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Gangwar C, Yaseen B, Kumar I, Nayak R, Sarkar J, Baker A, Kumar A, Ojha H, Kumar Singh N, Mohan Naik R. Nano palladium/palladium oxide formulation using Ricinus communis plant leaves for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Almehmadi M, Halawi M, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Asif M. Laxative Effects and Phytochemical Analysis of Perilla frutescens Seed Oil by Using Gas Chromatography: A Good Source of Omega Fatty Acids. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ma YL, Wu ZM, Liu X, Lan JE, Zai WJ, Jin X, Xie H, Mu Q, Liu HR. Antidiarrheal activity of the extracts of Valeriana jatamansi Jones on castor oil-induced diarrhea mouse by regulating multiple signal pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115560. [PMID: 35863616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Valeriana jatamansi Jones, a traditional medicine, is used for various medicinal purposes worldwide. This species is popular for its gastro-protective properties and has been verified to exert antidiarrheal effects. Qiuxieling mixture, an oral liquid preparation used to treat diarrhea in children in clinical practice, was extracted from V. jatamansi Jones. AIM OF THE STUDY Although Qiuxieling mixture has a good preventive effect on diarrhea children, the disgusting smell makes it intolerable. Therefore, we extracted odorless products from V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture. The present study is aimed to investigate the protective effects of two ethanolic extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture against castor oil-induced diarrhea and their possible mechanisms in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture were detected by HPLC. A castor oil-induced diarrheal model was used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effects. The expression of Occludin in the small intestine was measured by IHC. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins related to the oxidative stress and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis signaling pathways. ELISA was used to detect the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in the small intestine of mice with diarrhea. RESULTS The two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture dose-dependently reduced the diarrhea index and the diarrhea rate, delayed the onset of diarrhea, and decreased the weight of the intestinal content. Meanwhile, they reversed the decreased expression of Occludin and restored the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the intestines of diarrheal mice. In addition, they reversed the depletion of GSH, attenuated the activation of the ERK/JNK pathway, promoted the Nrf2/SOD1 signaling pathways, and decreased the release of ROS in the intestines of diarrheal mice. Moreover, they suppressed GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by downregulating the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture exerted protective effects on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice through a variety of mechanisms, including antioxidant stress, restoration of tight junctions between intestinal mucosal cells and regulation of the GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Zi-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jiang-Er Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Zai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Hong-Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Antidiarrheal Activity of Dialium guineense Willd Fruit Pulp in Wistar Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4161714. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4161714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of Dialium guineense Willd fruit pulp powder on diarrhea induced by castor oil in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods. Three different tests were carried out. A preventive test by administration of a single dose of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg before the induction of diarrhea by castor oil. Another preventive test after repeated administration of Dialium guineense at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 8 days, before the induction of diarrhea, was done. The third test was a curative test with a single dose of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg after the induction of diarrhea by castor oil. Results. D. guineense fruit pulp at 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg administered before the induction of diarrhea, has significantly delayed diarrhea; reduced the frequency of defecation, reduced the amount of diarrheal stools, and also reduced the purging index, with a degree of inhibition comparable to that of loperamide. But the water content of the stools of the group treated with D. guineense does not change significantly compared to the controls. D. guineense has reduced significantly from 500 mg/kg the diarrhea induced by castor oil after 8 days of treatment. It appears that the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, which were not effective with the single-dose preventive test, significantly delayed diarrhea; reduces the frequency of diarrheal stools and also reduces the purging index. D. guineense administered, after the induction of diarrhea, by castor oil has significantly reduced the diarrhea from 250 mg/kg. Conclusion. The fruit pulp of D. guineense has showed antidiarrheal activities in Wistar rats by reducing the frequency of defecation, the amount of diarrheal fecal matter emitted as well as the water content. It also delayed the onset of diarrhea and significantly reduced the purging index like loperamide.
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Sultana N, Chung HJ, Emon NU, Alam S, Taki MTI, Rudra S, Tahamina A, Alam R, Ahmed F, Mamun AA. Biological Functions of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Against Pain, Inflammation, Fever, Diarrhea, and Thrombosis: Evidenced From in vitro, in vivo, and Molecular Docking Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:911274. [PMID: 35903446 PMCID: PMC9315376 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.911274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. is traditionally used to treat cancer, wound healing, diabetes, and diarrhea in local tribes. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological potentiality of this plant. In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic studies of the methanol extracts of D. pentagyna (MEDP) leaves were performed by using acetic acid-induced nociception, formalin-induced paw licking, and yeast-induced pyrexia assay methods, respectively. In vivo antidiarrheal activity was carried out in mice by following castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit manner. In vitro thrombolytic experiment was performed employing the clot lysis activity. Besides, a molecular docking study was performed by executing the software (PyRx, Discovery Studio, and UCSF Chimera). In the acetic acid-induced writhing study, MEDP possesses significant writhing inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. It showed 50.86% of maximum inhibition of pain in the case of MEDP at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. In the anti-inflammatory study, maximum inhibition rate was observed at a value of 59.98 and 41.29% in early and late phases, respectively, at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. In the case of yeast-induced hyperpyrexia, MEDP reduced hyperpyrexia in a dose-dependent manner. In the antidiarrheal assay, MEDP moderately inhibited the occurrence of diarrhea in all the experiments. In the thrombolytic study, a moderate (17.76%) clot lysis potency has been yielded by MEDP. Again, the molecular docking simulation revealed strong binding affinities with almost all the targeted proteins. The present study suggests that the MEDP possesses remarkable pharmacological activity and this finding validated the ethnobotanical significance of D. pentagyna as the source of pain, fever, and diarrhea management agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahida Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Drugs and Toxins Research Divison, BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Safaet Alam,
| | - Md. Tohidul Islam Taki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sajib Rudra
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Sajib Rudra,
| | - Afroza Tahamina
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Rashedul Alam
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Firoj Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of 80% Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Cordia africana (Lamiaceae) in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3627878. [PMID: 34873407 PMCID: PMC8643234 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3627878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Currently available drugs are linked with adverse effects, contraindications, and risk of resistance. Traditionally, the leaf concoction of Cordia africana is claimed to be used for diarrhea. However, the safety and efficacy of the leaf extract have not been scientifically approved yet. Therefore, the study was conducted to validate its antidiarrheal activity and safety profile in mice. Method The hydromethanolic extract was obtained by the cold maceration technique in 80% methanol. Phytochemical screening tests were done for secondary metabolites by using standard tests. The antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastrointestinal transit, and enteropooling models in mice. Result In an acute toxicity study, there were no visible signs of toxicity and mortality following a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins. The hydromethanolic extract significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea and reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (P < 0.01), 200 (P < 0.001), and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) in the castor oil-induced diarrheal model. However, in the gastrointestinal transit model, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the charcoal meal travel was observed in the middle (200 mg/kg) and higher (400 mg/kg) test doses. Similarly, the extract produced a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the weight and volume of intestinal contents at the aforementioned doses. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the test extract showed promising antidiarrheal activity. Hence, this study supports its antidiarrheal use in Ethiopian folklore medicine.
