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Moiseenko KV, Glazunova OA, Fedorova TV. Fermentation of Rice, Oat, and Wheat Flour by Pure Cultures of Common Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria: Growth Dynamics, Sensory Evaluation, and Functional Properties. Foods 2024; 13:2414. [PMID: 39123605 PMCID: PMC11312058 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent consumer demand for non-dairy alternatives has forced many manufacturers to turn their attention to cereal-based non-alcoholic fermented products. In contrast to fermented dairy products, there is no defined and standardized starter culture for manufacturing cereal-based products. Since spontaneous fermentation is rarely suitable for large-scale commercial production, it is not surprising that manufacturers have started to adopt centuries-known dairy starters based on lactic acid bacteria (LABs) for the fermentation of cereals. However, little is known about the fermentation processes of cereals with these starters. In this study, we combined various analytical tools in order to understand how the most common starter cultures of LABs affect the most common types of cereals during fermentation. Specifically, 3% suspensions of rice, oat, and wheat flour were fermented by the pure cultures of 16 LAB strains belonging to five LAB species-Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactococcus lactis. The fermentation process was described in terms of culture growth and changes in the pH, reducing sugars, starch, free proteins, and free phenolic compounds. The organoleptic and rheological features of the obtained fermented products were characterized, and their functional properties, such as their antioxidant capacity and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Moiseenko
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russia; (O.A.G.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Olga A. Glazunova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russia; (O.A.G.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Tatyana V. Fedorova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russia; (O.A.G.); (T.V.F.)
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Xu J, Yang Y, Li X, Ding S, Zheng L, Xiong C, Yang Y. Pleiotropic activities of succinate: The interplay between gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases. IMETA 2023; 2:e124. [PMID: 38867936 PMCID: PMC10989957 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a significant contributor to global mortality, imposing a substantial burden and emphasizing the urgent need for disease control to save lives and prevent disability. With advancements in technology and scientific research, novel mechanisms underlying CVDs have been uncovered, leading to the exploration of promising treatment targets aimed at reducing the global burden of the disease. One of the most intriguing findings is the relationship between CVDs and gut microbiota, challenging the traditional understanding of CVDs mechanisms and introducing the concept of the gut-heart axis. The gut microbiota, through changes in microbial compositions and functions, plays a crucial role in influencing local and systemic effects on host physiology and disease development, with its metabolites acting as key regulators. In previous studies, we have emphasized the importance of specific metabolites such as betaine, putrescine, trimethylamine oxide, and N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid in the potential treatment of CVDs. Particularly noteworthy is the gut microbiota-associated metabolite succinate, which has garnered significant attention due to its involvement in various pathophysiological pathways closely related to CVDs pathogenesis, including immunoinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we have identified succinate as a potential biomarker, highlighting its therapeutic feasibility in managing aortic dissection and aneurysm. This review aims to comprehensively outline the characteristics of succinate, including its biosynthetic process, summarize the current evidence linking it to CVDs causation, and emphasize the host-microbial crosstalk involved in modulating CVDs. The insights presented here offer a novel paradigm for future management and control of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xin Li
- Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Shusi Ding
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionThe Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lemin Zheng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionThe Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science CenterPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changming Xiong
- Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Glazunova OA, Moiseenko KV, Savinova OS, Fedorova TV. In Vitro and In Vivo Antihypertensive Effect of Milk Fermented with Different Strains of Common Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245357. [PMID: 36558516 PMCID: PMC9782308 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, functional dairy products pave a promising way for the prophylaxis of essential hypertension, and the search for new strains capable of producing such products is a constant challenge for scientists around the world. In this study, the antihypertensive properties of milk fermented with several strains of traditional yogurt starters (Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains Lb100 and Lb200; Lactococcus lactis strains dlA, AM1 and MA1; Streptococcus thermophilus strains 159 and 16t) and one strain of non-conventional probiotic starter (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ABK) were assessed. The in vitro assessment using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition assay was performed for all fermentation products, and the best performed products were tested in vivo using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) animal model. In addition, for the best performed products the fatty acid (FA) composition and FA-related nutritional indices were determined. As a result, the milk fermented with two strains (Lb. delbrueckii LB100 and Lc. lactis AM1) demonstrated significant antihypertensive effect during both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, the milk fermented with Lb. delbrueckii Lb100 demonstrated significantly better FA-related nutritional indexes and lowered total cholesterol in SHRs upon regular consumption. The obtained results can be used in the future to develop new starter cultures producing effective functional antihypertensive dairy products.
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Transcriptomics of angiotensin II-induced long noncoding and coding RNAs in endothelial cells. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1303-1313. [PMID: 35762471 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play an essential role in the pathobiology of cardiovascular diseases; however, the effect of Ang II on lncRNAs and coding RNAs expression in endothelial cells has not been evaluated. Accordingly, we sought to evaluate the expression profiles of lncRNAs and coding RNAs in endothelial cells following treatment with Ang II. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and treated with Ang II (10-6 mol/l) for 24 h. The cells were then profiled for the expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs using the Arraystar Human lncRNA Expression Microarray V3.0. RESULTS In HUVECs following Ang II treatment, from a total of 30 584 lncRNA targets screened, 25 targets were significantly upregulated, while 69 were downregulated. In the same HUVECs samples, from 26 106 mRNA targets screened, 28 targets were significantly upregulated and 67 were downregulated. Of the differentially expressed lncRNAs, RP11-354P11.2 and RP11-360F5.1 were the most upregulated (11-fold) and downregulated (three-fold) lncRNAs, respectively. Assigning the differentially regulated genes into functional groups using bioinformatics reveals numerous genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair and ECM-receptor interaction. CONCLUSION This is the first study to profile the Ang II-induced differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in human endothelial cells. Our results reveal novel targets and substantially extend the list of potential candidate genes involved in Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Afzal S, Sattar MA, Eseyin OA, Attiq A, Johns EJ. Crosstalk relationship between adiponectin receptors, PPAR-γ and α-adrenoceptors in renal vasculature of diabetic WKYs. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174703. [PMID: 34973951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with renal dysfunctions. Irbesartan and pioglitazone activate Peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma receptor (PPAR-γ) as partial and full agonists. We investigated a crosstalk interaction and synergistic action between adiponectin receptors, PPAR-γ agonists in attenuating renal hemodynamics to adrenergic agonists in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes, whereas, pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day), irbesartan (30 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 28 days and adiponectin intraperitoneally (2.5 μg/kg/day) for last 7 days. Metabolic and plasma samples were analyzed on days 0, 8, 21, and 28. During the acute study (day 29), renal vasoconstrictor actions to adrenergic agonists and angiotensin-II were determined. Diabetic WKYs had lower plasma adiponectin, higher creatinine clearance, urinary and fractional sodium excretion but were normalized to a greater extent in pioglitazone and adiponectin combined treatment. Responses to intra-renal administration of adrenergic agonists including noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), methoxamine (ME), and angiotensin-II (ANG-II) were larger in diabetic WKY, but significantly blunted with adiponectin treatment in diabetic WKYs to 35-40%, and further reduced by 65-70% in combination with pioglitazone. Attenuation to ANG-II responses in adiponectin and combination with irbesartan was 30-35% and 75-80%, respectively (P < 0.05). Pharmacodynamically, a crosstalk interaction exists between PPAR-γ, adiponectin receptors (adipo R1 & R2), alpha adrenoceptors, and angiotensin-I (ATI) receptors in the renal vasculature of diabetic WKYs. Exogenously administered adiponectin with full PPAR-γ agonist substantially attenuated renal hemodynamics and improved excretory functions, signifying their renoprotective action. Additionally, a degree of synergism exists between adiponectin and pioglitazone to a large extent compared to combination therapy with irbesartan (partial PPAR-γ agonist) in attenuating the renal vascular receptiveness to adrenergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryar Afzal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Ali Attiq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Morosin SK, Lochrin AJ, Delforce SJ, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and soluble (pro)renin receptor (s(P)RR) in pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 116:43-50. [PMID: 34020806 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional protein that can be proteolytically cleaved and released in a soluble form (s(P)RR). Recently, the (P)RR and s(P)RR have become of interest in pregnancy and its associated pathologies. This is because the (P)RR not only activates tissue renin angiotensin systems, but it is also an integral component of vacuolar-ATPase, activates the wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin and extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways, and stabilises the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Additionally, s(P)RR is detected in plasma and urine, and maternal plasma levels are elevated in pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Therefore, s(P)RR has potential as a biomarker for these pregnancy pathologies. Preliminary functional findings suggest that s(P)RR may be important for regulating fluid balance, inflammation and blood pressure, all of which contribute to a successful pregnancy. The (P)RR and s(P)RR regulate pathways that are known to be important in maintaining pregnancy, however their role in the physiological context of pregnancy is poorly characterised. This review summarises the known and potential functions of the (P)RR and s(P)RR in pregnancy, and how their dysregulation may contribute to pregnancy complications. It also highlights the need for further research into the source and function of s(P)RR in pregnancy. Soluble (P)RR levels could be indicative of placental, kidney or liver dysfunction and therefore be a novel clinical biomarker, or therapeutic target, to improve the detection and treatment of pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saije K Morosin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alyssa J Lochrin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia.
