1
|
Shai KN, Materechera SA, Amoo SO, Aremu AO. Ethnobotanical insights on the management of plant pests and diseases by smallholder farmers in Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2024; 20:71. [PMID: 39085935 PMCID: PMC11293110 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-024-00711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pests and diseases are a major contributor to yield losses in sub-Saharan Africa, prompting smallholder farmers to seek cost-effective, accessible and ecologically friendly alternatives for crop protection. This study explored the management of pests and diseases affecting crops across eight selected villages in Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. METHODS A total of 120 smallholder farmers were purposefully selected utilising the snowball technique. Information on the management of plant pests and diseases was collected through interviews and focus group discussions using semi-structured interview schedules. Ethnobotanical indices, including relative frequency of citation (RFC), use-value (UV) and informant consensus factor (Fic), were used to quantify and rank the plants used for crop protection in the study area. RESULTS Twenty-three plant species (16 naturalised exotics and seven indigenous plants) belonging to 16 families were used for managing pests (vertebrates and invertebrates) and diseases (fungal and bacterial related) affecting crops in the study area. The dominant (100%) crops cultivated by the participants were Allium cepa L., Mangifera indica L., Solanum lycopersicum L. and Zea mays L. The RFC value ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 and the three most popular plants for crop protection were Capsium annuum L. (0.83), A. cepa (0.63) and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (0.43). In terms of the UV, the five most promising plants used as biocontrol were Tulbaghia violacea (0.13), A. cepa (0.12), C. annuum L. (0.09), Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. Ex A.Rich.(0.09) and Pinus pinaster (0.08). Based on the Fic, four categories were established and dominated by fungal diseases (0.64). Furthermore, T. violacea and A. cepa were the most often mentioned plants used against fungal conditions. Other categories cited were bacterial diseases (0.3), invertebrate pests (0.11) and vertebrate pests (0.14), an indication that smallholder farmers had limited agreement or common knowledge about the plants used for their management. The preparation methods included maceration (38%), decoction (38%) and burning (24%). Foliar application (67%) and soil drenching (33%) were used for administering plant extracts during the management of crop pests and diseases. CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of botanicals and associated indigenous knowledge among smallholder farmers in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. It is pertinent to explore the valorisation of these botanicals by generating empirical data on their biological efficacies and phytochemical profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kutullo N Shai
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University Mmabatho, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2790, South Africa
- Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crop Division, Agricultural Research Council - Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Simeon A Materechera
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University Mmabatho, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2790, South Africa
| | - Stephen O Amoo
- Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crop Division, Agricultural Research Council - Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X1290, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University Mmabatho, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2790, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hendel N, Sarri D, Sarri M, Napoli E, Palumbo Piccionello A, Ruberto G. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Powders, Methanol Extracts, and Essential Oils from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus ciliatus Desf. Benth. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7989. [PMID: 39063231 PMCID: PMC11276860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical residues in food pose health risks such as cancer and liver issues. This has driven the search for safer natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides and preservatives. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO), determine the polyphenolic contents, and evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of methanol extracts (ME), essential oils (EO), and powders from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymus ciliatus (Desf) Benth. (thyme) from the M'sila region, Algeria. The chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC-MS. R. officinalis EO was composed of 31 components, mainly camphor (41.22%), camphene (18.14%), and α-pinene (17.49%); T. ciliatus EO was composed of 58 components, mainly, in percentage, α-pinene (22.18), myrcene (13.13), β-pinene (7.73), β-caryophyllene (10.21), and germacrene D (9.90). The total phenols and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically, and the rosemary ME was found to possess the highest polyphenolic content (127.1 ± 2.40 µg GAE/mg), while the thyme ME had the highest flavonoid content (48.01 ± 0.99 µg QE/mg). The antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods: rosemary ME was the most potent, followed by DPPH (IC50 = 13.43 ± 0.14 µg/mL), β-carotene/linoleic acid (IC50 = 39.01 ± 2.16 μg/mL), and reducing power (EC50 = 15.03 ± 1.43 µg/mL). Antifungal activity was assessed for 32 pathogenic and foodborne fungi. Four methods were applied to the solid medium. Incorporating the powdered plant into the culture