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Vinay CV, Varma DSM, Chandan MR, Sivabalan P, Jaiswal AK, Swetha S, Sionkowska A, Kaczmarek B. Study of castor oil‐based auxetic polyurethane foams for cushioning applications. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaithanya V Vinay
- School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT Vellore India
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - DS Mohan Varma
- School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT Vellore India
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Mohammed R Chandan
- Colloids and Polymer Research Group School of Chemical Engineering (SCHEME), VIT Vellore India
| | - Ponsubha Sivabalan
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Sai Swetha
- Colloids and Polymer Research Group School of Chemical Engineering (SCHEME), VIT Vellore India
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Torun Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Torun Poland
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Effects of maternal hypothyroidism in the gastrointestinal system of male young offspring from Wistar rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:286-292. [PMID: 32345396 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the maternal environment may impact on the fetal development. The objective of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal consequences of maternal hypothyroidism for the male offspring from Wistar rats. The pregnant rats were divided into three groups: control (C - received water), experimental 1 [E1 - received methimazole (MMI) solution] during gestation and lactation, and experimental 2 (E2 - received MMI solution) during gestation. Maternal parameters evaluated: free T3 and T4, bodyweight variation, and water/food intake. Offspring parameters evaluated: litter size, number of male/female, free T3 and T4, stomach area, gastric ulcer susceptibility, small intestine length and weight, small intestine and distal colon motility, the stomach and intestinal weight-body weight ratio (SW/BW-IW/BW), and the accumulation of intestinal fluid. Maternal T3 and T4 from E1 were decreased when compared to the other groups. There were no differences for maternal water/food intake and weight gain, litter size, and number of males and females. Regarding to offspring, free T3, SW/BW, IW/BW, and intestinal fluid accumulation were not different between the groups, but T4 was decreased in E1. However, 30-day-old pups from E1 and E2 were smaller with lower stomach and small intestine. Even more, E1 presented a lower ulcer index when compared to the C, while E2 had a higher distal colon transit. It can be concluded that maternal hypothyroidism impaired the total body development, as well as gastric and intestinal development, besides interfering with the susceptibility to the ulcer and intestinal transit of male offspring from Wistar rats.
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Riaz MB, Khan AU, Qazi NG. Pharmacological and computational evaluation of Sapodilla and its constituents for therapeutic potential in hyperactive gastrointestinal disorders. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:224-235. [PMID: 32405366 PMCID: PMC7211360 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.35595.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate various gastrointestinal effects of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla), exploring its anti-diarrheal, anti-secretary, anti-spasmodic, anti-ulcer and anti-motility potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antidiarrheal and anti-secretary activities were investigated using castor oil induced diarrhea and castor oil induced fluid accumulation. Isolated rabbit jejunum tissues (antispasmodic) were employed for in vitro experiments. Antiulcer, antimotility and molecular docking were performed using ethanol-HCl induced ulcer assay, charcoal meal transit time and Auto Doc Vina. RESULTS Mz.Cr exhibited protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea (P<0.05 vs. saline group) and dose-dependently inhibited intestinal fluid secretions (P<0.001 vs. castor oil group). Mz.Cr caused relaxation of spontaneous and K+ (80 Mm)-induced contractions with EC50 values of 0.11mg/ml (0.08-0.1, n=4) and 0.16 mg/ml (0.09-0.2, n=4) respectively (* P<0.05** P<0.01 *** P<0.001). It showed protective effect against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol-HCl (P<0.001 vs. saline group). Mz.Cr reduced distance travelled by charcoal meal (P<0.001 vs. saline group). Plant constituents: caffeoylquinic acid and methyl 4-O-galloylchlorogenate showed high binding affinities (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol) against histaminergic H2 receptors, H+/K+ ATPase pump and voltage gated L-type calcium channels, while possesses moderate affinities (E-value≥8 Kcal/mol) against histaminergic H1, muscarinic M1, M3 and mu-opioid, whereas lower affinities (E-value≥9.5 Kcal/mol) vs. calmodulin, adrenergic α1, phosphodiesterase enzyme and dopaminergic D2 receptors. Lupeol-3-acetate and β-amyrin-3-(3'-dimethyl) butyrate observed weak affinities. CONCLUSION In present study, M. zapota is reported to exhibits anti-diarrheal, anti-secretory, anti-spasmodic, anti-motility, anti-ulcer effects and computational binding affinities against gastrointestinal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Riaz
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad
| | - Arif-Ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad
| | - Neelam Gul Qazi
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad
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Calzada F, Vald M, Barbosa E, Velázquez C, Bautista E. Evaluation of antipropulsive activity of Decachaeta incompta (DC) king and robinson and its sesquiterpene lactones on induced hyperperistalsis in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_540_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Riaz MB, Khan AU, Qazi NG. Pharmacological and computational evaluation of fig for therapeutic potential in hyperactive gastrointestinal disorders. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:348. [PMID: 31796063 PMCID: PMC6889615 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ficus palmata (Fig), are distributed in different parts of the world, and are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments including inflammation, tumor, epilepsy, jaundice, influenza and bacillary dysentery. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal, antisecretary, antispasmodic, antiulcer and anti motility properties of Ficus palmata. METHODS In-vivo, in-vitro and in-silico techniques were used to investigate various gastrointestinal effects of Ficus palmata. Antidiarrheal, antisecretary, antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti motility and molecular docking were performed using castor oil induced diarrhea and fluid accumulation, isolated tissue preparations, ethanol-HCl induced ulcer assay, charcoal meal transit time and Auto Doc Vina. RESULTS Ficus palmata crude extract (Fp.Cr) exhibited protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice and dose-dependently inhibited intestinal fluid secretions. Fp.Cr caused relaxation of spontaneous and K+ (80 Mm)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations. It showed protective effect against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol-hydrochloric acid in rats. Fp.Cr reduced distance travelled by charcoal meal in the gastrointestinal transit model in mice. The plant constituents: psoralenoside and bergapten showed high binding affinities (E-value ≥ - 6.5 Kcal/mol) against histaminergic H1, calmodulin and voltage gated L-type calcium channels, while showed moderate affinities (E-value ≥7 Kcal/mol) against dopaminergic D2, adrenergic α1, muscranic M3, mu-opioid, whereas revealed lower affinities (E-value ≥9.5 Kcal/mol) vs. muscranic M1, histaminergic H2 and H+/K+ ATPase pump. Germanicol acetate and psoralene exhibited weak affinities against aforementioned targets. CONCLUSION This study reveals that Ficus palmata possesses anti-diarrheal, anti-secretory, anti-spasmodic, anti-motility and anti-ulcer activities. The various constituents reveal different binding affinities against target proteins, which mediate the gastrointestinal functions.