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Microvascular disease in chronic kidney disease: the base of the iceberg in cardiovascular comorbidity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1333-1356. [PMID: 32542397 PMCID: PMC7298155 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a relentlessly progressive disease with a very high mortality mainly due to cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction is well documented in CKD and permanent loss of endothelial homeostasis leads to progressive organ damage. Most of the vast endothelial surface area is part of the microcirculation, but most research in CKD-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been devoted to macrovascular complications. We have reviewed all publications evaluating structure and function of the microcirculation in humans with CKD and animals with experimental CKD. Microvascular rarefaction, defined as a loss of perfused microvessels resulting in a significant decrease in microvascular density, is a quintessential finding in these studies. The median microvascular density was reduced by 29% in skeletal muscle and 24% in the heart in animal models of CKD and by 32% in human biopsy, autopsy and imaging studies. CKD induces rarefaction due to the loss of coherent vessel systems distal to the level of smaller arterioles, generating a typical heterogeneous pattern with avascular patches, resulting in a dysfunctional endothelium with diminished perfusion, shunting and tissue hypoxia. Endothelial cell apoptosis, hypertension, multiple metabolic, endocrine and immune disturbances of the uremic milieu and specifically, a dysregulated angiogenesis, all contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis. By setting the stage for the development of tissue fibrosis and end organ failure, microvascular rarefaction is a principal pathogenic factor in the development of severe organ dysfunction in CKD patients, especially CVD, cerebrovascular dysfunction, muscular atrophy, cachexia, and progression of kidney disease. Treatment strategies for microvascular disease are urgently needed.
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Effect of Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Physical Performance in Older People - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 22:1215-1221.e2. [PMID: 32859513 PMCID: PMC8189253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Preclinical and observational data suggest that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be able to improve physical performance in older people via direct and indirect effects on skeletal muscle. We aimed to summarize current evidence from randomised controlled trials in this area. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting and Participants Randomized controlled trials enrolling older people, comparing ACEi or ARB to placebo, usual care or another antihypertensive agent, with outcome data on measures of physical performance. Methods We searched multiple electronic databases without language restriction between inception and the end of February 2020. Trials were excluded if the mean age of participants was <65 years or treatment was targeting specific diseases known to affect muscle function (for example heart failure). Data were sought on measures of endurance and strength. Standardized mean difference (SMD) treatment effects were calculated using random-effects models with RevMan software. Results Eight trials (952 participants) were included. Six trials tested ACEi, 2 trials tested ARBs. The mean age of participants ranged from 66 to 79 years, and the duration of treatment ranged from 2 months to 1 year. Trials recruited healthy older people and people with functional impairment; no trials specifically targeted older people with sarcopenia. Risk of bias for all trials was low to moderate. No significant effect was seen on endurance outcomes [6 trials, SMD 0.04 (95% CI –0.22 to 0.29); P = .77; I2 = 53%], strength outcomes [6 trials, SMD –0.02 (95% CI –0.18 to 0.14), P = .83, I2 = 21%] or the short physical performance battery [3 trials, SMD –0.04 (95% CI –0.19 to 0.11), P = .60, I2 = 0%]. No evidence of publication bias was evident on inspection of funnel plots. Conclusions and Implications Existing evidence does not support the use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers as a single intervention to improve physical performance in older people.
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Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction in the Retina: Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080761. [PMID: 32824523 PMCID: PMC7465265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular (AMD) degeneration, are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. ROS are important intracellular signaling molecules that regulate numerous physiological actions, including vascular reactivity and neuron function. However, excessive ROS formation has been linked to vascular endothelial dysfunction, neuron degeneration, and inflammation in the retina. ROS can directly modify cellular molecules and impair their function. Moreover, ROS can stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) causing inflammation and cell death. However, there are various compounds with direct or indirect antioxidant activity that have been used to reduce ROS accumulation in animal models and humans. In this review, we report on the physiological and pathophysiological role of ROS in the retina with a special focus on the vascular system. Moreover, we present therapeutic approaches for individual retinal diseases targeting retinal signaling pathways involving ROS.
