinensis strain BM-LH14723 were identified in one spoiled beer sample by genome sequencing, with the induction and resuscitation of VBNC state for this strain further investigated. Formation of the VBNC state was triggered by low-temperature storage in beer (175 ± 1.4 days) and beer subculturing (25 ± 0.8 subcultures), respectively, and identified by both traditional staining method and PMA-PCR. Resuscitated cells from the VBNC state were obtained by addition of catalase rather than temperature upshift, changing medium concentration, and adding other chemicals, and both VBNC and resuscitated cells retained similar beer-spoilage capability as exponentially growing cells. In addition to the first identification of both culturable and VBNC cells of an individual L. harbinensis strain from spoiled beer, this study also for the first time reported the VBNC induction and resuscitation, as well as verification of beer-spoilage capability of VBNC and resuscitated cells for the L. harbinensis strain. Genes in association with VBNC state were also identified by the first genome sequencing of beer spoilage L. harbinensis. The results derived from this study suggested the contamination and spoilage of beer products by VBNC and resuscitated L. harbinensis strain BM-LH14723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shishui Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD, MA, 21201, USA
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China. .,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD, MA, 21201, USA.
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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15
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Santander RD, Figàs‐Segura À, Biosca EG. Erwinia amylovora catalases KatA and KatG are virulence factors and delay the starvation-induced viable but non-culturable (VBNC) response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:922-934. [PMID: 28675630 PMCID: PMC6638134 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora comprises periods inside and outside the host in which it faces oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and other compounds. The sources of this stress are plant defences, other microorganisms and/or exposure to starvation or other environmental challenges. However, the functional roles of H2 O2 -neutralizing enzymes, such as catalases, during plant-pathogen interactions and/or under starvation conditions in phytopathogens of the family Erwiniaceae or closely related families have not yet been investigated. In this work, the contribution of E. amylovora catalases KatA and KatG to virulence and survival in non-host environments was determined using catalase gene mutants and expression, as well as catalase activity analyses. The participation of E. amylovora exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in oxidative stress protection was also investigated. Our study revealed the following: (i) a different growth phase regulation of each catalase, with an induction by H2 O2 and host tissues; (ii) the significant role of E. amylovora catalases as virulence and survival factors during plant-pathogen interactions; (iii) the induction of EPSs by H2 O2 despite the fact that apparently they do not contribute to protection against this compound; and (iv) the participation of both catalases in the detoxification of the starvation-induced intracellular oxidative stress, favouring the maintenance of culturability, and hence delaying the development of the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D. Santander
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
| | - Àngela Figàs‐Segura
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
| | - Elena G. Biosca
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
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16
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Liu J, Li L, Peters BM, Li B, Chen L, Deng Y, Xu Z, Shirtliff ME. The viable but nonculturable state induction and genomic analyses of Lactobacillus casei BM-LC14617, a beer-spoilage bacterium. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28685978 PMCID: PMC5635166 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and genomic features of a beer‐spoilage strain, Lactobacillus caseiBM‐LC14617. Induction on the VBNC state of L. casei strain BM‐LC14617 was conducted by both low‐temperature storage and continuous passage in beer, and formation of VBNC state was detected after 196 ± 3.3 days and 32 ± 1.6 subcultures, respectively. Resuscitation of VBNC cells was successfully induced by addition of catalase, and culturable, VBNC, and resuscitated cells shared similar beer‐spoilage capability. Whole genome sequencing was performed, and out of a total of 3,964 predicted genes, several potential VBNC and beer‐spoilage‐associated genes were identified. L. casei is capable of entering into and resuscitating from the VBNC state and possesses beer‐spoilage capability. The genomic characterization yield insightful elucidation of VBNC state for L. casei. This study represents the first evidence on VBNC state induction of L. casei and beer‐spoilage capability of VBNC and resuscitated cells. Also, this is the first genomic characterization of L. casei as a beer‐spoilage bacterium. The current study may aid in further study on L. casei and other beer‐spoilage bacteria, and guide the prevention and control of beer spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lequn Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Effects of varying concentrations of sodium chloride and acidic conditions on the behavior of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus cold-starved in artificial sea water microcosms. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:829-839. [PMID: 30263610 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been limited information available on the behavior of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus as a function of higher levels of NaCl in combination with acidic pH. In the present study, bacterial suspensions were transferred into artificial seawater (pH 4-7) microcosms containing 0.75% NaCl and supplemented with 5, 10, and 30% NaCl, respectively. Each of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus was inoculated in these microcosms and fermented seafood, and then stored at 4 °C until the microbial populations reached below the detectable levels on agar plates (thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar and tryptic soy agar amended with 3% NaCl). Consequently, V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 27969, V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 33844, and V. vulnificus ATCC 33815 rapidly reached the viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state with increasing levels (≤30%) of NaCl at 4 °C. Within seven days, these pathogens in seafood appeared to enter the VBNC state at 4 °C, as shown by the fluorescence microscopic assay.
