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Tungesvik HM, Bjørnebekk A, Hisdal J. Impaired vascular function among young users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19201. [PMID: 39160232 PMCID: PMC11333575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiological doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is popular among recreational weightlifters and bodybuilders due to the performance-enhancing properties but is also associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. The knowledge about how AAS affect the vasculature is limited, although results from previous studies suggest alterations in vasoreactivity and morphology. In the present study we investigate the association between long-term use of AAS and vascular function. Hundred and twenty-three males were included in the study, 56 of them current AAS users and 67 weightlifting controls. Vascular function was evaluated by carotid artery reactivity and flow-mediated dilation. AAS users had significantly reduced carotid artery reactivity (p < 0.001) and flow-mediated dilation (p < 0.001) compared to weightlifting controls. Results from the present study indicate that long-term use of AAS affect the cardiovascular system negatively, measured as reduced carotid artery reactivity and flow-mediated dilation. These findings could partly explain sudden cardiovascular events among young long-term users of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Melsom Tungesvik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Nydalen, P.O Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Nydalen, P.O Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Zaiser C, Laskowski NM, Müller R, Abdulla K, Sabel L, Ballero Reque C, Brandt G, Paslakis G. The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroid use and body image, eating behavior, and physical activity by gender: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105772. [PMID: 38879097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is rising, especially in recreational sports and the general population. While body image significantly influences AAS use, gender differences remain unclear. We examined gender-related connections between AAS use, body image, eating behavior, and physical activity. Following PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 22 studies: 14 with male-only samples, 5 mixed-gender, 2 with sexual and gender minorities, and 1 with a female-only sample. FINDINGS: confirm body image as a key predictor of AAS use. Though AAS use correlates with eating disorders, outcomes vary by context; for instance, no discernible difference in eating behavior was observed between AAS users and non-users in bodybuilding. Physical activity findings varied, with some studies showing no significant differences between AAS users and non-users. Due to limited gender-comparison studies, conclusive gender-related differences cannot be drawn. This systematic review underscores the complex interplay between AAS use, body image, eating behavior, and physical activity, emphasizing the necessity for further research to develop targeted interventions for diverse populations, addressing AAS-related concerns and promoting overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaiser
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany.
| | - Nora M Laskowski
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Roland Müller
- Association for Practical Prevention of Eating Disorders, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kahar Abdulla
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Luisa Sabel
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Cristina Ballero Reque
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Gerrit Brandt
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia Lippe, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
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3
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Askew AJ, Randall A, Alvarez JC, Elbe CI, Caravelli N, Gonzales M, van der Star A, Blashill AJ. Examining the association of structural stigmas with body image-related outcomes among sexual minority individuals. Body Image 2024; 48:101652. [PMID: 38141492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority individuals display heightened body image disturbance, which is associated with negative health outcomes. Structural stigmas are associated with negative health outcomes among sexual minority individuals, but the association between structural stigmas and body image is not understood. Using a linear regression approach, we examined how U.S. state-level structural racism and structural sexual minority stigma were associated with body image-related outcomes including eating pathology, appearance and/or performance-enhancing drug (APED) misuse, and dysmorphic concern. Participants were 942 cisgender sexual minority individuals ages 18-30, with approximately equal representation among non-Hispanic/Latinx White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic/Latinx individuals. There was not a significant main effect of state-level structural sexual minority stigma on body image-related outcomes. In states with higher structural racism, Hispanic/Latinx participants endorsed higher APED misuse, and this interaction was not significant among non-Hispanic/Latinx White individuals. This pattern was not found among Black or Asian participants, nor was it replicated for dysmorphic concern or eating pathology. Findings suggest that reducing exposure to structural racism could reduce APED misuse among Hispanic/Latinx individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Askew
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States
| | - Alyson Randall
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Jordan C Alvarez
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn AL, United States
| | - Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Nicolas Caravelli
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States
| | - Arjan van der Star
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
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4
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Mulawkar PM, Maheshwari PN, Gauhar V, Agrawal SG, Mohammed TO, Singh AG, Tak GR, Shah US, Shukla DP, Mamankar D. Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Hum Reprod Sci 2023; 16:268-285. [PMID: 38322636 PMCID: PMC10841926 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_90_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are often used by men for bodybuilding and to improve sports performance. The use is not limited to professional competitive athletes, but many amateur men. Objective The objective of this study was to assess and systematically review the effects of AAS on male fertility parameters, spermiogram, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) and to review reversibility and other morbidity impacting fertility. Methods Eligibility criteria - We included studies mentioning data about adult males using supraphysiologic doses of AAS for sports performance or appearance enhancement, with comparison data from general population or matched controls if available reporting fertility parameters and sexual performance. Information sources - A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar and World of Science. Controlled clinical trials randomised or nonrandomised (if available), case series with or without matched controls, case reports, cross-sectional surveys, reports on follow-up of subjects caught in doping test and their fertility parameters when reported. Risk of bias/quality assessment - The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Included studies - Thirty-two studies were included. There were 12 cohort studies, 5 case-control studies, 9 cross-sectional surveys and 6 case reports. The study population comprised 9371 individuals, of which 2671 were AAS users. Synthesis of results - AAS users had reduced levels of FSH and LH than the naïve population. These levels remained low for 3-6 months after stopping AAS. One year after stopping AAS, the users and naïve population had insignificant differences in FSH and LH values. The total testosterone (TT) levels were comparable in users and naïve populations at baseline, 3 months and 6 months after stopping, but at 1 year, TT values were lower in AAS users. Sperm concentration in AAS users and naïve population was similar, but sperm motility was lower in AAS users. The testicular size was lower in AAS users. The erectile function improved with AAS use, but on withdrawal, there was decreased libido and erectile dysfunction. Most AAS users need additional medications to mitigate detrimental effects on fertility. Description of the effect - AAS use negatively impacted the gonadotrophin levels and had lower sperm motility and testicular size. Strength - Comprehensive review of 32 publications, study population of 9371 individuals, of which 2671 were AAS users, meta-analysis of reproductive hormones, semen parameters and testis size. Limitations The limitations are small sample size of most of the studies, polypharmacy, lack of information on dosing and high heterogeneity. Interpretation AAS use is detrimental for sperm motility and has a partially reversible negative impact on male fertility. Users must be cautioned about its negative impact on libido and erectile function.Registration: PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42023411294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Motiram Mulawkar
- Urology, Tirthankar Superspeciality Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Department of Urology, GMC and SSH, Mumbai, India
- Urology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Vineet Gauhar
- Urology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, NUHS, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Gopal Ramdas Tak
- Urology, Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Anwar MS, Khan A, Khan I, Khan SA, Ahmad L, Kaleem WA, Mahzari A, Al-Megrin WAI, Almatroudi A, Allemailem KS, Khan FU. Evaluation of marketed herbal medicines for the simultaneous estimation of steroidal adulterants using FTIR and RP-HPLC-UV. Microchem J 2023; 190:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
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6