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Sadowski B. Differential role of specific cardiovascular neuropeptides in pain regulation: Relevance to cardiovascular diseases. Neuropeptides 2020; 81:102046. [PMID: 32284215 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many instances, the perception of pain is disproportionate to the strength of the algesic stimulus. Excessive or inadequate pain sensation is frequently observed in cardiovascular diseases, especially in coronary ischemia. The mechanisms responsible for individual differences in the perception of cardiovascular pain are not well recognized. Cardiovascular disorders may provoke pain in multiple ways engaging molecules released locally in the heart due to tissue ischemia, inflammation or cellular stress, and through neurogenic and endocrine mechanisms brought into action by hemodynamic disturbances. Cardiovascular neuropeptides, namely angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin, oxytocin, and orexins belong to this group. Although participation of these peptides in the regulation of circulation and pain has been firmly established, their mutual interaction in the regulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases has not been profoundly analyzed. In the present review we discuss the regulation of the release, and mechanisms of the central and systemic actions of these peptides on the cardiovascular system in the context of their central and peripheral nociceptive (Ang II) and antinociceptive [Ang-(1-7), vasopressin, oxytocin, orexins] properties. We also consider the possibility that they may play a significant role in the modulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases. The rationale for focusing attention on these very compounds was based on the following premises (1) cardiovascular disturbances influence the release of these peptides (2) they regulate vascular tone and cardiac function and can influence the intensity of ischemia - the factor initiating pain signals in the cardiovascular system, (3) they differentially modulate nociception through peripheral and central mechanisms, and their effect strongly depends on specific receptors and site of action. Accordingly, an altered release of these peptides and/or pharmacological blockade of their receptors may have a significant but different impact on individual sensation of pain and comfort of an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sadowski
- School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 r. 18, Warsaw, Poland
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Deng T, Xie X, Duan J, Chen M. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced an increase in blood pressure via activation of ACE and inhibition of the bradykinin-NO pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:927-934. [PMID: 30823347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and animal experiments have suggested that exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is strongly associated with an increase in blood pressure. However, the mechanisms that result in the detrimental effects of DEHP exposure on blood pressure are unclear. In our study, mice were orally exposed to DEHP dosages of 0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. The results showed that DEHP could induce a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate, and a significant thickening of the ventricular wall. To explore the underlying mechanism, we measured the level of: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); bradykinin B2 receptor (BK2R); endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); bradykinin and Ca2+ in cardiac cytoplasm as well as in serum nitric oxide (NO). The results suggested that DEHP could induce an increase in ACE levels, and a decrease in bradykinin levels. Moreover, BK2R, Ca2+, eNOS and NO decreased when mice were exposed to 10 mg/kg/day DEHP. Interestingly, 5 mg/kg/day angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment inhibited the increase in blood pressure, and inhibited the decrease in the levels of BK2R, Ca2+, eNOS, and NO, that were induced by DEHP exposure. Our results suggest that DEHP might increase blood pressure by activating ACE expression, and inhibiting the bradykinin-NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Xiaoman Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Jiufei Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China.
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Zhao Y, Zhu Q, Sun S, Qiu Y, Li J, Liu W, Yuan G, Ma H. Renal transplantation increases angiotensin II receptor-mediated vascular contractility associated with changes of epigenetic mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2375-2388. [PMID: 29393347 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common complications following renal transplantation, and it increases the risk of graft loss and other cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have revealed that the use of angiotensin II (Ang II) blockers for preventing and treating hypertension is closely associated with higher survival following renal transplantation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the vascular contractility of the recipient is altered in response to Ang II following renal transplantation have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, using the Fisher‑Lewis rat kidney transplantation model, the blood pressure (BP) of the conscious transplant recipient was measured following the intravenous administration of Ang II. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the Ang II-mediated vascular contractility via the type 1 and type 2 Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R, respectively) in large and small-resistance blood vessels were determined in the recipient after renal transplantation. The results showed that renal transplantation significantly increased the Ang II-stimulated BP of the rats. Additionally, ex vivo contractility experiments using aorta and mesenteric arteries revealed that the contractions induced by Ang II were significantly strengthened in the recipient following renal transplantation, and were associated with an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Losartan almost eradicated the Ang II-induced contractions whereas PD-123319 had no apparent effects on the Ang II-induced contractions in the aorta and mesenteric arteries of the recipient. Furthermore, the expression levels of AT1R but not AT2R were significantly increased in the vasculature of the recipient following renal transplantation, which exhibited a close association with selective DNA demethylation detected in the promoter region of the vascular AT1aR gene. These results indicate that changes of recipient vascular AT1R gene expression, occurring through a mechanism involving DNA methylation, increase the vascular contractility in response to Ang II. This may lead to the increased risk of hypertension following renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Zhao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shiping Sun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Gangjun Yuan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ma
- Surgical Department, The People's Hospital of Fuyun County, Aletai, Xinjiang 836100, P.R. China
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13
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Mechanisms of macular edema: Beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:20-68. [PMID: 29126927 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macular edema consists of intra- or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of central vision. Major causes of macular edema include diabetes, branch and central retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization, posterior uveitis, postoperative inflammation and central serous chorioretinopathy. The healthy retina is maintained in a relatively dehydrated, transparent state compatible with optimal light transmission by multiple active and passive systems. Fluid accumulation results from an imbalance between processes governing fluid entry and exit, and is driven by Starling equation when inner or outer blood-retinal barriers are disrupted. The multiple and intricate mechanisms involved in retinal hydro-ionic homeostasis, their molecular and cellular basis, and how their deregulation lead to retinal edema, are addressed in this review. Analyzing the distribution of junction proteins and water channels in the human macula, several hypotheses are raised to explain why edema forms specifically in the macular region. "Pure" clinical phenotypes of macular edema, that result presumably from a single causative mechanism, are detailed. Finally, diabetic macular edema is investigated, as a complex multifactorial pathogenic example. This comprehensive review on the current understanding of macular edema and its mechanisms opens perspectives to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this sight-threatening condition.
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14
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Zhang H, Li X, Zhou L, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Li J, Wang N, Jin M, Wu N, Cong M, Qiu C. A novel haplotype of low-frequency variants in the aldosterone synthase gene among northern Han Chinese with essential hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8150. [PMID: 28953657 PMCID: PMC5626300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency variants showed that there is more power to detect risk variants than to detect protective variants in complex diseases. Aldosterone plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and aldosterone synthase catalyzes the speed-controlled steps of aldosterone biosynthesis. Polymorphisms of the aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) have been reported to be associated with essential hypertension (EH). CYP11B2 polymorphisms such as -344T/C, have been extensively reported, but others are less well known. This study aimed to assess the association between human CYP11B2 and EH using a haplotype-based case-control study. A total of 1024 EH patients and 956 normotensive controls, which consist of north Han population peasants, were enrolled. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs28659182, rs10087214, rs73715282, rs542092383, rs4543, rs28491316, and rs7463212) covering the entire human CYP11B2 gene were genotyped as markers using the MassARRAY system. The major allele G frequency of rs542092383 was found to be risk against hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 3.478, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.407-8.597, P = .004]. The AG genotype frequency of SNP rs542092383 was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension (OR 4.513, 95% CI 1.426-14.287, P = .010). In the haplotype-based case-control analysis, the frequency of the T-G-T haplotype was higher for EH patients than for controls (OR 5.729, 95% CI 1.889-17.371, P = .000495). All |D'| values of the seven SNPs were >0.9, and r values for rs28659182- rs10087214-rs28491316-rs7463212 SNPs were >0.8 and showed strong linkage intensity. Haplotype T-G-T may therefore be a useful genetic marker for EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xueyan Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Keyong Zhang
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Jingping Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ningning Wang
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Mingyu Cong
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Peking Union) Medical College (CAMS/PUMC), Beijing, P. R. China
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15
