1
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Carruthers ER, Grimsey NL. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptor orthologues; in vitro function and perspectives for preclinical to clinical translation. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2247-2269. [PMID: 37349984 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonists are in development as therapeutic agents, including for immune modulation and pain relief. Despite promising results in rodent preclinical studies, efficacy in human clinical trials has been marginal to date. Fundamental differences in ligand engagement and signalling responses between the human CB2 receptor and preclinical model species orthologues may contribute to mismatches in functional outcomes. This is a tangible possibility for the CB2 receptor in that there is a relatively large degree of primary amino acid sequence divergence between human and rodent. Here, we summarise CB2 receptor gene and protein structure, assess comparative molecular pharmacology between CB2 receptor orthologues, and review the current status of preclinical to clinical translation for drugs targeted at the CB2 receptor, focusing on comparisons between human, mouse and rat receptors. We hope that raising wider awareness of, and proposing strategies to address, this additional challenge in drug development will assist in ongoing efforts toward successful therapeutic translation of drugs targeted at the CB2 receptor. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Carruthers
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Scott-Dennis M, Rafani FA, Yi Y, Perera T, Harwood CR, Guba W, Rufer AC, Grether U, Veprintsev DB, Sykes DA. Development of a membrane-based Gi-CASE biosensor assay for profiling compounds at cannabinoid receptors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1158091. [PMID: 37637423 PMCID: PMC10450933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1158091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cannabinoid receptor (CBR) subtypes 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) are key components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), playing a central role in the control of peripheral pain, inflammation and the immune response, with further roles in the endocrine regulation of food intake and energy balance. So far, few medicines targeting these receptors have reached the clinic, suggesting that a better understanding of the receptor signalling properties of existing tool compounds and clinical candidates may open the door to the development of more effective and safer treatments. Both CB1R and CB2R are Gαi protein-coupled receptors but detecting Gαi protein signalling activity reliably and reproducibly is challenging. This is due to the inherent variability in live cell-based assays and restrictions around the use of radioactive [35S]-GTPγS, a favoured technology for developing higher-throughput membrane-based Gαi protein activity assays. Methods: Here, we describe the development of a membrane-based Gαi signalling system, produced from membrane preparations of HEK293TR cells, stably overexpressing CB1R or CB2R, and components of the Gαi-CASE biosensor. This BRET-based system allows direct detection of Gαi signalling in both cells and membranes by monitoring bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the α and the βγ subunits. Cells and membranes were subject to increasing concentrations of reference cannabinoid compounds, with 10 μM furimazine added to generate RET signals, which were detected on a PHERAstar FSX plate reader, then processed using MARS software and analysed in GraphPad PRISM 9.2. Results: In membranes expressing the Gi-CASE biosensor, the cannabinoid ligands profiled were found to show agonist and inverse agonist activity. Agonist activity elicited a decrease in the BRET signal, indicative of receptor activation and G protein dissociation. Inverse agonist activity caused an increase in BRET signal, indicative of receptor inactivation, and the accumulation of inactive G protein. Our membrane-based Gi-CASE NanoBRET system successfully characterised the potency (pEC50) and efficacy (Emax) of CBR agonists and inverse agonists in a 384-well screening format. Values obtained were in-line with whole-cell Gi-CASE assays and consistent with literature values obtained in the GTPγS screening format. Discussion: This novel, membrane-based Gαi protein activation assay is applicable to other Gαi-coupled GPCRs, including orphan receptors, allowing real-time higher-throughput measurements of receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Scott-Dennis
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Fikri A. Rafani
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Yicheng Yi
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Themiya Perera
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Clare R. Harwood
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne C. Rufer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry B. Veprintsev
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
- Z7 Biotech Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Sykes
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
- Z7 Biotech Limited, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Osorio-Perez RM, Rodríguez-Manzo G, Espinosa-Riquer ZP, Cruz SL, González-Espinosa C. Endocannabinoid modulation of allergic responses: Focus on the control of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151324. [PMID: 37236045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions are highly prevalent pathologies initiated by the production of IgE antibodies against harmless antigens (allergens) and the activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expressed in the surface of basophils and mast cells (MCs). Research on the mechanisms of negative control of those exacerbated inflammatory reactions has been intense in recent years. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) show important regulatory effects on MC-mediated immune responses, mainly inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the description of the molecular mechanisms involved in eCB control of MC activation is far from complete. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information regarding the role of eCBs in the modulation of FcεRI-dependent activation of that cell type, emphasizing the description of the eCB system and the existence of some of its elements in MCs. Unique characteristics of the eCB system and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) localization and signaling in MCs are mentioned. The described and putative points of cross-talk between CBRs and FcεRI signaling cascades are also presented. Finally, we discuss some important considerations in the study of the effects of eCBs in MCs and the perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Monserrat Osorio-Perez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zyanya P Espinosa-Riquer
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia L Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Marini P, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG. Cyclic AMP Assay Using Human Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor-Transfected Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:171-179. [PMID: 36152185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP assay is a functional assay that is commonly used to determine the pharmacological behavior (agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists) of G-protein coupled receptor ligands. Here, we describe the cyclic AMP assay that is carried out with commercially available nonradioligand ready-to-use kits and CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovarian) cells stably transfected with the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Marini
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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5
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Howlett AC, Thomas BF, Huffman JW. The Spicy Story of Cannabimimetic Indoles. Molecules 2021; 26:6190. [PMID: 34684770 PMCID: PMC8538531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sterling Research Group identified pravadoline as an aminoalkylindole (AAI) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain reliever. As drug design progressed, the ability of AAI analogs to block prostaglandin synthesis diminished, and antinociceptive activity was found to result from action at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) abundant in the brain. Several laboratories applied computational chemistry methods to ultimately conclude that AAI and cannabinoid ligands could overlap within a common binding pocket but that WIN55212-2 primarily utilized steric interactions via aromatic stacking, whereas cannabinoid ligands required some electrostatic interactions, particularly involving the CB1 helix-3 lysine. The Huffman laboratory identified strategies to establish CB2 receptor selectivity among cannabimimetic indoles to avoid their CB1-related adverse effects, thereby stimulating preclinical studies to explore their use as anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic pharmacotherapies. Some AAI analogs activate novel GPCRs referred to as "Alkyl Indole" receptors, and some AAI analogs act at the colchicine-binding site on microtubules. The AAI compounds having the greatest potency to interact with the CB1 receptor have found their way into the market as "Spice" or "K2". The sale of these alleged "herbal products" evades FDA consumer protections for proper labeling and safety as a medicine, as well as DEA scheduling as compounds having no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. The distribution to the public of potent alkyl indole synthetic cannabimimetic chemicals without regard for consumer safety contrasts with the adherence to regulatory requirements for demonstration of safety that are routinely observed by ethical pharmaceutical companies that market medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn C. Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Department of Analytical Sciences, The Cronos Group, Toronto, ON M5V 2H1, Canada;