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Islam MT. Chemical profile and biological activities of Sonneratia apetala (Buch.-Ham.). ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-019-00400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Antidiarrhoeal mechanism study of fulvic acids based on molecular weight fractionation. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gad-Elkareem MAM, Abdelgadir EH, Badawy OM, Kadri A. Potential antidiabetic effect of ethanolic and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Ricinus communis leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6441. [PMID: 30805250 PMCID: PMC6383553 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, herbal drugs and their bioactive compounds have gained popularity in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), which has become an epidemic disease all over the world and is especially prevalent in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of wild Ricinus communis (R. communis) leaves in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were administered orally with the mentioned extracts at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg/BW for 14 days, and the obtained results of different biochemical parameters were compared with normal control, diabetic control and standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg/BW). The obtained results revealed a remarkable and significantly (P < 0.05) reverse effect of the body weight loss, observed when diabetic rats were treated with ethanol and aqueous-ethanol extracts at 300 mg/kg/BW. Administration of the ethanol extract at 600 mg/kg/BW significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the blood glucose level. A significant increase in the AST, ALT and ALP levels (P < 0.05) was observed in the diabetic control and in the experimental groups with glibenclamide which was also significantly (P < 0.05) lowered after treatment with extracts at special doses. Total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinine and urea were also investigated and compared to the corresponding controls. We showed that administration of R. communis extract generally significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the biochemical parameters of diabetic rats. Also, the changes in serum electrolyte profile were assessed and the results demonstrate that administration of extracts at concentration of 600 mg/kg/BW generally inhibits the alteration maintain their levels. The obtained data imply the hypoglycemic effects of this plant, which may be used as a good alternative for managing DM and therefore validating its traditional usage in KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Gad-Elkareem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Elkhatim H Abdelgadir
- Forensic Chemistry Department, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ossama M Badawy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Kadri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Baljurashi, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Ezenyi IC, Igoli JO. Antidiarrhoeal properties of Syzygium guineense leaf extract and identification of chemical constituents in its active column fractions. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 16:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2016-0074/jcim-2016-0074.xml. [PMID: 30367802 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae) has been used in traditional medicine against various ailments, including diarrhoea. This study was conducted to scientifically evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of S. guineense extract and fractions. Methods An ethanol extract of S. guineense leaves was prepared and tested for its effect on small intestinal propulsion in mice and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. The extract was also evaluated for its effect on itopride-induced small intestine propulsion in mice. Column fractions were also investigated in rats and sub-fractions were tested for activity on spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum. Results The results showed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited intrinsic small intestinal propulsion and itopride-induced propulsive activity, similar to atropine (0.3 mg/kg) although its inhibitory effect against castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and diarrhoea was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Column separation yielded 14 fractions, with three fractions producing significant (p<0.001) inhibition of small intestinal propulsion. Sub-fractions 1, 7 and 16 obtained from an active column fraction also exhibited relaxant effects on isolated rabbit jejunum. Spectral analysis (proton, 13C NMR) of sub-fractions 7 and 16 revealed the presence of betulinic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid in 7 and a mixture of luteolin and friedelane-type triterpenes in 16. Conclusions These findings provide scientific evidence that S. guineense leaf extract possess antidiarrhoeal activity and may be potentially beneficial in treatment diarrhoeal disease. The identified compounds may also be implicated in its antidiarrhoeal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma C Ezenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - John O Igoli
- Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria
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Rojas-Bedolla EI, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Arenas-López MI, González-Chávez MM, Zapata-Morales JR, Mendoza-Macías CL, Carranza-Álvarez C, Maldonado-Miranda JJ, Deveze-Álvarez MA, Alonso-Castro AJ. Chemical characterization, pharmacological effects, and toxicity of an ethanol extract of Celtis pallida Torr. (Cannabaceae) aerial parts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 219:126-132. [PMID: 29545209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Celtis pallida Torr (Cannabaceae) is employed as a folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, pain, skin infections, and diarrhea, among other diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this work was to assess the chemical composition, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity, the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, locomotor, and sedative effects of an ethanolic extract obtained from Celtis pallida aerial parts (CPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The composition of CPE was carried out by GC-MS. The in vitro and in vivo toxic activity of CPE was estimated with the comet assay (10-1000 µg/ml) for 5 h in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the acute toxicity test (500-5000 mg/kg p.o.), for 14 days, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of CPE was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, whereas the antidiarrheal activity (10-200 mg/kg p.o.) was calculated using the castor oil test. The antinociceptive effects of CPE (50-200 mg/kg p.o.) were estimated with the acetic acid and formalin tests, as well as the hot plate test. The sedative and locomotor activities of CPE (50-200 mg/kg p.o.) were assessed with the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test and the rotarod test, respectively. RESULTS The main compound found in CPE was the triterpene ursolic acid (22% of the extract). CPE at concentrations of 100 µg/ml or higher induced genotoxicity in vitro and showed low in vivo toxicity (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg p.o.). Additionally, CPE lacked (MIC > 400 µg/ml) antimicrobial activity but exerts antinociceptive (ED50 = 12.5 ± 1.5 mg/kg) and antidiarrheal effects (ED50 = 2.8 mg/kg), without inducing sedative effects or altering the locomotor activity. The antinociceptive activity of CPE suggests the participation of adrenoceptors, as well as the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. CONCLUSION C. pallida exerts its antinociceptive effects probably mediated by the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Isaac Rojas-Bedolla
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Mario Iván Arenas-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | | | - Juan Ramón Zapata-Morales
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Claudia Leticia Mendoza-Macías
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Candy Carranza-Álvarez
- Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Huastec Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Juan José Maldonado-Miranda
- Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Huastec Region, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Martha Alicia Deveze-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University Guanajuato, Noria Alta sin número, C.P. 36040 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico.
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Abstract
Humans swallow a great variety and often large amounts of chemicals as nutrients, incidental food additives and contaminants, drugs, and inhaled particles and chemicals, thus exposing the gastrointestinal tract to many potentially toxic substances. It serves as a barrier in many cases to protect other components of the body from such substances and infections. Fortunately, the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably robust and generally is able to withstand multiple daily assaults by the chemicals to which it is exposed. Some chemicals, however, can affect one or more aspects of the gastrointestinal tract to produce abnormal events that reflect toxicity. It is the purpose of this chapter to evaluate the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals produce their deleterious effects and to determine the consequences of the toxicity on integrity of gastrointestinal structure and function. Probably because of the intrinsic ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals, there is a paucity of data regarding gastrointestinal toxicology. It is therefore necessary in many cases to extrapolate toxic mechanisms from infectious processes, inflammatory conditions, ischemia, and other insults in addition to more conventional chemical sources of toxicity.
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Investigating Potential Modes of Actions of Mimusops kummel Fruit Extract and Solvent Fractions for Their Antidiarrheal Activities in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4103410. [PMID: 28572829 PMCID: PMC5441119 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Fruits of Mimusops kummel A. DC. (Sapotaceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea. The present study aimed at investigating modes of actions of this fruits for antidiarrheal action to guide future drug development process. Methods Fractions of chloroform, n-butanol, and water were obtained from 80% methanol extract, which was prepared by maceration. Antidiarrheal activities and the modes of actions were investigated in mice. Results In castor oil induced diarrheal model, the extract delayed onset of diarrhea and reduced number and weight of feces at all tested doses significantly. In this model all fractions significantly delayed onset of diarrhea at all tested doses. Charcoal meal test showed that the extract and all the fractions produced a significant antimotility effect at all tested doses. Enteropooling test showed that the extract as well as n-butanol and aqueous fractions at all tested doses produced a significant decline in volume and weight of intestinal contents, whereas chloroform fraction had substantial effect only at high dose. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the extract and solvent fractions produced antidiarrheal activities due to dual inhibitory effect, intestinal motility, and fluid secretion, with the aqueous fraction being the most active among fractions in three models.