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18
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Fakruddin M, Rahaman MM, Hossain MN, Ahmed MM. Induction and Resuscitation of Cronobacter sakazakii into Viable but Non-culturable State at Low Temperature in Water Microcosm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbs.2017.64.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Orruño M, Kaberdin VR, Arana I. Survival strategies of Escherichia coli and Vibrio spp.: contribution of the viable but nonculturable phenotype to their stress-resistance and persistence in adverse environments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:45. [PMID: 28161849 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In their natural ecosystems, bacteria are continuously exposed to changing environmental factors including physicochemical parameters (e.g. temperature, pH, etc.), availability of nutrients as well as interaction(s) with other organisms. To increase their tolerance and survival under adverse conditions, bacteria trigger a number of adaptation mechanisms. One of the well-known adaptation responses of the non-spore-forming bacteria is the acquisition of the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. This phenotype is induced by different stress factors (e.g. low temperature) and is characterized by the temporal loss of culturability, which can potentially be restored. Moreover, this response can be combined with the bust and boom strategy, which implies the death of the main population of the stressed cells (or their entry into the VBNC state) upon stress, thus enabling the remaining cells (i.e. residual culturable population) to subsist at the expense of the dead or/and VBNC cells. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the VBNC state, its biological significance and contribution to bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - V R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - I Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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20
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Parada C, Orruño M, Kaberdin V, Bravo Z, Barcina I, Arana I. Changes in the Vibrio harveyi Cell Envelope Subproteome During Permanence in Cold Seawater. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:549-558. [PMID: 27324654 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that physiological, morphological, and gene expression changes as well as the time-dependent entry into the viable but not culturable (VBNC) state are used by Vibrio species to survive and cope with diverse stress conditions including seasonal temperature downshifts and starvation. To learn more about the nature and specific contribution of membrane proteins to cell adaptation and survival, we analyzed variations in the protein composition of cell envelope and related them to morphological and physiological changes that were taking place during the long-term permanence of Vibrio harveyi in seawater microcosm at 4 °C. We found that after 21 days of permanence, nearly all population (ca. 99 %) of V. harveyi acquired the VBNC phenotype. Although the size of V. harveyi cells gradually decreased during the incubation time, we found that this morphological change was not directly related to their entry into the VBNC state. Our proteomic study revealed that the level of membrane proteins playing key roles in cellular transport, maintenance of cell structure, and in bioenergetics processes remained unchanged along starvation at low temperature, thus suggesting that V. harveyi might need these proteins for the long-term survival and/or for the resuscitation process. On a contrary, the level of two proteins, elongation factor Tu (EF-TU) and bacterioferritin, greatly increased reaching the maximal values by the end of the incubation period. We further discuss the above data with respect to the putative roles likely exerted by membrane proteins during transition to and maintaining of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Parada
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vladimir Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zaloa Bravo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isabel Barcina
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
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21
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Kaberdin VR, Montánchez I, Parada C, Orruño M, Arana I, Barcina I. Unveiling the Metabolic Pathways Associated with the Adaptive Reduction of Cell Size During Vibrio harveyi Persistence in Seawater Microcosms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:689-700. [PMID: 25903990 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their ubiquitous presence and ability to act as primary or opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio species greatly contribute to the diversity and evolution of marine ecosystems. This study was aimed at unveiling the cellular strategies enabling the marine gammaproteobacterium Vibrio harveyi to adapt and persist in natural aquatic systems. We found that, although V. harveyi incubation in seawater microcosm at 20 °C for 2 weeks did not change cell viability and culturability, it led to a progressive reduction in the average cell size. Microarray analysis revealed that this morphological change was accompanied by a profound decrease