| | - John W. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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6
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El Khamlichi C, Cobret L, Arrang JM, Morisset-Lopez S. BRET Analysis of GPCR Dimers in Neurons and Non-Neuronal Cells: Evidence for Inactive, Agonist, and Constitutive Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910638. [PMID: 34638980 PMCID: PMC8508734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are dimeric proteins, but the functional consequences of the process are still debated. Active GPCR conformations are promoted either by agonists or constitutive activity. Inverse agonists decrease constitutive activity by promoting inactive conformations. The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is the target of choice for the study of GPCRs because it displays high constitutive activity. Here, we study the dimerization of recombinant and brain H3R and explore the effects of H3R ligands of different intrinsic efficacy on dimerization. Co-immunoprecipitations and Western blots showed that H3R dimers co-exist with monomers in transfected HEK 293 cells and in rodent brains. Bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) analysis confirmed the existence of spontaneous H3R dimers, not only in living HEK 293 cells but also in transfected cortical neurons. In both cells, agonists and constitutive activity of the H3R decreased BRET signals, whereas inverse agonists and GTPγS, which promote inactive conformations, increased BRET signals. These findings show the existence of spontaneous H3R dimers not only in heterologous systems but also in native tissues, which are able to adopt a number of allosteric conformations, from more inactive to more active states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayma El Khamlichi
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d’Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (C.E.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Laetitia Cobret
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d’Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (C.E.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Jean-Michel Arrang
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 2 ter Rue d’Alésia, 75014 Paris, France;
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, UMR_S1266 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 102 Rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d’Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (C.E.K.); (L.C.)
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, UMR_S1266 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 102 Rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238257858
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7
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Boyacıoğlu Ö, Bilgiç E, Varan C, Bilensoy E, Nemutlu E, Sevim D, Kocaefe Ç, Korkusuz P. ACPA decreases non-small cell lung cancer line growth through Akt/PI3K and JNK pathways in vitro. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:56. [PMID: 33431819 PMCID: PMC7801394 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have limited curative efficacy and may trigger serious adverse effects. Cannabinoid ligands exert antiproliferative effect and induce apoptosis on numerous epithelial cancers. We confirmed that CB1 receptor (CB1R) is expressed in NSCLC cells in this study. Arachidonoylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) as a synthetic, CB1R-specific ligand decreased proliferation rate in NSCLC cells by WST-1 analysis and real-time proliferation assay (RTCA). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) dose of ACPA was calculated as 1.39 × 10-12 M. CB1 antagonist AM281 inhibited the antiproliferative effect of ACPA. Flow cytometry and ultrastructural analyzes revealed significant early and late apoptosis with diminished cell viability. Nano-immunoassay and metabolomics data on activation status of CB1R-mediated pro-apoptotic pathways found that ACPA inhibited Akt/PI3K pathway, glycolysis, TCA cycle, amino acid biosynthesis, and urea cycle and activated JNK pathway. ACPA lost its chemical stability after 24 hours tested by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. A novel ACPA-PCL nanoparticle system was developed by nanoprecipitation method and characterized. Sustained release of ACPA-PCL nanoparticles also reduced proliferation of NSCLC cells. Our results demonstrated that low dose ACPA and ACPA-PCL nanoparticle system harbor opportunities to be developed as a novel therapy in NSCLC patients that require further in vivo studies beforehand to validate its anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Boyacıoğlu
- Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
- Atılım University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 06830, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgiç
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Varan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erem Bilensoy
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Sevim
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çetin Kocaefe
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Mensching L, Rading S, Nikolaev V, Karsak M. Monitoring Cannabinoid CB2 -Receptor Mediated cAMP Dynamics by FRET-Based Live Cell Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217880. [PMID: 33114208 PMCID: PMC7660676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled cannabinoid CB2 receptor signaling and function is primarily mediated by its inhibitory effect on adenylate cyclase. The visualization and monitoring of agonist dependent dynamic 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling at the single cell level is still missing for CB2 receptors. This paper presents an application of a live cell imaging while using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor, Epac1-camps, for quantification of cAMP. We established HEK293 cells stably co-expressing human CB2 and Epac1-camps and quantified cAMP responses upon Forskolin pre-stimulation, followed by treatment with the CB2 ligands JWH-133, HU308, β-caryophyllene, or 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We could identify cells showing either an agonist dependent CB2-response as expected, cells displaying no response, and cells with constitutive receptor activity. In Epac1-CB2-HEK293 responder cells, the terpenoid β-caryophyllene significantly modified the cAMP response through CB2. For all of the tested ligands, a relatively high proportion of cells with constitutively active CB2 receptors was identified. Our method enabled the visualization of intracellular dynamic cAMP responses to the stimuli at single cell level, providing insights into the nature of heterologous CB2 expression systems that contributes to the understanding of Gαi-mediated G-Protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in living cells and opens up possibilities for future investigations of endogenous CB2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Mensching
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Sebastian Rading
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Viacheslav Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meliha Karsak
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7693. [PMID: 33080916 PMCID: PMC7590033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellular signaling can lead to disruptions in major physiological and biological functions, as they are often associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review focusses mostly on the pathophysiological roles of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors, and it attempts to integrate both cellular and physiological functions of the cannabinoid receptors. Apart from an updated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the adequacy/inadequacy of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in various pathological conditions is also highlighted. Finally, alternative strategies to modulate endocannabinoid tone, and future directions are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Michelle A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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10
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Marini P, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG. The Cyclic AMP Assay Using Human Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor-Transfected Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1412:85-93. [PMID: 27245894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3539-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP assay is a functional assay that is commonly used to determine the pharmacological behavior (agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists) of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands. Here, we describe the cyclic AMP assay that is carried out with commercially available non-radioligand ready-to-use kits and Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells stably transfected with the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Marini
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB252ZD, Foresterhill, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB252ZD, Foresterhill, Scotland, UK.