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Parent-Massin D, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Tobback P, Rincon AM, Tard A, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (E 476) as a food additive. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04743. [PMID: 32625446 PMCID: PMC7010163 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR, E 476) used as a food additive. In 1978, the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 7.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for PGPR. PGPR is hydrolysed in the gut resulting in the liberation of free polyglycerols, polyricinoleic acid and ricinoleic acid. Di‐ and triglycerol are absorbed and excreted unchanged in the urine; long‐chain polyglycerols show lower absorption and are mainly excreted unchanged in faeces. Acute oral toxicity of PGPR is low, and short‐term and subchronic studies indicate PGPR is tolerated at high doses without adverse effects. PGPR (E 476) is not of concern with regard to genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. The single reproductive toxicity study with PGPR was limited and was not an appropriate study for deriving a health‐based guidance value. Human studies with PGPR demonstrated that there is no indication of significant adverse effect. The Panel considered a 2‐year combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study for determining a reference point and derived a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PGPR (E 476) of 2,500 mg/kg bw per day, the only dose tested. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the present data set give reason to revise the ADI of 7.5 mg/kg bw per day allocated by SCF to 25 mg/kg bw per day. Exposure estimates did not exceed the ADI of 25 mg/kg bw per day and a proposed extension of use would not result in an exposure exceeding this ADI. The Panel recommended modification of the EU specifications for PGPR (E 476).
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Gong XP, Sun YY, Chen W, Guo X, Guan JK, Li DY, Du G. Anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of the aerial part of Rubia cordifolia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:20. [PMID: 28056930 PMCID: PMC5217154 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background In Shaanxi province, China, the aqueous extract of Rubia cordifolia’s aerial part (AERCAP) is traditionally used to manage diarrhea. However, there is no scientific evidence to verify the safety and efficacy of its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory effects of AERCAP by using a rodent model. Methods The anti-diarrheal effects were studied by senna leaf-induced diarrheal and intestinal transit experiments in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. Results The results indicated that AERCAP delayed the onset of semi-solid feces, reduced the evacuation index (EI) in senna leaf-induced diarrheal in mice, and inhibited the propulsive movement in castor oil-induced intestinal transit but not in the normal intestinal transit test. The results were compared with the standard anti-diarrheal drug loperamide. Additionally, oral treatment with AERCAP significantly decreased the macroscopic damage area, improved the microscopic structure, and reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in colonic tissue compared with the TNBS control group in rats. Conclusions AERCAP exhibited anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities in a rodent model. The study validated the traditional use of the plant in Chinese herbal medicine as a valuable natural remedy for the treatment of diarrhea.
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Zielińska M, Jarmuż A, Wasilewski A, Cami-Kobeci G, Husbands S, Fichna J. Methyl-orvinol-Dual activity opioid receptor ligand inhibits gastrointestinal transit and alleviates abdominal pain in the mouse models mimicking diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:350-357. [PMID: 28187396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The major IBS-D symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and discomfort. High density of opioid receptors (ORs) in the GI tract and their participation in the maintenance of GI homeostasis make ORs ligands an attractive option for developing new anti-IBS-D treatments. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of methyl-orvinol on the GI motility and secretion and in mouse models mimicking symptoms of IBS-D. METHODS In vitro, the effects of methyl-orvinol on electrical field stimulated smooth muscle contractility and epithelial ion transport were characterized in the mouse colon. In vivo, the following tests were used to determine methyl-orvinol effect on mouse GI motility: colonic bead expulsion, whole GI transit and fecal pellet output. An antinociceptive action of methyl-orvinol was assessed in the mouse model of visceral pain induced by mustard oil. RESULTS Methyl-orvinol (10-10 to 10-6M) inhibited colonic smooth muscle contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was reversed by naloxone (non-selective opioid antagonist) and β-funaltrexamine (selective MOP antagonist). Experiments with a selective KOP receptor agonist, U50488 revealed that methyl-orvinol is a KOP receptor antagonist in the GI tract. Methyl-orvinol enhanced epithelial ion transport. In vivo, methyl-orvinol inhibited colonic bead expulsion and prolonged GI transit. Methyl-orvinol improved hypermotility and reduced abdominal pain in the mouse models mimicking IBS-D symptoms. CONCLUSION Methyl-orvinol could become a promising drug candidate in chronic therapy of functional GI diseases such as IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Jarmuż
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasilewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gerta Cami-Kobeci
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Husbands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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Sahoo HB, Sagar R, Kumar A, Bhaiji A, Bhattamishra SK. Antidiarrhoeal investigation of Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) by modulation of Na +K +ATPase, nitrous oxide and intestinal transit in rats. Biomed J 2016; 39:376-381. [PMID: 28043416 PMCID: PMC6138502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) is an annual herb with traditional appreciation for various pharmacological properties; however, the scientific information on this herb is insufficient. The aim of the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate flavonoidal fraction of A. leptophyllum fruit (FFALF) against diarrhoea on albino rats. METHODS The antidiarrhoeal study was conducted by castor oil induce diarrhoea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced enteropooling and intestinal transit by charcoal meal test. The rats were divided into five groups (six/group). Group I served as control and received orally 2% acacia suspension; Group II served as standard and received orally loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg); Group III, IV and V served as test groups and received the FFALF at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg orally, respectively. RESULTS In castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the FFALF significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the frequency of diarrhoea, defecation and weight of faeces as well as increased the sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+K+ATPase) activity and decreased nitric oxide (NO) content in the small intestine. In prostaglandin induced enteropooling model, it significantly (p < 0.01) and dose dependently slowed the intestinal fluid accumulation by decreasing the masses and volumes of intestinal fluid where as in charcoal meal test, it decreased charcoal meal transit in gastrointestinal tract as compared with control. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that the FFALF possess anti-diarrhoeal properties mediated through inhibition of hyper secretion and gastrointestinal motility which support the traditional use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Biology, Vedica College of Pharmacy, RKDF University, India.
