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Liu S, Wang B, Chen T, Wang H, Liu J, Zhao X, Zhang Y. Two new and effective food-extracted immunomodulatory agents exhibit anti-inflammatory response activity in the hACE2 acute lung injury murine model of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374541. [PMID: 38807598 PMCID: PMC11130445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly and claimed millions of lives worldwide. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the major cause of COVID-19-associated deaths. Due to the limitations of current drugs, developing effective therapeutic options that can be used rapidly and safely in clinics for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is necessary. This study aims to investigate the effects of two food-extracted immunomodulatory agents, ajoene-enriched garlic extract (AGE) and cruciferous vegetables-extracted sulforaphane (SFN), on anti-inflammatory and immune responses in a SARS-CoV-2 acute lung injury mouse model. Methods In this study, we established a mouse model to mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection acute lung injury model via intratracheal injection of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) and SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein (SP). After the different agents treatment, lung sections, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and fresh faeces were harvested. Then, H&E staining was used to examine symptoms of interstitial pneumonia. Flow cytometry was used to examine the change of immune cell populations. Multiplex cytokines assay was used to examine the inflammatory cytokines.16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the change of gut microbiome. Results Our results showed that AGE and SFN significantly suppressed the symptoms of interstitial pneumonia, effectively inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, decreased the percentage of inflammatory cell populations, and elevated T cell populations in the mouse model. Furthermore, we also observed that the gut microbiome of genus Paramuribaculum were enriched in the AGE-treated group. Conclusion Here, for the first time, we observed that these two novel, safe, and relatively inexpensive immunomodulatory agents exhibited the same effects on anti-inflammatory and immune responses as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), which have been suggested for treating COVID-19 patients. Our results revealed the therapeutic ability of these two immunomodulatory agents in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 acute lung injury by promoting anti-inflammatory and immune responses. These results suggest that AGE and SFN are promising candidates for the COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baiqiao Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianran Chen
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Key Laboratory for Cell Therapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Gabbianelli R, Shahar E, de Simone G, Rucci C, Bordoni L, Feliziani G, Zhao F, Ferrati M, Maggi F, Spinozzi E, Mahajna J. Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents. Nutrients 2023; 15:4719. [PMID: 38004113 PMCID: PMC10675658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be diminishing, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a threat to humans due to their inherent transmissibility, immunological evasion, virulence, and invulnerability to existing therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 500 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. Vaccines are essential, but in circumstances in which vaccination is not accessible or in individuals with compromised immune systems, drugs can provide additional protection. Targeting host signaling pathways is recommended due to their genomic stability and resistance barriers. Moreover, targeting host factors allows us to develop compounds that are effective against different viral variants as well as against newly emerging virus strains. In recent years, the globe has experienced climate change, which may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases through a variety of factors. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can increase the geographic range of disease-carrying vectors, increasing the risk of diseases spreading to new areas. Climate change may also affect vector behavior, leading to a longer breeding season and more breeding sites for disease vectors. Climate change may also disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans closer to wildlife that transmits zoonotic diseases. All the above factors may accelerate the emergence of new viral epidemics. Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. Moreover, viruses manipulate host cells' epigenetic machinery to ensure productive viral infections. Environmental factors, such as natural products, may influence epigenetic modifications. In this review, we explore the potential of plant-derived substances as epigenetic modifiers for broad-spectrum anti-viral activity, reviewing their modulation processes and anti-viral effects on DNA and RNA viruses, as well as addressing future research objectives in this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| | - Gaia de Simone
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Giulia Feliziani
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
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3