medium (at 10%) reduced the fungal growth to greater than 50% in 21.88% and 6.25% of all fungal isolates, for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively. The ME, applied by the well diffusion method (0.1 g/mL), was less effective. Different concentrations of EO were tested. Incorporating the EO into the culture medium (1500 μL/L) inhibited 50% of the molds to levels of 50 and 75% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of four fungi. Fumigated EO (15 μL) inhibited 65% of the molds to levels of 65 and 81.25% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of five fungi. There was little to no sporulation in conjunction with the inhibition. Our results revealed some of the potential of the studied plants to fight foodborne molds and presented their promising characteristics as a source of alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic preservatives. Further studies are needed to find adequate application techniques in the food safety area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noui Hendel
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology: Applications in Health and Environment, University of M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria
| | - Djamel Sarri
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria; (D.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Madani Sarri
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Boudiaf of M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria; (D.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council ICB-CNR, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council ICB-CNR, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antón-Domínguez BI, López-Moral A, Romero-Salguero FJ, Trapero A, Trapero C, Agustí-Brisach C. Bioprotection of Olive Trees Against Verticillium Wilt by Pomegranate and Carob Extracts. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1073-1082. [PMID: 37933148 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1770-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioprotection through the use of plant extracts is an environmentally friendly strategy in crop protection. Effective control of Verticillium wilt of olive (Olea europaea; VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae, has proven challenging because of the ineffectiveness of chemicals, which makes it necessary to search for new control tools. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and carob (Ceratonia siliqua) extracts on VWO. Extracts derived from pomegranate peels and carob pods and leaves were obtained using ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate as a solvent. A targeted analysis of their metabolite composition was performed using QTRAP ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Remarkably, gallic acid was detected in all extracts at a high concentration. The effect of the extracts on the mycelial growth and on the germination of conidia and microsclerotia of V. dahliae was evaluated by in vitro sensitivity tests at various doses: 0 (control), 3, 30, 300, and 3,000 mg of extract/liter. Extracts obtained with ethanol or methanol significantly reduced the viability of V. dahliae structures when applied at the highest dose, while those obtained with ethyl acetate were ineffective across all doses. The most effective extracts, as determined in vitro, were then evaluated against the disease in olive plants. Potted plants of the cultivar Picual were treated by spraying (foliar application) or irrigation (root application) of extracts at 3,000 mg/liter, followed by inoculation with V. dahliae. The results indicated that foliar applications were ineffective, while root treatments with pomegranate peel or carob leaf extracts were more effective in reducing disease severity, regardless of the solvent, compared with that of the untreated control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña I Antón-Domínguez
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Romero-Salguero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khursheed A, Rather MA, Jain V, Wani AR, Rasool S, Nazir R, Malik NA, Majid SA. Plant based natural products as potential ecofriendly and safer biopesticides: A comprehensive overview of their advantages over conventional pesticides, limitations and regulatory aspects. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Phytochemical Screening, and In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Dermocosmetic Activities of Four Moroccan Plants: Halimium antiatlanticum, Adenocarpus artemisiifolius, Pistacia lentiscus and Leonotis nepetifolia. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four Moroccan plants, Halimium antiatlanticum, Adenocarpus artemisiifolius, Pistacia lentiscus and Leonotis nepetifolia, were evaluated for their phytoconstituents and biological activities. Methanolic extracts of these plants were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus, phytochemical screening was performed, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Then, the antioxidant and dermocosmetic activities of the methanolic extracts were evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the leaves and/or aerial parts contained tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, carotenoids, terpenoids and saponins. The higher total phenolic content values were recorded on Pistacia lentiscus and Halimium antiatlanticum with 396.64 ± 30.79 and 304.96 ± 55.61 mgGAE/gDW, respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and showed that Pistacia lentiscus and Halimium antiatlanticum were the most active extracts, with, respectively, IC50 values of 3.705 ± 0.445 and 5.037 ± 0.122 µg/mL for DPPH. The same results were observed for the FRAP and ABTS assays. Those extracts also showed a strong collagenase inhibitory activity at 200 µg/mL, with 78.51 ± 2.27% for Pistacia lentiscus and 73.10 ± 8.52% for Halimium antiatlanticum. Adenocarpus artemisiifolius showed the highest elastase inhibition rate, with 76.30 ± 5.29%. This study disclosed the dermocosmetic potential of Halimium antiatlanticum and Adenocarpus artemisiifolius, two Moroccan endemic plants that can be traditionally used by local populations or exploited by the cosmetic industry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Raorane CJ, Raj V, Lee JH, Lee J. Antifungal activities of fluoroindoles against the postharvest pathogen Botrytis cinerea: In vitro and in silico approaches. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 362:109492. [PMID: 34861563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a common necrotrophic fungal pathogen, leading cause of gray mold diseases in plants and fruit. Several benzimidazoles are used for controlling B. cinerea-associated infection in fruit and vegetables, but benzimidazoles resistance restricts its further uses. Therefore, it is a need for alternative drugs that control B. cinerea. Indoles are multi-faceted compounds and their structural similarities with antifungal benzimidazoles make them a choice for further investigation. Thus, the main objective of the study was to investigate the antifungal potencies of indoles against B. cinerea and to decipher the molecular mechanism involved. We conducted in vitro antifungal assays, fruit assays, and computational studies of interactions between indoles and fungal microtubule polymerase. Of the 16 halogenated indoles examined, 4-fluoroindole, 5-fluoroindole, and 7-fluoroindole (MIC range 2-5 mg/L) were found to be more potent than the fungicides fluconazole and natamycin. Fluoroindoles inhibited or eradicated B. cinerea infections in tangerines and strawberries. Molecular dynamic simulation and density functional theory showed that these fluoroindoles stably interacted with microtubule polymerase. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of halogenated indoles revealed that the presence of a fluoro group in the indole moiety is essential for anti-Botrytis activity. The plausibility of the underlying antifungal mechanism was confirmed by in vitro tubulin polymerization. Collective outcomes of this study indicates that fluoroindoles could be used as alternative fungicidal agents against B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Potentials of Medicinal Plant Extracts as an Alternative to Synthetic Chemicals in Postharvest Protection and Preservation of Horticultural Crops: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13115897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Horticultural crops undergo various physiological and biochemical changes that lead to undesirable physiological disorders, decay and subsequent economic losses during storage. Quality degradation of horticultural crops is mainly caused by postharvest pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp., etc. The application of synthetic fungicides remains the most effective method to control postharvest pathogens. However, their use is becoming increasingly restricted internationally due to health concerns and consumers’ requests for safe and natural alternatives. This has led researchers to investigate natural flora as one of the alternatives to be used in crop protection and preservation. Various medicinal plant parts have different phytochemicals and antioxidants that can be used in crop protection and preservation. Extracts from plants such as Ruta chalepensis, Eucalyptus globulus, etc., have proven to be effective in controlling postharvest pathogens of horticultural crops and increased their shelf life when used as a substitute for synthetic chemicals. Furthermore, extracts from neem and other medicinal plants contain a predominant and insecticidal active ingredient. The application of medicinal plant extracts could be a useful alternative to synthetic chemicals in the postharvest protection and preservation of horticultural crops. This review paper details the application of medicinal plant extracts for postharvest protection and preservation of horticultural crops.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhatta UK. Alternative Management Approaches of Citrus Diseases Caused by Penicillium digitatum (Green Mold) and Penicillium italicum (Blue Mold). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:833328. [PMID: 35273621 PMCID: PMC8904086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.833328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Green mold (Penicillium digitatum) and blue mold (Penicillium italicum) are among the most economically impactful post-harvest diseases of citrus fruit worldwide. Post-harvest citrus diseases are largely controlled with synthetic fungicides such as pyrimethanil, imazalil, fludioxonil, and thiabendazole. Due to their toxic effects, prolonged and excessive application of these fungicides is gradually restricted in favor of safe and more eco-friendly alternatives. This review comprehensively describes alternative methods for the control of P. digitatum and P. italicum: (a) antagonistic micro-organisms, (b) plant extracts and essential oils, (c) biofungicides, (d) chitosan and chitosan-based citrus coatings, (e) heat treatments, (f) ionizing and non-ionizing irradiations, (g) food additives, and (h) synthetic elicitors. Integrating multiple approaches such as the application of biocontrol agents with food additives or heat treatments have overcome some drawbacks to single treatments. In addition, integrating treatment approaches could produce an additive or synergistic effect on controlling both molds for a satisfactory level of disease reduction in post-harvest citrus. Further research is warranted on plant resistance and fruit-pathogen interactions to develop safer strategies for the sustainable control of P. digitatum and P. italicum in citrus.