| | - Rakesh Sagar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RKDF University, India
| | - Anjan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
| | - Amrita Bhaiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
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Costa DS, Araújo TSL, Sousa NA, Souza LKM, Pacífico DM, Sousa FBM, Nicolau LAD, Chaves LS, Barros FCN, Freitas ALP, Medeiros JVR. Sulphated Polysaccharide Isolated from the Seaweed Gracilaria caudata
Exerts an Antidiarrhoeal Effect in Rodents. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 118:440-8. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Costa
- Medicinal Plant Research Center; NPPM; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
| | - Thiago S. L. Araújo
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
| | - Nayara A. Sousa
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
| | - Luan K. M. Souza
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
| | - Dvison M. Pacífico
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
| | - Francisca Beatriz M. Sousa
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
| | - Lucas A. D. Nicolau
- Medicinal Plant Research Center; NPPM; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
| | - Luciano S. Chaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - Francisco Clark N. Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Ceará; Juazeiro do Norte Ceará Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia P. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - Jand Venes R. Medeiros
- Medicinal Plant Research Center; NPPM; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research; BIOTEC; Federal University of Piauí; Parnaíba Piauí Brazil
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Rahman MK, Chowdhury MAU, Islam MT, Chowdhury MA, Uddin ME, Sumi CD. Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of Methanolic Extract of Maranta arundinacea Linn. Leaves. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015; 2015:257057. [PMID: 26346095 PMCID: PMC4543376 DOI: 10.1155/2015/257057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the most common causes for thousands of deaths every year. Therefore, identification of new source of antidiarrheal drugs becomes one of the most prominent focuses in modern research. Our aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extract of Maranta arundinacea linn. (MEMA) leaves in rats and brine shrimp, respectively. Antidiarrheal effect was evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility tests at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight in rats where the cytotoxic activity was justified using brine shrimp lethality bioassay at different concentrations of MEMA. The extract showed considerable antidiarrheal effect by inhibiting 42.67% and 57.75% of diarrheal episode at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. MEMA also significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal volume (2.14 ± 0.16 to 1.61 ± 0.12 mL) in enteropooling test as well as intestinal transit (33.00 to 43.36%) in GI motility test, compared to their respective control. These observed effects are comparable to that of standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg). On the other hand, in brine shrimp lethality test after 24 h, surviving brine shrimp larvae were counted and LD50 was assessed. Result showed that MEMA was potent against brine shrimp with LD50 value of 420 µg/mL. So the highest dose of 400 µg/mL of MEMA was not toxic to mice. So these results indicate that bioactive compounds are present in methanolic extract of Maranta arundinacea leaves including significant antidiarrheal activity and could be accounted for pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Khalilur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mohammed Taufiqual Islam
- Department of Systems Immunology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Erfan Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh
| | - Chandra Datta Sumi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
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Bahekar SE, Kale RS. Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:35-40. [PMID: 25878462 PMCID: PMC4395926 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.146542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Use of Manihot esculenta Crantz (MEC) plant has been mentioned in literature of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute and many others. It is also known commonly as tapioca, continues to be a crop of food security for the millions of people, especially in the developing countries of the globe including India. Medicinal uses of this plant including diarrhea have been mentioned in literature, but scientific evidence is lacking. Objective: The objective was to study antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of MEC in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves in the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were used in Wistar rats of either sex. Experimental models used were castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and charcoal passage test. Loperamide and atropine sulfate were the standard drugs used in these models respectively. Results: MEC extracts decreased intestinal fluid volume in dose dependent manner no extract group was comparable with standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg). MEC extracts also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility in dose dependent manner. MEC (100 mg/kg) and MEC (200 mg/kg) were comparable with standard drug atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg) in this aspect. <0.05 were considered to be significant. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves exhibited significant antidiarrheal activity by decreasing intestinal fluid accumulation and the gastrointestinal motility in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish E Bahekar
- SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ranjana S Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, MGIMS, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Yakubu MT, Nurudeen QO, Salimon SS, Yakubu MO, Jimoh RO, Nafiu MO, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT, Williams FE. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Musa paradisiaca Sap in Wistar Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:683726. [PMID: 25893000 PMCID: PMC4393921 DOI: 10.1155/2015/683726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The folkloric claim of Musa paradisiaca sap in the management of diarrhoea is yet to be substantiated or refuted with scientific data. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen the sap of M. paradisiaca for both its secondary metabolites and antidiarrhoeal activity at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mL in rats. Secondary metabolites were screened using standard methods while the antidiarrhoeal activity was done by adopting the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility models. The sap contained flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids while cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, triterpenes, cardenolides, and dienolides were not detected. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the sap significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged the onset time of diarrhoea, decreased the number, fresh weight, and water content of feaces, and increased the inhibition of defecations. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in the small intestine increased significantly whereas nitric oxide content decreased. The decreases in the masses and volumes of intestinal fluid by the sap were accompanied by increase in inhibition of intestinal fluid content in the enteropooling model. The sap decreased the charcoal meal transit in the gastrointestinal motility model. In all the models, the 1.00 mL of the sap produced changes that compared well with the reference drugs. Overall, the antidiarrhoeal activity of Musa paradisiaca sap attributed to the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and/or saponins which may involve, among others, enhancing fluid and electrolyte absorption through de novo synthesis of the sodium potassium ATPase and/or reduced nitric oxide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa T. Yakubu
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Quadri O. Nurudeen
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Saoban S. Salimon
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat O. Yakubu
- Department of Nursing Services, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin 240102, Nigeria
| | - Rukayat O. Jimoh
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Mikhail O. Nafiu
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Musbau A. Akanji
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Adenike T. Oladiji
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Felicia E. Williams
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
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Palla AH, Khan NA, Bashir S, Ur-Rehman N, Iqbal J, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) in infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:61-8. [PMID: 25433250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Linum usitatissimum, commonly known as Flaxseed has traditionally been used for the management of diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections. This study was planned to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Flaxseed was studied using the in vivo castor oil-induced diarrhea, gut motility and enteropooling assays. Mechanistic basis was further elucidated by testing the inhibitory effect on spontaneously contracting isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, suspended in a 10ml tissue bath containing Tyrode׳ solution, maintained at 37°C and aerated with carbogen. Antibacterial efficacy of the Flaxseed extract was tested against different enteric and non-enteric pathogenic bacteria using in vitro antibacterial assays. RESULTS Flaxseed extract reduced the diarrheal score in mice, by 39%, 63.90% and 68.34% at the respective doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg. Intestinal secretions were reduced by 24.12%, 28.09% and 38.80%, whereas the intestinal motility was reduced by 31.66%, 46.98% and 56.20% at respective doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg. When tested on isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, Flaxseed extract produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both spontaneous and high K(+) (80mM)-induced contractions, and shifted the concentration-response curves of Ca(++) to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that caused by verapamil. Flaxseed extract was found to possess bactericidal activity at the tested concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (100%), Escherichia coli K1 (88.88%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (98.76%), Bacillus cereus (92.64%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (76.83%) and Salmonella typhi (26.91±3.35%). The concentration of 10mg/ml showed bactericidal effects against all the aforementioned pathogens except Escherichia coli K1, whereas for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, it was bacteriostatic at this concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) extract exhibits antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities by virtue of its antimotility and antisecretory effects which are mediated possibly through inhibition of Ca(++) channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out. Flaxseed extract proved effective against both enteric and non-enteric pathogens causing diarrhea, thus ensuring wide coverage and rationalizing its medicinal use in both the infectious and non-infectious diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hanif Palla
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Samra Bashir
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur-Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul-Hassan Gilani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Taur DJ, Waghmare MG, Bandal RS, Patil RY. Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L. leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 1:139-41. [PMID: 23569744 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis leaves (MRCL). METHODS Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced paw licking and tail immersion method in mice at doses of 100, 125 and 150 mg/kg bw. RESULTS The results indicated that MRCL exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity against three classical models of pain in mice. Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponin, steroids and alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that MRCL possesses antinociceptive potential that may be due to saponin, steroids and alkaloids in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar J Taur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SVPM's College of Pharmacy, Malegaon (bk), Baramati, Maharashtra, India
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Antidiabetic and antidiarrheal effects of the methanolic extract of Phyllanthus reticulatus leaves in mice. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(14)60015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Gupta N, Maurya AK, Shanker K. New anti-inflammatory triterpene from the root of Ricinus communis. Nat Prod Res 2013; 28:306-11. [PMID: 24279342 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.861834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid partitioning of Ricinus communis root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of compounds. Purification of the n-hexane fraction led to the isolation and characterisation of two triterpenes: one known compound lupeol (1) and a new diketone pentacyclic triterpene named as erandone (urs-6-ene-3,16-dione) (2), from the plant. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques. Crude methanolic, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Srivastava
- a Analytical Chemistry Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226 015 , India
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Doshi KA, Acharya R, Shukla VJ, Kalyani R, Khanpara K. Phytochemical evaluation of the wild and cultivated varieties of Eranda Mula (Roots of Ricinus communis Linn.). Ayu 2013; 34:200-3. [PMID: 24250131 PMCID: PMC3821251 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.119679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ayurveda, the roots of Eranda (Ricinus communis Linn.) are used in the treatment Amavata (rheumatism), Sotha (inflammation), Katisula (backache), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Jwara (fever), etc, Due to high demand, root of the cultivated variety is mainly used in place of wild. But, a comparative phytochemical profile of both varieties is not available till date. Considering this, a preliminary study has been done to ensure basic phytochemical profile of both the varieties. Preliminary physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of alkaloid, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and heavy metal analysis were carried-out in the study. Analysis of physicochemical data reveals no significant difference in between both varieties of roots, while alkaloid was found to be more in cultivated variety (0.34%) than wild one (0.15%). Though, the analytical profiles are almost identical, except the quantity of alkaloid; inferences should be made through well designed pharmacological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunal A Doshi
- Lecturer, Department of Dravyaguna, Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
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Antidiarrheal activity of 19-deoxyicetexone isolated from Salvia ballotiflora Benth in mice and rats. Molecules 2013; 18:8895-905. [PMID: 23896615 PMCID: PMC6270266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18088895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiarrheal properties of 19-deoxyicetexone, a diterpenoid isolated from Salvia ballotiflora were evaluated on castor oil-, arachidonic acid (AA)- and prostaglandin (PGE₂)-induced diarrhea in rodent models. The structure of 19-deoxyicetexone was determined by X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry (EI-MS), as well as ultraviolet (UV-Vis), infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. This compound significantly and dose-dependently reduced frequency of stooling in castor oil-induced diarrhea, and at dose of 25 mg/kg it also inhibited diarrhea induced with AA, while it had no effect on PGE₂-induced diarrhea. This compound at doses of 25 mg/kg also diminished castor oil-induced enteropooling and intestinal motility, and inhibited the contraction of the rats' ileum induced by carbachol chloride at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. 19-Deoxyicetexone did not present acute toxicity at doses of 625 mg/kg. Its antidiarrheal activity may be due to increased reabsorption of NaCl and water and inhibition of the release of prostaglandins, gastrointestinal motility and fluid accumulation in the intestinal tracts of rats. These findings suggest that 19-deoxyicetexone may be used in the treatment of diarrhea, although more studies must be carried out to confirm this.
