1
|
Baker JG, Summers RJ. Adrenoceptors: Receptors, Ligands and Their Clinical Uses, Molecular Pharmacology and Assays. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 285:55-145. [PMID: 38926158 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The nine G protein-coupled adrenoceptor subtypes are where the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline interact with cells. Since they are important therapeutic targets, over a century of effort has been put into developing drugs that modify their activity. This chapter provides an outline of how we have arrived at current knowledge of the receptors, their physiological roles and the methods used to develop ligands. Initial studies in vivo and in vitro with isolated organs and tissues progressed to cell-based techniques and the use of cloned adrenoceptor subtypes together with high-throughput assays that allow close examination of receptors and their signalling pathways. The crystal structures of many of the adrenoceptor subtypes have now been determined opening up new possibilities for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Michel MC. Are β 3 -adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms relevant for urology? Neurourol Urodyn 2023; 42:33-39. [PMID: 36321795 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS β3 -adrenoceptors (ARs) are an important drug target for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and are under investigation for other indications. The human β3 -AR gene is polymorphic; an exchange of amino acid tryptophan (Trp) for arginine (Arg) in position 64 of the receptor protein is the most frequent and best-studied polymorphism. A narrative review on the impact of β3 -AR polymorphisms on urological disease and its treatment is presented. RESULTS Two out of four studies have reported that the 64Arg allele was found more frequently in subjects with OAB than in healthy controls. A large study in a highly selective population (men undergoing prostatectomy for cancer treatment) did not confirm this. On the other hand, studies examining symptom severity typically found little difference between 64Arg and 64Trp carriers. In vitro studies with endogenously expressed β3 -AR reported a decreased lipolytic response in human adipose tissue. Studies with heterologously expressed receptors sometimes found a decreased responsiveness to agonists including β3 -AR agonists, but others did not confirm that. CONCLUSIONS The overall evidence points to carriers of the 64Arg genotype expressing fewer and/or hypofunctional β3 -ARs and being associated with the presence of OAB but such findings were only detected inconsistently. If this hypofunctionality exists, the consequences may be of insufficient magnitude to allow a robust detection. Only adequately powered studies comparing responses with a β3 -AR agonist in 64Arg carriers versus wild-type patients can address this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hara A, Nguyen PM, Tsujiguchi H, Nakamura M, Yamada Y, Suzuki K, Suzuki F, Kasahara T, Pham OK, Nakamura H, Kambayashi Y, Shimizu Y, Nguyen TTT, Miyagi S, Kannon T, Sato T, Hosomichi K, Tajima A, Nakamura H. Effect of β3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism and lifestyle on overweight Japanese rural residents: A cross-sectional study. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:199-207. [PMID: 35388349 PMCID: PMC8976547 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene polymorphism has been implicated in obesity. Therefore, the contribution of ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism to obesity-related indicators was investigated, taking into account the lifestyle-related factors in a Japanese rural population. Methods A total of 600 Japanese adults aged ≥40 years in a population-based cohort study were analyzed. The ADRB3 polymorphism was determined using peripheral blood samples. Associations between genotype and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat (BF) percentage were examined, adjusting for lifestyle-related factors, including daily nutrient intake. Results The frequency of Arg64 allele carriers was 36%. There was no significant difference in BMI, WC, or BF between the groups with or without the Trp64Arg polymorphism. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the Trp64Arg polymorphism was not associated with these three indicators, but lifestyle factors including physical inactivity, higher energy and sodium consumption, and less animal protein intake were significantly related to increased WC and BF percentages. Conclusions The Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADRB3 gene did not contribute to increased BMI, WC, or BF. However, lifestyle-related factors impacted these indicators in middle-aged and older Japanese individuals living in rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Hara
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Phat Minh Nguyen
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Hiromasa Tsujiguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Yohei Yamada
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Fumihiko Suzuki
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Community Medicine Support DentistryOhu University HospitalKoriyamaFukushimaJapan
| | - Tomoko Kasahara
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Oanh Kim Pham
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Kambayashi
- Department of Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Yukari Shimizu
- Department of NursingFaculty of Health SciencesKomatsu UniversityKomatsuIshikawaJapan
| | - Thao Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of EpidemiologyFaculty of Public HealthHaiphong University of Medicine and PharmacyHai PhongVietnam
| | - Sakae Miyagi
- Division of BiostatisticsInnovative Clinical Research CenterKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public HealthFaculty of MedicineInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu T, Ji RL, Tao YX. Naturally occurring mutations in G protein-coupled receptors associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108044. [PMID: 34822948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors involved in the regulation of almost all known physiological processes. Dysfunctions of GPCR-mediated signaling have been shown to cause various diseases. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two strongly associated disorders, is increasing worldwide, with tremendous economical and health burden. New safer and more efficacious drugs are required for successful weight reduction and T2DM treatment. Multiple GPCRs are involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in these GPCRs contribute to the development and progression of obesity and T2DM. Therefore, these receptors can be therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM. Indeed some of these receptors, such as melanocortin-4 receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, have provided important new drugs for treating obesity and T2DM. This review will focus on the naturally occurring mutations of several GPCRs associated with obesity and T2DM, especially incorporating recent large genomic data and insights from structure-function studies, providing leads for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cero C, Lea HJ, Zhu KY, Shamsi F, Tseng YH, Cypess AM. β3-Adrenergic receptors regulate human brown/beige adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e139160. [PMID: 34100382 PMCID: PMC8262278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) are the predominant regulators of rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. However, in humans, the physiological relevance of BAT and β3-AR remains controversial. Herein, using primary human adipocytes from supraclavicular neck fat and immortalized brown/beige adipocytes from deep neck fat from 2 subjects, we demonstrate that the β3-AR plays a critical role in