Collapse
|
9
|
Che J, Chen X, Ouyang Q, Tao N. p-Anisaldehyde Exerts Its Antifungal Activity Against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum by Disrupting the Cell Wall Integrity and Membrane Permeability. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:878-884. [PMID: 32160698 PMCID: PMC9728335 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum are the two important postharvest pathogens in citrus, causing about 90% of the total loss of citrus fruit during storage and transportation. Natural fungicides such as essential oils have been widely used instead of chemical fungicides for preventing and controlling postharvest diseases. In this research, p-anisaldehyde exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum and P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of both being 2.00 μl/ml. Additionally, p-anisaldehyde visibly inhibited both the green mold and blue mold development of citrus fruits inoculated with P. digitatum and P. italicum. The mycelia morphologies of these pathogens were greatly altered, and the membrane permeability and cell wall integrity of mycelia were severely disrupted under p-anisaldehyde treatment. These results suggest that the antifungal activity of p-anisaldehyde against P. digitatum and P. italicum can be attributed to the disruption of the cell wall integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Che
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China,Postdoctoral Station of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiuli Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-731-58298173 Fax: +86-731-58293549 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moraes Bazioli J, Belinato JR, Costa JH, Akiyama DY, Pontes JGDM, Kupper KC, Augusto F, de Carvalho JE, Fill TP. Biological Control of Citrus Postharvest Phytopathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080460. [PMID: 31390769 PMCID: PMC6723504 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus are vulnerable to the postharvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, and Geotrichum citri-aurantii, which are responsible for the green mold, blue mold, and sour rot post-harvest disease, respectively. The widespread economic losses in citriculture caused by these phytopathogens are minimized with the use of synthetic fungicides such as imazalil, thiabendazole, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil, which are mainly employed as control agents and may have harmful effects on human health and environment. To date, numerous non-chemical postharvest treatments have been investigated for the control of these pathogens. Several studies demonstrated that biological control using microbial antagonists and natural products can be effective in controlling postharvest diseases in citrus, as well as the most used commercial fungicides. Therefore, microbial agents represent a considerably safer and low toxicity alternative to synthetic fungicides. In the present review, these biological control strategies as alternative to the chemical fungicides are summarized here and new challenges regarding the development of shelf-stable formulated biocontrol products are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Moraes Bazioli
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - João Raul Belinato
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas Henrique Costa
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Yuri Akiyama
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - João Ernesto de Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Taícia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
OuYang Q, Duan X, Li L, Tao N. Cinnamaldehyde Exerts Its Antifungal Activity by Disrupting the Cell Wall Integrity of Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:55. [PMID: 30761105 PMCID: PMC6364577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that cinnamaldehyde (CA) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii, one of the main postharvest pathogens in citrus fruits. This study investigated the antifungal mechanism of CA against G. citri-aurantii. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that CA treatment led to clear morphological changes in the cell walls and membranes of G. citri-aurantii. However, the membrane integrity, total lipids and ergosterol contents were not apparently affected by CA treatment. Notably, the extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity was increased after CA treatment, suggesting impairment in cell wall permeability. A weakened fluorescence in the cell wall, a decrease in the chitin contents, and changes of ten genes involved in cell wall integrity were also observed. These results suggested that CA may exhibit its antifungal activity against G. citri-aurantii by interfering the build of cell wall and therefore lead to the damage of cell wall permeability and integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang JH, Sun HL, Chen SY, Zeng L, Wang TT. Anti-fungal activity, mechanism studies on α-Phellandrene and Nonanal against Penicillium cyclopium. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:13. [PMID: 28510196 PMCID: PMC5430584 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils from plants have been reported to have wide spread antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, and these include α-Phellandrene, Nonanal and other volatile substances. However, biological activities of α-Phellandrene and Nonanal have been reported only in a few publications. Further investigations are necessary to determine the antimicrobial activity of these compounds, especially for individual application, to establish the possible mechanism of action of the most active compound. RESULTS The results are shown that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal have a dose-dependent inhibition on the mycelial growth of Penicillium cyclopium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) are 1.7 and 1.8 mL/L for α-Phellandrene, 0.3 and 0.4 mL/L for Nonanal, respectively. The volatile compounds altered the morphology of P. cyclopium hyphae by causing loss of cytoplasmic material and distortion of the mycelia. The membrane permeability of P. cyclopium increased with increasing concentrations of the two volatile compounds, as evidenced by cell constituent release, extracellular conductivity and induced efflux of K+. Moreover, the two volatile compounds induced a decrease in pH and in the total lipid content of P. cyclopium, which suggested that cell membrane integrity had been compromised. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal could significantly inhibit the mycelia growth of P. cyclopium by severely disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane, leading to the leakage of cell constituents and potassium ions, and triggering an increase of the total lipid content, extracellular pH and membrane permeability. Our present study suggests that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal might be a biological fungicide for the control of P. cyclopium in postharvest tomato fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - He-long Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-yang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao-tao Wang
- College of Horticulture Forestry&Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lagrouh F, Dakka N, Bakri Y. The antifungal activity of Moroccan plants and the mechanism of action of secondary metabolites from plants. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:303-311. [PMID: 28506565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review is based on a comprehensive literature search for existing knowledge about antifungal mechanisms of different secondary metabolites from plants. The secondary metabolites have been grouped into three major groups according to their biosynthetic origin. On another side, this review represents studies on antifungal activity of essential oils and extracts from Moroccan plants, against fungal species involved in human or plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Lagrouh
- Département de biologie, laboratoire de biochimie-immunologie, faculté des sciences, université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - N Dakka
- Département de biologie, laboratoire de biochimie-immunologie, faculté des sciences, université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Y Bakri
- Département de biologie, laboratoire de biochimie-immunologie, faculté des sciences, université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karim H, Boubaker H, Askarne L, Cherifi K, Lakhtar H, Msanda F, Boudyach EH, Ait Ben Aoumar A. Use of Cistus aqueous extracts as botanical fungicides in the control of Citrus sour rot. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:263-267. [PMID: 28131951 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of aqueous extracts obtained from eight Cistus plant species against the development of Geotrichum citri-aurantii, the causal agent of citrus sour rot. The results demonstrate the in vitro effectiveness of all tested Cistus species aqueous extracts against G. citri-aurantii, the inhibition of mycelial growth ranged between 80 and 100%. Furthermore, Cistus aqueous extracts totally inhibited germination of G. citri-aurantii arthrospores at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Among the plant species tested, C. laurifolius, C. salviifolius, C. monspeliensis, C. ladanifer and C. populifolius displayed the best fungistatic activity since the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was <0.625 mg/mL. Under in vivo conditions, incidence of sour rot was lowered to 8.33% when fruits were treated with aqueous extracts of C. populifolius and C. creticus compared to 100% in the control. Disease severity was lowered to 3.74, 4.47 and 5.13% when fruits were treated with C. creticus, C. ladanifer and C. populifolius aqueous extracts, respectively. Using such these biopesticides in a replacement for synthetic fungicides or in combination with other established disease management practices could help control citrus postharvest decay in a more sustainable and eco-friendly way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Karim
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - H Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - L Askarne
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - K Cherifi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - H Lakhtar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - F Msanda
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - E H Boudyach