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Rizzardo RAG, Milfont MO, Silva EMSD, Freitas BM. Apis mellifera pollination improves agronomic productivity of anemophilous castor bean (Ricinus communis). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2012; 84:1137-45. [PMID: 22990600 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012005000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is cultivated mainly for biodiesel production because of its oil-rich seeds; it is assumed to be an anemophylous species. But pollination deficit can lead to low productivity often attributed to other reasons. In this paper, we investigated pollination requirements, pollination mechanism, occurrence of pollination deficit, and the role of biotic pollinators in a large commercial plantation of castor bean. Our results show that R. communis bears a mixed breeding system favoring selfing by geitonogamy, although the wind promotes mostly outcrossing. We also found that the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging on castor bean can both transfer pollen from male to female flowers within the same raceme and boost the release of airborne pollen by male flowers. Both situations increase geitonogamy rates, raising significantly fruit set and seed yield. This is the first report of an animal foraging activity increasing seed yield in an anemophilous and geitonogamous crop and elucidates the role of biotic pollinators in castor bean reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo A G Rizzardo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Zarai Z, Ben Chobba I, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Gharsallah N, Kadri A. Essential oil of the leaves of Ricinus communis L.: in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:102. [PMID: 22888805 PMCID: PMC3492038 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to appraise the antimicrobial activity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil against different pathogenic microorganisms and the cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines. Methods The agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil against 12 bacterial and 4 fungi strains. The disc diameters of zone of inhibition (DD), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the concentration inhibiting 50% (IC50) were investigated to characterize the antimicrobial activities of this essential oil. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil was examined using a modified MTT assay; the viability and the IC50 were used to evaluate this test. Results The essential oil from the leaves of Ricinus communis L. was analyzed by GC–MS and bioassays were carried out. Five constituents of the oil were identified by GC–MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was investigated in order to evaluate its efficacy against twelve bacteria and four fungi species, using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested with higher sensitivity for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the essential oil on HeLa cell lines were examined by MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of the oil was quite strong with IC50 values less than 2.63 mg/ml for both cell lines. Conclusion The present study showed the potential antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic properties of the essential oil of Ricinus communis L., indicating the possibilities of its potential use in the formula of natural remedies for the topical treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Zarai
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, BPW,University of Sfax, 1173, Sfax, Tunisia
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Dosso K, N'guessan BB, Bidie AP, Gnangoran BN, Méité S, N'guessan D, Yapo AP, Ehilé EE. Antidiarrhoeal activity of an ethanol extract of the stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) in rats. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2011; 9:242-9. [PMID: 23983341 PMCID: PMC3746628 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) is used in Africa as a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis and diarrhoea. We investigated the antidiarrhoeal properties of a crude ethanol extract from the stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum (EEPR) in Wistar albino rats to substantiate its traditional use and to determine its phytochemical constituents. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the plant extract was evaluated in a castor oil-induced diarrhoea model in rats and compared with loperamide. The effect of the extract on gastrointestinal motility was also determined by the oral administration of charcoal meal and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling). EEPR showed remarkable dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity evidenced by a reduction of defecation frequency and change in consistency. Extracts at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced diarrhoeal faeces. EEPR also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling at 500 and 1000 mg/kg, similar to the inhibition obtained in control rats treated by atropine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols and reducing sugars in the stem bark of P. reticulatum. No mortality or visible signs of general weakness were observed in the rats following administration of the crude extract in doses up to 6000 mg/kg body weight in an acute toxicity study. Our results show that the stem bark of P. reticulatum possesses antidiarrhoeal activity and strongly suggest that its use in traditional medicine practice could be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dosso
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Phytotherapy, UFR SN, University of Abobo- Adjamé, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
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Tripathi AC, Gupta R, Saraf SK. Phytochemical investigation characterisation and anticonvulsant activity ofRicinus communisseeds in mice. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1881-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.551753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mandade RJ, Choudhury A, Harsulkar A, Wakade R. Role of the Rosa canina L. leaf extract as an antidiarrheal drug in rodents. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:316-9. [PMID: 21713098 PMCID: PMC3113386 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.81510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the leaf extract of Rosa canina L. against experimental diarrhea induced by castor oil in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methanol extract of Rosa canina L. (30 and 60 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to two groups of mice (five animals per group) in order to evaluate the activity of the extract against the castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice. Two other groups received normal saline and diphenoxylate (5 mg/kg) as positive control. The effect of the extract on intestinal transit and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) was assessed. The effects of the extract on the isolated rabbit jejunum and on the isolated rat ileum were studied. RESULTS The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Rosa Canina L. revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and volatile oil. Intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was found to be 455.19 ± 23 mg/kg in mice. The antidiarrheal effect of the methanolic extract exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of the spontaneous pendular movement of the isolated rabbit jejunum and inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of the rat ileum. A dose-dependent decrease in gastrointestinal transit was observed with extracts (30 and 60 mg/kg), which also protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The presence of some of the phytochemicals in the leaf extract may be responsible for the observed effects, and also the basis for its use in traditional medicine as an antidiarrheal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh J. Mandade
- Department of Pharmacology, S. N. Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avijit Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amol Harsulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S. N. Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravikiran Wakade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S. N. Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
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Hossain MS, Alam MB, Asadujjaman M, Zahan R, Islam MM, Mazumder MEH, Haque ME. Antidiarrheal, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Musa sapientum Seed. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2011; 3:95-105. [PMID: 23407989 PMCID: PMC3558179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Musa sapientum (M.sapientum) commonly known as 'banana' is widely used in Bangladeshi folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments including diarrhea. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate antidiarrheal, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of M.sapientum seed (MMSS). The extract was studied for antidiarrheal property using castor oil and magnesium sulfate induced diarrheal model and charcoal induced gastrointestinal motility test in mice. Total phenolic and flavonoids content, total antioxidant activity, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and assessment of reducing power were used to evaluate antioxidant potential of MMSS. In addition, disc diffusion methods were used for antibacterial assay using various diarrheal induced bacterial strains. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, the extract reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extracts significantly (p<0.001) delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control. In DPPH and NO scavenging method, MMSS showed good antioxidant potentiality in a dose dependent manner with the IC(50) value of 12.32±0.33 µg/ml and 18.96±1.01 µg/ml, respectively with a significant (p<0.001) good reducing power. The extract also displayed strong anti-bacterial effect against when tested against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Altogether, these results suggest that the MMSS could be used as a potential antidiarrheal agent along with its antioxidant and antibacterial potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sarowar Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Badrul Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Asadujjaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ronok Zahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Ekramul Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Corresponding author: Md. Ekramul Haque, Ph.D., BRAC University, 66-Mohakhali, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail:
