1
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Lilley LM, Sanche S, Moore SC, Salemi MR, Vu D, Iyer S, Hengartner NW, Mukundan H. Methods to capture proteomic and metabolomic signatures from cerebrospinal fluid and serum of healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13339. [PMID: 35922450 PMCID: PMC9349260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of reliable signatures for the empirical diagnosis of neurological diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-remains unrealized. One of the primary challenges encountered in such studies is the lack of a comprehensive database representative of a signature background that exists in healthy individuals, and against which an aberrant event can be assessed. For neurological insults and injuries, it is important to understand the normal profile in the neuronal (cerebrospinal fluid) and systemic fluids (e.g., blood). Here, we present the first comparative multi-omic human database of signatures derived from a population of 30 individuals (15 males, 15 females, 23-74 years) of serum and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition to empirical signatures, we also assigned common pathways between serum and CSF. Together, our findings provide a cohort against which aberrant signature profiles in individuals with neurological injuries/disease can be assessed-providing a pathway for comprehensive diagnostics and therapeutics discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Lilley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Steven Sanche
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shepard C Moore
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michelle R Salemi
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dung Vu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Srinivas Iyer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Harshini Mukundan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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2
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Mohebichamkhorami F, Fattahi R, Niknam Z, Aliashrafi M, Khakpour Naeimi S, Gilanchi S, Zali H. Periodontal ligament stem cells as a promising therapeutic target for neural damage. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:273. [PMID: 35729595 PMCID: PMC9210648 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The damaged neuronal cells of adult mammalian lack the regenerative ability to replace the neuronal connections. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the promising source for neuroregenerative applications that can improve the injured microenvironment of the damaged neural system. They provide neuronal progenitors and neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively explore the various neuronal differentiation potentials of PDLSCs for application in neural regeneration therapy. MAIN TEXT PDLSCs have superior potential to differentiate into various neural-like cells through a dedifferentiation stage followed by differentiation process without need for cell division. Diverse combination of nutritional factors can be used to induce the PDLSCs toward neural lineage. PDLSCs when coupled with biomaterials could have significant implications for neural tissue repair. PDLSCs can be a new clinical research target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. Moreover, PDLSCs have beneficial effects on retinal ganglion cell regeneration and photoreceptor survival. PDLSCs can be a great source for the repair of injured peripheral nerve through the expression of several neural growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these cells are an appealing source for utilizing in clinical treatment of the neuropathological disorders. Although significant in vitro and in vivo investigations were carried out in order for neural differentiation evaluation of these cells into diverse types of neurons, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic potential for neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mohebichamkhorami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Fattahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Aliashrafi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Gilanchi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Steinle H, Weber J, Stoppelkamp S, Große-Berkenbusch K, Golombek S, Weber M, Canak-Ipek T, Trenz SM, Schlensak C, Avci-Adali M. Delivery of synthetic mRNAs for tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114007. [PMID: 34710530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increasing importance as novel treatment options for disease prevention and treatment. Synthetic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are promising nucleic acid-based drugs to transiently express desired proteins that are missing or defective. Recently, synthetic mRNA-based vaccines encoding viral proteins have been approved for emergency use against COVID-19. Various types of vehicles, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and liposomes, are being investigated to enable the efficient uptake of mRNA molecules into desired cells. In addition, the introduction of novel chemical modifications into mRNAs increased the stability, enabled the modulation of nucleic acid-based drugs, and increased the efficiency of mRNA-based therapeutic approaches. In this review, novel and innovative strategies for the delivery of synthetic mRNA-based therapeutics for tissue regeneration are discussed. Moreover, with this review, we aim to highlight the versatility of synthetic mRNA molecules for various applications in the field of regenerative medicine and also discuss translational challenges and required improvements for mRNA-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Steinle