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Esposito M, Salerno M, Calvano G, Agliozzo R, Ficarra V, Sessa F, Favilla V, Cimino S, Pomara C. Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on male sexual and reproductive function: a systematic review. Panminerva Med 2023; 65:43-50. [PMID: 35146992 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.22.04677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a complex cluster of synthetic derivatives of testosterone. AAS abuse is considered a major public health issue since it has increased among young/adolescent males. The use of steroids has a prevalence rate of 14% in young athletes and 30-75% in professional athletes or bodybuilders. AASs simulate the testosterone mechanism, binding the intracellular androgen receptor, and dysregulating the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the same way as exogenous testosterone. Abuse can produce several side effects on organs, such as the genital system. The physio-pathological mechanisms that cause AAS abuse-related, genital system disorders in humans are still not completely known. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This study focuses on the effect of AASs on the male reproductive organs in humans and animals. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A systematic review was performed using SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Sciences database up to 31 December 2021 using the keywords: "anabolic-androgenic steroids," "erectile dysfunction," "spermatogenesis" and "infertility;" (anabolic agents) "erectile dysfunction," "spermatogenesis" and "infertility." The review of the literature identified 66 articles published until 2021. Sixty-two articles were included. The use of AASs induces testicular atrophy and azoospermia known as "anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism." Anabolic steroid induced infertility is characterized by oligo or azoospermia and abnormalities in sperm motility and morphology. Although sperm quality recovers in most cases within 4 months of stopping anabolic steroid abuse, the negative consequences on spermatogenesis can take up to 3 years to disappear. Human studies reported a positive correlation between AAS abuse in athletes and an increase in morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. Animal studies showed the destruction of Leydig cells and testicular atrophy in animals treated with cycles of AASs. CONCLUSIONS The present review of the literature highlights how little is known about the action of AASs on the male genital system. However, although their use is prohibited in many countries, the black market for these substances is still very frequent. The scientific landscape still has a lot to invest in the research of AAS on the male genital system to make young people even more aware of the negative aspects of these substances, contributing to the reduction of these products in an inappropriate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Esposito
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Calvano
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Agliozzo
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ficarra
- Section of Urology, Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Favilla
- Section of Urology, Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cimino
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia, " University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
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7
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Doping and sports endocrinology: anabolic-androgenic steroids. Rev Clin Esp 2022; 222:612-620. [PMID: 36400345 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroids affects not only professional athletes but also the general population (bodybuilders, gym clients, and adolescents). In the first case, its use is prohibited and sanctioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and Olympic committees. For the other users, it is difficult to establish its prevalence since many obtain the products via the internet. The reasons for its use are varied and different forms of use and other types of users have been described. Among the side effects of steroid use, hypogonadism is the most frequent cause for endocrinological consultation. After a general introduction to doping, this review describes the historical background of anabolic-androgenic steroids, their classification, forms of use, physiological effects, adverse effects on different organs and systems, treatment of hypogonadism, as well as detection methods.
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8
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García-Arnés J, García-Casares N. Endocrinología del dopaje y los deportes: andrógenos anabolizantes. Rev Clin Esp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Melsom HS, Heiestad CM, Eftestøl E, Torp MK, Gundersen K, Bjørnebekk AK, Thorsby PM, Stensløkken KO, Hisdal J. Reduced arterial elasticity after anabolic-androgenic steroid use in young adult males and mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9707. [PMID: 35690664 PMCID: PMC9188580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is efficient for building muscle mass, but pose a risk of cardiovascular side effects. Little is known of the effect of AAS on vasculature, but previous findings suggest unfavorable alterations in vessel walls and vasoreactivity. Here, long-term effect of AAS on vascular function and morphology were examined in male weightlifters, and in a mimicking animal model. Arterial elasticity and morphology were tested with ultrasound, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) in 56 current male AAS users, and 67 non-exposed weightlifting controls (WLC). Female mice were treated with testosterone for 14 days and echocardiography were applied to evaluate vascular function and morphology. Male AAS users had higher PWV (p = 0.044), reduced carotid artery compliance (p = 0.0005), and increased cIMT (p = 0.041) compared to WLC. Similar functional changes were found in the ascending aorta of mice after 7- (p = 0.043) and 14 days (p = 0.001) of testosterone treatment. This animal model can be used to map molecular mechanisms responsible for complications related to AAS misuse. Considering the age-independent stiffening of major arteries and the predictive power of an increase in PWV and cIMT, the long-term users of AAS are at increased risk of severe cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C M Heiestad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Eftestøl
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M K Torp
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Gundersen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P M Thorsby
- Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K O Stensløkken
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Sampaio F, Ssegonja R, Thiblin I, Nystrand C. A model for evaluating the economic value of prevention programs for illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids. Health Policy 2021; 125:807-813. [PMID: 33838934 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a societal concern. We developed a decision-analytic model for assessing the cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions targeting AAS-use. We used scenario analyses to demonstrate: a) the potential health economic consequences of AAS use in Sweden, and b) the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical preventive intervention. METHODS A population-based cohort model compared a hypothetical preventive intervention targeting AAS with a 'no intervention' scenario, from a limited societal perspective. The model simulated how a cohort of 18 year-old males transitioned between different states and predicted their health status and complications until the age of 41. Health outcomes were estimated as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). Costs included intervention costs, drug costs, and costs of complications. RESULTS Total yearly costs related to AAS use amounted to nearly half a million US$, with the largest cost borne by the healthcare sector. Results suggest that AAS prevention could entail large costs and benefits with a mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $550 per QALY, in a scenario where the intervention would decrease the probability of initiating AAS use by 5%. CONCLUSION Results show large AAS related costs, and suggest that the implementation of a preventive intervention could offer good value for money given different effectiveness scenarios. This model can be used to estimate the value of interventions targeting AAS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sampaio
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, P.O Box 564, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Richard Ssegonja
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, P.O Box 564, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Thiblin
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Nystrand
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, P.O Box 564, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gonzales M, Blashill AJ. Ethnic/racial and gender differences in body image disorders among a diverse sample of sexual minority U.S. adults. Body Image 2021; 36:64-73. [PMID: 33171428 PMCID: PMC7987714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the occurrence of probable eating disorders (EDs), ED symptoms, probable body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), BDD symptoms, drive for muscularity, and appearance and performance enhancement drug (APED) misuse, in an ethnically/racially diverse sample of 962 cisgender sexual minority (SM) individuals in the United States, aged 18-30 years old. The overall occurrence of probable ED, probable BDD, and APED misuse in the current sample was 32.7 %, 50.9 %, and 30.6 %, respectively. With respect to ethnicity/race, Hispanic SMs reported the highest rates of EDs, BDD, APED misuse, and drive for muscularity, and may therefore be particularly at risk for developing body image disorders (BIDs). With respect to gender, SM men reported significantly greater drive for muscularity and APED misuse compared to SM women, while SM women reported significantly higher occurrence of probable ED and ED symptoms. The occurrence of EDs, BDD, and APED misuse were higher among SMs in this sample compared to previous rates found among heterosexual samples, suggesting that SMs, regardless of gender and ethnicity/race, are vulnerable to experiencing BIDs and APED misuse. Future research is needed to identify the mechanisms that place SMs at (increased) risk for BIDs, which will aid prevention/intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego CA 92182-4611, United States.
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States; Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego CA 92182-4611, United States.