regulating lipolysis, glycolysis, and thermogenesis. Silencing of the β3-AR compromised genes essential for thermogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial mass. Functionally, reduction of β3-AR lowered agonist-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP, lipolysis, and lipolysis-activated, uncoupling protein 1-mediated thermogenic capacity. Furthermore, mirabegron, a selective human β3-AR agonist, stimulated BAT lipolysis and thermogenesis, and both processes were lost after silencing β3-AR expression. This study highlights that β3-ARs in human brown/beige adipocytes are required to maintain multiple components of the lipolytic and thermogenic cellular machinery and that β3-AR agonists could be used to achieve metabolic benefit in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haji E, Al Mahri S, Aloraij Y, Malik SS, Mohammad S. Functional Characterization of the Obesity-Linked Variant of the β 3-Adrenergic Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115721. [PMID: 34072007 PMCID: PMC8199065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenergic receptor β3 (ADRβ3) is a member of the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor family. The binding of the ligand to ADRβ3 activates adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP in the cells. ADRβ3 is highly expressed in white and brown adipocytes and controls key regulatory pathways of lipid metabolism. Trp64Arg (W64R) polymorphism in the ADRβ3 is associated with the early development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, lower resting metabolic rate, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance. It is unclear how the substitution of W64R affects the functioning of ADRβ3. This study was initiated to functionally characterize this obesity-linked variant of ADRβ3. We evaluated in detail the expression, subcellular distribution, and post-activation behavior of the WT and W64R ADRβ3 using single cell quantitative fluorescence microscopy. When expressed in HEK 293 cells, ADRβ3 shows a typical distribution displayed by other GPCRs with a predominant localization at the cell surface. Unlike adrenergic receptor β2 (ADRβ2), agonist-induced desensitization of ADRβ3 does not involve loss of cell surface expression. WT and W64R variant of ADRβ3 displayed comparable biochemical properties, and there was no significant impact of the substitution of tryptophan with arginine on the expression, cellular distribution, signaling, and post-activation behavior of ADRβ3. The obesity-linked W64R variant of ADRβ3 is indistinguishable from the WT ADRβ3 in terms of expression, cellular distribution, signaling, and post-activation behavior.
Collapse
|
7
|
O’Mara AE, Johnson JW, Linderman JD, Brychta RJ, McGehee S, Fletcher LA, Fink YA, Kapuria D, Cassimatis TM, Kelsey N, Cero C, Sater ZA, Piccinini F, Baskin AS, Leitner BP, Cai H, Millo CM, Dieckmann W, Walter M, Javitt NB, Rotman Y, Walter PJ, Ader M, Bergman RN, Herscovitch P, Chen KY, Cypess AM. Chronic mirabegron treatment increases human brown fat, HDL cholesterol, and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2209-2219. [PMID: 31961826 PMCID: PMC7190915 DOI: 10.1172/jci131126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMirabegron is a β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist approved only for the treatment of overactive bladder. Encouraging preclinical results suggest that β3-AR agonists could also improve obesity-related metabolic disease by increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis, and insulin sensitivity.METHODSWe treated 14 healthy women of diverse ethnicities (27.5 ± 1.1 years of age, BMI of 25.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2) with 100 mg mirabegron (Myrbetriq extended-release tablet, Astellas Pharma) for 4 weeks in an open-label study. The primary endpoint was the change in BAT metabolic activity as measured by [18F]-2-fluoro-d-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. Secondary endpoints included resting energy expenditure (REE), plasma metabolites, and glucose and insulin metabolism as assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.RESULTSChronic mirabegron therapy increased BAT metabolic activity. Whole-body REE was higher, without changes in body weight or composition. Additionally, there were elevations in plasma levels of the beneficial lipoprotein biomarkers HDL and ApoA1, as well as total bile acids. Adiponectin, a WAT-derived hormone that has antidiabetic and antiinflammatory capabilities, increased with acute treatment and was 35% higher upon completion of the study. Finally, an intravenous glucose tolerance test revealed higher insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and insulin secretion.CONCLUSIONThese findings indicate that human BAT metabolic activity can be increased after chronic pharmacological stimulation with mirabegron and support the investigation of β3-AR agonists as a treatment for metabolic disease.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicaltrials.gov NCT03049462.FUNDINGThis work was supported by grants from the Intramural Research Program of the NIDDK, NIH (DK075112, DK075116, DK071013, and DK071014).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana E. O’Mara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James W. Johnson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce D. Linderman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J. Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne McGehee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura A. Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yael A. Fink
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Devika Kapuria
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M. Cassimatis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Kelsey
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francesca Piccinini
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alison S. Baskin
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brooks P. Leitner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Corina M. Millo
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Dieckmann
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Laboratory Core, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Norman B. Javitt
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J. Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marilyn Ader
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Herscovitch
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kong Y. Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron M. Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Echeverría E, Cabrera M, Burghi V, Sosa M, Ripoll S, Yaneff A, Monczor F, Davio C, Shayo C, Fernández N. The Regulator of G Protein Signaling Homologous Domain of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Mediates Short-Term Desensitization of β3-Adrenergic Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:113. [PMID: 32153413 PMCID: PMC7047201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are key regulators of GPCR signaling. Canonical mechanism of GPCR desensitization involves receptor phosphorylation by GRKs followed by arrestin recruitment and uncoupling from heterotrimeric G protein. Although β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) lacks phosphorylation sites by GRKs, agonist treatment proved to induce β3AR desensitization in many cell types. Here we show that GRK2 mediates short-term desensitization of β3AR by a phosphorylation independent mechanism but mediated by its domain homologous to the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS). HEK293T cells overexpressing human β3AR presented a short-term desensitization of cAMP response stimulated by the β3AR agonist, BRL37344, and not by forskolin. We found that β3AR desensitization was higher in cells co-transfected with GRK2. Similarly, overexpression of the RGS homology domain but not kinase domain of GRK2 increased β3AR desensitization. Consistently, stimulation of β3AR increased interaction between GRK2 and Gαs subunit. Furthermore, in rat cardiomyocytes endogenously expressing β3AR, transfection with dominant negative mutant of RH domain of GRK2 (GRK2/D110A) increased cAMP response to BRL37344 and inhibited receptor desensitization. We expect our study to be a starting point for more sophisticated characterization of the consequences of GRK2 mediated desensitization of the β3AR in heart function and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Echeverría