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Elsebai MF, Albalawi MA. Essential Oils and COVID-19. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227893. [PMID: 36431995 PMCID: PMC9696513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal products are a major source of herbal medicines and other medicines. Essential oils have shown various pharmacological activities, such as antiviral activity, and therefore are proposed to have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2. Due to their lipophilicity, essential oils can easily penetrate the viral membrane and cause the viral membrane to rupture. In addition, crude essential oils usually have many active constituents that can act on different parts of the virus including its cell entry, translation, transcription, and assembly. They have further beneficial pharmacological effects on the host's respiratory system, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, bronchiectasis, and mucolytics. This review reported potential essential oils which could be promising drugs for COVID-19 eradication. Essential oils have many advantages because they are promising volatile antiviral molecules, making them potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, whether used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the current review is to shed light on the potential essential oils against enveloped viruses and their proposed activity against SARS-CoV-2 which is also an enveloped virus. The objectives were to present all data reflecting the promising activities of diverse essential oils against enveloped viruses and how they could contribute to the eradication of COVID disease, especially in indoor places. The data collected for the current review were obtained through the SciFinder database, Google scholar, PubMed, and Mendeley database. The data of the current review focused on the most common essential oils which are available in the pharmaceutical market and showed noticeable activities against enveloped viruses such as HSV and influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fahmi Elsebai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-1557290900; Fax: +20-50-2247496
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Zhou Y, Li X, Luo W, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Chang B, Wang B. Allicin in Digestive System Cancer: From Biological Effects to Clinical Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903259. [PMID: 35770084 PMCID: PMC9234177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin is the main active ingredient in freshly-crushed garlic and some other allium plants, and its anticancer effect on cancers of digestive system has been confirmed in many studies. The aim of this review is to summarize epidemiological studies and in vitro and in vivo investigations on the anticancer effects of allicin and its secondary metabolites, as well as their biological functions. In epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and biliary tract cancer, the anticancer effect of garlic has been confirmed consistently. However, the results obtained from epidemiological studies in gastric cancer and colon cancer are inconsistent. In vitro studies demonstrated that allicin and its secondary metabolites play an antitumor role by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, controlling tumor invasion and metastasis, decreasing angiogenesis, suppressing Helicobacter pylori, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, and reducing the damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs. In vivo studies further demonstrate that allicin and its secondary metabolites inhibit cancers of the digestive system. This review describes the mechanisms against cancers of digestive system and therapeutic potential of allicin and its secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingxuan Li
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Luo
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Chang,
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Patiño-Morales CC, Jaime-Cruz R, Sánchez-Gómez C, Corona JC, Hernández-Cruz EY, Kalinova-Jelezova I, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Silva-Islas CA, Salazar-García M. Antitumor Effects of Natural Compounds Derived from Allium sativum on Neuroblastoma: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010048. [PMID: 35052552 PMCID: PMC8773006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used in alternative medicine to treat several diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and hepatic diseases. Several publications have highlighted other features of garlic, including its antibacterial, antioxidative, antihypertensive, and antithrombotic properties. The properties of garlic result from the combination of natural compounds that act synergistically and cause different effects. Some garlic-derived compounds have been studied for the treatment of several types of cancer; however, reports on the effects of garlic on neuroblastoma are scarce. Neuroblastoma is a prevalent childhood tumor for which the search for therapeutic alternatives to improve treatment without affecting the patients’ quality of life continues. Garlic-derived compounds hold potential for the treatment of this type of cancer. A review of articles published to date on some garlic compounds and their effect on neuroblastoma was undertaken to comprehend the possible therapeutic role of these compounds. This review aimed to analyze the impact of some garlic compounds on cells derived from neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos César Patiño-Morales
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana—Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico;
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Experimental Teratogenesis, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Ricardo Jaime-Cruz
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Experimental Teratogenesis, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Experimental Teratogenesis, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (I.K.-J.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Ivia Kalinova-Jelezova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (I.K.-J.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (I.K.-J.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Perla D. Maldonado
- Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.D.M.); (C.A.S.-I.)
| | - Carlos Alfredo Silva-Islas
- Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.D.M.); (C.A.S.-I.)
| | - Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Experimental Teratogenesis, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (C.S.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Del Rayo Camacho-Corona M, Camacho-Morales A, Góngora-Rivera F, Escamilla-García E, Morales-Landa JL, Andrade-Medina M, Herrera-Rodulfo AF, García-Juárez M, García-Espinosa P, Stefani T, González-Barranco P, Carrillo-Tripp M. Immunomodulatory effects of Allium Sativum L. and its constituents against viral infections and metabolic diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:109-131. [PMID: 34809549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211122163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allium sativum L., or garlic, is one of the most studied plants worldwide within the field of traditional medicine. Current interests lie in the potential use of garlic as a preventive measure and adjuvant treatment for viral infections, e.g., SARS-CoV-2. Even though it cannot be presented as a single treatment, its beneficial effects are beyond doubt. The World Health Organization has deemed it an essential part of any balanced diet with immunomodulatory properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to review the literature on the effects of garlic compounds and preparations on immunomodulation and viral infection management, with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. METHOD Exhaustive literature search has been carried out on electronic databases. CONCLUSION Garlic is a fundamental part of a well-balanced diet which helps maintain general good health. The reported information regarding garlic's ability to beneficially modulate inflammation and the immune system is encouraging. Nonetheless, more efforts must be made to understand the actual medicinal properties and mechanisms of action of the compounds found in this plant to inhibit or diminish viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2. Based on our findings, we propose a series of innovative strategies to achieve such a challenge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Góngora-Rivera
- Stroke Unit and Neurology Department, University Hospital Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | - Erandi Escamilla-García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Morales-Landa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Subsede Noreste, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Mariana Andrade-Medina
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Aldo Fernando Herrera-Rodulfo
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
| | - Martín García-Juárez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
| | | | - Tommaso Stefani
- Laboratory for Biology of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Acad Sci, Prague. Czech Republic
| | - Patricia González-Barranco
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Biomolecular Diversity Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, N.L. Mexico
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Sarvizadeh M, Hasanpour O, Naderi Ghale-Noie Z, Mollazadeh S, Rezaei M, Pourghadamyari H, Masoud Khooy M, Aschner M, Khan H, Rezaei N, Shojaie L, Mirzaei H. Allicin and Digestive System Cancers: From Chemical Structure to Its Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650256. [PMID: 33987085 PMCID: PMC8111078 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system cancer tumors are one of the major causes of cancer-related fatalities; the vast majority of them are colorectal or gastric malignancies. Epidemiological evidence confirmed that allium-containing food, such as garlic, reduces the risk of developing malignancies. Among all compounds in garlic, allicin has been most researched, as it contains sulfur and produces many second degradation compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and diallyl disulfide (DADS) in the presence of enzymatic reactions in gastric juice. These substances have shown anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer efficacy, including gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, leukemia, and skin cancers. Herein, we summarize the therapeutic potential of allicin in the treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshad Sarvizadeh
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Hasanpour
- School of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pourghadamyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Layla Shojaie
- Department of Medicine, Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Sarker DK, Islam MT, Ali ES, Shilpi JA, Nahar L, Tiralongo E, Sarker SD. Antiviral potential of garlic ( Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 104:219-234. [PMID: 32836826 PMCID: PMC7434784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists. SCOPE AND APPROACH The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
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Key Words
- AGE, Aged garlic extract
- AIV-H9N2, Avian influenza virus-H9N2
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- ARVI, Acute respiratory viral infection
- AdV-3, Adenovirus-3
- AdV-41, Adenovirus-41
- Allium sativum
- CBV-3, Coxsackie B −3
- CPE, Cytopathic effect
- CoV, Coronavirus
- DADS, Diallyl disulfide
- DAS, Diallyl sulfide
- DATS, Diallyl trisulfide
- DDB, Dimethyl-4,4′-dimethoxy-5,6,5′,6′-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate
- ECHO11, Echovirus-11
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- ERK, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and drug administration
- Functional food
- GE, Garlic extract
- GLRaV‐2, Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2
- GO, Garlic oil
- GRAS, Generally regarded as safe
- HAV, Hepatitis A virus
- HCMV, Human cytomegalovirus
- HIV-1, Human immunodeficiency virus-1
- HPV, Influenza B virus Human papillomavirus
- HRV-2, Human rhinovirus type 2
- HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus-1
- HSV-2, Herpes simplex virus-2
- Hp, Haptoglobin
- IAV-H1N1, IBV Influenza A virus-H1N1
- IEG1, Immediate-early gene 1
- IEGs, Immediate-early genes
- Immunomodulatory
- LGE, Lipid garlic extract
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- MARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MDCK cells, Madin-darby canine kidney cells
- MeV, Measles virus
- NA, Not available
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, Natural killer
- OSCs, Organosulfur compounds
- Organosulfur compounds
- PGE, Powdered garlic extract
- PIV- 3, Parainfluenza virus-3
- PRRSV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- PRV, Porcine Rotavirus
- PVY, Potato Virus Y
- Pandemic