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Telmisartan attenuates diabetes induced depression in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:358-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Ruggenenti P, Abbate M, Ruggiero B, Rota S, Trillini M, Aparicio C, Parvanova A, Petrov Iliev I, Pisanu G, Perna A, Russo A, Diadei O, Martinetti D, Cannata A, Carrara F, Ferrari S, Stucchi N, Remuzzi G, Fontana L. Renal and Systemic Effects of Calorie Restriction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes 2017; 66:75-86. [PMID: 27634224 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with type 2 diabetes with abdominal obesity, hyperfiltration is a risk factor for accelerated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and nephropathy. In this academic, single-center, parallel-group, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point trial, consenting patients with type 2 diabetes aged >18 years, with waist circumference >94 (males) or >80 (females) cm, serum creatinine <1.2 mg/dL, and normoalbuminuria were randomized (1:1) with permuted blocks to 6 months of a 25% calorie restricted (CR) or standard diet (SD). Primary outcome was measured GFR (iohexol plasma clearance). Analyses were by modified intention to treat. At 6 months, GFR significantly decreased in 34 patients on CR and did not change appreciably in 36 on SD. Changes were significantly different between the groups. GFR and body weight reduction were correlated. GFR reduction was larger in hyperfiltering (GFR >120 mL/min) than nonhyperfiltering patients and was associated with BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, heart rate, HbA1c, blood glucose, LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, C-reactive protein, angiotensin II, and albuminuria reduction and with increased glucose disposal rate (measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps). Protein and sodium intake and concomitant treatments were similar between the groups. CR was tolerated well. In patients with type 2 diabetes with abdominal obesity, CR ameliorates glomerular hyperfiltration, insulin sensitivity, and other cardiovascular risk factors, effects that might translate into long-term nephro- and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ruggenenti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Manuela Abbate
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruggiero
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefano Rota
- Unit of Nephrology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Matias Trillini
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carolina Aparicio
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Aneliya Parvanova
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ilian Petrov Iliev
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pisanu
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Perna
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angela Russo
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Olimpia Diadei
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Davide Martinetti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cannata
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fabiola Carrara
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nadia Stucchi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Wu L, Shi A, Zhu D, Bo L, Zhong Y, Wang J, Xu Z, Mao C. High sucrose intake during gestation increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated vascular contractility associated with epigenetic alterations in aged offspring rats. Peptides 2016; 86:133-144. [PMID: 27818235 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accruing evidence have confirmed that the fetal programming in response to adverse environmental in utero factors plays essential roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension in later life. High sugar intake has been accepted worldwide in everyday life diet and becomes the critical public health issue. Our previous studies indicated that intake of high sucrose (HS) during pregnancy could change the vascular reactivity and dipsogenic behavior closely associated with abnormal renin-angiotensin system (RAS), to increase the risk of hypertension in adult offspring. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that maternal HS intake in pregnancy may further deteriorate the Ang II-induced cardiovascular responses in the aged offspring. HS intake was provided to pregnant rats throughout the gestation. Blood pressure (BP) in conscious state and vascular contractility in vitro were measured in 22-month-old aged offspring rats. In addition, mRNA and protein expressions and epigenetic changes of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene in blood vessels were determined with the methods of real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay (CHIP). Results showed that, in the aged offspring, maternal HS intake during gestation would cause the elevation of basal BP which could be diminished by losartan. Although the circulatory Ang II was not changed, levels of local Ang II were significantly increased in blood vessels. In addition, prenatal HS exposure would significantly enhance the AT1R-mediated vasoconstrictions in both aorta and mesenteric arteries of the aged offspring. Moreover, in the aged offspring of prenatal HS exposure, mRNA and protein expressions of AT1R gene in both large and small blood vessels were significantly increased, which should be closely associated with the changes of epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications. Collectively, we proposed that maternal HS intake during gestation would cause abnormal BP responses mediated via the enhancement of vascular RAS, together with the increased expression of AT1R gene related to the its epigenetic changes, which would actually lead to the overt phenotype of hypertension in the aged offspring.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Female
- Fetal Development
- Histones/metabolism
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Sucrose/toxicity
- TATA-Box Binding Protein/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China; Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiping Shi
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China; Zhangjiagang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Le Bo
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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18
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Hepatic expression of serum amyloid A1 is induced by traumatic brain injury and modulated by telmisartan. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:2641-52. [PMID: 26435412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury affects the whole body in addition to the direct impact on the brain. The systemic response to trauma is associated with the hepatic acute-phase response. To further characterize this response, we performed controlled cortical impact injury on male mice and determined the expression of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), an apolipoprotein, induced at the early stages of the acute-phase response in liver and plasma. After cortical impact injury, induction of SAA1 was detectable in plasma at 6 hours post-injury and in liver at 1 day post-injury, followed by gradual diminution over time. In the liver, cortical impact injury increased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and expression of mRNA encoding the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL10. An increase in angiotensin II AT1 receptor mRNA at 3 days post-injury was also observed. Administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan 1 hour post-injury significantly decreased liver SAA1 levels and CXCL10 mRNA expression, but did not affect CXCL1 expression or the number of apoptotic cells or infiltrating leukocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SAA1 is induced in the liver after traumatic brain injury and that telmisartan prevents this response. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of the liver after brain injury will assist in understanding the efficacy of therapeutic approaches to brain injury.
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19
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Roy S, Amin S, Roy S. Retinal fibrosis in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2016; 142:71-5. [PMID: 26675403 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In response to injury, reparative processes are triggered to restore the damaged tissue; however, such processes are not always successful in rebuilding the original state. The formation of fibrous connective tissue is known as fibrosis, a hallmark of the reparative process. For fibrosis to be successful, delicately balanced cellular events involving cell proliferation, cell migration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling must occur in a highly orchestrated manner. While successful repair may result in a fibrous scar, this often restores structural stability and functionality to the injured tissue. However, depending on the functionality of the injured tissue, a fibrotic scar can have a devastating effect. For example, in the retina, fibrotic scarring may compromise vision and ultimately lead to blindness. In this review, we discuss some of the retinal fibrotic complications and highlight mechanisms underlying the development of retinal fibrosis in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Roy
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Shruti Amin
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sumon Roy
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Schievink B, de Zeeuw D, Parving HH, Rossing P, Lambers Heerspink HJ. The renal protective effect of angiotensin receptor blockers depends on intra-individual response variation in multiple risk markers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:678-86. [PMID: 25872610 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are renoprotective and targeted to blood pressure. However, ARBs have multiple other (off-target) effects which may affect renal outcome. It is unknown whether on-target and off-target effects are congruent within individuals. If not, this variation in short term effects may have important implications for the prediction of individual long term renal outcomes. Our aim was to assess intra-individual variability in multiple parameters in response to ARBs in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), albuminuria, potassium, haemoglobin, cholesterol and uric acid after 6 months of losartan treatment were assessed in the RENAAL database. Improvement in predictive performance of renal outcomes (ESRD or doubling serum creatinine) for each individual using ARB-induced changes in all risk markers was assessed by the relative integrative discrimination index (RIDI). RESULTS SBP response showed high variability (mean -5.7 mmHg, 5(th) to 95(th) percentile -36.5 to +24.0 mmHg) between individuals. Changes in off-target parameters also showed high variability between individuals. No congruency was observed between responses to losartan in multiple parameters within individuals. Using individual responses in all risk markers significantly improved renal risk prediction (RIDI 30.4%, P < 0.01) compared with using only SBP changes. Results were successfully replicated in two independent trials with irbesartan, IDNT and IRMA-2. CONCLUSIONS In this post hoc analysis we showed that ARBs have multiple off-target effects which vary between and within individuals. Combining all ARB-induced responses beyond SBP provides a more accurate prediction of who will benefit from ARB therapy. Prospective trials are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauke Schievink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.,Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - Hiddo Jan Lambers Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Derosa G, Querci F, Franzetti I, Dario Ragonesi P, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Comparison of the effects of barnidipine+losartan compared with telmisartan+hydrochlorothiazide on several parameters of insulin sensitivity in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:690-4. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Hrenák J, Arendášová K, Rajkovičová R, Aziriová S, Repová K, Krajčírovičová K, Celec P, Kamodyová N, Bárta A, Adamcová M, Paulis L, Simko F. Protective effect of captopril, olmesartan, melatonin and compound 21 on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Physiol Res 2014; 62:S181-9. [PMID: 24329698 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a serious public health problem with increasing prevalence and novel approaches to renal protection are continuously under investigation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of melatonin and angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker olmesartan on animal model of doxorubicin nephrotoxicity. Six groups of 3-month-old male Wistar rats (12 per group) were treated for four weeks. The first group served as a control. The remaining groups were injected with a single dose of doxorubicin (5 mg/kg i.v.) at the same day as administration of either vehicle or captopril (100 mg/kg/day) or olmesartan (10 mg/kg/day) or melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) or C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day) was initiated. After four week treatment, the blood pressure and the level of oxidative stress were enhanced along with reduced glomerular density and increased glomerular size. Captopril, olmesartan and melatonin prevented the doxorubicin-induced increase in systolic blood pressure. All four substances significantly diminished the level of oxidative burden and prevented the reduction of glomerular density and modestly prevented the increase of glomerular size. We conclude that captopril, olmesartan, melatonin and C21 exerted a similar level of renoprotective effects in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hrenák