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12
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Ito-Harashima S, Matano M, Onishi K, Nomura T, Nakajima S, Ebata S, Shiizaki K, Kawanishi M, Yagi T. Construction of reporter gene assays using CWP and PDR mutant yeasts for enhanced detection of various sex steroids. Genes Environ 2020; 42:20. [PMID: 32514322 PMCID: PMC7251871 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex steroid hormone receptors are classified into three classes of receptors: estrogen receptors (ER) α and β, androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR). They belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and activate their downstream genes in a ligand-dependent manner. Since sex steroid hormones are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes and cancer development, synthetic chemical substances that exhibit sex steroid hormone activities have been applied as pharmaceuticals and consumed in large amounts worldwide. They are potentially hazardous contaminants as endocrine disruptors in the environment because they may induce inappropriate gene expression mediated by sex steroid hormone receptors in vivo. Results To develop simple reporter gene assays with enhanced sensitivity for the detection of sex steroid hormones, we newly established mutant yeast strains lacking the CWP and PDR genes encoding cell wall mannoproteins and plasma membrane drug efflux pumps, respectively, and expressing human ERα, ERβ, AR, and PR. Reporter gene assays with mutant yeast strains responded to endogenous and synthetic ligands more strongly than those with wild-type strains. Sex steroid hormone activities in some pharmaceutical oral tablets and human urine were also detectable in these yeast assays. Conclusions Yeast reporter gene assay systems for all six steroid hormone receptors, including previously established glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) assay yeasts, are now available. Environmental endocrine disrupters with steroid hormone activity will be qualitatively detectable by simple and easy procedures. The yeast-based reporter gene assay will be valuable as a primary screening tool to detect and evaluate steroid hormone activities in various test samples. Our assay system will strongly support the detection of agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists of steroid hormone receptors in the field of novel drug discovery and assessments of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Ito-Harashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Kana Onishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Tomofumi Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Saki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Shingo Ebata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiizaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan.,Present address: Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193 Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
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Mohammed ET, Radi AM, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Cynara scolymus leaves extract alleviates nandrolone decanoate-induced alterations in testicular function and sperm quality in albino rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5009-5017. [PMID: 31845274 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a commonly used anabolic-androgenic steroid. These drugs are illegally self-administered by athletes to enhance their sports performance. However, their abuse could influence the testicular function and fertility. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaf extract (CLE) on ND-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Five groups of adult male rats (10 rats each) were used. Group I rats received only saline and served as controls. Group II rats were injected with a vehicle once weekly, while group III rats received intramuscular injections of ND (20 mg/kg/week for 60 days). Group IV rats orally received 1 g/kg/day of CLE and group V rats received ND and CLE at the aforementioned doses. The results revealed that ND has a negative impact on the testicular function as evidenced by the significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in testicular malondialdehyde concentration and serum non-prostatic acid phosphatase activity, as well as the significant decreases in serum testosterone levels, testicular weight, glutathione concentration, catalase enzyme activity, and total antioxidant capacity. These results were accompanied by considerable alterations of sperm characters and histopathological studies of the testicular tissue. However, co-treatment with CLE extract significantly alleviated (p ≤ 0.05) almost all ND-induced pathological alterations. In conclusion, co-treatment of ND-intoxicated rats with CLE ameliorated the toxic effects of ND on the testicular structure and function, probably due to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Taha Mohammed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62515, Egypt.
| | - Abeer M Radi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62515, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Hernández-Guerra AI, Tapia J, Menéndez-Quintanal LM, Lucena JS. Sudden cardiac death in anabolic androgenic steroids abuse: case report and literature review. Forensic Sci Res 2019; 4:267-273. [PMID: 31489392 PMCID: PMC6713204 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1595350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have several adverse effects on the cardiovascular system that may lead to a sudden cardiac death (SCD). We herein report a case involving a 24-year-old male, AAS abuser with intramuscular delivery in the 6 months before, who suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest at home’s bathtub when returning from New Year’s party. A forensic autopsy was performed according to the guidelines of the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP). The body showed hypertrophy of skeletal musculature, with low amount of subcutaneous fat and no signs of injury (body mass index, BMI: 26.8 kg/m2). On internal examination, there were multiorgan congestion, acute pulmonary edema, and cardiomegaly (420 g) with severe coronary atherosclerosis and superimposed acute occlusive thrombosis at the left main trunk and left anterior descendant. Areas of scarring were located at the intersection between the posterior wall and the posterior third of the septum (postero-septal). At histology, acute myocardial infarction at the anterior third of the septum and the anterior wall, and subacute myocardial infarction at apical septum and apical posterior wall were detected. Other findings were small intramyocardial vessel disease and myocytes hypertrophy. Chemicotoxicological analysis in blood showed ethanol ((0.90 ± 0.05) g/L), stanazolol (11.31 µg/L), nandrolone (2.05 µg/L) and testosterone (<1.00 µg/L). When confronted with a sudden death in a young athlete we must pay attention to the physical phenotype that may suggest AAS abuse and perform a detailed examination of the heart. Chemicotoxicological analysis is a key to establish the relationship between SCD and AAS abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Hernández-Guerra
- Histopathology Service, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences (NITFS), Canary Islands Department, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- Forensic Pathology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (ILMFS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hauger LE, Westlye LT, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Bjørnebekk A. Structural brain characteristics of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in men. Addiction 2019; 114:1405-1415. [PMID: 30955206 PMCID: PMC6767448 DOI: 10.1111/add.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify differences in brain morphology between dependent and non-dependent male anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. DESIGN This study used cross-sectional data from a longitudinal study on male weightlifters. PARTICIPANTS Oslo University Hospital, Norway. SETTING Eighty-one AAS users were divided into two groups; AAS-dependent (n = 43) and AAS-non-dependent (n = 38). MEASUREMENTS Neuroanatomical volumes and cerebral cortical thickness were estimated based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using FreeSurfer. Background and health information were obtained using a semi-structured interview. AAS-dependence was evaluated in a standardized clinical interview using a version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, adapted to apply to AAS-dependence. FINDINGS Compared with non-dependent users, dependent users had significantly thinner cortex in three clusters of the right hemisphere and in five clusters of the left hemisphere, including frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions. Profound differences were seen in frontal regions (left pars orbitalis, cluster-wise P < 0.001, right superior frontal, cluster-wise P < 0.001), as has been observed in other dependencies. Group differences were also seen when excluding participants with previous or current non-AAS drug abuse (left pre-central, cluster-wise P < 0.001, left pars orbitalis, cluster-wise P = 0.010). CONCLUSION Male dependent anabolic-androgenic steroid users appear to have thinner cortex in widespread regions, specifically in pre-frontal areas involved in inhibitory control and emotional regulation, compared with non-dependent anabolic-androgenic steroid users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Hauger
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway,Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anders M. Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristine B. Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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16
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Flo FJ, Kanu O, Teleb M, Chen Y, Siddiqui T. Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced acute myocardial infarction with multiorgan failure. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2018; 31:334-336. [PMID: 29904303 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2018.1460130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has remained on the rise despite their well-known deleterious effects. We describe a case of AAS-induced multisystem failure following an extensive history of abuse in a 41-year-old bodybuilder. Furthermore, we review pertinent literature and discuss the different pathophysiologic mechanisms through which AAS affect the heart and other organs. This case points to the possibility of multiorgan involvement and severe cardiac effects of AAS abuse in young individuals who may not have any past medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Flo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
| | - Obiajulu Kanu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
| | - Yuefeng Chen
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
| | - Tariq Siddiqui
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
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Abstract
Several substances such as growth hormone (GH), erythropoietin (Epo), and anabolic steroids (AS) are improperly utilized to increase the performance of athletes. Evaluating the potential cancer risk associated with doping agents is difficult since these drugs are often used at very high doses and in combination with other licit or illicit drugs. The GH, via its mediator, the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), is involved in the development and progression of cancer. Animal studies suggested that high levels of GH/IGF-1 increase progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clinical data regarding prostate cancer are mostly based on epidemiological studies or indirect data such as IGF-1 high levels in patients with prostate cancer. Even if experimental studies showed a correlation between Epo and cancer, no clinical data are currently available on cancer development related to Epo as a doping agent. Androgens are involved in prostate carcinogenesis modulating genes that regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Most information on AS is anecdotal (case reports on prostate, kidney and testicular cancers). Prospective epidemiologic studies failed to support the hypothesis that circulating androgens are positively associated with prostate cancer risk. Currently, clinical and epidemiological studies supporting association between doping and urological neoplasias are not available. Nowadays, exposure to doping agents starts more prematurely with a consequent longer exposition period; drugs are often used at very high doses and in combination with other licit or illicit drugs. Due to all these elements it is impossible to predict all the side effects, including cancer; more detailed studies are therefore necessary.