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Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Toxicological assessment of Ricinus communis Linn root extracts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:246-50. [PMID: 21142779 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.538752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) plant parts are claimed to be used as carminative, asthma, bronchitis, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, and aphrodisiac. The toxicological study was carried out in the root part of the plant. The collected root was extracted with methanol and water. The extracts were vacuum-dried to yield the respective aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts. Toxicological assessment sought to determine the safety of Ricinus communis root extracts. The extracts were evaluated in the acute toxicity study (OECD-423 guidelines) and 90 days repeated dose toxicological assessment in Wistar albino rats. The acute oral toxicity of the aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality at the dose level of 2000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 days (sub-chronic toxicity) repeated dose toxicity study the extracts (AE and ME) were administered 1000 mg/kg daily through oral route. The sub-chronic toxicity study demonstrated no significant changes in body weight, food, and water intake. Hematology parameters RBC, WBC, DLC, Hb, blood clotting time, and the biochemical parameters glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, total protein, total bilirubin AST, ALT, and ALP were estimated. Histopathology observation of the major vital organs (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, ovary, testis, and brain) were tested. The hematology, biochemical and histopathology evaluations did not show any adverse effects in any of the organs tested. These results demonstrate the non-toxic nature of the root extracts AE and ME can be used for long-term usage in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Ilavarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, C. L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Jyothi Nagar, Thorapakkam, Chennai 600096, India.
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Amabeoku GJ, Bamuamba K. Evaluation of the effects of Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green (Oleaceae) leaf methanol extract against castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:368-73. [PMID: 20487221 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.03.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green is widely used in South Africa by traditional medicine practitioners to treat diarrhoea. However, little is known scientifically about this South African species in the treatment of diarrhoea. The main aim of the study therefore was to investigate the antidiarrhoeal effect of the leaf methanol extract of the plant species in mice. METHODS The antidiarrhoeal activity of the leaf methanol extract of O. europaea subsp. africana was studied using a castor oil-induced diarrhoeal test. The antipropulsive activity of the plant extract was also investigated using the charcoal meal transit test. Standard methods were used to investigate the acute toxicity and effect of O. europaea subsp. africana on castor oil-induced intraluminal fluid accumulation. RESULTS Leaf methanol extract of O. europaea subsp. africana and loperamide, a standard antidiarrhoeal drug, significantly reduced the number of diarrhoeal episodes induced by castor oil, significantly decreased the stool mass, significantly delayed the onset of the diarrhoea and protected the animals against castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Both O. europaea subsp. africana and loperamide significantly decreased the gastrointestinal transit of charcoal meal and castor oil-induced intraluminal fluid accumulation in mice. The LD50 value was found to be 3475 mg/kg (p.o.). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest that the leaf methanol extract of O. europaea subsp. africana has an antidiarrhoeal property and that, given orally, it may be non-toxic and/or safe in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Amabeoku
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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Amabeoku GJ. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Geranium incanum Burm. f. (Geraniaceae) leaf aqueous extract in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:190-193. [PMID: 19429361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geranium incanum Burm. f. (Geraniaceae) is used in South Africa especially in rural communities by traditional medicine practitioners to treat diarrhoea. However, scientific evidence does not exist in any literature to corroborate the claim of therapeutic success of the plant species in diarrhoea. AIM OF STUDY The study intended to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the leaf aqueous extract of Geranium incanum in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Castor oil induced diarrhoeal test was used to assess the antidiarrhoeal activity of Geranium incanum. Gastrointestinal tract transit of charcoal meal test was used to assess the antipropulsive activity of the plant extract while the acute toxicity study and phytochemical analysis were carried out using well established protocols and methods. RESULTS The antidiarrhoeal activity of Geranium incanum was investigated by studying the effect of leaf aqueous extract of the plant species on castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The leaf aqueous extract of Geranium incanum significantly reduced faecal output in castor oil -induced diarrhoea and also significantly reduced the number of diarrhoeal episodes. Geranium incanum significantly delayed the onset of diarrhoea induced by castor oil and significantly reduced the number of animals exhibiting diarrhoea. Loperamide, a standard antidiarrhoeal drug, produced similar effects to the leaf aqueous extract of Geranium incanum on castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Both Geranium incanum and loperamide significantly reduced the intestinal propulsion of charcoal meal in mice. The phytochemical analysis of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins particularly steroidal saponin, and flavonoids. The LD(50) of the plant species obtained was greater than 4000 mg/kg (p.o.). CONCLUSION The data obtained indicate that the leaf aqueous extract of Geranium incanum has both antidiarrhoeal and antipropulsive activities The data also show that the plant material given orally may be safe and/or non toxic in mice. However, further investigation on the acute toxicity and on the mechanism of the antidiarrhoeal effect of the plant species needs to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Amabeoku
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3458-66. [PMID: 18790711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of roots of Ricinus communis (RCRE) along with its bioassay-guided purification. Five-hundred milligram per kilogram body weight appeared to be the effective dose as it caused the maximum lowering of the fasting blood glucose, both in normal as well as type 1 diabetic animals. The maximum hypoglycemic effect was always observed at the 8th h up to which the study has been conducted. Administration of the effective dose of RCRE to the diabetic rats for 20 days showed favorable effects not only on fasting blood glucose, but also on total lipid profile and liver and kidney functions on 10th and 20th day. RCRE was purified using silica gel column chromatography. Out of several different fractions tested, only one fraction (R-18) showed significant antihyperglycemic activity. RCRE seemed to have a high margin of safety as no mortality and no statistically significant difference in alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and total protein was observed even after the administration of the extract at a dose of 10 g/kg b.wt. Thus R. communis seems to have a promising value for the development of a potent phytomedicine for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Shokeen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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. RMA, . SSE, . HA. Response of Salt Stressed Ricinus communis L. To Exogenous Application of Glycerol and/or Aspartic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2008.171.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wendel GH, María AOM, Guzmán JA, Giordano O, Pelzer LE. Antidiarrheal activity of dehydroleucodine isolated from Artemisia douglasiana. Fitoterapia 2007; 79:1-5. [PMID: 17683879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroleucodine (DhL), a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from Artemisia douglasiana, was screened for antidiarrheal effects. DhL inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice by judged by a decrease in the number of wet faeces in the DhL-treatment groups. DhL significantly reduced intestinal transit in mice. Yohimbine and phentolamine counteracted the inhibitory effect of DhL. It is suggested that alpha2-adrenergic receptors mediate the effect of DhL in intestinal motility. DhL reduced also intraluminal accumulation of fluid. Thus, the antidiarrheal activity of DhL is possibly related, at least in part, to its inhibitory action against gastrointestinal motility and the inhibition of enteropooling property.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Wendel
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera (5700), San Luis, Argentina.