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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23
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Rodrigues T, Matafome P, Seiça R. A vascular piece in the puzzle of adipose tissue dysfunction: mechanisms and consequences. Arch Physiol Biochem 2014; 120:1-11. [PMID: 24063516 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2013.838971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, several studies unravelled many aspects of adipose tissue pathophysiology in metabolic diseases. Some studies suggested hypoxia as one of such aspects, despite the exact mechanisms and pathophysiological significance is still partially unknown. Adipose tissue was shown to be hypoxic in obesity, mainly resulting from adipocyte hypertrophy, leading to increased activation of inflammatory pathways. In animal and cell models, hypoxia-induced inflammation was shown to lead to endocrine alterations and dysmetabolism. However, recent evidences suggest that instead of a simple low oxygenation theory, adipose tissue microvasculature may be regulated by a series of factors, including vasoactive factors like angiotensin II, angiogenesis and glycation, among others. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of these factors in the regulation of adipose tissue irrigation and the functional consequences of adipose tissue microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra , Portugal
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24
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Regenhardt RW, Bennion DM, Sumners C. Cerebroprotective action of angiotensin peptides in stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:195-205. [PMID: 24102099 PMCID: PMC7453725 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present review is to examine the evidence for beneficial actions of manipulation of the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) in stroke, with particular focus on Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] and its receptor Mas. The RAS appears to be highly involved in the multifactorial pathophysiology of stroke. Blocking the effects of AngII (angiotensin II) at AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor), through the use of commonly prescribed ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors or AT1R blockers, has been shown to have therapeutic effects in both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. In contrast with the deleterious actions of over activation of AT1R by AngII, stimulation of AT2Rs (AngII type 2 receptors) in the brain has been demonstrated to elicit beneficial effects in stroke. Likewise, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis of the RAS has been shown to have therapeutic effects in stroke when activated, countering the effects of the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis. Studies have demonstrated that activating this axis in the brain elicits beneficial cerebral effects in rat models of ischaemic stroke, and we have also demonstrated the cerebroprotective potential of this axis in haemorrhagic stroke using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and collagenase-induced striatal haemorrhage. The mechanism of cerebroprotection elicited by ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas activation includes anti-inflammatory effects within the brain parenchyma. The major hurdle to overcome in translating these results to humans is devising strategies to activate the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas cerebroprotective axis using post-stroke treatments that can be administered non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Regenhardt
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
| | - Douglas M. Bennion
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. A Role for the Brain RAS in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:158. [PMID: 24298267 PMCID: PMC3829467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has available the necessary functional components to produce the active ligands angiotensins II (AngII), angiotensin III, angiotensins (IV), angiotensin (1-7), and angiotensin (3-7). These ligands interact with several receptor proteins including AT1, AT2, AT4, and Mas distributed within the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as local RASs in several organs. This review first describes the enzymatic pathways in place to synthesize these ligands and the binding characteristics of these angiotensin receptor subtypes. We next discuss current hypotheses to explain the disorders of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as research efforts focused on the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), in their treatment. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are showing promise in the treatment of several neurodegenerative pathologies; however, there is a need for the development of analogs capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier and acting as agonists or antagonists at these receptor sites. AngII and AngIV have been shown to play opposing roles regarding memory acquisition and consolidation in animal models. We discuss the development of efficacious AngIV analogs in the treatment of animal models of AD and PD. These AngIV analogs act via the AT4 receptor subtype which may coincide with the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. Finally, future research directions are described concerning new approaches to the treatment of these two neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Leen H. Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in 4% of middle-aged men and 2% of middle-aged women in the general population, and the prevalence is even higher in specific patient groups. OSA is an independent risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial injury could be the pivotal determinant in the development of cardiovascular pathology in OSA. Endothelial damage ultimately represents a dynamic balance between the magnitude of injury and the capacity for repair. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) within adult peripheral blood present a possible means of vascular maintenance that could home to sites of injury and restore endothelial integrity and normal function. METHODS We summarized pathogenetic mechanisms of OSA and searched for available studies on numbers and functions of EPCs in patients with OSA to explore the potential links between the numbers and functions of EPCs and OSA. In particular, we tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the effects of OSA on EPCs. CONCLUSION Intermittent hypoxia cycles and sleep fragmentation are major pathophysiologic characters of OSA. Intermittent hypoxia acts as a trigger of oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and sympathetic activation. Sleep fragmentation is associated with a burst of sympathetic activation and systemic inflammation. In most studies, a reduction in circulating EPCs has emerged. The possible mechanisms underlying the decrease in the number or function of EPCs include prolonged inflammation response, oxidative stress, increased sympathetic activation, physiological adaptive responses of tissue to hypoxia, reduced EPC mobilization, EPC apoptosis, and functional impairment in untreated OSA. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for OSA affects the mobilization, apoptosis, and function of EPCs through preventing intermittent hypoxia episodes, improving sleep quality, and reducing systemic inflammation, oxidative stress levels, and sympathetic overactivation. To improve CPAP adherence, the medical staff should pay attention to making the titration trial a comfortable first CPAP experience for the patients; for example, using the most appropriate ventilators or proper humidification. It is also important to give the patients education and support about CPAP use in the follow-up, especially in the early stage of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- The Second Respiratory Department of the First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Respiratory Department of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Jing Feng, Respiratory Department of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Xin Sun
- Respiratory Department of Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Xin Sun, Respiratory Department of Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China, Email
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The renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue and its metabolic consequences during obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:2003-15. [PMID: 24120291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide disease that is accompanied by several metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The accelerated adipose tissue growth and fat cell hypertrophy during the onset of obesity precedes adipocyte dysfunction. One of the features of adipocyte dysfunction is dysregulated adipokine secretion, which leads to an imbalance of pro-inflammatory, pro-atherogenic versus anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing adipokines. The production of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components by adipocytes is exacerbated during obesity, contributing to the systemic RAS and its consequences. Increased adipose tissue RAS has been described in various models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) including fructose and high-fat feeding. Up-regulation of the adipose RAS by DIO promotes inflammation, lipogenesis and reactive oxygen species generation and impairs insulin signaling, all of which worsen the adipose environment. Consequently, the increase of circulating RAS, for which adipose tissue is partially responsible, represents a link between hypertension, insulin resistance in diabetes and inflammation during obesity. However, other nutrients and food components such as soy protein attenuate adipose RAS, decrease adiposity, and improve adipocyte functionality. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which adipose RAS modulates systemic RAS and how it is enhanced in obesity, which will explain the simultaneous development of metabolic syndrome alterations. Finally, dietary interventions that prevent obesity and adipocyte dysfunction will maintain normal RAS concentrations and effects, thus preventing metabolic diseases that are associated with RAS enhancement.