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Cabrera
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Burghi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Máximo Sosa
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Ripoll
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Yaneff
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Monczor
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Fernández
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA, CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antunes-Lopes T, Cruz F. Urinary Biomarkers in Overactive Bladder: Revisiting the Evidence in 2019. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 5:329-336. [PMID: 31231010 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In overactive bladder (OAB), after an initial outbreak of research, it is more consensual that biomarkers may be better used to phenotype patients. Herein, we revisit this topic, including some of the most promising biomarkers. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive analysis of the actual role of biomarkers in OAB. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A PubMed-based literature search was conducted, including the most relevant articles published in the last 15 yr, on nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), genomics, and microbiota as OAB biomarkers. Articles with no full text available or not written in English were excluded. Additional reviews were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Urinary NGF, BDNF, and ATP are increased in many OAB patients. These biomarkers can help identify OAB phenotypes and select the ideal candidates for new therapies directed to neurotrophic and purinergic pathways. Circulating urinary miRNA may be useful for establishing the ideal moment for bladder outlet obstruction relief and will eventually lead to the development of therapeutic agents that inhibit or reverse fibrotic pathways in the bladder. Urinary microbiota seems to be related to OAB symptoms, in particular urgency urinary incontinence, and may have strong implications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of OAB. CONCLUSIONS In the future, physicians may consider the use of biomarkers to identify distinct OAB phenotypes, with distinct causal mechanisms, selecting patients for specific target therapies with expected better outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY Overactive bladder biomarkers can be useful for phenotype patients and for selecting more effective target therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Antunes-Lopes
- Department of Urology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Translational Neuro-Urology Group, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Cruz
- Department of Urology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Translational Neuro-Urology Group, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Okeke K, Michel-Reher MB, Gravas S, Michel MC. Desensitization of cAMP Accumulation via Human β3-Adrenoceptors Expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells by Full, Partial, and Biased Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:596. [PMID: 31263412 PMCID: PMC6590479 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors couple not only to cAMP formation but, at least in some cell types, also to alternative signaling pathways such as phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). β3-Adrenoceptor agonists are used in long-term symptomatic treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome; it is only poorly understood which signaling pathway mediates the clinical response and whether it undergoes agonist-induced desensitization. Therefore, we used human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with human β3-adrenoceptors to compare coupling of ligands with various degrees of efficacy, including biased agonists, to cAMP formation and ERK phosphorylation, particularly regarding desensitization. Ligands stimulated cAMP formation with a numerical rank order of isoprenaline ≥ L 755,507 ≥ CL 316,243 > solabegron > SR 59,230 > L 748,337. Except for the weakest agonist, L 748,337, pretreatment with any ligand reduced cAMP responses to freshly added isoprenaline or forskolin to a similar extent. On the other hand, we were unable to detect ERK phosphorylation despite testing a wide variation of conditions. We conclude that a minor degree of efficacy for cAMP formation may be sufficient to induced full desensitization of that response. Transfected human embryonic kidney cells are not suitable to study desensitization of ERK phosphorylation by β3-adrenoceptor stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Okeke
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Urology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Gravas
- Department of Urology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okeke K, Angers S, Bouvier M, Michel MC. Agonist-induced desensitisation of β 3 -adrenoceptors: Where, when, and how? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2539-2558. [PMID: 30809805 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β3 -Adrenoceptor agonists have proven useful in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome, but it is not known whether their efficacy during chronic administration may be limited by receptor-induced desensitisation. Whereas the β2 -adrenoceptor has phosphorylation sites that are important for desensitisation, the β3 -adrenoceptor lacks these; therefore, it had been assumed that β3 -adrenoceptors are largely resistant to agonist-induced desensitisation. While all direct comparative studies demonstrate that β3 -adrenoceptors are less susceptible to desensitisation than β2 -adrenoceptors, desensitisation of β3 -adrenoceptors has been observed in many models and treatment settings. Chimeric β2 - and β3 -adrenoceptors have demonstrated that the C-terminal tail of the receptor plays an important role in the relative resistance to desensitisation but is not the only relevant factor. While the evidence from some models, such as transfected CHO cells, is inconsistent, it appears that desensitisation is observed more often after long-term (hours to days) than short-term (minutes to hours) agonist exposure. When it occurs, desensitisation of β3 -adrenoceptors can involve multiple levels including down-regulation of its mRNA and the receptor protein and alterations in post-receptor signalling events. The relative contributions of these mechanistic factors apparently depend on the cell type under investigation. Which if any of these factors is applicable to the human urinary bladder remains to be determined. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Okeke
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephane Angers