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - A Ait Ben Aoumar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang S, Zheng Y, Xiang F, Li S, Yang G. Antifungal activity of Momordica charantia seed extracts toward the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani L. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:881-887. [PMID: 28911628 PMCID: PMC9337286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L., a vegetable crop with high nutritional value, has been used as an antimutagenic, antihelminthic, anticancer, antifertility, and antidiabetic agent in traditional folk medicine. In this study, the antifungal activity of M. charantia seed extract toward Fusarium solani L. was evaluated. Results showed that M. charantia seed extract effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani, with a 50% inhibitory rate (IC50) value of 108.934 μg/mL. Further analysis with optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the seed extract led to deformation of cells with irregular budding, loss of integrity of cell wall, as well as disruption of the fungal cell membrane. In addition, genomic DNA was also severely affected, as small DNA fragments shorter than 50 bp appeared on agarose gel. These findings implied that M. charantia seed extract containing α-momorcharin, a typical ribosome-inactivating protein, could be an effective agent in the control of fungal pathogens, and such natural products would represent a sustainable alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Fu Xiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Corresponding author. College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China E-mail address: (S. Wang)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duan X, OuYang Q, Jing G, Tao N. Effect of sodium dehydroacetate on the development of sour rot on Satsuma mandarin. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Karim H, Boubaker H, Askarne L, Talibi I, Msanda F, Boudyach EH, Saadi B, Ait Ben Aoumar A. Antifungal properties of organic extracts of eight Cistus L. species against postharvest citrus sour rot. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 62:16-22. [PMID: 26458008 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effectiveness of methanol and chloroform extracts of eight Cistaceae species to control citrus sour rot decay, caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Methanol extracts of these plant species exhibited more interesting activity against G. citri-aurantii, in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, compared with chloroforme extracts. Under in vitro trials, obtained results showed that methanol extracts of all tested plants revealed a highest significant antifungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 12·33 and 16·33 mm in diameter. All tested methanol extracts totally inhibited spore germination when tested at 10 mg ml(-1) . Incidence of sour rot was significantly lowered to 11·11% when fruits were treated with Cistus populifolius and Cistus ladanifer methanol extracts compared with 100% in the control. The disease severity was lowered to 5·19% and 6·04% when fruits were treated with the same methanol extracts respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The methanol Cistus extracts had sufficient antifungal activities in vitro and in vivo against G. citri-aurantii to consider its use in the citrus industry after it has been tested under production and natural infection conditions. Such natural products therefore represent a viable alternative approaches for sour rot postharvest management of citrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Karim
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - H Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - L Askarne
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - I Talibi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - F Msanda
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - E H Boudyach
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - B Saadi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - A Ait Ben Aoumar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lahlali R, Hamadi Y, El Guilli M, Jijakli MH. The Ability of the Antagonist Yeast Pichia Guilliermondii Strain Z1 to Suppress Green Mould Infection in Citrus Fruit. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:4774. [PMID: 27800373 PMCID: PMC5076700 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies it was shown that Pichia guilliermondii strain Z1, isolated from healthy Moroccan citrus Valencia-Late oranges, was effective against Penicillium italicum. Here the effectiveness of strain Z1 was assessed against Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mould, under different temperature (5-25°C) and relative humidity (RH) (45-100%) regimes for its reliable and large-scale application in packinghouse. All main effects and interactions were significant (P<0.0001). In the pathogen control, the largest lesion diameter was at an RH range between 98 and 100%, regardless of the incubation temperature. The efficacy of strain Z1 was not dependent on the environment and reduced disease incidence by >80%. Its applications as a formulated product significantly reduced the incidence of infected fruit (55%) and the percentage of infected wounds (47%) compared to the only pathogen control treatment. However, disease control with formulated product was significantly less than that obtained with thiabendazole (30%) or strain Z1 culturable cells (35%). These results highlight that strain Z1 is an effective biological control agent for control of green mould under varying environmental conditions, and control may be optimized by combining its use with other environmentally-safe post-harvest treatments or improved formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Lahlali
- Unité de Phytopathologie, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium, Morocco
| | - Younes Hamadi
- Unité de Phytopathologie, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Guilli
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-El Menzeh, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - M. Haissam Jijakli