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Derosa G, Cicero AFG, Carbone A, Querci F, Fogari E, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of a fixed olmesartan/amlodipine combination therapy compared to single monotherapies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013; 12:621-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2013.816674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Kilarkaje N, Yousif MH, El-Hashim AZ, Makki B, Akhtar S, Benter IF. Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7) in diabetes-induced oxidative DNA damage in the corpus cavernosum. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system: new concepts. Hypertension 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/ebo.12.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat is a Research Fellow in Rhian Touyz’s group. She has been working on the pathophysiological roles of the aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cardiovascular system and adipose tissue, focusing on the interaction between adipocytes and vessels
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Augusto C Montezano is a Leadership Fellow at the College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences at the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK. He is interested in understanding how osteogenic factors impact the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Rhian M Touyz is a Clinician–Scientist focusing on molecular, cellular and vascular mechanisms of hypertension. She is Professor of Medicine and Director of the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow. She was the Canada Research Chair in Hypertension at the Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute/University of Ottawa (Canada). She received her degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. She has received numerous awards, including the
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Łukawski K, Janowska A, Jakubus T, Czuczwar SJ. Interactions between angiotensin AT1receptor antagonists and second-generation antiepileptic drugs in the test of maximal electroshock. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:277-83. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology; Institute of Agricultural Medicine; Jaczewskiego 2 20-090 Lublin Poland
| | - Agnieszka Janowska
- Department of Physiopathology; Institute of Agricultural Medicine; Jaczewskiego 2 20-090 Lublin Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakubus
- Department of Physiopathology; Institute of Agricultural Medicine; Jaczewskiego 2 20-090 Lublin Poland
| | - Stanisław J. Czuczwar
- Department of Physiopathology; Institute of Agricultural Medicine; Jaczewskiego 2 20-090 Lublin Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology; Medical University of Lublin; Jaczewskiego 8 20-090 Lublin Poland
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Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Suzuki T, Seki T, Okubo K, Wada T, Okamoto T, Koya S, Kimura I, Sasaoka T. Protective effects of coenzyme Q10 against angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:218-27. [PMID: 23348709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II is the major effector in the renin-angiotensin system, and angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are profoundly implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an antioxidant reagent, coenzyme Q10, on angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to assess its potential usefulness for antioxidant therapy. Treatment of HUVEC with coenzyme Q10 (1-10μM) increased its intracellular levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Coenzyme Q10 (10μM) prevented the actions of angiotensin II (100nM): overproduction of reactive oxygen species, increases in expression of p22(phox) and Nox2 subunits of NADPH oxidase, and inhibition of insulin-induced nitric oxide production. In addition, coenzyme Q10 prevented angiotensin II-induced upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in HUVEC, and inhibited their adhesion to U937 monocytic cells. Moreover, treatment of HUVEC with coenzyme Q10 effectively ameliorated angiotensin II-induced increases in expression of Nox2 subunit of NADPH oxidase, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. These results provide the first in vitro evidence that coenzyme Q10 is an efficient antioxidant reagent to improve angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, possibly relevant to the causes of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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The Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Brain Functions: An Update. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:351758. [PMID: 23320146 PMCID: PMC3540774 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main active product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), mediating its action via two major receptors, namely, the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the type 2 (AT2) receptor. Recent results also implicate several other members of the renin-angiotensin system in various aspects of brain functions. The first aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the properties and signaling of the AT2 receptor, its expression in the brain, and its well-established effects. Secondly, we will highlight the potential role of the AT2 receptor in cognitive function, neurological disorders and in the regulation of appetite and the possible link with development of metabolic disorders. The potential utility of novel nonpeptide selective AT2 receptor ligands in clarifying potential roles of this receptor in physiology will also be discussed. If confirmed, these new pharmacological tools should help to improve impaired cognitive performance, not only through its action on brain microcirculation and inflammation, but also through more specific effects on neurons. However, the overall physiological relevance of the AT2 receptor in the brain must also consider the Ang IV/AT4 receptor.
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Aldosterone synergizes with peripheral inflammation to induce brain IL-1β expression and depressive-like effects. Cytokine 2012; 60:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Life Sci 2012; 92:601-8. [PMID: 23147391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a widespread chronic medical condition with prevalence bordering on the verge of an epidemic. It is of great concern that cardiovascular disease is more common in patients with diabetes than the non-diabetic population. While hypertensive and ischemic heart disease is more common in diabetic patients, there is another type of heart disease in diabetes that is not associated with hypertension or coronary artery disease. This muscle functional disorder is termed "diabetic cardiomyopathy". Diastolic dysfunction characterized by impaired diastolic relaxation time and reduced contractility precedes systolic dysfunction and is the main pathogenic hallmark of this condition. Even though the pathogenesis of "diabetic cardiomyopathy" is still controversial, impaired cardiac insulin sensitivity and metabolic overload are emerging as major molecular and metabolic mechanisms for cardiac dysfunction. Systemic insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dysregulation of adipokine secretion, increases in circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, aberrant activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), and increased oxidative stress contribute dysregulated insulin and metabolic signaling in the heart and development of diastolic dysfunction. In addition, maladaptive calcium homeostasis and endothelial cell dysregulation endoplasmic reticular stress play a potential role in cardiomyocyte fibrosis/diastolic dysfunction. In this review, we will focus on emerging molecular and metabolic pathways underlying cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Elucidation of these mechanisms should provide a better understanding of the various cardiac abnormalities associated with diastolic dysfunction and its progression to systolic dysfunction and heart failure.