- RCTs, Randomized clinical trials
- RMCW, Recalcitrant multiple common warts
- RV-SA-11, Rotavirus SA-11
- SAC, Serum antioxidant concentration
- SAMC, S-allyl-mercaptocysteine
- SAMG, S-allyl-mercapto-glutathione
- SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SI, Selectivity index
- SRGE, Sustained release garlic extract
- SWV, Spotted wilt virus
- VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus
- VV, Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Dipto Kumer Sarker
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Eunus S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jamil A Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Evelin Tiralongo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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9
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Devarajan A, Mohan Maruga Raja MK. Cytotoxic, Antimitotic, and Antiproliferation Studies on Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S452-S457. [PMID: 29142398 PMCID: PMC5669081 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_138_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rasam is a traditional South Indian food, prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with a variety of spices. Rasam, with all its ingredients medicinally claimed for various ailments, is a functional food. Systematic consumption of traditional functional food provides an excellent preventive measure to ward off many diseases. Objective To study rasam for cytotoxic, antimitotic, and antiproliferation potential beyond its culinary and nutritional effect. Materials and Methods Brine shrimp lethality assay, onion root tip inhibition assay, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in Calu-6, HeLa, MCF-7 cell lines for four stage-wise samples in the preparation of rasam (RS1, RS2, RS3, and RS4) were studied. Results RS4, the end product of rasam showed high lethality with an LC50 value of 38.7 μL/mL. It showed maximum antimitotic activity in a dose-dependent manner compared to other samples with an IC50 value of 189.86 μL/mL. RS4 also showed an IC50 value of 350.22 and 410.15 μL/mL in MCF-7 and Calu-6 cell lines, respectively. Conclusion From this study, we suggest that rasam is a classic example of traditional functional food and it can treat breast and lung cancer on chronic use. SUMMARY Rasam, a South Indian traditional functional food, showed high lethality (LC50 = 38.7 mL/mL) against brine shrimpsRasam also showed potential antimitotic activity (IC50 = 189.86 mL/mL) by inhibiting the onion root tipsRasam showed an IC50 value of 350.22 and 410.15 mL/mL against MCF-7 and Calu-6 cell lines respectivelyRasam, when consumed on daily dietary basis, can treat breast and lung cancer. Abbreviations used: SS 316: Stainless Steel 316 grade; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum media; TPVG: Trypsin phosphate versene glucose; EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agilandeswari Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hillside College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M K Mohan Maruga Raja
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Devarajan A, Mohanmarugaraja MK. A Comprehensive Review on Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food. Pharmacogn Rev 2017; 11:73-82. [PMID: 28989243 PMCID: PMC5628526 DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_13_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The view that food can have an expanded role that goes well beyond providing a source of nutrients truly applies to traditional functional foods. The systematic consumption of such traditional functional food provides an excellent preventive measure to ward off many diseases. Rasam, a soup of spices, is a traditional South Indian food. It is traditionally prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with the addition of Indian sesame oil, turmeric, tomato, chili pepper, pepper, garlic, cumin, curry leaves, mustard, coriander, asafoetida, sea salt, and water. Rasam is a classic example of traditional functional food with all its ingredients medicinally claimed for various ailments. The preclinical and clinical studies on rasam and its ingredients support their traditional claim. This review is an attempt to compile the literatures on rasam, its ingredients, and to highlight its medicinal potential that has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agilandeswari Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hillside College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M K Mohanmarugaraja
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Travassos LR, Taborda CP, Colombo AL. Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis and new strategies investigated. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:251-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Hunter* R, Kaschula C, Stellenboom N, Cotton J, Parker MI. New Excursions Into the Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry of the Disulfide Bond. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.736107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hunter*
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch , South Africa
| | - Catherine Kaschula
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch , South Africa
| | - Nashia Stellenboom
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch , South Africa
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch , South Africa
| | - M. Iqbal Parker
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch , South Africa
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13
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Rentsch A, Landsberg D, Brodmann T, Bülow L, Girbig AK, Kalesse M. Synthese und Pharmakologie von Proteasom-Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Rentsch A, Landsberg D, Brodmann T, Bülow L, Girbig AK, Kalesse M. Synthesis and pharmacology of proteasome inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5450-88. [PMID: 23526565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of the proteasome it was proposed that inhibitors could stabilize proteins which ultimately would trigger apoptosis in tumor cells. The essential questions were whether small molecules would be able to inhibit the proteasome without generating prohibitive side effects and how one would derive these compounds. Fortunately, "Mother Nature" has generated a wide variety of natural products that provide distinct selectivities and specificities. The chemical synthesis of these natural products finally provided access to analogues and optimized drugs of which two different classes have been approved for the treatment of malignancies. Despite these achievements, additional lead structures derived from nature are under investigation and will be discussed with regard to their biological potential and chemical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rentsch