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB252ZD, Foresterhill, Scotland, UK
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11
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Pepcan-12 (RVD-hemopressin) is a CB2 receptor positive allosteric modulator constitutively secreted by adrenals and in liver upon tissue damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9560. [PMID: 28842619 PMCID: PMC5573408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepcan-12 (RVD-hemopressin; RVDPVNFKLLSH) is the major peptide of a family of endogenous peptide endocannabinoids (pepcans) shown to act as negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Noradrenergic neurons have been identified to be a specific site of pepcan production. However, it remains unknown whether pepcans occur in the periphery and interact with peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Here, it is shown that pepcan-12 acts as a potent (Ki value ~50 nM) hCB2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM). It significantly potentiated the effects of CB2 receptor agonists, including the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), for [35S]GTPγS binding and cAMP inhibition (5–10 fold). In mice, the putative precursor pepcan-23 (SALSDLHAHKLRVDPVNFKLLSH) was identified with pepcan-12 in brain, liver and kidney. Pepcan-12 was increased upon endotoxemia and ischemia reperfusion damage where CB2 receptors play a protective role. The adrenals are a major endocrine site of production/secretion of constitutive pepcan-12, as shown by its marked loss after adrenalectomy. However, upon I/R damage pepcan-12 was strongly increased in the liver (from ~100 pmol/g to ~500 pmol/g) independent of adrenals. The wide occurrence of this endogenous hormone-like CB2 receptor PAM, with unforeseen opposite allosteric effects on cannabinoid receptors, suggests its potential role in peripheral pathophysiological processes.
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Li AL, Carey LM, Mackie K, Hohmann AG. Cannabinoid CB 2 Agonist GW405833 Suppresses Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain through a CB 1 Mechanism that is Independent of CB 2 Receptors in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:296-305. [PMID: 28592614 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GW405833, widely accepted as a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist, suppresses pathologic pain in preclinical models without the unwanted central side effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonists; however, recent in vitro studies have suggested that GW405833 may also behave as a noncompetitive CB1 antagonist, suggesting that its pharmacology is more complex than initially appreciated. Here, we further investigated the pharmacologic specificity of in vivo antinociceptive actions of GW405833 in models of neuropathic (i.e., partial sciatic nerve ligation model) and inflammatory (i.e., complete Freund's adjuvant model) pain using CB2 and CB1 knockout (KO) mice, their respective wild-type (WT) mice, and both CB2 and CB1 antagonists. GW405833 (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg i.p.) dose dependently reversed established mechanical allodynia in both pain models in WT mice; however, the antiallodynic effects of GW405833 were fully preserved in CB2KO mice and absent in CB1KO mice. Furthermore, the antiallodynic efficacy of GW405833 (30 mg/kg i.p.) was completely blocked by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (10 mg/kg i.p.) but not by the CB2 antagonist SR144528 (10 mg/kg i.p.). Thus, the antinociceptive properties of GW405833 are dependent on CB1 receptors. GW405833 (30 mg/kg i.p.) was also inactive in a tetrad of tests measuring cardinal signs of CB1 activation. Additionally, unlike rimonabant (10 mg/kg i.p.), GW405833 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not act as a CB1 antagonist in vivo to precipitate withdrawal in mice treated chronically with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The present results suggest that the antiallodynic efficacy of GW405833 is CB1-dependent but does not seem to involve engagement of the CB1 receptor's orthosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Li
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (A-L L, L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Program in Neuroscience (L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Gill Center for Biomolecular Science (K.M., A.G.H.), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Lawrence M Carey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (A-L L, L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Program in Neuroscience (L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Gill Center for Biomolecular Science (K.M., A.G.H.), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (A-L L, L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Program in Neuroscience (L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Gill Center for Biomolecular Science (K.M., A.G.H.), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (A-L L, L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Program in Neuroscience (L.M.C., K.M., A.G.H.), Gill Center for Biomolecular Science (K.M., A.G.H.), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Salort G, Álvaro-Bartolomé M, García-Sevilla JA. Regulation of cannabinoid CB 2 receptor constitutive activity in vivo: repeated treatments with inverse agonists reverse the acute activation of JNK and associated apoptotic signaling in mouse brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:925-941. [PMID: 28127623 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE CB2 receptors express constitutive activity and inverse agonists regulate receptor basal activity, which might be involved in death mechanisms. This study assessed the effects of a selective CB2 agonist (JWH133) and different CB2 inverse agonists (AM630, JTE907, raloxifene) on death pathways in brain. OBJECTIVES The acute (JWH13) and the acute/chronic effects (AM630, JTE907, raloxifene) of CB2 ligands regulating pro-apoptotic c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (p-JNK/JNK ratio) and associated signaling of extrinsic (Fas receptor, Fas-Associated death domain protein, FADD) and intrinsic (Bax, cytochrome c) death pathways (nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase PARP) were investigated in mouse brain. METHODS Mice were treated with CB2 drugs and target protein contents were assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS JWH133 reduced cortical JNK (-27-45%) whereas AM630 acutely increased JNK in cortex (+61-148%), cerebellum (+34-40%), and striatum (+33-42%). JTE907 and raloxifene also increased cortical JNK (+31%-57%). Acute AM630, but not JWH133, increased cortical FADD, Bax, cytochrome c, and PARP cleavage. Repeated treatments with the three CB2 inverse agonists were associated with a reversal of the acute effects resulting in decreases in cortical JNK (AM630: -36%; JTE907: -25%; raloxifene: -11%). Chronic treatments also induced a reversal with down-regulation (AM630) or only tolerance (JTE907 and raloxifene) on other apoptotic markers (FADD, Bax, cytochrome c, PARP). CONCLUSIONS AM630 and JTE907 are CB2 protean ligands. Thus, chronic inverse agonists abolished CB2 constitutive activity and then the ligands behaved as agonists reducing (like JWH133) JNK activity. Acute and chronic treatments with CB2 inverse agonists regulate in opposite directions brain death markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Salort
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS/IdisPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud-Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvaro-Bartolomé