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18
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Harris M, Dunn M, Alwyn T. Intrasexual competition as a potential influence on anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:1210-1220. [PMID: 28810407 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317692145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 293,000 people living in the United Kingdom have used anabolic-androgenic steroids. However, there is currently no intervention to reduce usage available in practice or academic circulation throughout the United Kingdom. This study aimed to test a novel hypothesis that increased levels of intrasexual competition may play an important influential role in the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Significantly higher levels of intrasexual competition were evident in users compared to non-users but only in the novice group (0-2 years of experience). The research provides evidence for intrasexual competition potentially influencing anabolic-androgenic steroid use but only during the initial stages of usage.
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Westlye LT, Kaufmann T, Alnæs D, Hullstein IR, Bjørnebekk A. Brain connectivity aberrations in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:62-69. [PMID: 27942448 PMCID: PMC5133655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sustained anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use has adverse behavioral consequences, including aggression, violence and impulsivity. Candidate mechanisms include disruptions of brain networks with high concentrations of androgen receptors and critically involved in emotional and cognitive regulation. Here, we tested the effects of AAS on resting-state functional brain connectivity in the largest sample of AAS-users to date. We collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 151 males engaged in heavy resistance strength training. 50 users tested positive for AAS based on the testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio and doping substances in urine. 16 previous users and 59 controls tested negative. We estimated brain network nodes and their time-series using ICA and dual regression and defined connectivity matrices as the between-node partial correlations. In line with the emotional and behavioral consequences of AAS, current users exhibited reduced functional connectivity between key nodes involved in emotional and cognitive regulation, in particular reduced connectivity between the amygdala and default-mode network (DMN) and between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and a frontal node encompassing the superior and inferior frontal gyri (SFG/IFG) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), with further reductions as a function of dependency, lifetime exposure, and cycle state (on/off). Sustained AAS use has adverse behavioral consequences, including aggression, violence and impulsivity. We obtained r-fMRI data from 50 male users testing positive for AAS and 16 previous users and 59 controls testing negative. We used ICA and dual regression, and defined connectivity matrices as the between-node temporal partial correlations. Current users showed significantly reduced connectivity between amygdala and DMN and between DAN and a SFG/IFG/ACC node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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20
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Simão VA, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Cherici Camargo IC. Ovarian sex steroid receptors and sex hormones in androgenized rats. Reproduction 2016; 152:545-559. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated for the first time the effects of different doses of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate (ND) on the expression of ovarian steroid receptors (AR, ER-α (ESR1) and ER-β (ESR2)) and related sex hormones after treatment and recovery periods in adult rats. The animals were injected subcutaneously with doses of ND (1.87, 3.75, 7.5 or 15 mg/kg b.w.) or mineral oil (control group) for 15 days, and the experimental groups were divided into three periods of evaluation: (a) ND treatment for 15 days, (b) ND treatment and recovery for a period of 30 days and (c) ND treatment and recovery for a period of 60 days. Estrous cycle was monitored daily. At the end of each period, rats were killed for collection of blood and ovaries. Persistent diestrus occurred in all rats during ND treatment and after 30-day recovery. The highest dose of ND was able to maintain all rats arrested at diestrus until 60-day recovery. The expression of steroid receptors varied in a dose- and period-dependent manner, having a more pronounced response with the dose of 15 mg ND/kg. ND treatment increased serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone, especially at the highest doses of 7.5 and 15 mg ND/kg. No change was observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), whereas levels of the luteinizing hormone (LH) varied according to the dose and period. In conclusion, the ovarian sex steroid receptors and sex hormones were restored only at lower doses of ND and after a longer period of recovery.