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josefin Weber
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Stoppelkamp
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Große-Berkenbusch
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sonia Golombek
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marbod Weber
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tuba Canak-Ipek
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah-Maria Trenz
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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4
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Murugan M, Fedele D, Millner D, Alharfoush E, Vegunta G, Boison D. Adenosine kinase: An epigenetic modulator in development and disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105054. [PMID: 33961946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the key regulator of adenosine and catalyzes the metabolism of adenosine to 5'-adenosine monophosphate. The enzyme exists in two isoforms: a long isoform (ADK-long, ADK-L) and a short isoform (ADK-short, ADK-S). The two isoforms are developmentally regulated and are differentially expressed in distinct subcellular compartments with ADK-L localized in the nucleus and ADK-S localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of ADK-L and its biochemical link to the transmethylation pathway suggest a specific role for gene regulation via epigenetic mechanisms. Recent evidence reveals an adenosine receptor-independent role of ADK in determining the global methylation status of DNA and thereby contributing to epigenomic regulation. Here we summarize recent progress in understanding the biochemical interactions between adenosine metabolism by ADK-L and epigenetic modifications linked to transmethylation reactions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of ADK-associated changes in DNA methylation in developmental, as well as in pathological conditions including brain injury, epilepsy, vascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Challenges in investigating the epigenetic role of ADK for therapeutic gains are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Denise Fedele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David Millner
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Enmar Alharfoush
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Geetasravya Vegunta
- Department of Biology, Albert Dorman Honors College, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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5
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Macks C, Jeong D, Lee JS. Local delivery of RhoA siRNA by PgP nanocarrier reduces inflammatory response and improves neuronal cell survival in a rat TBI model. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102343. [PMID: 33259960 PMCID: PMC8714129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability with complex pathophysiology including prolonged neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and glial scar formation. The upregulation of RhoA is a key factor in the pathological development of secondary injury following TBI. Previously, we developed a novel cationic, amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP), as a nanocarrier for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. In a rat compression spinal cord injury model, delivery of siRNA targeting RhoA (siRhoA) by PgP resulted in RhoA knockdown; reduced astrogliosis and inflammation; and promoted axonal regeneration/sparing. Here, we evaluated the effect of RhoA knockdown by PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes in a rat controlled cortical impact TBI model. A single intraparenchymal injection of PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes significantly reduced RhoA expression, lesion volume, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, and increased neuronal survival in the ipsilateral cortex. These results suggest that PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes can efficiently knockdown RhoA expression in the injured brain and reduce secondary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Macks
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - DaUn Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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6
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Yasuhara T, Kawauchi S, Kin K, Morimoto J, Kameda M, Sasaki T, Bonsack B, Kingsbury C, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV, Date I. Cell therapy for central nervous system disorders: Current obstacles to progress. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:595-602. [PMID: 31622035 PMCID: PMC7248543 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for disorders of the central nervous system has progressed to a new level of clinical application. Various clinical studies are underway for Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and various other neurological diseases. Recent biotechnological developments in cell therapy have taken advantage of the technology of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The advent of iPS cells has provided a robust stem cell donor source for neurorestoration via transplantation. Additionally, iPS cells have served as a platform for the discovery of therapeutics drugs, allowing breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathology and treatment of neurological diseases. Despite these recent advances in iPS, adult tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells remain the widely used donor for cell transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells are easily isolated and amplified toward the cells' unique trophic factor‐secretion property. In this review article, the milestone achievements of cell therapy for central nervous system disorders, with equal consideration on the present translational obstacles for clinic application, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Aichi, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Liska MG, Crowley MG, Tuazon JP, Borlongan CV. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential of pharmacologically-induced hypothermia with D-alanine D-leucine enkephalin in brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2029-2037. [PMID: 30323116 PMCID: PMC6199924 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.241427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, persist as leading causes of death and disability - thus, the search for novel therapeutic approaches for these disorders continues. Many hurdles have hindered the translation of effective therapies for traumatic brain injury and stroke primarily because of the inherent complexity of neuropathologies and an inability of current treatment approaches to adapt to the unique cell death pathways that accompany the disorder symptoms. Indeed, developing potent treatments for brain injury that incorporate dynamic and multiple disorder-engaging therapeutic targets are likely to produce more effective outcomes than traditional drugs. The therapeutic use of hypothermia presents a promising option which may fit these criteria. While regulated temperature reduction has displayed great promise in preclinical studies of brain injury, clinical trials have been far less consistent and associated with adverse effects, especially when hypothermia is pursued via systemic cooling. Accordingly, devising better methods of inducing hypothermia may facilitate the entry of this treatment modality into the clinic. The use of the delta opioid peptide D-alanine D-leucine enkephalin (DADLE) to pharmacologically induce temperature reduction may offer a potent alternative, as DADLE displays both the ability to cause temperature reduction and to confer a broad profile of other neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes. This review explores the prospect of DADLE-mediated hypothermia to treat neurovascular brain injuries, emphasizing the translational steps necessary for its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Grant Liska
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marci G. Crowley
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julian P. Tuazon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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8
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Liska MG, Dela Peña I. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and umbilical cord blood cell transplantation: Synergistic therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Brain Circ 2017; 3:143-151. [PMID: 30276316 PMCID: PMC6057694 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_19_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is now characterized as a progressive, degenerative disease and continues to stand as a prevalent cause of death and disability. The pathophysiology of TBI is complex, with a variety of secondary cell death pathways occurring which may persist chronically following the initial cerebral insult. Current therapeutic options for TBI are minimal, with surgical intervention or rehabilitation therapy existing as the only viable treatments. Considering the success of stem-cell therapies in various other neurological diseases, their use has been proposed as a potential potent therapy for patients suffering TBI. Moreover, stem cells are highly amenable to adjunctive use with other therapies, providing an opportunity to overcome the inherent limitations of using a single therapeutic agent. Our research has verified this additive potential by demonstrating the efficacy of co-delivering human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a murine model of TBI, providing encouraging results which support the potential of this approach to treat patients suffering from TBI. These findings justify ongoing research toward uncovering the mechanisms which underlie the functional improvements exhibited by hUCB + G-CSF combination therapy, thereby facilitating its safe and effect transition into the clinic. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the reference section. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Liska
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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9
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Yap YC, King AE, Guijt RM, Jiang T, Blizzard CA, Breadmore MC, Dickson TC. Mild and repetitive very mild axonal stretch injury triggers cystoskeletal mislocalization and growth cone collapse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176997. [PMID: 28472086 PMCID: PMC5417565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury is a hallmark pathological consequence of non-penetrative traumatic brain injury (TBI) and yet the axonal responses to stretch injury are not fully understood at the cellular level. Here, we investigated the effects of mild (5%), very mild (0.5%) and repetitive very mild (2×0.5%) axonal stretch injury on primary cortical neurons using a recently developed compartmentalized in vitro model. We found that very mild and mild levels of stretch injury resulted in the formation of smaller growth cones at the tips of axons and a significantly higher number of collapsed structures compared to those present in uninjured cultures, when measured at both 24 h and 72 h post injury. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that at 72 h following mild injury the axonal growth cones had a significantly higher colocalization of βIII tubulin and F-actin and higher percentage of collapsed morphology than those present following a very mild injury. Interestingly, cultures that received a second very mild stretch injury, 24 h after the first insult, had a further increased proportion of growth cone collapse and increased βIII tubulin and F-actin colocalization, compared with a single very mild injury at 72 h PI. In addition, our results demonstrated that microtubule stabilization of axons using brain penetrant Epothilone D (EpoD) (100 nM) resulted in a significant reduction in the number of fragmented axons following mild injury. Collectively, these results suggest that mild and very mild stretch injury to a very localized region of the cortical axon is able to trigger a degenerative response characterized by growth cone collapse and significant abnormal cytoskeletal rearrangement. Furthermore, repetitive very mild stretch injury significantly exacerbated this response. Results suggest that axonal degeneration following stretch injury involves destabilization of the microtubule cytoskeleton and hence treatment with EpoD reduced fragmentation. Together, these results contribute a better understanding of the pathogenesis of mild and repetitive TBI and highlight the therapeutic effect of microtubule targeted drugs on distal part of neurons using a compartmentalized culturing model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiing C. Yap
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Pharmacy School of Medicine, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- ACROSS, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Pharmacy School of Medicine, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tongcui Jiang
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Michael C. Breadmore
- ACROSS, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tracey C. Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Sheth KN, Nourollahzadeh E. Neurologic complications of cardiac and vascular surgery. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 141:573-592. [PMID: 28190436 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63599-0.00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This chapter will provide an overview of the major neurologic complications of common cardiac and vascular surgeries, such as coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy. Neurologic complications after cardiac and vascular surgeries can cause significant morbidity and mortality, which can negate the beneficial effects of the intervention. Some of the complications to be discussed include ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, seizures, delirium, cognitive dysfunction, cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, cranial nerve injuries, and peripheral neuropathies. The severity of these complications can range from mild to lethal. The etiology of complications can include a variety of mechanisms, which can differ based on the type of cardiac or vascular surgery that is performed. Our knowledge about neuropathology, prevention, and management of surgical complications is growing and will be discussed in this chapter. It is imperative for clinicians to be familiar with these complications in order to narrow the differential diagnosis, start early management, anticipate the natural history, and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Sheth
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - E Nourollahzadeh
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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LIANG KE, BERNSTEIN I, KATO Y, KAWASE T, HODAIE M. Enhancing Neurosurgical Education in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Current Methods and New Advances. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:709-715. [PMID: 27616319 PMCID: PMC5221782 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a critical shortage of basic surgical services. Adequate neurosurgical services can have a far-reaching positive impact on society's health care and, consequently, the economic development in LMICs. Yet surgery, and specifically neurosurgery has been a long neglected sector of global health. This article reviews the current efforts to enhance neurosurgery education in LMICs and outlines ongoing approaches for improvement. In addition, we introduce the concept of a sustainable and cost-effective model to enhance neurosurgical resources in LMICs and describe the process and methods of online curriculum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E LIANG
- The NEURONproject (Neurosurgery Education with Universal Reach Online), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ilia BERNSTEIN
- The NEURONproject (Neurosurgery Education with Universal Reach Online), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yoko KATO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Mojgan HODAIE