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang LK, Tao YX. Physiology and pathophysiology of the β 3-adrenergic receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:91-112. [PMID: 30711031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is an important regulator of various physiological functions, such as thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, lipolysis in white adipose tissue, negative inotropic effect in cardiomyocyte, and relaxation in blood vessel. The activation of β3-AR by its agonists is shown to have metabolic (antiobesity and antidiabetic) and cardiovascular effects in animal models, highlighting β3-AR as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of several human diseases. Moreover, a substantial number of studies performed on different populations have identified some β3-AR polymorphic variants associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other disorders. The clinical phenotypes and functional characteristics of these variants provide insights into potential pathophysiological roles of β3-AR in the development of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salehifar E, Ebrahim S, Shiran MR, Faramarzi F, Askari Rad H, Avan R, Mohseni Kiasari A, Ebrahimi P. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Over-Responsiveness of Iranian Population to Propranolol. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:195-202. [PMID: 28761821 PMCID: PMC5527233 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Propranolol is the most widely used treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Dosage range in our patients is usually less than the amount mentioned in references. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether pharmacokinetic differences are able to justify the need for the fewer doses in our patients or not. Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers (10 male) at heart center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences were studied. Samples of blood were collected before a single oral dose (40 mg) of Propranolol. Blood samples were taken up to 9 hours after dose. Total plasma concentration of Propranolol was measured by HPLC. Population Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using population pharmacokinetics modeling software P-Pharm. Results: The mean value for oral plasma clearance (CL/F) was 126.59 ml/hr. The corresponding values for apparent volume of distribution (V/F), t1/2 beta, maximum blood concentration (C max), and time to reach the maximum blood concentration (T max) were 334.12 Lit, 1.98 hr, 40.25 ng/ml, and 1.68 hr, respectively. The observed mean values of V/F of propranolol in the present study were comparable with those reported in the literature. However, the mean values of CL/F of propranolol in current study was significantly higher than those reported in other population (P-value<0.001). Conclusion: This study has confirmed that the pharmacokinetic differences are not able to justify over-responsiveness of Iranian population to propranolol. Pharmacodynamic differences in responding to beta blocker drugs by Renin secretion or having a different sensibility to beta receptors might play a role in making our population have a different response to propranolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Salehifar
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shima Ebrahim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Shiran
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faramarzi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari Rad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Razieh Avan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Pouneh Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Michel MC. How β3 -adrenoceptor-selective is mirabegron? Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:429-30. [PMID: 26814171 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Michel MC, Korstanje C. β3-Adrenoceptor agonists for overactive bladder syndrome: Role of translational pharmacology in a repositioning clinical drug development project. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 159:66-82. [PMID: 26808167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptor agonists were originally considered as a promising drug class for the treatment of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. When these development efforts failed, they were repositioned for the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome. Based on the example of the β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, but also taking into consideration evidence obtained with ritobegron and solabegron, we discuss challenges facing a translational pharmacology program accompanying clinical drug development for a first-in-class molecule. Challenges included generic ones such as ligand selectivity, species differences and drug target gene polymorphisms. Challenges that are more specific included changing concepts of the underlying pathophysiology of the target condition while clinical development was under way; moreover, a paucity of public domain tools for the study of the drug target and aspects of receptor agonists as drugs had to be addressed. Nonetheless, a successful first-in-class launch was accomplished. Looking back at this translational pharmacology program, we conclude that a specifically tailored and highly flexible approach is required. However, several of the lessons learned may also be applicable to translational pharmacology programs in other indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Cees Korstanje
- Department of Drug Discovery Science & Management-Europe, Astellas Pharma Europe R&D, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ahles A, Engelhardt S. Polymorphic Variants of Adrenoceptors: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Role in Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:598-637. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
17
|
Cernecka H, Sand C, Michel MC. The odd sibling: features of β3-adrenoceptor pharmacology. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:479-84. [PMID: 24890609 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptor agonists have recently been introduced for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder syndrome. Their target, the β3-adrenoceptor, was discovered much later than β1- and β2-adrenoceptors and exhibits unique properties which make extrapolation of findings from the other two subtypes difficult and the β3-adrenoceptor a less-understood subtype. This article discusses three aspects of β3-adrenoceptor pharmacology. First, the ligand-recognition profile of β3-adrenoceptors differs considerably from that of the other two subtypes, i.e., many antagonists considered as nonselective actually are β3-sparing, including propranolol or nadolol. Many agonists and antagonists classically considered as being β3-selective actually are not, including BRL 37,344 ((±)-(R*,R*)-[4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy] acetic acid sodium hydrate) or SR 59,230 (3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino]-(2S)-2-propanol oxalate). Moreover, the binding pocket apparently differs between the human and rodent β3-adrenoceptor, yielding considerable species differences in potency. Second, the expression pattern of β3-adrenoceptors is more restricted than that of other subtypes, particularly in humans; this makes extrapolation of rodent findings to the human situation difficult, but it may result in a smaller potential for side effects. The role of β3-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms has insufficiently been explored and may differ even between primate species. Third, β3-adrenoceptors lack the phosphorylation sites involved in agonist-induced desensitization of the other two subtypes. Thus, they exhibit downregulation and/or desensitization in some, but not other, cell types and tissues. When desensitization occurs, it most often is at the level of mRNA or signaling molecule expression. All three of these factors have implications for future studies to better understand the β3-adrenoceptor as a novel pharmacological target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cernecka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.C.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.)
| | - Carsten Sand
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.C.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.)