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21
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Grönbladh A, Nylander E, Hallberg M. The neurobiology and addiction potential of anabolic androgenic steroids and the effects of growth hormone. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tahernejad Z, Baghshani H, Rashidlamir A. Blood biochemical and oxidant/antioxidant alterations following stanozolol treatment along with resistance training in rats. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Tahernejad
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - H. Baghshani
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A. Rashidlamir
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
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23
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Low MSY, Vilcassim S, Fedele P, Grigoriadis G. Anabolic androgenic steroids, an easily forgotten cause of polycythaemia and cerebral infarction. Intern Med J 2016; 46:497-9. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Y. Low
- Haematology Department; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Immunology/Molecular Immunology Division; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Vilcassim
- Haematology Department; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Monash University,; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - P. Fedele
- Haematology Department; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Immunology/Molecular Immunology Division; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - G. Grigoriadis
- Haematology Department; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Monash University,; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Westerman ME, Charchenko CM, Ziegelmann MJ, Bailey GC, Nippoldt TB, Trost L. Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders: An Uncommon Cohort of Illicit Substance Users. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:175-82. [PMID: 26769184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize patterns of use among a contemporary cohort of current anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. PATIENTS AND METHODS An anonymous, self-administered, 49-item questionnaire was posted on message boards of Internet websites popular among AAS users and administered via SurveyMonkey from February 1, 2015, to June 1, 2015. Thirty-seven questions were analyzed for this study. RESULTS A total of 231 male respondents met the inclusion criteria. Most were white, were older than 25 years, were employed with above average income, and had received a formal education beyond high school. Ninety-three percent began using AAS after the age of 18 years, and 81% reported using 400 mg or more of testosterone per week. Factors associated with longer duration of use (>5 years) included higher incomes (≥$75,000, P=.003), increased testosterone dosages (>600 mg per week, P=.007), older age (≥35 years, P<.001), being married (P<.001), and being self-employed (P<.001). The Internet was the most common source of testosterone (53%). Ninety-three percent used at least one additional performance-enhancing drug. Seventy-seven percent had routine laboratory tests performed, and 38% reported laboratory abnormalities at some point. Nearly all experienced subjective adverse effects while using and not using testosterone. Fifty-three percent reported use of other illegal substances, most commonly (90%) beginning before AAS initiation. Ten percent had a criminal conviction, 91% of which preceded AAS use. Fifty percent were felonies. CONCLUSION The population of AAS users is disparate from that of other drugs of abuse. Laboratory test abnormalities and adverse effects are common and should be taken into account when counseling patients who may be using AASs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Todd B Nippoldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Landon Trost
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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25
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Vasilaki F, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Germanakis I, Tzardi M, Kavvalakis M, Ozcagli E, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis AM. Cardiotoxicity in rabbits after long-term nandrolone decanoate administration. Toxicol Lett 2016; 241:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Simão VA, Berloffa Belardin L, Araújo Leite GA, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Camargo ICC. Effects of different doses of nandrolone decanoate on estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of rats after treatment and recovery periods. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:338-49. [PMID: 26575430 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that different doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) will cause changes in the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of adult rats; and investigated the duration of the recovery period that is sufficient to restore the damage in the animals treated with different doses. Wistar rats were treated with ND at doses of 1.87, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg body weight, or received mineral oil (control group) for 15 days, subcutaneously. All animals were divided into three groups according to the treatment periods: (i) ND treatment for 15 days; (ii) ND treatment followed by a 30-day recovery; and (iii) ND treatment followed by a 60-day recovery. Estrous cycle was monitored daily, and at the end of each period, the animals were euthanized for histopathological analysis. During ND treatment and after 30-day recovery, all animals exhibited persistent diestrus. After a 60-day recovery, persistent diestrus was only maintained in the group that had received the highest dose. Ovarian weight was decreased significantly after the 30-day recovery, regardless of ND doses, compared with the control group. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of corpora lutea and antral and growing follicles, in contrast to an increase (P < 0.05) in atretic follicles in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Remarkable histopathological changes occurred in the ovaries of all ND-treated groups. In conclusion, the different doses of ND caused changes in the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of rats, and recovery periods (30 and 60 days) were insufficient to completely restore the damage in the animals treated with the highest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
| | - Larissa Berloffa Belardin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
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27
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Brasil GA, Lima EMD, Nascimento AMD, Caliman IF, Medeiros ARSD, Silva MSB, Abreu GRD, Reis AMD, Andrade TUD, Bissoli NS. Nandrolone decanoate induces cardiac and renal remodeling in female rats, without modification in physiological parameters: The role of ANP system. Life Sci 2015; 137:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Alsaeed I, Alabkal JR. Usage and perceptions of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male fitness centre attendees in Kuwait--a cross-sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2015; 10:33. [PMID: 26296560 PMCID: PMC4546264 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-015-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Considering the recent popularity of bodybuilding and the apparent spread of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use amongst bodybuilding enthusiasts in Kuwait, there is a relative lack of scientific investigation into the use, knowledge and attitudes towards AAS amongst the population at risk of abusing it. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the frequency, knowledge, attitudes and practice of AAS use amongst male fitness centre attendees in Kuwait. Methods A cross sectional survey utilizing a self-administered questionnaire was used. Information on demographics as well as knowledge and attitude about and towards the use of AAS was included in the questionnaire. Ten fitness centres in Kuwait were randomly selected and questionnaires were distributed to all individuals leaving each centre on randomly selected days and periods of time for each centre. Overall n = 400 questionnaires were distributed. Results A total of n = 194 questionnaires were returned completed (~49 %). Of the responders, 22.7 % used AAS. The 19–25 age group had the highest occurrence (46.8 %) of first-time AAS use. In contrast with non-users, most (70.5 %) of AAS users believed that having an optimally muscular body can only be achieved by using AAS, and a small minority (6.8 %) believed that AAS usage would have significant harms to health. Only 18.2 % of AAS users had appropriate knowledge regarding the side effects of AAS. Non-users were as much uninformed as AAS users regarding the side effects of AAS. Conclusion The usage of AAS is high amongst male gym users in Kuwait and is likely to present an additional burden to the health service. An effective initiative to minimize the burden of AAS abuse should focus on changing the attitudes towards AAS rather than spreading awareness of their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alsaeed
- Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | - Jarrah R Alabkal
- Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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Thiblin I, Garmo H, Garle M, Holmberg L, Byberg L, Michaëlsson K, Gedeborg R. Anabolic steroids and cardiovascular risk: A national population-based cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:87-92. [PMID: 26005042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-therapeutic use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been associated with various adverse effects; one of the most serious being direct cardiovascular effects with unknown long-term consequences. Therefore, large studies of the association between AAS and cardiovascular outcomes are warranted. We investigated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals who tested positive for AAS. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 2002 and 2009, a total of 2013 men were enrolled in a cohort on the date of their first AAS test. Mortality and morbidity after cohort entry was retrieved from national registries. Of the 2013 individuals, 409 (20%) tested positive for AAS. These men had twice the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rate as those with negative tests (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.3). Compared to the Swedish population, all tested men had an increased risk of premature death from all causes (standardized mortality ratio for AAS-positive: 19.3, 95% CI 12.4-30.0; for AAS-negative: 8.3, 95% CI 6.1-11.0). CONCLUSION Non-therapeutic exposure to AAS appears to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Thiblin
- Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hans Garmo
- King's College London, Medical School, London, UK
| | - Mats Garle
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; King's College London, Medical School, London, UK
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Rolf Gedeborg
- Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Alizade E, Avcı A, Fidan S, Tabakçı M, Bulut M, Zehir R, Simsek Z, Evlice M, Arslantaş U, Çakır H, Emiroglu MY, Akçakoyun M. The Effect of Chronic Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use on Tp-E Interval, Tp-E/Qt Ratio, and Tp-E/Qtc Ratio in Male Bodybuilders. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2015; 20:592-600. [PMID: 25631523 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic consumption of androgenic anabolic steroids has shown to cause atrial arrhythmias. Several studies have suggested that the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave (Tp-e) may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization and that increased Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to evaluate repolarization dispersion measured from the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (including Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/cQT ratio) in bodybuilders who are using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). METHODS We selected a population of 33 competitive bodybuilders, including 15 actively using AAS for ≥ 2 years (users) and 18 who had never used AAS (nonusers), all men. RESULTS QT, cQT, QTd, cQTd, JT, and cJT were significantly increased in AAS users bodybulders compared to the nonusers (all P < 0.001). Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/cQT ratio were also significantly higher in AAS user group compared to the nonuser group (all P < 0.001). QRS duration was not different between the groups. There were negative correlation between E(m) and Tp-e, Tp-e/QT ratio, Tp-e/cQT ration (r = -0.657, P < 0.01; r = -0.607, P = 0.02; r = -0.583, P = 0.02; respectively).There were also negative correlation between S(m) and Tp-e, Tp-e/QT ratio, Tp-e/cQT ration (r = -0.681, P < 0.01; r = -0.549, P = 0.03; r = -0.544, P = 0.023; respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have presented a strong evidence suggesting that Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio were increased in AAS users, which suggest that there might be a link between AAS use and ventricular arrthymias and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnur Alizade
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Anıl Avcı
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Serdar Fidan
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tabakçı
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bulut
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Regayip Zehir
- Department of Cardiology, Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeki Simsek
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mert Evlice
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Uğur Arslantaş
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Hakan Çakır
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yunus Emiroglu
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akçakoyun
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
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Nogueira FRDS, Brito ADF, Vieira TI, Oliveira CVCD, Gouveia RLB. Prevalência de uso de recursos ergogênicos em praticantes de musculação na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Pomara C, Neri M, Bello S, Fiore C, Riezzo I, Turillazzi E. Neurotoxicity by synthetic androgen steroids: oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuropathology: A review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:132-45. [PMID: 26074748 PMCID: PMC4462038 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210221434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic substances derived from testosterone that are largely employed due to their trophic effect on muscle tissue of athletes at all levels. Since a great number of organs and systems are a target of AAS, their adverse effects are primarily on the following systems: reproductive, hepatic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, renal, immunological, infectious, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hematological. Neuropsychiatric and behavioral effects as a result of AAS abuse are well known and described in the literature. Mounting evidence exists suggesting that in addition to psychiatric and behavioral effects, non-medical use of AAS carries neurodegenerative potential. Although, the nature of this association remains largely unexplored, recent animal studies have shown the recurrence of this AAS effect, ranging from neurotrophin unbalance to increased neuronal susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. Experimental and animal studies strongly suggest that apoptotic mechanisms are at least in part involved in AAS-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, a great body of evidence is emerging suggesting that increased susceptibility to cellular oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment. As in other drug-evoked encephalopathies, the key mechanisms involved in AAS - induced neuropathology could represent a target for future neuroprotective strategies. Progress in the understanding of these mechanisms will provide important insights into the complex pathophysiology of AAS-induced neurodegeneration, and will pave the way for forthcoming studies. Supplementary to abandoning the drug abuse that represents the first step in reducing the possibility of irreversible brain damage in AAS abusers, neuroprotective strategies have to be developed and implemented in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Pomara
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, University of Malta. Msida, Malta
| | - Margherita Neri
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Bello
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmela Fiore
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Irene Riezzo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Lundholm L, Frisell T, Lichtenstein P, Långström N. Anabolic androgenic steroids and violent offending: confounding by polysubstance abuse among 10,365 general population men. Addiction 2015; 110:100-8. [PMID: 25170826 DOI: 10.1111/add.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with aggressive and violent behaviour, but it remains uncertain if this relationship is causal in humans. We examined the link between AAS use and violent crime while controlling for polysubstance abuse and additional suggested risk factors for violence. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. SETTING In 2005, all Swedish-born male twins aged 20-47 years were invited to participate in the Swedish Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE) survey of the Swedish Twin Register (response rate = 60%). PARTICIPANTS A total of 10,365 male survey participants with information on AAS use. MEASUREMENT Data on self-reported use of AAS, alcohol and other substances, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and personality disorder symptoms were linked to nation-wide, longitudinal register information on criminal convictions, IQ, psychological functioning and childhood socio-economic status (SES) covariates. FINDINGS Any life-time use of AAS was associated strongly with conviction for a violent crime [2.7 versus 0.6% in convicted and non-convicted men, respectively; odds ratio (OR) = 5.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7-9.3]. However, this link was substantially reduced and no longer significant when controlling for other substance abuse (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.8-3.3). Controlling for IQ, psychological functioning, ADHD, personality disorder symptoms and childhood SES did not reduce the risk further. CONCLUSION In the general population, co-occurring polysubstance abuse, but not IQ, other neuropsychological risks or socio-economic status, explains most of the relatively strong association between any anabolic androgenic steroid use and conviction for a violent crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lundholm
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zomorodian K, Rahimi MJ, Taheri M, Ghanbari Asad A, Khani S, Ahrari I, Pakshir K, Khashei R. The cutaneous bacterial microflora of the bodybuilders using anabolic-androgenic steroids. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 8:e12269. [PMID: 25789120 PMCID: PMC4350042 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse by the athletes has dramatically increased during the recent decades. These substances might increase the skin lipids and enhance the cutaneous microbial proliferation. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the potential side effects of AAS on the bacterial microflora colonization of the bodybuilders` skin. Patients and Methods: The skin samples of 94 male bodybuilders (71 AAS users, 23 non-AAS users) and 46 subjects of the control group, with similar gender and age, were cultured and incubated in both aerobic condition to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic condition for Propionibacterium acnes. The isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological techniques. Results: The skin lesions were more frequent in the body builders than the controls. Moreover, statistically significant differences were also observed in skin lesions among the AAS users and the non-AAS user athletes. The prevalence of S. aureus and P. acnes in the athletes was higher than that of the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference in distribution of P. acnes between the bodybuilders who used AAS and those who did not. Conclusions: A higher number of bacterial flora was found in the bodybuilders particularly those using AAS in comparison to the controls, which might be due to the influence of these AAS on the skin microflora and transmission of the bacteria through the direct contact of the naked skin with the exercise instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Zomorodian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Kamiar Zomorodian, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-7112305291, E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Javad Rahimi
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari Asad
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Soghra Khani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Iman Ahrari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Reza Khashei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Abdollahian E, Samadi R, Dolatabadi H. Frequency of use, awareness, and attitudes toward side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids consumption among male medical students in Iran. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1751-8. [PMID: 25026387 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.880175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the frequency of anabolic-androgenic steroids consumption in male students studying at the university and their awareness, attitude, and role of sports activities; the present descriptive study was conducted on 271 volunteers in 2008. The data collected by self-report questionnaires was analyzed by descriptive inferential statistics. The prevalence of consumption was 3.3%, and it was significantly higher in those with a history of bodybuilding or athletic performance. The overall awareness rate was low, and the attitude was too optimistic. It seems that unawareness, incorrect attitude, and history of athletic performance increases the risk of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayyazi Bordbar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Mohamed HM, Mohamed MAH. Effect of different doses of nandrolone decanoate on lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, sperm abnormality and histopathology of testes of male Wister rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:1-11. [PMID: 25440442 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims of to investigate the effects of low and high doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on histopathology and apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells as well as lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, sperm abnormality and DNA fragmentation. Eighteen animals were divided into three groups each group contain six animals. The rats were divided into three groups as following: Group 1 was administered saline (control). Group 2, received nandrolone decanoate (3 mg/kg/weekly) (low dose) with intramuscular injection. Group 3, received intramuscular injection dose of nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/weekly) (high dose). After 8 weeks, caspase-3 assay was used to determine the apoptotic cells. The sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and testosterone concentration were also investigated in the experimental groups of both low and high dose compared to the control groups. Treated group with high dose showed degenerated germinal epithelial cells sloughed in the lumina of seminiferous tubules, where almost seminiferous tubules were devoid of spermatids and spermatozoa compared to control and group treated with low dose. Also, a significant increase of lipid peroxidation levels and heat shock proteins was observed in two groups administrated with two different doses of ND while, antioxidant