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Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: a review of molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:379-90. [PMID: 22720713 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.694843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known for its role in regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance. In this system, angiotensinogen (Agt), the obligate precursor of all bioactive angiotensin peptides, undergoes two enzymatic cleavages by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to produce angiotensin I (Ang I) and angiotensin II (Ang II), respectively. The contemporary view of RAS has become more complex with the discovery of additional angiotensin degradation pathways such as ACE2. All components of the RAS are expressed in and have independent regulation of adipose tissue. This local adipose RAS exerts important auto/paracrine functions in modulating lipogenesis, lipolysis, adipogenesis as well as systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. Mice with adipose-specific Agt overproduction have a 30% increase in plasma Agt levels and develop hypertension and insulin resistance, while mice with adipose-specific Agt knockout have a 25% reduction in Agt plasma levels, demonstrating endocrine actions of adipose RAS. Emerging evidence also points towards a role of RAS in regulation of energy balance. Because adipose RAS is overactivated in many obesity conditions, it is considered a potential candidate linking obesity to hypertension, insulin resistance and other metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan S Kalupahana
- Obesity Research Center, The University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, TN, USA
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37
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes one of the most important hormonal systems in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through renal and nonrenal mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, including kidney injury, and blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) by selective antagonists constitutes an effective therapeutic regimen. It is now apparent with the identification of multiple components of the RAS within the kidney and other tissues that the system is actually composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS can be defined as the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction, water intake, sodium retention, and other mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, as well as increase oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation in pathological conditions. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the AngII/Ang III-AT2R pathway and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT7R axis generally opposes the actions of a stimulated Ang II-AT1R axis through an increase in nitric oxide and prostaglandins and mediates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that these non-classical RAS components contribute to the therapeutic blockade of the classical system to reduce blood pressure and attenuate various indices of renal injury, as well as contribute to normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension & Vascular Disease Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin system and the advance glycation end product axis in the heart: role of the cardiac fibroblast. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:805-13. [PMID: 23054657 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are involved in maintaining extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in the heart. CFs mediate responses to hormonal and mechanical stimuli and relay these to other local cell types through release of autocrine and/or paracrine factors. CFs also play important roles in the setting of injury, i.e., myocardial infarction, where ECM production is key to efficient scarring. However, conditions exist in which excess production of ECM by CFs can lead to cardiac fibrosis. Two important pathways known to be involved in development of cardiac fibrosis are renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) receptor (RAGE) signaling cascades. This report summarizes actions of these two pathways on function of CFs. Because cardiac fibrosis is an important component of diabetic cardiomyopathy, we include new data that suggests a possible crosstalk between the RAS and AGE/RAGE pathway in order to activate CFs in diabetes.
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Sipal S, Halici Z, Kiki I, Polat B, Albayrak A, Albayrak F, Karakus E, Aksak S, Ozturk B, Gundogdu C. Comparative study of three angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in preventing liver fibrosis in diabetic rats: stereology, histopathology, and electron microscopy. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:723-35. [PMID: 22922994 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of liver disease in patients with progressively worsening insulin resistance may not be recognized until patients develop manifestations of the metabolic syndrome such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and vascular disease. It was aimed to investigate whether three angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) (olmesartan, losartan, and valsartan) had preventive effect against hepatic fibrosis and this was a common characteristic among ARBs. In current study, 25 adult male rats were used and divided into five groups: the non-diabetic healthy group, alloxan induced diabetic (AID) control group, AID losartan group, AID valsartan group and AID olmesartan group. According to numerical density of hepatocytes, significant difference was found between the non-diabetic healthy group and diabetic control group. All treatments groups were significant when compared to diabetic control group. In diabetic control group it was examined swelling, irregular cristae arrangement in some of mitochondria. It was also determined mitochondria membrane degeneration in some areas of section profiles. In diabetic rats treated with losartan group, there were necrotic hepatocytes. In diabetic rats treated with valsartan group, predominantly, findings were similar to losartan group. In diabetic rats treated with olmesertan group, plates of hepatocytes were quite regular. There were hardly necrotic cells. Not only other organelles such as RER, SER and lysosom but also mitochondrial structures had normal appearance. In the diabetic control group electron microscopy revealed edema in both the cytoplasm and perinuclear area and the nuclear membranes appeared damaged. In conclusion, it was established that the most protective ARB the liver in diabetic rats was olmesartan, followed by losartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sare Sipal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Aliskiren Improves Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Reduces Cardiac Dilation in Syrian Cardiomyopathic Hamsters. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59:547-52. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31824e5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abdellatif AA. The role of renin inhibition in treating the hypertensive patient with diabetes: a summary of preclinical and clinical evidence. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:251-63. [PMID: 22292880 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid hypertension and diabetes is common and associated with substantially greater cardiovascular and renal risk relative to hypertension alone. Tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) overactivity is a hallmark of diabetes and contributes to target organ damage. Treatment guidelines recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for reducing cardiorenal risk in patients with hypertension plus diabetes. However, these agents only partially prevent cardiovascular and renal morbidity/mortality. Further attempts to improve clinical outcomes have focused on the use of an ACE inhibitor plus an ARB, but this combination has not demonstrated a favorable risk-benefit profile. Direct renin inhibitors provide a more comprehensive blockade of the RAS compared with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and may be of particular benefit in counteracting tissue RAS overactivity. In this article, the role of the RAS in diabetic hypertension and the preclinical and clinical effects of direct renin inhibitor therapy on target organs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ali Abdellatif
- Kidney Hypertension Transplant Clinic, Clear Lake Specialties, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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Association study of AGER gene polymorphism and hypertension in Han Chinese population. Gene 2012; 498:311-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wright JW, Harding JW. The brain renin–angiotensin system: a diversity of functions and implications for CNS diseases. Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:133-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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O'Seaghdha CM, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Hoffmann U, Wang TJ, Fox CS. Correlation of renin angiotensin and aldosterone system activity with subcutaneous and visceral adiposity: the framingham heart study. BMC Endocr Disord 2012; 12:3. [PMID: 22475205 PMCID: PMC3352034 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that local adipocyte-mediated activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to circulating levels, and may promote the development of obesity-related hypertension in rodents. METHODS We examined relations of systemic RAAS activity, as assessed by circulating plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone level, and aldosterone:renin ratio (ARR), with specific regional adiposity measures in a large, community-based sample. Third Generation Framingham Heart Study participants underwent multidetector computed tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes during Exam 1 (2002 and 2005). PRA and serum aldosterone were measured after approximately 10 minutes of supine rest; results were log-transformed for analysis. Correlation coefficients between log-transformed RAAS measures and adiposity measurements were calculated, adjusted for age and sex. Partial correlations between log-transformed RAAS measures and adiposity measurements were also calculated, adjusted for standard CVD risk factors. RESULTS Overall, 992 women and 897 men were analyzed (mean age 40 years; 7% hypertension; 3% diabetes). No associations were observed with SAT (renin r = 0.04, p = 0.1; aldosterone r = -0.01, p = 0.6) or VAT (renin r = 0.03, p = 0.2; aldosterone r = -0.03, p = 0.2). Similar results were observed for ARR, in sex-stratified analyses, and for BMI and waist circumference. Non-significant partial correlations were also observed in models adjusted for standard cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Regional adiposity measures were not associated with circulating measures of RAAS activity in this large population-based study. Further studies are required to determine whether adipocyte-derived RAAS components contribute to systemic RAAS activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall M O'Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue Suite #2, Framingham, MA, USA
- Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. The renin-angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obes Rev 2012; 13:136-49. [PMID: 22034852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known for its role in regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance. Recently, several local RASs in organs such as brain, heart, pancreas and adipose tissue have also been identified. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that in addition to anti-hypertensive effects, pharmacological inhibition of RAS also provides protection against the development of type-2 diabetes. Moreover, animal models with targeted inactivation of RAS genes exhibit improved insulin sensitivity and are protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Because there is evidence for RAS overactivation in obesity, it is possible that RAS is a link between obesity and insulin resistance. This review summarizes the evidence and mechanistic insights on the associations between RAS, obesity and insulin resistance, with special emphasis on the role of adipose tissue RAS in the pathogenesis of metabolic derangements in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Kalupahana
- Obesity Research Center, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4588, USA
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46
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Is oxidative stress, a link between nephrolithiasis and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:95-112. [PMID: 22213019 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-011-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided the evidence for association between nephrolithiasis and a number of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome. Many of the co-morbidities may not only lead to stone disease but also be triggered by it. Nephrolithiasis is a risk factor for development of hypertension and have higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and some hypertensive and diabetic patients are at greater risk for stone formation. An analysis of the association between stone disease and other simultaneously appearing disorders, as well as factors involved in their pathogenesis, may provide an insight into stone formation and improved therapies for stone recurrence and prevention. It is our hypothesis that association between stone formation and development of co-morbidities is a result of certain common pathological features. Review of the recent literature indicates that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and development of oxidative stress (OS) may be such a common pathway. OS is a common feature of all cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarct. There is increasing evidence that ROS are also produced during idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. Both tissue culture and animal model studies demonstrate that ROS are produced during interaction between CaOx/calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals and renal epithelial cells. Clinical studies have also provided evidence for the development of oxidative stress in the kidneys of stone forming patients. Renal disorders which lead to OS appear to be a continuum. Stress produced by one disorder may trigger the other under the right circumstances.