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS/IdisPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud-Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS/IdisPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. .,Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud-Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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De Min A, Matera C, Bock A, Holze J, Kloeckner J, Muth M, Traenkle C, De Amici M, Kenakin T, Holzgrabe U, Dallanoce C, Kostenis E, Mohr K, Schrage R. A New Molecular Mechanism To Engineer Protean Agonism at a G Protein–Coupled Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:348-356. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Chicca A, Gachet MS, Petrucci V, Schuehly W, Charles RP, Gertsch J. 4'-O-methylhonokiol increases levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in mouse brain via selective inhibition of its COX-2-mediated oxygenation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:89. [PMID: 25962384 PMCID: PMC4490613 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 4'-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is a natural product showing anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoclastogenic, and neuroprotective effects. MH was reported to modulate cannabinoid CB2 receptors as an inverse agonist for cAMP production and an agonist for intracellular [Ca2+]. It was recently shown that MH inhibits cAMP formation via CB2 receptors. In this study, the exact modulation of MH on CB2 receptor activity was elucidated and its endocannabinoid substrate-specific inhibition (SSI) of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CNS bioavailability are described for the first time. METHODS CB2 receptor modulation ([35S]GTPγS, cAMP, and β-arrestin) by MH was measured in hCB2-transfected CHO-K1 cells and native conditions (HL60 cells and mouse spleen). The COX-2 SSI was investigated in RAW264.7 cells and in Swiss albino mice by targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS MH is a CB2 receptor agonist and a potent COX-2 SSI. It induced partial agonism in both the [35S]GTPγS binding and β-arrestin recruitment assays while being a full agonist in the cAMP pathway. MH selectively inhibited PGE2 glycerol ester formation (over PGE2) in RAW264.7 cells and significantly increased the levels of 2-AG in mouse brain in a dose-dependent manner (3 to 20 mg kg(-1)) without affecting other metabolites. After 7 h from intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, MH was quantified in significant amounts in the brain (corresponding to 200 to 300 nM). CONCLUSIONS LC-MS/MS quantification shows that MH is bioavailable to the brain and under condition of inflammation exerts significant indirect effects on 2-AG levels. The biphenyl scaffold might serve as valuable source of dual CB2 receptor modulators and COX-2 SSIs as demonstrated by additional MH analogs that show similar effects. The combination of CB2 agonism and COX-2 SSI offers a yet unexplored polypharmacology with expected synergistic effects in neuroinflammatory diseases, thus providing a rationale for the diverse neuroprotective effects reported for MH in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The cannabinoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors activated by endocannabinoids or exogenous agonist such as tetrahydrocannabinol. Upon agonist binding, cannabinoid receptors will activate G proteins of the Gi family, which in turn inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Recently, inverse agonists and neutral antagonist for cannabinoid receptors have been discovered, demonstrating constitutive activity of the cannabinoid receptors. This chapter will discuss the current state of the art and provide a framework for evaluating constitutive receptor activity and distinguishing constitutive receptor activity from constitutive endogenous agonist tone.
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Marini P, Cascio MG, King A, Pertwee RG, Ross RA. Characterization of cannabinoid receptor ligands in tissues natively expressing cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:887-99. [PMID: 23711022 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although cannabinoid CB₂ receptor ligands have been widely characterized in recombinant systems in vitro, little pharmacological characterization has been performed in tissues natively expressing CB₂ receptors. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacology of CB₂ receptor ligands in tissue natively expressing CB₂ receptors (human, rat and mouse spleen) and hCB₂-transfected CHO cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the ability of well-known cannabinoid CB₂ receptor ligands to stimulate or inhibit [³⁵S]GTPγS binding to mouse, rat and human spleen membranes and to hCB₂-transfected CHO cell membranes. cAMP assays were also performed in hCB₂-CHO cells. KEY RESULTS The data presented demonstrate that: (i) CP 55,940, WIN 55,212-2 and JWH 133 behave as CB₂ receptor full agonists both in spleen and hCB₂-CHO cells, in both [³⁵S]GTPγS and cAMP assays; (ii) JWH 015 behaves as a low-efficacy agonist in spleen as well as in hCB₂-CHO cells when tested in the [³⁵S]GTPγS assay, while it displays full agonism when tested in the cAMP assay using hCB₂-CHO cells; (iii) (R)-AM 1241 and GW 405833 behave as agonists in the [³⁵S]GTPγS assay using spleen, instead it behaves as a low-efficacy inverse agonist in hCB₂-CHO cells; and (iv) SR 144528, AM 630 and JTE 907 behave as CB₂ receptor inverse agonists in all the tissues. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that CB₂ receptor ligands can display differential pharmacology when assays are conducted in tissues that natively express CB₂ receptors and imply that conclusions from recombinant CB₂ receptors should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Marini
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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The natural product magnolol as a lead structure for the development of potent cannabinoid receptor agonists. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77739. [PMID: 24204944 PMCID: PMC3813752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol (4-allyl-2-(5-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol), the main bioactive constituent of the medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, and its main metabolite tetrahydromagnolol were recently found to activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. We now investigated the structure-activity relationships of (tetrahydro)magnolol analogs with variations of the alkyl chains and the phenolic groups and could considerably improve potency. Among the most potent compounds were the dual CB1/CB2 full agonist 2-(2-methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)-4-hexylphenol (61a, Ki CB1∶0.00957 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0238 µM), and the CB2-selective partial agonist 2-(2-hydroxy-5-propylphenyl)-4-pentylphenol (60, Ki CB1∶0.362 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0371 µM), which showed high selectivity versus GPR18 and GPR55. Compound 61b, an isomer of 61a, was the most potent GPR55 antagonist with an IC50 value of 3.25 µM but was non-selective. The relatively simple structures, which possess no stereocenters, are easily accessible in a four- to five-step synthetic procedure from common starting materials. The central reaction step is the well-elaborated Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is suitable for a combinatorial chemistry approach. The scaffold is versatile and may be fine-tuned to obtain a broad range of receptor affinities, selectivities and efficacies.