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The NEURONproject (Neurosurgery Education with Universal Reach Online), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Wang P, Yang Y, Shao Q, Zhou W. Selective inhibition of ROCK kinase isoforms to promote neuroregeneration after brain surgery. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Berl MM, Walker L, Modi P, Irfanoglu MO, Sarlls JE, Nayak A, Pierpaoli C. Investigation of vibration-induced artifact in clinical diffusion-weighted imaging of pediatric subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4745-57. [PMID: 26350492 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that mechanical vibrations of the magnetic resonance imaging scanner could produce spurious signal dropouts in diffusion-weighted images resulting in artifactual anisotropy in certain regions of the brain with red appearance in the Directionally Encoded Color maps. We performed a review of the frequency of this artifact across pediatric studies, noting differences by scanner manufacturer, acquisition protocol, as well as weight and position of the subject. We also evaluated the ability of automated and quantitative methods to detect this artifact. We found that the artifact may be present in over 50% of data in certain protocols and is not limited to one scanner manufacturer. While a specific scanner had the highest incidence, low body weight and positioning were also associated with appearance of the artifact for both scanner types evaluated, making children potentially more susceptible than adults. Visual inspection remains the best method for artifact identification. Software for automated detection showed very low sensitivity (10%). The artifact may present inconsistently in longitudinal studies. We discuss a published case report that has been widely cited and used as evidence to set policy about diagnostic criteria for determining vegetative state. That report attributed longitudinal changes in anisotropy to white matter plasticity without considering the possibility that the changes were caused by this artifact. Our study underscores the need to check for the presence of this artifact in clinical studies, analyzes circumstances for when it may be more likely to occur, and suggests simple strategies to identify and potentially avoid its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Berl
- Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Washington, District of Columbia, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Lindsay Walker
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pooja Modi
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - M Okan Irfanoglu
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.,Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joelle E Sarlls
- NMRF, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amritha Nayak
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.,Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlo Pierpaoli
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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Temporal pattern of neurodegeneration, programmed cell death, and neuroplastic responses in the thalamus after lateral fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:512-26. [PMID: 25933386 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the thalamus are not well characterized. We analyzed neuronal degeneration and loss, apoptosis, programmed cell death-executing pathways, and neuroplastic responses in the rat thalamus during the first week after lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI). The most prominent neurodegenerative and neuroplastic changes were observed in the region containing the posterior thalamic nuclear group and ventral posteromedial and posterolateral thalamic nuclei ipsilateral to the LFPI. There was progressive neurodegeneration in these regions, with maximal neuronal loss on Day 7. Increases in numbers of apoptotic cells were detected on Day 1 and were enhanced on Days 3 and 7 after TBI. There was unchanged expression of active caspase-3 at all postinjury time points, but there was increased expression of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) on Day 7. The AIF nuclear translocation was detected on Day 1 and was maximal on Day 7. Total thalamic synaptophysin expression was unchanged, but immunostaining intensities were increased at all time points after TBI. Decreased growth-associated protein-43 expression and signal intensity were observed on Day 1. Our results suggest that progressive neuronal damage and loss, AIF signaling pathway-dependent programmed cell death, and limited neuroplastic changes occur in the rat thalamus during the first week after LFPI induction.
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15
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O'Shea RD, Lau CL, Zulaziz N, Maclean FL, Nisbet DR, Horne MK, Beart PM. Transcriptomic analysis and 3D bioengineering of astrocytes indicate ROCK inhibition produces cytotrophic astrogliosis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:50. [PMID: 25750613 PMCID: PMC4335181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes provide trophic, structural and metabolic support to neurons, and are considered genuine targets in regenerative neurobiology, as their phenotype arbitrates brain integrity during injury. Inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK) cause stellation of cultured 2D astrocytes, increased L-glutamate transport, augmented G-actin, and elevated expression of BDNF and anti-oxidant genes. Here we further explored the signposts of a cytotrophic, “healthy” phenotype by data-mining of our astrocytic transcriptome in the presence of Fasudil. Gene expression profiles of motor and autophagic cellular cascades and inflammatory/angiogenic responses were all inhibited, favoring adoption of an anti-migratory phenotype. Like ROCK inhibition, tissue engineered bioscaffolds can influence the extracellular matrix. We built upon our evidence that astrocytes maintained on 3D poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds adopt a cytotrophic phenotype similar to that produced by Fasudil. Using these procedures, employing mature 3D cultured astrocytes, Fasudil (100 μM) or Y27632 (30 μM) added for the last 72 h of culture altered arborization, which featured numerous additional minor processes as shown by GFAP and AHNAK immunolabelling. Both ROCK inhibitors decreased F-actin, but increased G-actin labeling, indicative of disassembly of actin stress fibers. ROCK inhibitors provide additional beneficial effects for bioengineered 3D astrocytes, including enlargement of the overall arbor. Potentially, the combined strategy of bio-compatible scaffolds with ROCK inhibition offers unique advantages for the management of glial scarring. Overall these data emphasize that manipulation of the astrocyte phenotype to achieve a “healthy biology” offers new hope for the management of inflammation in neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D O'Shea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chew L Lau
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natasha Zulaziz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca L Maclean
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Horne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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De La Peña I, Sanberg PR, Acosta S, Lin SZ, Borlongan CV. G-CSF as an adjunctive therapy with umbilical cord blood cell transplantation for traumatic brain injury. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:447-57. [PMID: 25646620 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major contributor to deaths and permanent disability worldwide, has been recently described as a progressive cell death process rather than an acute event. TBI pathophysiology is complicated and can be distinguished by the initial primary injury and the subsequent secondary injury that ensues days after the trauma. Therapeutic opportunities for TBI remain very limited with patients subjected to surgery or rehabilitation therapy. The efficacy of stem cell-based interventions, as well as neuroprotective agents in other neurological disorders of which pathologies overlap with TBI, indicates their potential as alternative TBI treatments. Furthermore, their therapeutic limitations may be augmented when combination therapy is pursued instead of using a single agent. Indeed, we demonstrated remarkable combined efficacy of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cell therapy and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment in TBI models, providing essential evidence for the translation of this approach to treat TBI. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying therapeutic benefits exerted by hUCB + G-CSF in order to enhance its safety and efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike De La Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Dela Peña I, Sanberg PR, Acosta S, Tajiri N, Lin SZ, Borlongan CV. Stem cells and G-CSF for treating neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: aging as a comorbidity factor. J Neurosurg Sci 2014; 58:145-149. [PMID: 24844175 PMCID: PMC4117389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), often called the signature wound of Iraq and Afghanistan wars, is characterized by a progressive histopathology and long-lasting behavioral deficits. Treatment options for TBI are limited and patients are usually relegated to rehabilitation therapy and a handful of experimental treatments. Stem cell-based therapies offer alternative treatment regimens for TBI, and have been intended to target the delayed therapeutic window post-TBI, in order to promote "neuroregeneration," in lieu of "neuroprotection" which can be accomplished during acute TBI phase. However, these interventions may require adjunctive pharmacological treatments especially when aging is considered as a comorbidity factor for post-TBI health outcomes. Here, we put forward the concept that a combination therapy of human umbilical cord blood cell (hUCB) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) attenuates neuroinflammation in TBI, in view of the safety and efficacy profiles of hUCB and G-CSF, their respective mechanisms of action, and efficacy of hUCB+G-CSF combination therapy in TBI animal models. Further investigations on the neuroinflammatory pathway as a key pathological hallmark in acute and chronic TBI and also as a major therapeutic target of hUCB+G-CSF are warranted in order to optimize the translation of this combination therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dela Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA -
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18
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Irwin RW, Solinsky CM, Brinton RD. Frontiers in therapeutic development of allopregnanolone for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:203. [PMID: 25126056 PMCID: PMC4115668 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (Allo), a neurosteroid, has emerged as a promising promoter of endogenous regeneration in brain. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Allo induced neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, white matter generation and cholesterol homeostasis while simultaneously reducing β-amyloid and neuroinflammatory burden. Allo activates signaling pathways and gene expression required for regeneration of neural stem cells and their differentiation into neurons. In parallel, Allo activates systems to sustain cholesterol homeostasis and reduce β-amyloid generation. To advance Allo into studies for chronic human neurological conditions, we examined translational and clinical parameters: dose, regimen, route, formulation, outcome measures, and safety regulations. A treatment regimen of once per week at sub-sedative doses of Allo was optimal for regeneration and reduction in Alzheimer’s pathology. This regimen had a high safety profile following chronic exposure in aged normal and Alzheimer’s mice. Formulation of Allo for multiple routes of administration has been developed for both preclinical and clinical testing. Preclinical evidence for therapeutic efficacy of Allo spans multiple neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, Niemann-Pick, diabetic neuropathy, status epilepticus, and traumatic brain injury. To successfully translate Allo as a therapeutic for multiple neurological disorders, it will be necessary to tailor dose and regimen to the targeted therapeutic mechanisms and disease etiology. Treatment paradigms conducted in accelerated disease models in young animals have a low probability of successful translation to chronic diseases in adult and aged humans. Gender, genetic risks, stage and burden of disease are critical determinants of efficacy. This review focuses on recent advances in development of Allo for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that have the potential to accelerate therapeutic translation for multiple unmet neurological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine M Solinsky
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Lau CL, Kovacevic M, Tingleff TS, Forsythe JS, Cate HS, Merlo D, Cederfur C, Maclean FL, Parish CL, Horne MK, Nisbet DR, Beart PM. 3D Electrospun scaffolds promote a cytotrophic phenotype of cultured primary astrocytes. J Neurochem 2014; 130:215-26. [PMID: 24588462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a target for regenerative neurobiology because in brain injury their phenotype arbitrates brain integrity, neuronal death and subsequent repair and reconstruction. We explored the ability of 3D scaffolds to direct astrocytes into phenotypes with the potential to support neuronal survival. Poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds were electrospun with random and aligned fibre orientations on which murine astrocytes were sub-cultured and analysed at 4 and 12 DIV. Astrocytes survived, proliferated and migrated into scaffolds adopting 3D morphologies, mimicking in vivo stellated phenotypes. Cells on random poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds grew as circular colonies extending processes deep within sub-micron fibres, whereas astrocytes on aligned scaffolds exhibited rectangular colonies with processes following not only the direction of fibre alignment but also penetrating the scaffold. Cell viability was maintained over 12 DIV, and cytochemistry for F-/G-actin showed fewer stress fibres on bioscaffolds relative to 2D astrocytes. Reduced cytoskeletal stress was confirmed by the decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. PCR demonstrated up-regulation of genes (excitatory amino acid transporter 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and anti-oxidant) reflecting healthy biologies of mature astrocytes in our extended culture protocol. This study illustrates the therapeutic potential of bioengineering strategies using 3D electrospun scaffolds which direct astrocytes into phenotypes supporting brain repair. Astrocytes exist in phenotypes with pro-survival and destructive components, and their biology can be modulated by changing phenotype. Our findings demonstrate murine astrocytes adopt a healthy phenotype when cultured in 3D. Astrocytes proliferate and extend into poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds displaying 3D stellated morphologies with reduced GFAP expression and actin stress fibres, plus a cytotrophic gene profile. Bioengineered 3D scaffolds have potential to direct inflammation to aid regenerative neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew L Lau
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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20
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LIU FENG, LIAO FAN, LI WEI, HAN YONGFENG, LIAO DAGUANG. Progesterone alters Nogo-A, GFAP and GAP-43 expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1225-31. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Kral JG, Ludvig N. Subarachnoid pharmacodialysis for central nervous system disorders. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Li X, Katsanevakis E, Liu X, Zhang N, Wen X. Engineering neural stem cell fates with hydrogel design for central nervous system regeneration. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, our understanding of how the nervous system responds to brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke has expanded exponentially. Research demonstrates that the CNS, once thought to be unable to regenerate, maintains a degree of plasticity that responds to activity and pharmacologic therapy, producing both neurophysiologic changes and clinical recovery. Removing barriers to optimize axonal regrowth appears to further enhance this plasticity. Functional imaging, magnetic stimulation, and quantitative electroencephalography allow investigators to localize and monitor changes in brain activity during both spontaneous recovery and treatment paradigms. Neurorehabilitation research is difficult and funding is insufficient. Newer research approaches and better collaboration between researchers and clinicians are warranted. Clinical adoption is slow because of cost and time pressures. Demonstration that treatments promoting CNS plasticity result in better functional outcomes and reduced overall costs is needed.