in gene expression affecting the central carbon metabolism, major biosynthetic pathways, and energy production. In contrast, V. harveyi elevated expression of genes closely linked to the composition and function of cell envelope. In addition to triggering lipid degradation via the β-oxidation pathway and apparently promoting the use of endogenous fatty acids as a major energy and carbon source, V. harveyi upregulated genes involved in ancillary mechanisms important for sustaining iron homeostasis, cell resistance to the toxic effect of reactive oxygen species, and recycling of amino acids. The above adaptation mechanisms and morphological changes appear to represent the major hallmarks of the initial V. harveyi response to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Itxaso Montánchez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Claudia Parada
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Orruño
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Inés Arana
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Isabel Barcina
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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22
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Deng Y, Liu J, Li L, Fang H, Tu J, Li B, Liu J, Li H, Xu Z. Reduction and restoration of culturability of beer-stressed and low-temperature-stressed Lactobacillus acetotolerans strain 2011-8. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 206:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Fernández-Delgado M, García-Amado MA, Contreras M, Incani RN, Chirinos H, Rojas H, Suárez P. Survival, induction and resuscitation of Vibrio cholerae from the viable but non-culturable state in the Southern Caribbean Sea. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:21-6. [PMID: 25651322 PMCID: PMC4325519 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, can enter into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state in response to unfavorable conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ survival of V. cholerae in an aquatic environment of the Southern Caribbean Sea, and its induction and resuscitation from the VBNC state. V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was inoculated into diffusion chambers placed at the Cuare Wildlife Refuge, Venezuela, and monitored for plate, total and viable cells counts. At 119 days of exposure to the environment, the colony count was < 10 CFU/mL and a portion of the bacterial population entered the VBNC state. Additionally, the viability decreased two orders of magnitude and morphological changes occurred from rod to coccoid cells. Among the aquatic environmental variables, the salinity had negative correlation with the colony counts in the dry season. Resuscitation studies showed significant recovery of cell cultivability with spent media addition (p < 0.05). These results suggest that V. cholerae can persist in the VBNC state in this Caribbean environment and revert to a cultivable form under favorable conditions. The VBNC state might represent a critical step in cholera transmission in susceptible areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Alexandra García-Amado
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Monica Contreras
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Renzo Nino Incani
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela
| | | | - Héctor Rojas
- Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Paula Suárez
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
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24
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Meng L, Alter T, Aho T, Huehn S. Gene expression profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in viable but non-culturable state. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv035. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Kong HG, Bae JY, Lee HJ, Joo HJ, Jung EJ, Chung E, Lee SW. Induction of the viable but nonculturable state of Ralstonia solanacearum by low temperature in the soil microcosm and its resuscitation by catalase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109792. [PMID: 25296177 PMCID: PMC4190316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt on a wide variety of plants, and enters a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under stress conditions in soil and water. Here, we adopted an artificial soil microcosm (ASM) to investigate the VBNC state of R. solanacearum induced by low temperature. The culturability of R. solanacearum strains SL341 and GMI1000 rapidly decreased at 4°C in modified ASM (mASM), while it was stably maintained at 25°C in mASM. We hypothesized that bacterial cells at 4°C in mASM are viable but nonculturable. Total protein profiles of SL341 cells at 4°C in mASM did not differ from those of SL341 culturable cells at 25°C in mASM. Moreover, the VBNC cells maintained in the mASM retained respiration activity. Catalase treatment effectively restored the culturability of nonculturable cells in mASM, while temperature increase or other treatments used for resuscitation of other bacteria were not effective. The resuscitated R. solanacearum from VBNC state displayed normal level of bacterial virulence on tomato plants compared with its original culturable bacteria. Expression of omp, oxyR, rpoS, dps, and the 16S rRNA gene quantified by RT-qPCR did not differ significantly between the culturable and VBNC states of R. solanacearum. Our results suggested that the VBNC bacterial cells in mASM induced by low temperature exist in a physiologically unique state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Kong