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.C.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sacco E, Bientinesi R, Tienforti D, Racioppi M, Gulino G, D'Agostino D, Vittori M, Bassi P. Discovery history and clinical development of mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder and urinary incontinence. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:433-48. [PMID: 24559030 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.892923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence, although not life-threatening, are very bothersome chronic health conditions. The limitations of current pharmacological treatment urge the need for novel drugs with alternative mechanisms of action. Huge efforts in this area of research led to the synthesis of several selective and potent β3-adrenoceptor agonists that gained relevance through research during the late 80s and 90s. Mirabegron was the first compound of this new class of drugs that showed preclinical efficacy in several models of storage bladder dysfunction, together with a favorable human pharmacological profile. Having passed the proof-of-concept stage, an extensive clinical development and pharmacology program was performed during the last 10 years, involving >10,000 individuals, before mirabegron was granted marketing approval. AREAS COVERED In this case history, the authors review the milestones in mirabegron's discovery based on a systematic literature review. EXPERT OPINION Thanks to its tolerability and safety/efficacy balance, mirabegron has potential to fill a need for new treatment options for OAB, and paves the way for further development of a completely new class of drugs aimed to treat this condition. However, the exact role of mirabegron in clinical practice has yet to be defined. Further studies are needed in order to clarify, together with post-launch information, critical safety issues and cost-effectiveness in head-to-head comparison with current standard treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sacco
- Catholic University Medical School of Rome, "Agostino Gemelli" Hospital, Urologic Clinic , Roma, 00168 , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fry CH, Sahai A, Vahabi B, Kanai AJ, Birder LA. What is the role for biomarkers for lower urinary tract disorders? ICI-RS 2013. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33:602-5. [PMID: 24436105 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A biomarker is an entity that measures a normal or pathological process, or the response to an intervention. A biomarker must measure exclusively and be sufficiently sensitive to the process of interest. Alternatively, a biomarker may give clues regarding the underlying pathology of the condition and be a useful research or specialist tool. If a biomarker is to be of practical benefit then it must also be economical and practical to use. This article will consider chemical moieties as biomarkers, although in principle physical markers (e.g., bladder wall thickness) could also be defined as such. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The validation of a biomarker for detrusor overactivity (DO) must appreciate the fact that the condition is likely to multifactorial and thus no single entity may be sufficiently selective and sensitive. However, more specific conditions, such as bladder pain associated with DO, may make the biomarker search easier. Several prospective agents including antiproliferative factor (APF) and epidermal growth factors (EGF) are discussed. Several urinary biomarkers, including neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF) and cytokines, and a serum marker, C-reactive protein, are considered as reaching the above criteria. All suffer from relatively poor lack of discrimination, as they all change in response to other, often inflammatory, conditions; BDNF may offer the highest expectations. Urinary ATP has also been proposed as a DO/OAB biomarker but requires further evaluation. Finally genetic markers offer potential to understand more about the pathophysiology of DO/OAB. The increasing availability of genome-wide association studies and micro-RNA assays offer genetic markers as a new generation of biomarkers. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:602-605, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Fry
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michel MC. Do β-adrenoceptor agonists induce homologous or heterologous desensitization in rat urinary bladder? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 387:215-24. [PMID: 24213882 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptor agonists have recently been introduced for the symptomatic treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome. As such treatment is not curative, long-term treatment is anticipated to be required. As the susceptibility of β3-adrenoceptors to undergo agonist-induced desensitization is cell type- and tissue-dependent, we have explored whether pre-treatment with a β-adrenoceptor agonist will attenuate subsequent relaxation responses to freshly added agonist using rat urinary bladder as a model. We have used the prototypical β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, the β2-selective fenoterol and the β3-selective CL 316,243 and mirabegron as well as the receptor-independent bladder relaxant forskolin. We show that a 6-h pre-treatment with agonist can significantly reduce subsequent relaxation against KCl-induced smooth muscle tone, but agonist-induced desensitization was also observed with longer pre-treatments or against passive tension. The agonist-induced desensitization was prominent for the β2 component of rat bladder relaxation but much weaker or even absent for the β3 component. Moreover, β-adrenoceptor agonist pre-treatment reduced contractile responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and the receptor-independent stimulus KCl. Taken together these data do not support the hypothesis that the long-term clinical efficacy of β3-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome will be limited by receptor desensitization. Rather they raise the possibility that such treatment may not only cause smooth muscle relaxation but also may attenuate hyper-contractility of the bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 51101, Mainz, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sacco E, Bientinesi R. Mirabegron, a novel, non-antimuscarinic drug for the overactive bladder: An up-to-dated review. World J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2:65-73. [DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v2.i4.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirabegron opened a new era in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). For the first time physicians dealing with OAB have an effective alternative to the pharmacological mainstay of the therapy for this disorder, the antimuscarinic drugs. This first-in-class, potent β3-adrenoceptors agonist has recently received approval by regulatory authorities in Japan, United States and Europe, based on the favourable efficacy-tolerability profile demonstrated in multiple randomized, multinational, controlled trials, both short and long-term. There is substantial consistency through the studies in reporting the cardiovascular safety of treatment with mirabegron. The main advantage of mirabegron is the placebo-like incidence of classic adverse effects caused by antimuscarinics, dry mouth and constipation, that is expected to improve long-term adherence of patients to treatment. Mirabegron can be used in patients with contraindications to antimuscarinics and in those who discontinued previous antimuscarinic therapy. Herein, we reviewed the published literature on mirabegron, focusing on the rationale of β3-agonism for OAB treatment and on the preclinical and clinical evidence of efficacy and safety available on this new pharmacological principle.