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Kaushal M, Kutty NG, Rao CM. Nitrooxyethylation reverses the healing-suppressant effect of Ibuprofen. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:24396. [PMID: 17047288 PMCID: PMC1618949 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs like ibuprofen impede tissue
repair by virtue of retarding inflammation. The present study was undertaken to explore if linking of nitrooxyethyl ester to
ibuprofen reverses its healing-depressant propensity.
Nitrooxyethyl ester of ibuprofen (NOE-Ibu) was synthesized in our
laboratory through a well-established synthetic pathway. NOE-Ibu
was screened for its influence on collagenation, wound contraction
and epithelialization phases of healing, and scar size of healed
wound in three wound models, namely, incision, dead space, and
excision wounds. Besides, its influence on the oxidative stress
(levels of GSH and TBARS) was also determined in 10-day-old
granulation tissue. NOE-Ibu was further screened for its
antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema model. NOE-Ibu promoted
collagenation (increase in breaking strength, granulation weight,
and collagen content), wound contraction and epithelialization
phases of healing. NOE-Ibu also showed a significant antioxidant
effect in 10-day-old granulation tissue as compared to ibuprofen.
Results vindicate that the esterification of ibuprofen with
nitrooxyethyl group reverses the healing-suppressant effect of
ibuprofen. The compound also showed equipotent antiinflammatory
activity as ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaushal
- Panacea Biotec Ltd, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 110044, India
- *Mandeep Kaushal:
| | - N. Gopalan Kutty
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - C. Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
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Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Alamgir M. Assessment of antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark in mice model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:539-42. [PMID: 16997521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark was studied for its antidiarrhoeal properties in experimental diarrhoea, induced by castor oil and magnesium sulphate in mice. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg per oral, the methanol extract showed significant and dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. The extracts also significantly reduced the intestinal transit in charcoal meal test when compared to atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg; i.m.). The results showed that the extracts of Xylocarpus granatum bark have a significant antidiarrhoeal activity and supports its traditional uses in herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razina Rouf
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
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Wound healing activity of NOE-aspirin: a pre-clinical study. Nitric Oxide 2006; 16:150-6. [PMID: 16978891 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin, one of the oldest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, impedes tissue repair by virtue of retarding inflammation. The present study was undertaken to find out if linking of nitrooxyethyl ester to aspirin reverses its healing-depressant propensity. Nitrooxyethyl ester of aspirin (NOE-Asp) was synthesized in our laboratory through well-established synthetic pathway, starting from aspirin through esterification with ethylene glycol and nitration with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids at 0 degrees C. The effect of NOE-Asp on phases of healing such as collagenation, wound contraction and epithelialization and on scar size of healed wound was evaluated in three wound models-incision, dead space, and excision wounds. To assess its influence on the oxidative stress, the levels of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbiturate reactive species (TBARS) were also determined in 10-day-old granulation tissue. NOE-Asp was further screened for its anti-inflammatory activity in rat paw edema model. NOE-Asp promoted collagenation (increase in breaking strength, granulation weight, and collagen content), wound contraction, and epithelialization phases of healing. NOE-Asp also showed a significant antioxidant effect in 10-day-old granulation tissue as compared to aspirin. The results vindicate our assumption that the esterification of aspirin with nirooxyethyl group reverses the healing-suppressant effect of aspirin. The compound also showed equipotent anti-inflammatory activity as aspirin.
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Burdock GA, Carabin IG, Griffiths JC. Toxicology and pharmacology of sodium ricinoleate. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1689-98. [PMID: 16831502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of the fatty acid content of castor oil. Castor oil is known for its purgative effects and can be used to induce labor. Both castor oil and ricinoleic acid are approved for use in food. The mechanistic basis for purgative actions likely includes the membrane-disruptive effects of detergent-like molecules, such as sodium ricinoleate (a 'soap'). These effects have been shown to be dose-related and to exhibit a threshold below which no laxative response was evident, in both animals and in humans. Castor oil was not toxic in subchronic feeding studies in rodents at doses ranging up to 10-20% of the diet. Sodium ricinoleate, as a surfactant, demonstrates predictable skin and mucus membrane irritant effects, and may induce a Type IV dermal sensitization response in those previously sensitized to it. However, food-grade castor oil and sodium ricinoleate are prepared in such a manner as to be free of the castor bean constituents that have been proven to be the source of reported Type I immediate hypersensitivity responses. Feeding studies with castor oil in rodents provide a basis for a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) estimate of 7,500 mg/kg/day and 5,000 mg/kg/day in mice and rats, respectively (). Applying an uncertainty factor of 100 to the lesser of these NOAELs, one can thus estimate an acceptable daily intake (ADI) in man to be 50 mg/kg, or 3,000 mg of castor oil per day in an average 60 kg person. As ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of castor oil, applying this calculation to the 3,000 mg/day estimated ADI in humans for castor oil (given the rapid hydrolysis of castor oil glyceride in the gastrointestinal tract), the acceptable daily intake of ricinoleic acid may be as high as 2,400 mg/person.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Burdock
- Burdock Group, 888 17th Street NW, Suite 810, Washington, DC 20006, USA.
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Borrelli F, Capasso F, Capasso R, Ascione V, Aviello G, Longo R, Izzo AA. Effect of Boswellia serrata on intestinal motility in rodents: inhibition of diarrhoea without constipation. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:553-60. [PMID: 16633355 PMCID: PMC1751779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that the Ayurvedic plant Boswellia serrata may be effective in reducing diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (BSE) on intestinal motility and diarrhoea in rodents. BSE depressed electrically-, acetylcholine-, and barium chloride-induced contractions in the isolated guinea-pig ileum, being more potent in inhibiting the contractions induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride. The inhibitory effect of BSE on acetylcholine-induced contractions was reduced by the L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine, but not by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid, by the phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor rolipram or by the lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, one of the main active ingredients of B. serrata, inhibited acetylcholine-induced contractions. BSE inhibited upper gastrointestinal transit in croton oil-treated mice as well as castor oil-induced diarrhoea. However, BSE did not affect intestinal motility in control mice, both in the small and in the large intestine. It is concluded that BSE directly inhibits intestinal motility with a mechanism involving L-type Ca(2+) channels. BSE prevents diarrhoea and normalizes intestinal motility in pathophysiological states without slowing the rate of transit in control animals. These results could explain, at least in part, the clinical efficacy of this Ayurvedic remedy in reducing diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ascione
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aviello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Longo
- Carlo Sessa SpA Pharmaceutical Laboratory, viale Gramsci 212, 20099 Sesto S.G. Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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