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Bolognini D, Cascio MG, Parolaro D, Pertwee RG. AM630 behaves as a protean ligand at the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2561-74. [PMID: 21615724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have investigated how pre-incubating hCB(2) CHO cells with the CB(2) receptor antagonists/inverse agonists, AM630 and SR144528, affects how these and other ligands target hCB(2) receptors in these cells or their membranes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the ability of AM630, SR144528 and of the CB(1) /CB(2) receptor agonists, CP55940 and R-(+)-WIN55212, to modulate forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in hCB(2) CHO cells or [(35) S]-GTPγS binding to membranes prepared from these cells, or to displace [(3) H]-CP55940 from whole cells and membranes. Assays were also performed with the CB(2) receptor partial agonist, Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin. Some cells were pre-incubated with AM630 or SR144528 and then washed extensively. KEY RESULTS AM630 behaved as a low-potency neutral competitive antagonist in AM630-pre-incubated cells, a low-potency agonist in SR144528-pre-incubated cells, and a much higher-potency inverse agonist/antagonist in vehicle-pre-incubated cells. AM630 pre-incubation (i) reduced the inverse efficacy of SR144528 without abolishing it; (ii) increased the efficacy of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin; and (iii) did not affect the potency with which AM630 displaced [(3) H]-CP55940 from whole cells or its inverse agonist potency and efficacy in the [(35) S]-GTPγS membrane assay. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that AM630 is a protean ligand that can target a constitutively active form of the hCB(2) receptor (R*) with low affinity to produce agonism or neutral antagonism and a constitutively inactive form of this receptor (R) with much higher affinity to produce inverse agonism, and that the constitutive activity of whole cells is decreased less by pre-incubation with AM630 than with the higher-efficacy inverse agonist, SR144528. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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GILBERT EJ, LUNN CA. Recent Advances in Selective CB2 Agonists for the Treatment of Pain. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor is one of a family of GPCRs that mediate the effects of endocannabinoids. Several agonists of this receptor are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of pain and inflammation, indications that have been validated by pre-clinical studies on agonists and in receptor knockout mice. Key to the clinical advancement of CB2 agonists is achieving selectivity over the related CB1 receptor, whose activation results in undesirable CNS effects, limiting therapeutic utility. A variety of CB2 receptor agonist chemotypes are reviewed including mono-, bi- and tricyclic cores and bi- and triaryl cores. Pharmacology, with a focus on selectivity requirements and a variety of pre-clinical animal models to assess activity and selectivity, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. GILBERT
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033 USA
| | - C. A. LUNN
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033 USA
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CB₂: therapeutic target-in-waiting. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:16-20. [PMID: 22197668 PMCID: PMC3345167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CB₂ cannabinoid receptor agonists hold promise as a new class of therapeutics for indications as diverse as pain, neuroinflammation, immune suppression and osteoporosis. These potential indications are supported by strong preliminary data from multiple investigators using diverse preclinical models. However, clinical trials for CB₂ agonists, when they have been reported have generally been disappointing. This review considers possible explanations for the mismatch between promising preclinical data and disappointing clinical data. We propose that a more careful consideration of CB₂ receptor pharmacology may help move CB₂ agonists from "promising" to "effective" therapeutics.
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Wood JT, Smith DM, Janero DR, Zvonok AM, Makriyannis A. Therapeutic modulation of cannabinoid lipid signaling: metabolic profiling of a novel antinociceptive cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist. Life Sci 2012; 92:482-91. [PMID: 22749867 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AM-1241, a novel, racemic cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2) ligand, is the primary experimental agonist used to characterize the role of CB2-mediated lipid signaling in health and disease, including substance abuse disorders. In vivo pharmacological effects have been used as indirect proxies for AM-1241 biotransformation processes that could modulate CB2 activity. We report the initial pre-clinical characterization of AM-1241 biotransformation and in vivo distribution. MAIN METHODS AM-1241 metabolism was characterized in a variety of predictive in vitro systems (Caco-2 cells; mouse, rat and human microsomes) and in the mouse in vivo. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques were used to quantify AM-1241 tissue distribution and metabolic conversion. KEY FINDINGS AM-1241 bound extensively to plasma protein/albumin. A pharmacological AM-1241 dose (25mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to mice for direct determination of its plasma half-life (37 min), following which AM-1241 was quantified in brain, spleen, liver, and kidney. After p.o. administration, AM-1241 was detected in plasma, spleen, and kidney; its oral bioavailability was ~21%. From Caco-2 permeability studies and microsomal-based hepatic clearance estimates, in vivo AM-1241 absorption was moderate. Hepatic microsomal metabolism of AM-1241 in vitro generated hydroxylation and demethylation metabolites. Species-dependent differences were discovered in AM-1241's predicted hepatic clearance. Our data demonstrate that AM-1241 has the following characteristics: a) short plasma half-life; b) limited oral bioavailability; c) extensive plasma/albumin binding; d) metabolic substrate for hepatic hydroxylation and demethylation; e) moderate hepatic clearance. SIGNIFICANCE These results should help inform the design, optimization, and pre-clinical profiling of CB2 ligands as pharmacological tools and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodianne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Mugnaini C, Nocerino S, Pedani V, Pasquini S, Tafi A, De Chiaro M, Bellucci L, Valoti M, Guida F, Luongo L, Dragoni S, Ligresti A, Rosenberg A, Bolognini D, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG, Moaddel R, Maione S, Di Marzo V, Corelli F. Investigations on the 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid motif part 5: modulation of the physicochemical profile of a set of potent and selective cannabinoid-2 receptor ligands through a bioisosteric approach. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:920-34. [PMID: 22383251 PMCID: PMC3516921 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three heterocyclic systems were selected as potential bioisosteres of the amide linker for a series of 1,6-disubstituted-4-quinolone-3-carboxamides, which are potent and selective CB2 ligands that exhibit poor water solubility, with the aim of improving their physicochemical profile and also of clarifying properties of importance for amide bond mimicry. Among the newly synthesized compounds, a 1,2,3-triazole derivative (1-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-[6-(furan-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-pentylquinolin-3-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole) emerged as the most promising in terms of both physicochemical and pharmacodynamic properties. When assayed in vitro, this derivative exhibited inverse agonist activity, whereas, in the formalin test in mice, it produced analgesic effects antagonized by a well-established inverse agonist. Metabolic studies allowed the identification of a side chain hydroxylated derivative as its only metabolite, which, in its racemic form, still showed appreciable CB2 selectivity, but was 150-fold less potent than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Stefania Nocerino