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Kaschula CH, Hunter R, Stellenboom N, Caira MR, Winks S, Ogunleye T, Richards P, Cotton J, Zilbeyaz K, Wang Y, Siyo V, Ngarande E, Parker MI. Structure-activity studies on the anti-proliferation activity of ajoene analogues in WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:236-54. [PMID: 22381354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The organosulfur compound ajoene derived from the rearrangement of allicin found in crushed garlic can inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells by inducing G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We report on the application of a concise four-step synthesis (Hunter et al., 2008 [1]) that allows access to ajoene analogues with the end allyl groups substituted. A library of twelve such derivatives tested for their anti-proliferation activity against WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells has identified a derivative containing p-methoxybenzyl (PMB)-substituted end groups that is twelve times more active than Z-ajoene, with an IC(50) of 2.1μM (Kaschula et al., 2011 [2]). Structure-activity studies involving modification of the sulfoxide and vinyl disulfide groups of this lead have revealed that the disulfide is the ajoene pharmacophore responsible for inhibiting WHCO1 cell growth, inducing G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by caspase-3 activation, and that the vinyl group serves to enhance the anti-proliferation activity a further eightfold. Reaction of the lead with cysteine in refluxing THF as a model reaction for ajoene's mechanism of action based on a thiol/disulfide exchange reveals that the allylic sulfur of the vinyl disulfide is the site of thiol attack in the exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Abstract
The present article reviews the historical and popular uses of garlic, its antioxidant, haematological, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antineoplastic properties and its potential toxicity (from sulfoxide). Garlic has been suggested to affect several cardiovascular risk factors. It has also been shown that garlic and its organic allyl sulfur components are effective inhibitors of the cancer process. Since garlic and its constituents can suppress carcinogen formation, bioactivation and tumour proliferation, it is imperative that biomarkers be established to identify which individuals might benefit most. Garlic powder, aged garlic and garlic oil have demonstrated antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects by interfering with cyclo-oxygenase-mediated thromboxane synthesis. Garlic has also been found to have synergistic effects against Helicobacter pylori with a proton pump inhibitor. The active compound allicin may affect atherosclerosis not only by acting as an antioxidant, but also by other mechanisms, such as lipoprotein modification and inhibition of LDL uptake and degradation by macrophages. Freshly prepared garlic homogenate protects against isoniazid+rifampicin-induced liver injury in experimental animal models. Several mechanisms are likely to account for this protection.
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17
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Kaschula CH, Hunter R, Parker MI. Garlic-derived anticancer agents: structure and biological activity of ajoene. Biofactors 2010; 36:78-85. [PMID: 20108330 DOI: 10.1002/biof.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Garlic has been used throughout the centuries to treat infections, heart disease, and cancer. Ajoene is one of the main compounds formed from heating crushed garlic as a mixture of E- and Z-isomers (E- and Z-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide). Ajoene possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities that include anticancer activity. It's cytotoxicity towards cancer cells is postulated to occur via an apoptotic mechanism involving activation of the mitochondrial-dependent caspase cascade. Structure-activity studies on ajoene and ajoene analogues have revealed that the Z-isomer is moderately more active than the E-isomer at inhibiting in vitro tumor cell growth, suggesting that specific protein interactions may be important. Substitution of the terminal end allyl groups in ajoene for alkyl, aromatic, or heteroaromatic groups produces some analogs with superior in vitro anticancer activity to ajoene, opening up the way to developing ajoene-based anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Kaschula
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Werner and Beit Building South, UCT Campus, Observatory, South Africa, 7925.
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18
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Fimognari C, Lenzi M, Hrelia P. Apoptosis induction by sulfur-containing compounds in malignant and nonmalignant human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:171-189. [PMID: 19170195 DOI: 10.1002/em.20447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have traditionally represented a main source for the discovery of many biologically active substances with therapeutic values. Sulfur-containing compounds exhibit pleiotropic biological effects supporting their potential use in multitargeted cancer prevention and treatment. As potential anti-cancer agents, they have been shown to inhibit or retard the growth of various cancer cells in culture and implanted tumors in vivo. The compounds significantly inhibit experimental tumorigenesis in a wide range of animal models. A critical and well-elucidated cellular mechanism involved in the anticancer activities of sulfur-containing compounds is the induction of apoptosis through the fine-tuning of orchestrated intracellular signal transduction. This review summarizes the established proapoptotic activities of sulfur-containing compounds in malignant and nonmalignant cells with a special focus on their molecular mechanisms. The potential toxicological implications of proapoptotic effects on normal cells will also be discussed.
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Hunter R, Kaschula CH, Parker IM, Caira MR, Richards P, Travis S, Taute F, Qwebani T. Substituted ajoenes as novel anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5277-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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