enzyme activities, and testosterone concentration was significantly decreased in two treated group when compared with control. Administration of ND at high and low doses leads to deteriorated sperm parameters, DNA fragmentation and testicular apoptosis. In conclusion, the administration ND at high doses more effective on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, sperm abnormality, histopathology, apoptotic and DNA changes compared to low dose group and to control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem Street, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem Street, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Yu JG, Bonnerud P, Eriksson A, Stål PS, Tegner Y, Malm C. Effects of long term supplementation of anabolic androgen steroids on human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105330. [PMID: 25207812 PMCID: PMC4160183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-term (over several years) anabolic androgen steroids (AAS) administration on human skeletal muscle are still unclear. In this study, seventeen strength training athletes were recruited and individually interviewed regarding self-administration of banned substances. Ten subjects admitted having taken AAS or AAS derivatives for the past 5 to 15 years (Doped) and the dosage and type of banned substances were recorded. The remaining seven subjects testified to having never used any banned substances (Clean). For all subjects, maximal muscle strength and body composition were tested, and biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained. Using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry (IHC), muscle biopsies were evaluated for morphology including fiber type composition, fiber size, capillary variables and myonuclei. Compared with the Clean athletes, the Doped athletes had significantly higher lean leg mass, capillary per fibre and myonuclei per fiber. In contrast, the Doped athletes had significantly lower absolute value in maximal squat force and relative values in maximal squat force (relative to lean body mass, to lean leg mass and to muscle fiber area). Using multivariate statistics, an orthogonal projection of latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was established, in which the maximal squat force relative to muscle mass and the maximal squat force relative to fiber area, together with capillary density and nuclei density were the most important variables for separating Doped from the Clean athletes (regression = 0.93 and prediction = 0.92, p<0.0001). In Doped athletes, AAS dose-dependent increases were observed in lean body mass, muscle fiber area, capillary density and myonuclei density. In conclusion, long term AAS supplementation led to increases in lean leg mass, muscle fiber size and a parallel improvement in muscle strength, and all were dose-dependent. Administration of AAS may induce sustained morphological changes in human skeletal muscle, leading to physical performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Guo Yu
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Sports Medicine Unit and School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Bonnerud
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Per S. Stål
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yelverton Tegner
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Christer Malm
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Sports Medicine Unit and School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Winternet, Boden, Sweden
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Tsitsilonis S, Chatzistergos PE, Mitousoudis AS, Kourkoulis SK, Vlachos IS, Agrogiannis G, Fasseas K, Perrea DN, Zoubos AB. Anabolic androgenic steroids reverse the beneficial effect of exercise on tendon biomechanics: an experimental study. Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 20:94-9. [PMID: 24796826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of anabolic androgenic steroids on tendons has not yet been fully elucidated. Aim of the present study was the evaluation of the impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on the biomechanical and histological characteristics of Achilles tendons. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups with exercise and anabolic steroids (nandrolone decanoate) serving as variables. Protocol duration was 12 weeks. Following euthanasia, tendons' biomechanical properties were tested with the use of a modified clamping configuration. Histological examination with light and electron microscopy were also performed. RESULTS In the group of anabolic steroids and exercise the lowest fracture stress values were observed, while in the exercise group the highest ones. Histological examination by light and electron microscopy revealed areas of collagen dysplasia and an increased epitendon in the groups receiving anabolic steroids and exercise. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anabolic androgenic steroids reverse the beneficial effect of exercise, thus resulting in inferior maximal stress values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafim Tsitsilonis
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", Athens Medical School, Agiou Thoma str. 15B, 11527 Athens, Greece; Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Pope HG, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:341-75. [PMID: 24423981 PMCID: PMC4026349 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage in sports, and not on the health risks of PEDs. There is a widespread misperception that PED use is safe or that adverse effects are manageable. In reality, the vast majority of PED users are not athletes but rather nonathlete weightlifters, and the adverse health effects of PED use are greatly underappreciated. This scientific statement synthesizes available information on the medical consequences of PED use, identifies gaps in knowledge, and aims to focus the attention of the medical community and policymakers on PED use as an important public health problem. PED users frequently consume highly supraphysiologic doses of PEDs, combine them with other PEDs and/or other classical drugs of abuse, and display additional associated risk factors. PED use has been linked to an increased risk of death and a wide variety of cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders. Because randomized trials cannot ethically duplicate the large doses of PEDs and the many factors associated with PED use, we need observational studies to collect valid outcome data on the health risks associated with PEDs. In addition, we need studies regarding the prevalence of PED use, the mechanisms by which PEDs exert their adverse health effects, and the interactive effects of PEDs with sports injuries and other high-risk behaviors. We also need randomized trials to assess therapeutic interventions for treating the adverse effects of PEDs, such as the anabolic-androgen steroid withdrawal syndrome. Finally, we need to raise public awareness of the serious health consequences of PEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison G Pope
- McLean Hospital (H.G.P.), Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478; University of Southern California (R.I.W.), Los Angeles, California 90089; University of Virginia (A.R.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22904; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, (F.N.), Upsala University, SE-751 24, Upsala, Sweden; United States Anti-Doping Agency (L.B.), Colorado Springs, Colorado 80919; and Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:451520. [PMID: 24883314 PMCID: PMC4026920 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of long-term supraphysiologic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) in male bodybuilders. We clearly demonstrated that long-term consumption of supraphysiologic doses of AAS is associated with higher values of inter- and intra-AEMD in healthy young bodybuilders.
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Stubbe JH, Chorus AMJ, Frank LE, de Hon O, van der Heijden PGM. Prevalence of use of performance enhancing drugs by fitness centre members. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:434-8. [PMID: 24019293 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the use of performance enhancing drugs (PED) in fitness centres rely predominately on conventional survey methods using direct questioning. However, research indicates that direct questioning of sensitive information is characterized by under-reporting. The aim of the present study was to contrast direct questioning of different types of PED use by Dutch fitness centre members with results obtained with the Randomized Response Technique (RRT). Questionnaires were conducted among members of fitness centres. PED were classified into the following categories: anabolic steroids, prohormones, substances to counteract side-effects, growth hormone and/or insulin, stimulants (to reduce weight), and miscellaneous substances. A total of 718 athletes from 92 fitness centres completed the questionnaire. The conventional method resulted in prevalences varying between 0% and 0.4% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 0.4%. RRT resulted in prevalences varying between 0.8% and 4.8% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 8.2%. The overall prevalence of the two survey methods differed significantly. The current study showed that the conventional survey method using direct questioning led to an underestimation of the prevalence. Based on the RRT results, the percentage of users of PED among members of fitness centres is approximately 8.2%. Stimulants to lose weight had the highest prevalence, even higher than anabolic steroids. The key task for future preventive health work is to not only focus on anabolic steroid use, but also include interventions focusing on the use of stimulants to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine H Stubbe
- TNO, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, School of Sports & Nutrition, Dr Meurerlaan 8, 1067 SM, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Silva Junior SHAD. Morbidade hospitalar por ingestão de esteroides anabólico-androgênicos (EAA) no Brasil. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922013000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Os esteroides anabólico-androgênicos (EAA) são hormônios sexuais masculinos, promotores e mantenedores das características sexuais associadas à masculinidade e do status anabólico dos tecidos somáticos. Os efeitos físicos e mentais do uso abusivo de EAA são raros e é praticamente impossível afirmar com certeza quais os efeitos adversos que poderão tornar-se evidentes após a autoadministração, mas os mesmos constituem risco de morte para os indivíduos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever as principais características da morbidade por ingestão de EAA no Brasil, no período de 2000/2010. MÉTODOS: As informações sobre as internações hospitalares foram obtidas dos bancos de dados informatizados do Ministério da Saúde. Na análise da ingestão de EAA como diagnóstico principal e secundário de hospitalização, partiu-se das causas de internação sob os códigos E28.1 (excesso de andrógenos), E34.5 (síndrome de resistência a andrógenos), T38.7 (intoxicação por andrógenos e anabolizantes congêneres) e Y42.7 (efeitos adversos de andrógenos e anabolizantes congêneres) do CID-10. RESULTADOS: As hospitalizações por EAA foram responsáveis por 0,001% do total de internações do País. Foram contabilizadas 1.319 internações (média = 119,9, DP = 99,01). A síndrome de resistência a andrógenos foi a principal causa, correspondendo a 55,8% do total de internações. Do total de internações, 1% dos pacientes evoluiu para óbito e o tempo máximo de permanência foi de 47 dias (média = 3,8 e DP = 4,7). Minas Gerais, Maranhão e Espírito Santo possuíram as maiores taxas de internações por 1.000.000 de habitantes, nos anos de 2002 a 2007. As mulheres e a faixa etária de 15-29 tiveram maiores taxas, 82,5% e 37,7%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram uma hospitalização por ingestão de EAA relativamente baixa, as mulheres e indivíduos na faixa etária de 15-29 anos possuíram as maiores taxas no período estudado.