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Valentina Pedani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Serena Pasquini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Andrea Tafi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Maria De Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale – Sezione di Farmacologia ‘L. Donatelli’, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale – Sezione di Farmacologia ‘L. Donatelli’, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale – Sezione di Farmacologia ‘L. Donatelli’, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Dragoni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Campi Flegrei 34, Fabbr. 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli) Italy
| | - Avraham Rosenberg
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daniele Bolognini
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Roger G. Pertwee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale – Sezione di Farmacologia ‘L. Donatelli’, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Campi Flegrei 34, Fabbr. 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli) Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Via De Gasperi, 2 53100 Siena, Italy. Fax 0039-(0)577-234333
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Codd EE, Mabus JR, Murray BS, Zhang SP, Flores CM. Dynamic Mass Redistribution as a Means to Measure and Differentiate Signaling via Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:362-72. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Codd
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - John R. Mabus
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian S. Murray
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Sui-Po Zhang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Evens N, Vandeputte C, Muccioli GG, Lambert DM, Baekelandt V, Verbruggen AM, Debyser Z, Van Laere K, Bormans GM. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of fluorine-18 labelled FE-GW405833 as a PET tracer for type 2 cannabinoid receptor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4499-505. [PMID: 21737287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB₂R) is part of the endocannabinoid system and is expressed in tissues related to the immune system. As the CB₂R has a very low brain expression in non-pathological conditions, but is upregulated in activated microglia, it is an interesting target for visualization of neuroinflammation using positron emission tomography with a suitable radiolabeled CB₂R ligand. In this study, we radiolabelled a fluoroethyl derivative of GW405833, a well known CB₂R partial agonist, with fluorine-18 (half-life 109.8 min) by alkylation of the phenol precursor with 1-bromo-2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethane. In vitro studies showed that FE-GW405833 behaved as a selective high affinity (27 nM) inverse agonist for hCB₂R. [¹⁸F]FE-GW405833 showed moderate initial brain uptake in mice and rats, but a slow washout from brain and plasma due to retention of a radiometabolite. Specific binding of the tracer to human CB₂R was demonstrated in vivo in a rat model with local CB₂R overexpression in the brain. Optimized derivatives of GW405833 that are less susceptible to metabolism will need to be developed in order to provide a useful tracer for CB₂R quantification with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Evens
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, IMIR K.U. Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Vandeputte C, Evens N, Toelen J, Deroose CM, Bosier B, Ibrahimi A, Van der Perren A, Gijsbers R, Janssen P, Lambert DM, Verbruggen A, Debyser Z, Bormans G, Baekelandt V, Van Laere K. A PET brain reporter gene system based on type 2 cannabinoid receptors. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1102-9. [PMID: 21680683 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PET of gene expression in the brain may greatly facilitate neuroscience research and potential clinical implementation of gene or cell therapy of central nervous system diseases. To date, no adequate PET reporter system is available for the central nervous system because available tracers either do not cross the intact blood-brain barrier or have high background signals. Here we report the first, to our knowledge, PET reporter system for imaging gene expression in the intact brain. METHODS We selected the human type 2 cannabinoid receptor (hCB(2)) as a reporter because of its low basal expression in the brain. An inactive mutant (D80N) was chosen so as not to interfere with signal transduction. As a reporter probe we used the (11)C-labeled CB(2) ligand, (11)C-GW405833, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Dual-modality imaging lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors encoding both hCB(2)(D80N) and firefly luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein were engineered and validated in cell culture. Next, hCB(2)(D80N) was locoregionally overexpressed in rat striatum by stereotactic injection of lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors. RESULTS Kinetic PET revealed specific and reversible CB(2) binding of (11)C-GW405833 in the transduced rat striatum. hCB(2) and firefly luciferase expression was followed until 9 mo and showed similar kinetics. Both hCB(2) expression and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Dual-modality imaging viral vectors encoding hCB(2)(D80N) were engineered, and the reporter system was validated in different animal species. The results support the potential future clinical use of CB(2) as a PET reporter in the intact brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vandeputte
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cannabinoid receptor 2 undergoes Rab5-mediated internalization and recycles via a Rab11-dependent pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1554-60. [PMID: 21640764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is a GPCR highly expressed on the surface of cells of the immune system, supporting its role in immunomodulation. This study has investigated the trafficking properties of this receptor when stably expressed by HEK-293 cells. As previously reported, cell surface CB2 rapidly internalized upon exposure to agonist. Direct evidence of CB2 recycling was observed upon competitive removal of the stimulating agonist by inverse agonist. CB2 also underwent slow constitutive internalization when agonist was absent and was up-regulated in the presence of inverse agonist. Co-expression of CB2 and dominant negative Rab5 resulted in a significantly reduced capacity for receptors to internalize with no effect on recycling of the internalized receptors. Conversely, co-expression with dominant negative Rab11 did not alter the ability of CB2 to internalize but did impair their ability to return to the cell surface. Co-expression of wild-type, dominant negative or constitutively active Rab4 with CB2 did not alter basal surface expression, extent of internalization, or extent of recycling. These results suggest that Rab5 is involved in CB2 endocytosis and that internalized receptors are recycled via a Rab11 associated pathway rather than the rapid Rab4 associated pathway. This report provides the first comprehensive description of CB2 internalization and recycling to date.