Collapse
|
22
|
van Wieringen JP, Michel-Reher MB, Hatanaka T, Ueshima K, Michel MC. The new radioligand [(3)H]-L 748,337 differentially labels human and rat β3-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:124-30. [PMID: 24183974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As no suitable radioligand exists for the detection of β3-adrenoceptors, we have explored the radioligand binding properties of a tritiated version of the selective β3-adrenoceptor antagonist L 748,337. Kinetic and equilibrium saturation and competition binding experiments were performed with [(3)H]-L 748,337 on membrane fractions of HEK and CHO cells stably transfected with human and rat β-adrenoceptor subtypes. Based on both association/dissociation kinetic and equilibrium saturation binding studies in transfected HEK cells, [(3)H]-L 748,337 exhibited an affinity of approximately 2 nM for human β3-adrenoceptors. Competition studies with agonists and subtype-selective antagonists validated its binding to β3-adrenoceptors. In CHO cells transfected with human β3-adrenoceptors similar saturable high-affinity of [(3)H]-L 748,337 was observed. While some isoprenaline-sensitive [(3)H]-L 748,337 binding was also observed in CHO cells transfected with human β1- or β2-adrenoceptors, this was not saturable in a similar concentration range and/or not sensitive to the antagonists propranolol and SR 59,230, indicating that it did not primarily involve β-adrenoceptors. In CHO cells transfected with rat β3-adrenoceptors [(3)H]-L 748,337 exhibited a considerably lower affinity than with the human subtype (12-95 nM). Low affinity for the rat β3-adrenoceptor was also found with unlabelled L 748,337 in rat bladder strip relaxation experiments. We conclude that L 748,337 apparently has lower affinity for the rat than the human β3-adrenoceptors and that [(3)H]-L 748,337 can bind to a low-affinity site distinct from the orthosteric pocket of β-adrenoceptors. Nevertheless, [(3)H]-L 748,337 appears to be the most promising radioligand for the selective labelling of human β3-adrenoceptors reported to date.
Collapse
|
23
|
Agonist-induced desensitization of human β3-adrenoceptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:843-51. [PMID: 23756578 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors are resistant to agonist-induced desensitization in some cell types but susceptible in others including transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Therefore, we have studied cellular and molecular changes involved in agonist-induced β3-adrenoceptor desensitization in HEK cells. Cells were treated with isoprenaline or forskolin, and following wash-out, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in response to freshly added agonist was quantified. Receptor and G protein expression were quantified by radioligand binding and immunoblot experiments, respectively. Treatment with isoprenaline induced a concentration- and time-dependent desensitization of cAMP accumulation in response to freshly added isoprenaline. This functional desensitization primarily consisted of reduced maximum responses with little change of agonist potency. Maximum desensitization was achieved by pre-treatment with 10 μM isoprenaline for 24 h. It was not accompanied by changes in β3-adrenoceptor density as assessed in saturation radioligand-binding studies. The desensitization was associated with a small reduction in immunoreactivity for α-subunits for Gs and Gi1, whereas that for Gi2, Gi3, and Gq/11 was not significantly altered. In cells treated with pertussis toxin, isoprenaline-induced cAMP accumulation as well as desensitization by isoprenaline pre-treatment remained unchanged. Isoprenaline pre-treatment also reduced forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation; conversely, pre-treatment with forskolin caused a similar desensitization of isoprenaline-induced cAMP accumulation. We conclude that agonist-induced β3-adrenoceptor desensitization in HEK cells does not involve reduced receptor numbers and small, if any, reduction of Gs expression; changes at the level of adenylyl cyclase function can fully explain this desensitization.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kashyap M, Tyagi P. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of mirabegron as an overactive bladder therapy option. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:617-27. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.786700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
25
|
Igawa Y, Michel MC. Pharmacological profile of β3-adrenoceptor agonists in clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:177-83. [PMID: 23263450 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β(3)-Adrenoceptor agonists are an emerging drug class for the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome, and clinical proof-of-concept data have been obtained for three representatives of this class, mirabegron, ritobegron, and solabegron. We review here the pharmacological profile of these three drugs and discuss the potential clinical relevance of differences between them. In the absence of direct comparative studies, it appears that all three are strong agonists selective for β(3)- vs. β(1)- and β(2)-adrenoceptors in studies with cloned receptor subtypes. The potency of these agonists may be species-dependent, with all three having high potency in the human detrusor. All three agonists were effective in one or more animal models of bladder dysfunction, which typically involved reductions of micturition frequency. Agonist doses effective for bladder function lowered blood pressure in some cases, but the relevance of this for clinical use is difficult to determine due to species differences in the importance of cardiovascular β(3)-adrenoceptors. While limited effects on other organ systems are expected for β(3)-adrenoceptor agonists, this requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pharmacogenomics. Mol Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118451908.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
27
|
Teitsma CA, de la Rosette JJMCH, Michel MC. Are polymorphisms of the β(3)-adrenoceptor gene associated with an altered bladder function? Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 32:276-80. [PMID: 22972489 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As the presence of a Trp64Arg polymorphism of the gene encoding the β(3)-adrenoceptor (B3AR) has been linked to the presence of overactive bladder, we investigated whether additional polymorphisms are detectable in this gene and explore their relationships parameters related to lower urinary tract function. METHODS The coding region and adjacent stretches of the B3AR gene was sequenced in 91 patients. In total, 1015 patients from a single academic hospital were genotyped for the presence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms. Symptom scores and parameters from pressure-flow studies were analyzed relative to genotype in the B3AR gene. RESULTS No frequent novel polymorphisms were detected in the coding region. Five polymorphisms were found in the non-coding region of the gene but were in complete linkage with the 64Arg allele. Out of 32 parameters including bladder compliance, only prostate size was weakly (44 vs. 39 mL) but significantly associated with the 64Arg allele, but was not mirrored by an association with prostate-specific antigen levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data do not support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the B3AR gene are associated with alterations of bladder function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Teitsma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kertai MD, Fontes M, Podgoreanu MV. Pharmacogenomics of β-blockers and statins: possible implications for perioperative cardiac complications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26:1101-14. [PMID: 22889606 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos D Kertai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Igawa Y, Schneider T, Yamazaki Y, Tatemichi S, Homma Y, Nishizawa O, Michel MC. Functional investigation of β-adrenoceptors in human isolated detrusor focusing on the novel selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist KUC-7322. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:759-67. [PMID: 22644105 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtype mediating relaxation of isolated human bladder strips and to explore relaxation by the novel β3-AR-selective agonist KUC-7322 for its relaxant effect on the human isolated detrusor and for its effect on the carbachol (CCh)-induced contractile response. In two parallel studies, relaxation of isolated human bladder strips was tested for the β-AR agonists isoproterenol, clenbuterol, BRL 37344, and KUC-7322. For the isoproterenol and KUC-7322 responses, antagonism by CGP 20712A, ICI 118551, and SR59230A was determined. The potency and efficacy of the reference agonists for detrusor relaxation was in line with their known β3-AR activity. KUC-7322 relative to isoproterenol was a full agonist with a pEC(50) of 5.95 ± 0.09 and 5.92 ± 0.11 in the two studies. SR59230A exhibited antagonism of the expected potency against isoproterenol (apparent pK (B) 7.2) but not against KUC-7322. Neither isoproterenol nor KUC-7322 nor forskolin significantly attenuated CCh-induced contraction. These results suggest that KUC-7322 displays full agonistic activity in relaxing the human detrusor without inhibiting the contraction induced by cholinergic stimulation. These characteristics, if proven in vivo, may be beneficial for the treatment of overactive bladder, as increased bladder capacity with a negligible effect on voiding contractions may be anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Catecholamines play a key role in the regulation of cardiovascular function, classically through ß(1/2)-adrenoreceptors (AR) activation. After ß(3)-AR cloning in the late 1980s, convincing evidence for ß(3)-AR expression and function in cardiovascular tissues recently initiated a reexamination of their involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Their upregulation in diseased cardiovascular tissues and resistance to desensitization suggest they may be attractive therapeutic targets. They may substitute for inoperant ß(1/2)-AR to mediate vasodilation in diabetic or atherosclerotic vessels. In cardiac ventricle, their contractile effects are functionally antipathetic to those of ß(1/2)-AR; in normal heart, ß(3)-ARs may mediate a moderate negative inotropic effect, but in heart failure, it may protect against adverse effects of excessive catecholamine stimulation by action on excitation-contraction coupling, electrophysiology, or remodelling. Thus, prospective studies in animals and patients at different stages of heart failure should lead to identify the best therapeutic window to use ß(3)-AR agonists and/or antagonists.
Collapse
|
31
|
Michel MC, Harding SE, Bond RA. Are there functional β₃-adrenoceptors in the human heart? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:817-22. [PMID: 20735409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β₃-Adrenoceptor mRNA is expressed in the human heart, but corresponding receptor protein has not yet consistently been demonstrated. Furthermore, their physiological role remains highly controversial. For example, in human atria these receptors apparently do not promote cAMP formation. Evidence presented in this issue of the BJP suggests that a previously reported β₃-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulation of Ca(2+) channels at room temperature is absent at physiological temperatures, and that β₃-adrenoceptors have no effect on atrial contraction. Drugs classified as β₃-adrenoceptor agonists cause contraction in human atria but in most cases this involves β₁- and/or β₂-adrenoceptors. In contrast, in human ventricles β₃-adrenoceptor agonists can exhibit negative inotropic effects, potentially involving Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins and activation of a NO synthase. However, firmer pharmacological evidence is required that these effects indeed occur via β₃-adrenoceptors. Whether the expected future use of β₃-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of urinary bladder dysfunction is associated with adverse events related to cardiac function remains to be determined from clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Michel MC, Ochodnicky P, Homma Y, Igawa Y. β-adrenoceptor agonist effects in experimental models of bladder dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:40-9. [PMID: 21510978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-adrenoceptor stimulation can enhance the storage function of the urinary bladder by acting on detrusor smooth muscle tone, mediator release from the urothelium and/or afferent nerve activity. In humans this may occur predominantly if not exclusively via the β₃-subtype. The effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists including several β₃-selective agonists have been studied in vitro and in vivo, in healthy animals of both genders and various age groups and in a wide range of animal (mostly rat) models of genetic or acquired bladder dysfunction. Such models included bladder irritation by intravesical instillation of acetic acid or prostaglandin E₂, bladder outlet obstruction, stroke, diabetes, spontaneously hypertensive rats, and NO synthase inhibition. Across all of these models β-adrenoceptor agonists had effects consistent with improved bladder storage function. β₃-adrenoceptor effects are resistant to agonist-induced desensitization in many cell types, but whether this also applies to the human bladder is unknown. The efficacy of β-adrenoceptor agonists appears to be largely unaffected by common polymorphisms of the β₃-adrenoceptor gene. Taken together these findings suggest that β₃-adrenoceptor agonists may become useful drugs for the treatment of bladder storage dysfunction, a view supported by recent phase III clinical studies for one such agent, mirabegron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Desirable properties of β3-adrenoceptor agonists: implications for the selection of drug development candidates. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:1-3. [PMID: 21315709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β3-adrenoceptor agonists are currently in clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder and considered for several other indications. This Perspective discusses desirable properties of such drugs mainly based on the example of overactive bladder, but at least partly they should also be applicable to other indications of β(3)-adrenoceptor agonists or other drug classes and therapeutic areas. These include degree of selectivity for the molecular target in terms of affinity, intrinsic efficacy and ligand-directed signaling. The ability to cause agonist-induced desensitization and the potential impact of gene polymorphisms also need to be considered. Depending on intended indication, specific pharmacokinetic considerations may also apply. These findings challenge the usefulness of high-throughput screening assays based upon a single molecular response in an artificial system and emphasize the need for early use of in vivo testing in species considered to be predictive for the human situation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Within the urinary tract, β-adrenergic receptors (AR) are found largely on smooth muscle cells but are also present, at least in the bladder, in the urothelium and on afferent nerves. Our understanding of β-AR subtype expression and function is hampered by a lack of well-validated tools, particularly with regard to β(3)-AR. Moreover, the β-AR subtypes involved in a specific function may differ between species. In the ureter, β-AR can modulate pacemaker activity and smooth muscle tone involving multiple subtypes. In the human bladder, β-AR promote urine storage. Bladder smooth muscle relaxation primarily involves β(3)-AR, and the agonists selective for this subtype are in clinical development to treat bladder dysfunction. While prostate and urethra also express β-AR, the overall physiological role in these tissues remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schneider T, Michel MC. Can [I]-Iodocyanopindolol Label β(3)-Adrenoceptors in Rat Urinary Bladder? Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:128. [PMID: 21734891 PMCID: PMC3124131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors have been demonstrated to mediate urinary bladder smooth muscle relaxation but proof of their expression at the protein level has been missing because of lack of suitable antibodies or radioligands. As among various available radioligands [125I]-iodocyanopindolol ([125I]-ICYP) exhibited the smallest problems in labeling cloned human β3-adrenoceptors in previous studies, we have explored its suitability to label β3-adrenoceptors in rat urinary bladder in saturation and competition radioligand binding experiments. Rat lung was used as an internal control and exhibited all characteristics expected from this tissue with regard to β1/β2-adrenoceptor labeling. Saturation and competition binding studies with [125I]-ICYP in rat bladder yielded saturable binding sites with an affinity compatible with β3-adrenoceptors. In competition experiments various agonists and antagonists largely exhibited a profile compatible with a population consisting largely of β3-adrenoceptors. However, the binding competition properties of ICI 118,551 and SR 59,230A were not easily explained by the idea of labeling a homogeneous β3-adrenoceptor population but interpretation of the data was limited by a high degree of non-specific binding in [125I]-ICYP concentrations required to label the receptors. We conclude that [125I]-ICYP can be used to label tissue β3-adrenoceptors but results obtained with this ligand have to be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Essen Essen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Eisenach JH, Wittwer ED. {beta}-Adrenoceptor gene variation and intermediate physiological traits: prediction of distant phenotype. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:757-64. [PMID: 20382665 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate physiological phenotype is the genetic and environmental influence on functional physiological characteristics with direct prognostic relevance to distant, more complex phenotypes, such as cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Increasingly available and affordable genotyping techniques have created an explosion of information on candidate gene variation and its relationship to intermediate physiological traits. Variation in beta-adrenoceptor genes is an intense focus of investigation because beta-adrenoceptors are: (1) ubiquitous in organ system distribution; (2) integral to a multitude of physiological processes; (3) well described in cardiovascular and metabolic disease; and (4) major pharmacological treatment targets. Furthermore, knowledge of functional gene variants in these receptors predates the description of the human genome. This review highlights the influence of common gene variation in the three beta-adrenoceptor subtypes on intermediate physiological phenotype predictive of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Although further information is needed to replicate this information across populations, this review condenses and summarizes growing trends in specific pleiotropic effects of beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and suggests which variants may be predictive of distant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Eisenach
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Montgomery MD, Bylund DB. Lack of effect of the alpha2C-adrenoceptor Del322-325 polymorphism on inhibition of cyclic AMP production in HEK293 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:820-30. [PMID: 20128806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor has multiple functions, including inhibiting release of noradrenaline from presynaptic nerve terminals. A human alpha(2C) polymorphism, Del322-325, a potential risk factor for heart failure, has been reported to exhibit reduced signalling in CHO cells. To further understand the role of the Del322-325 polymorphism on receptor signalling, we attempted to replicate and further study the reduced signalling in HEK293 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human alpha(2C) wild-type (WT) and Del322-325 adrenoceptors were stably transfected into HEK293 cells. Radioligand binding was performed to determine affinities for both receptors. In intact cells, inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by WT and Del322-325 clones with a range of receptor densities (200-2320 fmol.mg(-1) protein) was measured following agonist treatment. KEY RESULTS Noradrenaline, brimonidine and clonidine exhibited similar binding affinities for WT and Del322-325. Brimonidine and clonidine also had similar efficacies and potencies for both receptors for the inhibition of cyclic AMP production at all receptor densities tested. A linear regression analysis comparing efficacy and potency with receptor expression levels showed no differences in slopes between WT and Del322-325. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The alpha(2C) WT and Del322-325 adrenoceptors exhibited similar binding properties. Additionally, inhibition of cyclic AMP production by Del322-325 was similar to that of WT over a range of receptor densities. Therefore, in intact HEK293 cells, the alpha(2C)-Del322-325 polymorphism does not exhibit reduced signalling to adenylyl cyclase and may not represent a clinically important phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 69198-5800, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|