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Bae
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Ju Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Joo
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Jung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsook Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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26
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Characterization of the Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) State in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77600. [PMID: 24204887 PMCID: PMC3812164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Viable But Non Culturable (VBNC) state has been thoroughly studied in bacteria. In contrast, it has received much less attention in other microorganisms. However, it has been suggested that various yeast species occurring in wine may enter in VBNC following sulfite stress.In order to provide conclusive evidences for the existence of a VBNC state in yeast, the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enter into a VBNC state by applying sulfite stress was investigated. Viable populations were monitored by flow cytometry while culturable populations were followed by plating on culture medium. Twenty-four hours after the application of the stress, the comparison between the culturable population and the viable population demonstrated the presence of viable cells that were non culturable. In addition, removal of the stress by increasing the pH of the medium at different time intervals into the VBNC state allowed the VBNC S. cerevisiae cells to "resuscitate". The similarity between the cell cycle profiles of VBNC cells and cells exiting the VBNC state together with the generation rate of cells exiting VBNC state demonstrated the absence of cellular multiplication during the exit from the VBNC state. This provides evidence of a true VBNC state. To get further insight into the molecular mechanism pertaining to the VBNC state, we studied the involvement of the SSU1 gene, encoding a sulfite pump in S. cerevisiae. The physiological behavior of wild-type S. cerevisiae was compared to those of a recombinant strain overexpressing SSU1 and null Δssu1 mutant. Our results demonstrated that the SSU1 gene is only implicated in the first stages of sulfite resistance but not per se in the VBNC phenotype. Our study clearly demonstrated the existence of an SO2-induced VBNC state in S. cerevisiae and that the stress removal allows the "resuscitation" of VBNC cells during the VBNC state.
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27
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Zhao F, Bi X, Hao Y, Liao X. Induction of viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 by high pressure CO2 and its characteristics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62388. [PMID: 23626816 PMCID: PMC3633907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy adopted by many pathogens when exposed to harsh environmental stresses. In this study, we investigated for the first time that whether high pressure CO2 (HPCD), one of the nonthermal pasteurization techniques, can induce Escherichia coli O157:H7 into the VBNC state. By measuring plate counts, viable cell counts and total cell counts, E. coli O157:H7 in 0.85% NaCl solution (pH 7.0) was able to enter the VBNC state by HPCD treatment at 5 MPa and four temperatures (25°C, 31°C, 34°C and 37°C). Meanwhile, with the improvement of treatment temperature, the time required for E. coli O157:H7 to enter VBNC state would shorten. Enzymatic activities in these VBNC cells were lower than those in the exponential-phase cells by using API ZYM kit, which were also reduced with increasing the treatment temperature, but the mechanical resistance of the VBNC cells to sonication was enhanced. These results further confirmed VBNC state was a self-protection mechanism for some bacteria, which minimized cellular energetic requirements and increased the cell resistance. When incubated in tryptic soy broth at 37°C, the VBNC cells induced by HPCD treatment at 25°C, 31°C and 34°C achieved resuscitation, but their resuscitation capabilities decreased with increasing the treatment temperature. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed changes in the morphology and interior structure of the VBNC cells and the resuscitated cells. These results demonstrated that HPCD could induce E. coli O157:H7 into the VBNC state. Therefore, it is necessary to detect if there exist VBNC microorganisms in HPCD-treated products by molecular-based methods for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufang Bi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XJL); (YLH)
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XJL); (YLH)