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“Definitely Not for Women”: An Online Community’s Reflections on Women’s Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Recreational Sports. ATHLETICENHANCEMENT, HUMAN NATURE AND ETHICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5101-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Golestani R, Slart RHJA, Dullaart RPF, Glaudemans AWJM, Zeebregts CJ, Boersma HH, Tio RA, Dierckx RAJO. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:795-803. [PMID: 22299602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused for enhancing muscle mass, strength, growth and improving athletic performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS In recent years, many observational and interventional studies have shown important adverse cardiovascular effects of AAS abuse. CONCLUSIONS This review discusses established and future perspectives of novel molecular imaging techniques that may serve as potential tools for early detection of AAS-associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Golestani
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Endocrinology, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Moon HY, Kim SH, Ryu SH, Suh PG. The androgenic anabolic steroid tetrahydrogestrinone produces dioxin-like effects via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1129-33. [PMID: 22664790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, athletes have used androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) in an inappropriate and veiled manner with the aim of improving exercise performance or for cosmetic purposes. Abuse of AASs triggers adverse effects such as hepatocarcinogenesis, heart attacks, and aggressive behavior. However, AAS-induced toxicity is not completely understood at the molecular level. In the present study, we showed, by performing a dioxin response element (DRE)-luciferase reporter gene assay, that tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), a popular and potent androgen receptor agonist, has dioxin-like effects. In addition, we showed that THG increased cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA and protein levels, and enzyme activity. The gene encoding CYP1A1 is involved in phase 1 xenobiotic metabolism and a target gene of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Using the AhR antagonist CH-223191, we also examined whether the effects of THG on DRE activation depended on AhR. Our results suggest that synthetic anabolic steroids may have dioxin-like side effects that can disturb endocrine systems and may cause other side effects including cancer through AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Youl Moon
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Oberlander JG, Henderson LP. Corticotropin-releasing factor modulation of forebrain GABAergic transmission has a pivotal role in the expression of anabolic steroid-induced anxiety in the female mouse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1483-99. [PMID: 22298120 PMCID: PMC3327853 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased anxiety is commonly observed in individuals who illicitly administer anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Behavioral effects of steroid abuse have become an increasing concern in adults and adolescents of both sexes. The dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBnST) has a critical role in the expression of diffuse anxiety and is a key site of action for the anxiogenic neuromodulator, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Here we demonstrate that chronic, but not acute, exposure of female mice during adolescence to AAS augments anxiety-like behaviors; effects that were blocked by central infusion of the CRF receptor type 1 antagonist, antalarmin. AAS treatment selectively increased action potential (AP) firing in neurons of the central amygdala (CeA) that project to the dlBnST, increased the frequency of GABA(A) receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in dlBnST target neurons, and decreased both c-FOS immunoreactivity (IR) and AP frequency in these postsynaptic cells. Acute application of antalarmin abrogated the enhancement of GABAergic inhibition induced by chronic AAS exposure whereas application of CRF to brain slices of naïve mice mimicked the actions of this treatment. These results, in concert with previous data demonstrating that chronic AAS treatment results in enhanced levels of CRF mRNA in the CeA and increased CRF-IR in the dlBnST neuropil, are consistent with a mechanism in which the enhanced anxiety elicited by chronic AAS exposure involves augmented inhibitory activity of CeA afferents to the dlBnST and CRF-dependent enhancement of GABAergic inhibition in this brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Oberlander
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leslie P Henderson
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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The Sturm und Drang of anabolic steroid use: angst, anxiety, and aggression. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:382-92. [PMID: 22516619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are illicitly administered to enhance athletic performance and body image. Although conferring positive actions on performance, steroid abuse is associated with changes in anxiety and aggression. AAS users are often keenly invested in understanding the biological actions of these drugs. Thus, mechanistic information on AAS actions is important not only for the biomedical community, but also for steroid users. Here we review findings from animal studies on the impact of AAS exposure on neural systems that are crucial for the production of anxiety and aggression, and compare the effects of the different classes of AAS and their potential signaling mechanisms, as well as context-, age- and sex-dependent aspects of their actions.
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Cadwallader AB, Lim CS, Rollins DE, Botrè F. The androgen receptor and its use in biological assays: looking toward effect-based testing and its applications. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 35:594-607. [PMID: 22080898 DOI: 10.1093/anatox/35.9.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid abuse is a growing problem among amateur and professional athletes. Because of an inundation of newly and illegally synthesized steroids with minor structural modifications and other designer steroid receptor modulators, there is a need to develop new methods of detection which do not require prior knowledge of the abused steroid structure. The number of designer steroids currently being abused is unknown because detection methods in general are only identifying substances with a known structure. The detection of doping is moving away from merely checking for exposure to prohibited substance toward detecting an effect of prohibited substances, as biological assays can do. Cell-based biological assays are the next generation of assays which should be utilized by antidoping laboratories; they can detect androgenic anabolic steroid and other human androgen receptor (hAR) ligand presence without knowledge of their structure and assess the relative biological activity of these compounds. This review summarizes the hAR and its action and discusses its relevance to sports doping and its use in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Cadwallader
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, Rome, Italy.
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Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Culture, psychosomatics and substance abuse: the example of body image drugs. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2012; 81:73-8. [PMID: 22261875 PMCID: PMC3369247 DOI: 10.1159/000330415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - James I. Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Harrison G. Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA,*Harrison G. Pope Jr., MD, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 (USA), Tel. +1 617 855 2911, E-Mail
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