- Unité de Phytopathologie, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lahlali R, Hamadi Y, Drider R, Misson C, El Guilli M, Jijakli MH. Control of citrus blue mold by the antagonist yeast Pichia guilliermondii Z1: Compatibility with commercial fruit waxes and putative mechanisms of action. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Talibi I, Boubaker H, Boudyach EH, Ait Ben Aoumar A. Alternative methods for the control of postharvest citrus diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1-17. [PMID: 24617532 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The postharvest diseases of citrus fruit cause considerable losses during storage and transportation. These diseases are managed principally by the application of synthetic fungicides. However, the increasing concern for health hazards and environmental pollution due to chemical use has required the development of alternative strategies for the control of postharvest citrus diseases. Management of postharvest diseases using microbial antagonists, natural plant-derived products and Generally Recognized As Safe compounds has been demonstrated to be most suitable to replace the synthetic fungicides, which are either being banned or recommended for limited use. However, application of these alternatives by themselves may not always provide a commercially acceptable level of control of postharvest citrus diseases comparable to that obtained with synthetic fungicides. To provide more effective disease control, a multifaceted approach based on the combination of different postharvest treatments has been adopted. Actually, despite the distinctive features of these alternative methods, several reasons hinder the commercial use of such treatments. Consequently, research should emphasize the development of appropriate tools to effectively implement these alternative methods to commercial citrus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Talibi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco; Domaine Elboura, Taroudant, Morocco
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang XP, Jiang XD, Chen JJ, Zhang SS. Control of postharvest grey mould decay of nectarine by tea polyphenol combined with tea saponin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:502-9. [PMID: 23909749 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The control efficacy of tea polyphenol (TP) in combination with tea saponin (TS) against nectarine grey mould decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and the underlying mechanism were investigated. The in vitro experiments showed that both TP and TS inhibited the mycelial growth in a dose-dependent manner, and their combinations exhibited synergistic antifungal interactions with the synergistic ratios (SR) exceeding 1·5. The in vivo experiments showed that disease incidence and lesion diameter of grey mould of inoculated fruit were significantly lowered after being treated with the combination of TP and TS; furthermore, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase of inoculated fruit as well as the contents of total phenolic and lignin were significantly induced, the respiration rate of inoculated fruit was significantly decreased and therefore the quality decrease was accordingly retarded. These results revealed that TP in combination with TS could control grey mould of inoculated nectarines and their mechanism of action might be attributed to their active components, the induction of defensive system and the regulation of respiration. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates that the combination of TP and TS has exhibited synergistic antifungal interactions against Botrytis cinerea, and it suggests that their combination may be useful and effective agents for the control of nectarine grey mould decay. Such natural products therefore represent a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides in the control of nectarine postharvest diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X P Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Askarne L, Talibi I, Boubaker H, Boudyach EH, Msanda F, Saadi B, Ait Ben Aoumar A. Use of Moroccan medicinal plant extracts as botanical fungicide against citrus blue mould. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 56:37-43. [PMID: 23061438 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control of postharvest citrus fruit diseases. In this study, we screened eight Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol for their anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum, the causal agent of citrus blue mould. The anti-fungal activity of these extracts was tested based on the disc diffusion method. Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter. In the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) study, we observed that petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa was the most effective extract with both the significantly largest halo (27·50 mm) and the lowest MIC (1 mg ml(-1)). The most active plant extracts in in vitro studies were tested in vivo, and results indicated that solvent extracts of the selected plant species significantly decreased the incidence and severity of blue mould, after 7 and 10 days of storage at 20°C. In addition, Halimium umbellatum methanol extract and T. leptobotrys petroleum ether extract completely inhibited the development of P. italicum under both storage periods, and no phytotoxic effects were recorded on citrus fruit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates that plant extracts have a high potential to control blue mould of citrus and will provide a starting point for discovering new compounds with better activity than chemical fungicides currently available. Such natural products therefore represent a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Askarne
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|