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Puspita ID, Kamagata Y, Tanaka M, Asano K, Nakatsu CH. Are uncultivated bacteria really uncultivable? Microbes Environ 2012; 27:356-66. [PMID: 23059723 PMCID: PMC4103542 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many strategies have been used to increase the number of bacterial cells that can be grown from environmental samples but cultivation efficiency remains a challenge for microbial ecologists. The difficulty of cultivating a fraction of bacteria in environmental samples can be classified into two non-exclusive categories. Bacterial taxa with no cultivated representatives for which appropriate laboratory conditions necessary for growth are yet to be identified. The other class is cells in a non-dividing state (also known as dormant or viable but not culturable cells) that require the removal or addition of certain factors to re-initiate growth. A number of strategies, from simple to high throughput techniques, are reviewed that have been used to increase the cultivation efficiency of environmental samples. Some of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the success of these cultivation strategies are described. Overall this review emphasizes the need of researchers to first understand the factors that are hindering cultivation to identify the best strategies to improve cultivation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indun Dewi Puspita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamagata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2–17 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062–8517,
Japan
| | - Michiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Kozo Asano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Cindy H. Nakatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
USA
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Serpaggi V, Remize F, Recorbet G, Gaudot-Dumas E, Sequeira-Le Grand A, Alexandre H. Characterization of the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state in the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:438-47. [PMID: 22365358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the viable but not culturable (VBNC) state has been studied in detail in bacteria, it has been suggested that maintenance of viability with loss of culturability also exists in eukaryotic cells, such as in the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces. To provide conclusive evidence for the existence of a VBNC state in this yeast, we investigated its capacity to become viable and nonculturable after sulfite stress, and its ability to recover culturability after stressor removal. Sulfite addition induced loss of culturability but maintenance of viability. Increasing the medium pH to decrease the concentration of toxic SO(2) allowed yeast cells to become culturable again, thus demonstrating the occurrence of a VBNC state in Brettanomyces upon SO(2) exposure. Relative to culturable Brettanomyces, VBNC yeast cells were found to display a 22% decrease in size on the basis of laser granulometry. Assays for 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol, volatile phenols produced by Brettanomyces, indicated that spoilage compound production could persist in VBNC cells. These morphological and physiological changes in VBNC Brettanomyces were coupled to extensive protein pattern modifications, as inferred by comparative two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analyses. Upon identification of 53 proteins out of the 168 spots whose abundance was significantly modified in treated cells relative to control, we propose that the SO(2)-induced VBNC state in Brettanomyces is characterized by a reduced glycolytic flux coupled to changes in redox homeostatis/protein turnover-related processes. This study points out the existence of common mechanisms between yeast and bacteria upon entry to the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Serpaggi
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Arana I, Muela A, Orruño M, Seco C, Garaizabal I, Barcina I. Effect of temperature and starvation upon survival strategies of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0: comparison with Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 74:500-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Navarro Llorens JM, Tormo A, Martínez-García E. Stationary phase in gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:476-95. [PMID: 20236330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt quickly to rough and changing situations. A particular lifestyle composed of continuous cycles of growth and starvation is commonly referred to as feast and famine. Bacteria have developed many different mechanisms to survive in nutrient-depleted and harsh environments, varying from producing a more resistant vegetative cell to complex developmental programmes. As a consequence of prolonged starvation, certain bacterial species enter a dynamic nonproliferative state in which continuous cycles of growth and death occur until 'better times' come (restoration of favourable growth conditions). In the laboratory, microbiologists approach famine situations using batch culture conditions. The entrance to the stationary phase is a very regulated process governed by the alternative sigma factor RpoS. Induction of RpoS changes the gene expression pattern, aiming to produce a more resistant cell. The study of stationary phase revealed very interesting phenomena such as the growth advantage in stationary phase phenotype. This review focuses on some of the interesting responses of gram-negative bacteria when they enter the fascinating world of stationary phase.
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