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24
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Lau CL, O'Shea RD, Broberg BV, Bischof L, Beart PM. The Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil up-regulates astrocytic glutamate transport subsequent to actin remodelling in murine cultured astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:533-45. [PMID: 21309758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glutamate transporters play a major role in maintaining brain homeostasis and the astrocytic transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2, are functionally dominant. Astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) play important roles in various neuropathologies wherein astrocytes undergo cytoskeletal changes. Astrocytic plasticity is well documented, but the interface between EAAT function, actin and the astrocytic cytoskeleton is poorly understood. Because Rho kinase (ROCK) is a key determinant of actin polymerization, we investigated the effects of ROCK inhibitors on EAAT activity and astrocytic morphology. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The functional activity of glutamate transport was determined in murine cultured astrocytes after exposure to the ROCK inhibitors Fasudil (HA-1077) and Y27632 using biochemical, molecular and morphological approaches. Cytochemical analyses assessed changes in astrocytic morphology, F-/G-actin, and localizations of EAAT1/2. RESULTS Fasudil and Y27632 increased [(3)H]-D-aspartate (D-Asp) uptake into astrocytes, and the action of Fasudil was time-dependent and concentration-related. The rapid stellation of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein immunocytochemistry) induced by Fasudil was accompanied by reduced phalloidin staining of F-actin and increased V(max) for [(3)H]-D-Asp uptake. Immunoblotting after biotinylation demonstrated that Fasudil increased the expression of EAAT1 and EAAT2 on the cell surface. Immunocytochemistry indicated that Fasudil induced prominent labelling of astrocytic processes by EAAT1/2. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data show for the first time that ROCK plays a major role in determining the cell surface expression of EAAT1/2, providing new evidence for an association between transporter function and astrocytic phenotype. ROCK inhibitors, via the actin cytoskeleton, effect a consequent elevation of glutamate transporter function - this activity profile may contribute to their beneficial actions in neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lau
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Australia
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25
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Schnichels S, Heiduschka P, Julien S. RGMA and neogenin protein expression are influenced by lens injury following optic nerve crush in the rat retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 250:39-50. [PMID: 21887516 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The death and the failure of neurons to regenerate their axons after lesion of the central nervous system in mammals, as in the case of spinal cord injury and optic nerve trauma, remain a challenge. In this study, we focused on the repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMA) and its receptor neogenin. Since it was reported that RGMA+ cells accumulate in lesioned areas after spinal cord injury, brain trauma, and optic nerve crush, and curiously, anti-apoptotic effects of RGMA were also described, we investigated the role of RGMA and neogenin in the retina after optic nerve crush (ONC). METHODS We evaluated the spatial and temporal protein pattern of RGMA and neogenin in the rat retina without (non-regenerating model) or with (regenerating model) lens injury (LI). We investigated the presence of RGMA, neogenin and other proteins at up to nine time points (6 h-20 days post-surgery) by performing immunohistochemistry and Western blots. RESULTS Independent of the treatment, RGMA protein was present in the nuclear layers (NLs), plexiform layers (PLs), nerve fiber layer (NFL), and in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the rat retina. RGC and nerve fibers were always RGMA+. Further RGMA+ cells in the retina were blood vessel endothelial cells, astrocytes, Müller cells, and some microglial cells. The RGMA pattern for the specific retinal cells resembled those of previously published data. The neogenin pattern was congruent to the RGMA pattern. Western blots of retinal tissue showed further RGMA+ products only in LI animals. Furthermore, a higher amount of RGMA was found in the retinae of ONC + LI rats compared to ONC rats. CONCLUSIONS Although a difference in the localization of RGMA is not obvious, the difference in the amount of RGMA is striking, the higher amount of RGMA in the retinae of ONC + LI rats compared to ONC rats indicates a role for RGMA during degeneration/regeneration processes. Our results are consistent with several reported neuroprotective effects of RGMA. Our new data showing the upregulation of RGMA after ONC in our regenerating model (plus LI) confirm these findings conducted in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Schnichels S, Heiduschka P, Julien S. Different spatial and temporal protein expressions of repulsive guidance molecule a and neogenin in the rat optic nerve after optic nerve crush with and without lens injury. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:490-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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