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47
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Ariza AC, Deen PMT, Robben JH. The succinate receptor as a novel therapeutic target for oxidative and metabolic stress-related conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:22. [PMID: 22649411 PMCID: PMC3355999 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The succinate receptor (also known as GPR91) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is closely related to the family of P2Y purinoreceptors. It is expressed in a variety of tissues, including blood cells, adipose tissue, the liver, retina, and kidney. In these tissues, this receptor and its ligand succinate have recently emerged as novel mediators in local stress situations, including ischemia, hypoxia, toxicity, and hyperglycemia. Amongst others, the succinate receptor is involved in recruitment of immune cells to transplanted tissues. Moreover, it was shown to play a key role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. However, most prominently, the role of locally increased succinate levels and succinate receptor activation in the kidney, stimulating the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system, starts to unfold: the succinate receptor is a key mediator in the development of hypertension and possibly fibrosis in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. This makes the succinate receptor a promising drug target to counteract or prevent cardiovascular and fibrotic defects in these expanding disorders. Recent development of SUCNR1-specific antagonists opens novel possibilities for research in models for these disorders and may eventually provide novel opportunities for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ariza
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Meinardus T. Deen
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joris Hubertus Robben
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Joris Hubertus Robben, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. e-mail:
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48
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Wong MH, Chapin OC, Johnson MD. LPS-stimulated cytokine production in type I cells is modulated by the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:641-50. [PMID: 22205632 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium serves as a barrier to the entry of potential respiratory pathogens. Alveolar Type II (TII) cells have immunomodulatory functions, but whether Type I (TI) cells, which comprise approximately 95% of the alveolar epithelium, also play a role in immunity is unknown. Because the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is emerging as an important mediator of inflammation, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an element of the RAS, has been implicated in lung injury, we hypothesize that TI cells can produce cytokines in response to LPS stimulation, and that this inflammation can be modulated by the RAS. Alveolar TI cells were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rat lungs that had been injured with an intratracheal instillation of LPS. PCR was performed to determine whether TI cells expressed transcripts for TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β at baseline and after lung injury. Immunocytochemical and protein analysis detected angiotensin II (Ang II) and ACE2, as well as angiotensin Type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Type 2 receptor (AT2R), in TI cells. To separate cell-specific responses, primary TI cells were isolated, cultured, and exposed to LPS, Ang II, or specific inhibitors of AT1R or AT2R. Cytokine production was assayed by ELISA. LPS stimulated the production of all cytokines, whereas ACE2 and losartan, an AT1R inhibitor, blocked elements of the LPS-induced cytokine response. Primary TI cells produce cytokines when treated with LPS, contain important components of the RAS, and can modulate LPS-induced cytokine production via the RAS, suggesting a role for TI cells in the innate immune response of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi H Wong
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Gwathmey TM, Alzayadneh EM, Pendergrass KD, Chappell MC. Novel roles of nuclear angiotensin receptors and signaling mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R518-30. [PMID: 22170620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00525.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes an important hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure. The dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major influence in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and other pathologies. Indeed, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that blockade of this system with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists is an effective therapy to attenuate hypertension and diabetic renal injury, and to improve heart failure. Originally defined as a circulating system, multiple tissues express a complete RAS, and compelling evidence now favors an intracellular system involved in cell signaling and function. Within the kidney, intracellular expression of the three predominant ANG receptor subtypes is evident in the nuclear compartment. The ANG type 1 receptor (AT1R) is coupled to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and PKC. In contrast, both ANG type 2 (AT2R) and ANG-(1-7) (AT7R) receptors stimulate nitric oxide (NO) formation, which may involve nuclear endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Moreover, blockade of either ACE2-the enzyme that converts ANG II to ANG-(1-7)-or the AT7 receptor exacerbates the ANG II-ROS response on renal nuclei. Finally, in a model of fetal programmed hypertension, the nuclear ROS response to ANG II is enhanced, while both AT2 and AT7 stimulation of NO is attenuated, suggesting that an imbalance in the intracellular RAS may contribute to the development of programming events. We conclude that a functional intracellular or nuclear RAS may have important implications in the therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- TanYa M Gwathmey
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA
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50
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Kowluru RA, Zhong Q. Beyond AREDS: is there a place for antioxidant therapy in the prevention/treatment of eye disease? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8665-71. [PMID: 22065212 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major cause of blindness in adults (65 years of age and older), and diabetic retinopathy, the major cause of blindness in working adults, are chronic, progressive diseases with multifaceted etiologies that are not fully understood. Progression and lack of treatment of both diseases may lead to the advanced stage with neovascularization. Although the detailed cellular mechanisms leading to the development of AMD and diabetic retinopathy remain elusive, oxidative damage to the retina and its pigment epithelium are considered to be involved. Clinical studies have shown that the progression of AMD can be slowed down by nutritional antioxidants, but trials with antioxidants for diabetic retinopathy (very limited in number) have been inconclusive. Long-term administration of the AREDS antioxidants, the same nutritional antioxidants that have been demonstrated to slow the progression of AMD, have yielded exciting results in preventing the pathogenesis of retinopathy in diabetic rodents. These results suggest the merit of testing the AREDS antioxidants in a clinical trial to prevent the development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy, with the possibility of reducing the impact of this common vision-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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