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Fan Y, Hooker BA, Garrison TR, El-Kouhen OF, Idler KB, Holley-Shanks RR, Meyer MD, Yao BB. Pharmacological and molecular characterization of a dorsal root ganglion cell line expressing cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:161-8. [PMID: 21458448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral effects evoked by cannabinoids are primarily mediated by the CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptor subtypes. In vitro pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors has been elucidated using recombinant expression systems expressing either CB(1) or CB(2) receptors, with limited characterization in native cell lines endogenously expressing both CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. In the current study, we report the molecular and pharmacological characterization of the F-11 cell line, a hybridoma of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and mouse neuroblastoma (N18TG2) cells, reported to endogenously express both cannabinoid receptors. The present study revealed that both receptors are of mouse origin in F-11 cells, and describes the relative gene expression levels between the two receptors. Pharmacological characterization of the F-11 cell line using cannabinoid agonists and antagonists indicated that the functional responses to these cannabinoid ligands are mainly mediated by CB(1) receptors. The non-selective cannabinoid ligands CP 55,940 and WIN 55212-2 are potent agonists and their efficacies in adenylate cyclase and MAPK assays are inhibited by the CB(1) selective antagonist SR141716A (SR1), but not by the CB(2) selective antagonist SR144528 (SR2). The endocannabinoid ligand 2AG, although not active in adenylate cyclase assays, was a potent activator of MAPK signaling in F-11 cells. The analysis of CB(1) and CB(2) receptor gene expression and the characterization of cannabinoid receptor pharmacology in the F-11 cell line demonstrate that it can be used as a tool for interrogating the endogenous signal transduction of cannabinoid receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Fan
- Neurological Diseases Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Abbott Laboratories, R47W, AP9A, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Beltramo M, Brusa R, Mancini I, Scandroglio P. Detecting constitutive activity and protean agonism at cannabinoid-2 receptor. Methods Enzymol 2011; 484:31-51. [PMID: 21036225 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381298-8.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the cannabinoid system is involved in regulating several physiological functions such as locomotor activity, cognition, nociception, food intake, and inflammatory reaction, it has been the subject of intense study. Research on the pharmacology of this system has enormously progressed in the last 20years. One intriguing aspect that emerged from this research is that cannabinoid receptors (CBs) express a high level of constitutive activity. Investigation on this particular aspect of receptor pharmacology has largely focused on CB1, the CB subtype highly expressed in several brain regions. More recently, research on constitutive activity on the other CB subtype, CB2, was stimulated by the increasing interest on its potential as target for the treatment of various pathologies (e.g., pain and inflammation). There are several possible implications of constitutive activity on the therapeutic action of both agonists and antagonists, and consequently, it is important to have valuable methods to study this aspect of CB2 pharmacology. In the present chapter, we describe three methods to study constitutive activity at CB2: two classical methods relying on the detection of changes in cAMP level and GTPγS binding and a new one based on cell impedance measurement. In addition, we also included a section on detection of protean agonism, which is an interesting pharmacological phenomenon strictly linked to constitutive activity.
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Structure–activity relationships of 2,4-diphenyl-1H-imidazole analogs as CB2 receptor agonists for the treatment of chronic pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bolognini D, Costa B, Maione S, Comelli F, Marini P, Di Marzo V, Parolaro D, Ross RA, Gauson LA, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG. The plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:677-87. [PMID: 20590571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The phytocannabinoid, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), can block cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. This investigation explored its ability to activate CB(2) receptors, there being evidence that combined CB(2) activation/CB(1) blockade would ameliorate certain disorders. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the ability of THCV to activate CB(2) receptors by determining whether: (i) it inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CB(2) (hCB(2)) receptors; (ii) it stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to hCB(2) CHO cell and mouse spleen membranes; (iii) it attenuated signs of inflammation/hyperalgesia induced in mouse hind paws by intraplantar injection of carrageenan or formalin; and (iv) any such anti-inflammatory or anti-hyperalgesic effects were blocked by a CB(1) or CB(2) receptor antagonist. KEY RESULTS THCV inhibited cyclic AMP production by hCB(2) CHO cells (EC(50)= 38 nM), but not by hCB(1) or untransfected CHO cells or by hCB(2) CHO cells pre-incubated with pertussis toxin (100 ng.mL(-1)) and stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to hCB(2) CHO and mouse spleen membranes. THCV (0.3 or 1 mg.kg(-1) i.p.) decreased carrageenan-induced oedema in a manner that seemed to be CB(2) receptor-mediated and suppressed carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. THCV (i.p.) also decreased pain behaviour in phase 2 of the formalin test at 1 mg.kg(-1), and in both phases of this test at 5 mg.kg(-1); these effects of THCV appeared to be CB(1) and CB(2) receptor mediated. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS THCV can activate CB(2) receptors in vitro and decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice partly via CB(1) and/or CB(2) receptor activation.
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Scandroglio P, Brusa R, Lozza G, Mancini I, Petrò R, Reggiani A, Beltramo M. Evaluation of cannabinoid receptor 2 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 functional responses using a cell impedance-based technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1238-47. [PMID: 20811068 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110375615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new technologies based on biosensors and called label free have been developed. These technologies eliminate the need for using markers and dyes. The authors applied one of these technologies, based on measurement of cell impedance variation, to study the pharmacological profiles of ligands for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), a Gi-coupled receptor, and for the metabopotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), a Gq-coupled receptor. Reference agonists and antagonists/inverse agonists for the 2 receptors were applied to recombinant cell lines and impedance monitored over time. Agonists (JWH133 and CP55940 for CB2; quisqualate, glutamate, 1S-3R-ACPD, and S-3,5-DHPG for mGluR1) triggered a variation of impedance consistent in both potency and efficacy with data obtained using classical assays measuring cAMP or Ca(2+) levels. This effect was not present in the parental nontransfected cell line, confirming specific receptor-mediated response. Application of antagonists (AM630 for CB2; YM298198, SCH1014222, J&J16259685, and CPCCOEt for mGluR1) reduced agonist-induced impedance changes. The only exception was the mGluR1 antagonist BAY367620 that, while active in the Ca(2+) assay, was inactive in the impedance assay. Overall, these results confirm the possibility of using cell impedance-based technology to study the pharmacological profile of ligands acting at G-protein-coupled receptors coupled to different downstream signaling pathways.
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Xu JJ, Diaz P, Astruc-Diaz F, Craig S, Munoz E, Naguib M. Pharmacological characterization of a novel cannabinoid ligand, MDA19, for treatment of neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:99-109. [PMID: 20522703 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e0cdaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists have recently gained attention as potential therapeutic targets in the management of neuropathic pain. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological profile of the novel compound N'-[(3Z)-1-(1-hexyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]benzohydrazide (MDA19), a CB2 agonist. METHODS We used radioligand binding assays and multiple in vitro functional assays at human and rat CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. The effects of MDA19 in reversing neuropathic pain were assessed in various neuropathic pain models in rats and in CB2(+/+) and CB2(-/-) mice. RESULTS MDA19 displayed 4-fold-higher affinity at the human CB(2) than at the human CB1 receptor (K(i) = 43.3 +/- 10.3 vs 162.4 +/- 7.6 nM) and nearly 70-fold-higher affinity at the rat CB2 than at the rat CB1 receptor (K(i) = 16.3 +/- 2.1 vs 1130 +/- 574 nM). In guanosine triphosphate (GTP)gamma[(35)S] functional assays, MDA19 behaved as an agonist at the human CB1 and CB2 receptors and at the rat CB1 receptor but as an inverse agonist at the rat CB2 receptor. In 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assays, MDA19 behaved as an agonist at the rat CB1 receptor and exhibited no functional activity at the rat CB(2) receptor. In extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 activation assays, MDA19 behaved as an agonist at the rat CB2 receptor. MDA19 attenuated tactile allodynia produced by spinal nerve ligation or paclitaxel in a dose-related manner in rats and CB2(+/+) mice but not in CB2(-/-) mice, indicating that CB2 receptors mediated the effects of MDA19. MDA19 did not affect rat locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS We found that MDA19 exhibited a distinctive in vitro functional profile at rat CB2 receptors and behaved as a CB1/CB2 agonist in vivo, characteristics of a protean agonist. MDA19 has potential for alleviating neuropathic pain without producing adverse effects in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun J Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
This themed section of BJP includes 11 reviews on the biology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the drug targets that these present, 21 research papers on the pharmacology of a range of GPCRs and Commentaries on four of the papers. Areas reviewed include molecular interactions, particular in respect of hetero-dimerisation between receptors and other membrane-located proteins and other key signalling molecules including cAMP and G12/13 proteins and recently de-orphanised receptors including the Neuromedins U & S and the Free Fatty Acid receptors FFA2 & FFA3. The research papers cover the pharmacology of a range of agents acting at GPCRs, including adrenoceptors, purinoceptors, 5HT, opioid, cannabinoid & PAR-2 receptors. A group of papers is concerned with the interesting and rapidly developing pharmacology of drugs acting at beta(2)-adrenoceptors. The reach of GPCRs is illustrated by the range of physiological systems and therapeutic applications involved, including pain, cancer, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, visual and respiratory and central nervous systems.
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Abstract
There is now a large volume of data indicating that compounds activating cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, either directly or indirectly by preventing the breakdown of endogenous cannabinoids, can protect against neuronal damage produced by a variety of neuronal "insults". Given that such neurodegenerative stimuli result in increased endocannabinoid levels and that animals with genetic deletions of CB(1) receptors are more susceptible to the deleterious effects of such stimuli, a case can be made for an endogenous neuroprotective role of endocannabinoids. However, this is an oversimplification of the current literature, since (a) compounds released together with the endocannabinoids can contribute to the neuroprotective effect; (b) other proteins, such as TASK-1 and PPARalpha, are involved; (c) the CB(1) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant has also been reported to have neuroprotective properties in a number of animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the CB(2) receptor located on peripheral immune cells and activated microglia are potential targets for novel therapies. In terms of the clinical usefulness of targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, data are emerging, but important factors to be considered are windows of opportunity (for acute situations such as trauma and ischemia) and the functionality of the target receptors (for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease).
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Bosier B, Muccioli GG, Hermans E, Lambert DM. Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: therapeutic implications and opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1-12. [PMID: 20206137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recognized by a variety of endogenous ligands and activating multiple signalling pathways. This multiplicity of ligands and intracellular transduction mechanisms supports a complex control of physiological functions by the endocannabinoid system, but requires a finely tuned regulation of the signalling events triggered on receptor activation. Here we review the diverse signalling pathways activated by the cannabinoid receptors and discuss the mechanisms allowing for specificity in the associated functional responses triggered by endogenous or exogenous ligands. At variance with the classical concept that all agonists at a given GPCR induce a similar repertoire of downstream events in all tissues, we also summarize the experimental evidence supporting the existence of functional selectivity and protean agonism at cannabinoid receptors. By placing emphasis on the ligand- or constitutive activity-dependent specifications of receptor-G protein coupling, these concepts explain how distinct cannabinoid ligands may activate specific downstream mediators. Finally, although both the diversity and specificity in cannabinoid signalling are now established in vitro, few data are available from in vivo studies. Therefore, we conclude this review by examining the experimental evidence supporting the physiological relevance of this complexity in the cannabinoid system. The ability to selectively manipulate physiological functions, through activation of defined signalling cascades, will in all likelihood help in the development of efficacious and safe cannabinoid-based therapeutics for a variety of indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bosier
- Unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie (CMFA 7340), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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Lozano-Ondoua AN, Wright C, Vardanyan A, King T, Largent-Milnes TM, Nelson M, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Mantyh PW, Vanderah TW. A cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist attenuates bone cancer-induced pain and bone loss. Life Sci 2010; 86:646-53. [PMID: 20176037 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabinoid CB(2) agonists have been shown to alleviate behavioral signs of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in animal models. AM1241, a CB(2) agonist, does not demonstrate central nervous system side effects seen with CB(1) agonists such as hypothermia and catalepsy. Metastatic bone cancer causes severe pain in patients and is treated with analgesics such as opiates. Recent reports suggest that sustained opiates can produce paradoxical hyperalgesic actions and enhance bone destruction in a murine model of bone cancer. In contrast, CB(2) selective agonists have been shown to reduce bone loss associated with a model of osteoporosis. Here we tested whether a CB(2) agonist administered over a 7day period inhibits bone cancer-induced pain as well as attenuates cancer-induced bone degradation. MAIN METHODS A murine bone cancer model was used in which osteolytic sarcoma cells were injected into the intramedullary space of the distal end of the femur. Behavioral and radiographic image analysis was performed at days 7, 10 and 14 after injection of tumor cells into the femur. KEY FINDINGS Osteolytic sarcoma within the femur produced spontaneous and touch evoked behavioral signs of pain within the tumor-bearing limb. The systemic administration of AM1241 acutely or for 7days significantly attenuated spontaneous and evoked pain in the inoculated limb. Sustained AM1241 significantly reduced bone loss and decreased the incidence of cancer-induced bone fractures. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest a novel therapy for cancer-induced bone pain, bone loss and bone fracture while lacking many unwanted side effects seen with current treatments for bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia N Lozano-Ondoua
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
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